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Enns, Charis, Brock Bersaglio und Adam Sneyd. „Fixing extraction through conservation: On crises, fixes and the production of shared value and threat“. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 2, Nr. 4 (09.08.2019): 967–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619867615.
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We are currently witnessing a global trend of intensifying and deepening relationships between extractive companies and biodiversity conservation organisations that warrants closer scrutiny. Although existing literature has established that these two sectors often share the same space and rely on similar logics, it is increasingly common to find biodiversity conservation being carried out through partnerships between extractive and conservation actors. In this article, we explore what this cooperation achieves for both sectors. Using illustrative examples of extractive-conservation collaboration across sub-Saharan Africa, we argue that new entanglements between extractive and conservation actors are motivated by multiple purposes. First, partnering with conservation actors serves as a spatial and socio-ecological fix for extractive companies in response to multiple crises that threaten the sector's productivity. Second, new forms of collaboration between extractive and conservation actors create pathways for both sectors to produce new value from nature. For the extractive sector, creating new value from nature works as a further fix to capitalist crises whereas, for the conservation sector, producing value through nature amounts to new opportunities for capital accumulation. Importantly, working together to produce shared value from nature within and beyond extractive concessions secures both sectors' control over the means of production. Theoretically, our analysis links literature on value in capitalist nature with that on spatial and socio-ecological fixes.
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Zevenbergen, Chris, Berry Gersonius und Mohan Radhakrishan. „Flood resilience“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, Nr. 2168 (17.02.2020): 20190212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0212.
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Three different conceptual frameworks of resilience, including engineering, ecological and social–ecological have been presented and framed within the context of flood risk management. Engineering resilience has demonstrated its value in the design and operation of technological systems in general and in flood resilient technologies in particular. Although limited to the technical domain, it has broadened the objectives of flood resilient technologies and provided guidance in improving their effectiveness. Socio-ecological resilience is conceived as a broader system characteristic that involves the interaction between human and natural systems. It acknowledges that these systems change over time and that these interactions are of complex nature and associated with uncertainties. Building (socio-ecological) resilience in flood risk management strategies calls for an adaptive approach with short-term measures and a set of monitoring criteria for keeping track of developments that might require adaptation in the long-term (adaptation pathways) and thus built-in adaptive capacity as opposed to building engineering resilience which involves a static approach with a fixed time horizon a set of robust measures designed for specific future conditions or scenarios. The two case studies, from a developing and a developed country, indicate that the concepts of ecological and socio-ecological resilience provide guidance for building more resilient flood risk management systems resulting in an approach that embraces flood protection, prevention and preparedness. The case studies also reveal that the translation of resilience concepts into practice remains a challenge. One plausible explanation for this is our inability to arrive at a quantification of socio-ecological resilience taking into account the various attributes of the concept. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Urban flood resilience’.
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Rodríguez-Carreras, Roser, Xavier Úbeda, Marcos Francos und Claudia Marco. „After the Wildfires: The Processes of Social Learning of Forest Owners’ Associations in Central Catalonia, Spain“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 15 (28.07.2020): 6042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156042.
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Over the last few decades, according to the Forest Fire Prevention Services of the Catalan Government, a small number of fires (less than 1%) have been responsible for the destruction of more than three quarters of the burnt forest area in Catalonia. However, while these wildfires have transformed many components of the landscape, including its vegetation and soils, they offer landowners the opportunity to learn from past decisions. This article aims to analyze the responses of forest owners in Central Catalonia after the great forest fires of the 1980s and 1990s, including the way in which their objectives and strategies are defined and their actions implemented. By conducting interviews with the members of forest owners’ associations and by means of participant observation at association meetings, we seek to examine the processes of social learning experienced by this collective and to identify the mechanisms used in their efforts to create socio-ecological structures that are less vulnerable to fire. Associationism is unusual in the world of Catalan forest ownership, despite the great number of private forest areas. In our results, however, associationism emerges as a strategy for cooperation, a recognition of the need to link ecological and social structures in the territory, and one which we define as a form of ‘socio-ecological resistance’. Our study highlights that the goals and actions of forest owners’ associations have both an instrumental and emotional component, so that reason, emotion and action have come to form the three vertices of socio-ecological resistance to fire.
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Thamrin, Husni. „PENDEKATAN SOSIO-ECO-RELIGIO-CULTURE DALAM MENANGGULANGI KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN“. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 15, Nr. 1 (31.03.2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jil.15.1.p.102-108.
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This paper aims: 1. To analyze the factors that cause forest and land fires that often occur throughout the year 2. To analyze the impact of forest and land fires using the Socio-Eco-Religio-Culture approach 3. To provide solutions to the impact of forest and land fires using the Socio- Eco-Religio- Culture approach. The method used is Qualitative Research using Grounded Theory. The results showed: 1. The causes of forest fires also occurred due to several factors, including the existence of investors and communities who cleared land for oil palm, rubber and other plantations by burning forests, extreme weather, peat areas, weak governance from the government, ignorance of local wisdom, indecisive law enforcement agencies. 2. The most severe impact felt by many parties as a result of these fires is smoke haze pollution that disturbs various aspects of life. The disruption of human activities due to forest fires can also affect productivity and income. 3. In making development policies to prevent forest fires, the anthropocentric perspective that exploits many ecological, economic, social, religious and cultural values must be changed to the Socio- Eco-Religio- Culture perspective. It is necessary to reform law enforcement in the management of deep forest fires and create a legal umbrella for preventing and overcoming forest and land outbreaks. It is necessary to socialize the values of the Socio- Eco-Religio- Culture to policy makers, students from an early age to higher education for forest fire prevention. It is necessary to implement a socio-eco-religio-culture approach in making policies to control forest and land fires.
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Steelman, Toddi, und Branda Nowell. „Evidence of effectiveness in the Cohesive Strategy: measuring and improving wildfire response“. International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, Nr. 4 (2019): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18136.
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The United States’ National Cohesive Wildfire Management Strategy aims to achieve greater social and ecological resilience to wildfire. It also raises the question: cohesive for whom and for what purpose? In this article, we address the wildfire response goal and what a cohesive response means. Namely, we define a cohesive response as the ability to co-manage across scales for a more effective wildfire response. Our approach is grounded in the reality of the growing complexity of wildfire – both biophysically and socio-politically. We suggest that suppression and fire operations are necessary, but insufficient in the face of this growing complexity as we seek safer and effective wildfire response. Using network-based concepts and drawing from the literature on socio-ecological resilience, we consider how scales can be matched, what can and should be communicated across scales, and what this means for creating more adaptable institutions for more effective wildfire response. Survey results from 21 fires during the 2013 wildfire season are presented to illustrate relative areas of strength and weakness related to wildfire response and how these measurements can feed into processes to facilitate social learning, adaptation and ultimately more resilient socio-ecological wildfire response institutions.
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Rijal, Shiba Prasad. „Female Ownership of Fixed Assets in Nepal: A Regional Perspective“. Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education 17 (23.05.2018): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v17i0.19984.
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Fixed assets especially house and land have significant importance in wealth, social security and power in Nepal. Ownership over these assets has greater implications in women’s status within households and communities. This also decides the economic dependence or independence and provides the means to be engaged in productive economic activity. The present study aims at analyzing the regional pattern of female ownership of fixed assets- house and land. Relevant data were acquired from a desk review of published and unpublished literature including online database. The study finds that there is a great gender discrepancy in ownership of fixed assets in Nepal and this varies across ecological zones and provinces. Female ownership of both land and house is associated with 10.7 percent while only 9.0 percent have ownership of land only. Tarai shows relatively positive condition as compared to other ecological zones with female ownership of 12.3 percent households with house and land and 10.5 percent with only land. Among provinces, the most negative situation exists in the province six as compared to others. The socio-cultural barriers are still a major challenge for women’s ownership of property in Nepal.The Third Pole: Journal of GeographyVol. 17: 73-82, 2017
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Wainwright, Elaine M. „Images, Words and Stories: Exploring their Transformative Power in Reading Biblical Texts Ecologically“. Biblical Interpretation 20, Nr. 3 (2012): 280–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851512x651096.
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AbstractThis essay is theoretical rather than interpretive in that I seek to develop a process or processes for reading biblical texts ecologically. I identify initially a significant epistemic shift that Lorraine Code calls ecological thinking as the context in which ecological reading takes place. I emphasize that reading ecologically is a process rather than a fixed approach, drawing imagery and language from Earth's processes that are characterized by reciprocity and multi-dimensionality. As a critical process, ecological reading will be characterized by suspicion and reconfiguration in their reciprocity. They will inform the range of reading procedures that uncover the inner texture and intertexture of the text. Having borrowed these two aspects of textual reading from Vernon Robbins” socio-rhetorical approach and nuanced them in relation to an ecological reading which recognizes the centrality of “habitat,” I propose a more significant development of Robbins' approach in that I replace his “social and cultural texture” with what I call “ecological texture,” suggesting that “inter-con/textuality” is a way of naming the various tools and procedures that will facilitate a reading of this ecological texture of the biblical text. I name my ecological reading process eco-rhetorical and conclude by noting that it cannot remain text-bound but must be integrated into the praxis of ecocitizenship.
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Wu, Xiu, Jinting Zhang und Daojun Zhang. „Explore Associations between Subjective Well-Being and Eco-Logical Footprints with Fixed Effects Panel Regressions“. Land 10, Nr. 9 (03.09.2021): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090931.
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As environmental degradations constantly and directly threaten human well-being, it is imperative to explore the environmental impacts on people’s happy life. This research investigates the association between subjective well-being (SWB) and ecological footprints (EF) through space-time fixed effects panel regressions. EF, as a vital indicator of environmentally sustainable development, plays a vital role in ecological balance. SWB determines the subjective quality of life for humanity. EF-related factors and socio-economic indexes referring to GDP, urbanization rate, income, education, health, political stability, and political voice accountability in 101 countries were captured. Compared with ordinary least square (OLS), stepwise regression (SR) and fixed effects panel regression models (FEPR) exhibited good fitness regardless of the cross-section or longitudinal models due to R2 beyond 0.9. The finding also discloses that EF and health were positively significant to SWB, while income was negatively significant to SWB. EF was an invert u-shaped link to SWB, which met the assumption of EKC. This research provided a model-driven quantitative method to address environmental impacts on people’s quality life of happiness, and opened shared doors for further research of carbon balance and circular economy.
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Dinis, Isabel, und Orlando Simões. „Resilience in Retrospective: The Trajectory of Agro-Pastoral Systems in the Centro Region of Portugal“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 9 (01.05.2021): 5089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095089.
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Agro-pastoral systems in southern European regions have been subjected to various disturbances in the past few decades. Still, a certain amount of resilience allowed to withstand its sharp decline. The Serra da Estrela cheese production, the most representative agro-pastoral system of the Portuguese Centro Region, is a demonstrative case study. The main objective of this research is to understand the trajectory of this system up to present, its adaptation to internal and external changes and evolution trends. We used the concepts of resilience and socio–ecological system as framework in a qualitative study. Participatory methods were applied using the perspectives of local actors, in order to identify and analyze the key factors. The main drivers are socio-demographic (ageing, depopulation, social perception of the profession), economic (free market, industrialization), political (lack of adequate of national and European policies) and environmental (climate change, forest fires). Our results are in line with other European cases. To cope with these trends, the system is irreversibly transforming, moving into a new trajectory characterized by different systemic architecture. In face of the ongoing changes, the interactions between the social and the ecological subsystems are blurring, whereas local communities and traditions are being excluded.
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Gorbaneva, Olga Ivanovna, Anton Dmitrievich Murzin und Elena Iosifovna Lazareva. „Parameters of sustainable ecological and economic development in the dynamic model of the combination of general and private interests of the development of the system of subjects“. Кибернетика и программирование, Nr. 1 (Januar 2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2644-5522.2020.1.33233.
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The article is devoted to the development of a dynamic model for the coordination of general and private interests in the system of complex socio-ecological-economic synergetic development of a system of economic entities, the target control parameter of which is maximization of specific consumption. The parameters of the model under consideration are supposed to be supplemented with the criteria of ecological and economic sustainability of a group of subjects localized on a separate territory, within the boundaries of a separate industrial cluster, municipal formation, region or macroregion. The conditions for sustainable development (homeostasis) of the socio-ecological-economic system in the model are set by the requirements for the economic development of the agent, the maximum permissible emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment in the process of economic activity. The resulting formalized dependencies make it possible to substantiate the environmental and social significance of the management decisions taken, as well as the effects associated with the dynamics and uncertainty of the external environment. The paper presents an algorithm for finding the Nash equilibrium in the previously presented dynamic model for combining general and private interests of territorial development. Some components of the vector of control actions are found analytically, for the rest an economical procedure is described. It is shown that in the absence of established threshold values for GRP and the concentration of pollutants in water and air, it is unprofitable for territorial entities to spend resources neither on investments in production or fixed production assets, nor on cleaning up pollution. Consequently, the expediency of introducing conditions for sustainable development, which are fulfilled by the subject in the form of equality, is shown.
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Mitrofanova, Inna, Tatiana Ivanova und Svetlana Pyankova. „Strategies of Socio-Economic Development of the Regions of Southern Russia: Ecological Factor, Hydrocarbon Footprint and Quality of Life“. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, Nr. 2 (September 2020): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/ek.jvolsu.2020.2.6.
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One of the main characteristics provided in the framework of strategic planning of the socioeconomic development of regions is the quality of life. The growth of profits and the increase in consumption increases the burden on the environment. The purpose of this article is to analyze the ecological, hydrocarbon potential, the quality of life of the population in the subjects of the South of Russia, to assess the prospects of their changes in the strategies of socio-economic development. The authors use statistical, tabular, qualitative factor analysis, ranking. The materials of the article are a database of regions of the South of Russia in terms of the environmental, hydrocarbon footprint, quality of life, generalizing economic indicators. The paper accumulates information on Krasnodar krai, Rostov, Astrakhan, Volgograd regions, the Republics of Adygea and Kalmykia. The ecological and hydrocarbon footprint varies by region in different ways. The authors have made a rating of the best regions. The factors of the obtained changes are determined. It is found that the quality of life is determined by the volume of GRP, GRP per capita, gross fixed capital accumulation, the actual final consumption of households. Qualitative analysis shows how these factors affect the ecological and hydrocarbon footprint. It is necessary to break the link between the growth of production and the deterioration of the environmental situation. This is possible due to the development of “green” technologies. The analysis of strategies of the social and economic development of the regions of the South of Russia shows that at large volumes of GRP and the developed industrial sector, subjects of the Russian Federation form “green economy” in different branches, at low level of development – only in the sphere of renewable energy. The authors conclude that the developed strategies of socio-economic development of territories do not fully contribute to overcoming ecological and economic contradictions. The authors have formulated proposals to reduce them.
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Bacciu, Valentina, Maria Hatzaki, Anna Karali, Adeline Cauchy, Christos Giannakopoulos, Donatella Spano und Elodie Briche. „Investigating the Climate-Related Risk of Forest Fires for Mediterranean Islands’ Blue Economy“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 18 (07.09.2021): 10004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810004.
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The Mediterranean islands’ blue economy and, more specifically, the tourism sector, largely regulate Europe’s gross product. Climate change threatens the ecological, societal, and economic sustainability of the islands in many ways, with increasing wildfires making up one of the most critical components of the climate change impacts on tourism. Here, we aim to identify and assess forest fire vulnerability and risk due to climate change for seven Mediterranean islands through the application of the “impact chain” conceptual framework. The backbone of this approach requires the integration of quantitative and qualitative data according to the three main risk components sensu the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), i.e., hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, with a structured participatory approach involving stakeholders and experts. Our results illustrate the islands with high potential for improvement in terms of adapting capacity and, by indicating the contribution of the different risk components, highlight the main environmental and socio-economic elements that affect the islands’ vulnerability and risk under climate change. The approach’s potentials and constraints are discussed, suggesting that the method can be handily used to point out the priorities that must be addressed by mitigation and adaptation policies and measures at the island level.
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Brando, Paulo M., Michael T. Coe, Ruth DeFries und Andrea A. Azevedo. „Ecology, economy and management of an agroindustrial frontier landscape in the southeast Amazon“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, Nr. 1619 (05.06.2013): 20120152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0152.
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The papers in this special issue address a major challenge facing our society: feeding a population that is simultaneously growing and increasing its per capita food consumption, while preventing widespread ecological and social impoverishment in the tropics. By focusing mostly on the Amazon's most dynamic agricultural frontier, Mato Grosso, they collectively clarify some key elements of achieving more sustainable agriculture. First, stakeholders in commodity-driven agricultural Amazonian frontiers respond rapidly to multiple forces, including global markets, international pressures for sustainably produced commodities and national-, state- and municipality-level policies. These forces can encourage or discourage deforestation rate changes within a short time-period. Second, agricultural frontiers are linked systems, land-use change is linked with regional climate, forest fires, water quality and stream discharge, which in turn are linked with the well-being of human populations. Thus, land-use practices at the farm level have ecological and social repercussions far removed from it. Third, policies need to consider the full socio-economic system to identify the efficacy and consequences of possible land management strategies. Monitoring to devise suitable management approaches depends not only on tracking land-use change, but also on monitoring the regional ecological and social consequences. Mato Grosso's achievements in reducing deforestation are impressive, yet they are also fragile. The ecological and social consequences and the successes and failures of management in this region can serve as an example of possible trajectories for other commodity-driven tropical agricultural frontiers.
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Nyongesa, Kevin, und Harald Vacik. „Fire Management in Mount Kenya: A Case Study of Gathiuru Forest Station“. Forests 9, Nr. 8 (08.08.2018): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9080481.
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This paper proposes an Integrated Fire Management (IFM) framework that can be used to support communities and resource managers in finding effective and efficient approaches to prevent damaging fires, as well as to maintain desirable fire regimes in Kenya. Designing and implementing an IFM approach in Kenya calls for a systematic understanding of the various uses of fire and the underlying perceptions and traditional ecological knowledge of the local people. The proposed IFM framework allows different stakeholders to evaluate the risks posed by fires and balance them with their beneficial ecological and economic effects making it easier for them to develop effective fire management approaches. A case study of the proposed IFM framework was conducted in Gathiuru Forest, which that is part of the larger Mt. Kenya Forest Ecosystem. Focus group discussions were held with key resource persons, primary and secondary data on socio-economic activities was studied, fire and weather records were analysed and the current fire management plans were consulted. Questionnaires were used to assess how the IFM is implemented in the Gathiuru Forest Station. The results show that the proposed IFM framework is scalable and can be applied in places with fire-dependent ecosystems as well as in places with fire-sensitive ecosystems in Kenya. The effectiveness of the proposed IFM framework depends on the active participation, formulation and implementation of the IFM activities by the main stakeholder groups (Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), and the Community Forest Associations (CFA). The proposed IFM framework helps in implementing cost-effective approaches to prevent damaging fires and maintain desirable fire regimes in Kenya.
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Huseynov, Arif G. „Impact of environmental innovation on country socio-economic development“. Marketing and Management of Innovations 5, Nr. 2 (2021): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2021.2-24.
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Global warming and deterioration of the ecological situation trigger the necessity of innovation development and implementation to reduce the negative impact of industry on the environment. It is considered that the oil industry is one of the most environmentally damaging industries. Therefore, the implementation of environmental innovation in the oil industry becomes crucial. This paper is dedicated to identifying environmental innovation impact on country socio-economic development parameters in countries specialized in oil extraction and production. The article realized a bibliometric analysis with VOSviewer v.1.6.16 to identify critical contextual directions of scientific research on environmental innovation. In the paper, it is developed and tested a scientific hypothesis about the positive influence of environmental innovation on country socio-economic development (CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries and construction, electricity production from oil sources, employment in industry, and industry value added are chosen as proxies of environmental innovation, while GDP growth, current account balance, foreign direct investment and gross fixed capital formation – as proxies of country socio-economic development). Under testing of the research hypothesis, it is realized several procedures: 1) correlation analysis aimed at identification of strongly correlated explanatory variables and their elimination to avoid multicollinearity problem; 2) comprehensive analysis of descriptive statistics aimed at identification of data sufficiency; 3) identification of model specification with Hausman test (random or fixed effects model); 4) regression modeling and characteristics of its results (in this research, it is developed four regression models with different dependent variables). Technically all these procedures are realized in Stata 12/SE software. Research is realized based on data for 9 countries specializing in oil extraction and production, such as Azerbaijan, Canada, Brazil, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Romania, the Republic of Yemen, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The time horizon is 2005-2019 (or the available last year). Bibliometric and panel data regression analysis allows concluding that oil-producing countries' environmental innovation improves oil enterprises' competitiveness and stimulates socio-economic growth in these countries.
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Fliert, E. van de. „Recognising a climate for sustainability: extension beyond transfer of technology“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, Nr. 1 (2003): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01067.
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Sustainable agriculture emphasises the fundamental role of the human component in a production system, as opposed to conventional agriculture, which centres on technologies. Therefore, it is characterised by the abilities and behaviours that farmers display, including the knowledge and skills they possess, decision-making processes they apply, and individual and collective actions they take. This has strong implications for extension development and organisation, in that the methodologies applied should be oriented towards enhancing farmer capacities favourable to sustainable agriculture, rather than towards achieving adoption of standardised technologies. These capacities include sound ecological knowledge, observational, analytical and experimental skills, and inclination towards collectivity to allow farmers to make better, informed decisions for location-specific agro-ecosystem management. Extension approaches favouring this type of learning are participatory, experience-based and adaptable. Needs and opportunity assessment, participatory technology development, defining the implications for farmers of the implementation of an innovation, and development of a learning curriculum (first for farmers and then for facilitators) are among the sequential phases for solid extension development for sustainable agriculture. Applying underlying principles of participatory capacity development, rather than fixed, condition-specific models, provides a generic framework for extension development under diverse ecological and socio-cultural settings.
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Lestienne, Marion, Isabelle Jouffroy-Bapicot, Déborah Leyssenne, Pierre Sabatier, Maxime Debret, Pierre-Jean Albertini, Daniele Colombaroli, Julien Didier, Christelle Hély und Boris Vannière. „Fires and human activities as key factors in the high diversity of Corsican vegetation“. Holocene 30, Nr. 2 (29.10.2019): 244–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619883025.
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In the Mediterranean region, Corsica represents one of the most important hotspots of biodiversity, partly due to the high number of endemics species. This region is also one of the most affected by forest fires worldwide. The present vegetation is adapted to a wide range of disturbance regimes, but a change in fire frequency or intensity in the future may severely affect ecological resources and other socio-economical aspects. Here, we study the dynamics of vegetation–human–fire interactions for the past 12,000 years as recorded by Lake Bastani (Corsica, France). We used well-dated sedimentary records of charcoal, pollen and fungal spores to infer past fire regime, land cover and pastoral activities, respectively, and we compared our results with charcoal records from two other Corsican lakes (Nino and Creno, respectively). Our results suggest that climate and natural fires were the main factors shaping the landscape before 5000 cal. BP. Then, the extraordinary diversity of the current Corsican vegetation has been mainly promoted by human activities on the island (i.e. deforestation and pastoralism) at least from the Bronze Age (3500 cal. BP). The top of our record shows a sharp decrease in fungal remains ( Sporormiella-type), usually associated with pastoral activities, which could be attributed to the land abandonment occurring since a few decades.
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Cherrington, Jim, und Jack Black. „Spectres of Nature in the Trail Building Assemblage“. International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure 3, Nr. 1 (26.10.2019): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41978-019-00048-w.
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Abstract Through research that was conducted with mountain bike trail builders, this article explores the processes by which socio-natures or ‘emergent ecologies’ are formed through the assemblage of trail building, mountain bike riding and matter. In moving conversations about ‘Nature’ beyond essentialist readings and dualistic thinking, we consider how ecological sensibilities are reflected in the complex, lived realities of the trail building community. Specifically, we draw on Morton’s (2017) notion of the ‘symbiotic real’ to examine how participants connect with a range of objects and non-humans, revealing a ‘spectral’ existence in which they take pleasure in building material features that are only partially of their creation. Such ‘tuning’ to the symbiotic real was manifest in the ongoing battle that the trail builders maintained with water. This battle not only emphasized the fragility of their trail construction but also the temporal significance of the environments that these creations were rendered in/with. In conclusion, we argue that these findings present an ecological awareness that views nature as neither static, inert or fixed, but instead, as a temporal ‘nowness’, formed from the ambiguity of being in and with nature. Ecologically, this provides a unique form of orientation that re-establishes the ambiguity between humans and nature, without privileging the former. It is set against this ecological (un)awareness that we believe a re-orientation can be made to our understandings of leisure, the Anthropocene and the nature-culture dyad.
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Yanitsky, Oleg N. „Human ecosystems in critical areas“. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 9, Nr. 3 (30.12.2015): 1929–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v9i3.4060.
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The author attempts to evaluate the recent terrorists‟ attacks in the light of his concept of critical areas. The theoretical differences between the concepts of the critical areas and of a state of emergency are explicated with a focus on processes of socio-ecological metabolism. Using the ecosystem method he considers the response of various levels of a human community, from global to local, i.e. from international to individual: global, national, group and individual. The article is ended with the following preliminary conclusions. First, the critical areas are usually spatially fixed whereas a state of emergency is indifferent in its scale and consequences. Second, the major features of terrorists‟, type of human ecosystems are the following: unseen, maximum closed, network-structured, armed and aimed at the distraction of the existing social order. Third, any state of emergency is a kind of all-embracing risk in its utmost form. It cannot be conquered by one mighty strike of a state power. The struggle against terrorism is a multisided and long-term process. Four, Schools, universities, sciences and media should not only to inform people but teach them how to behave in critical cases. Five, the terrorism can be represented and studied as a specific human ecosystem. Six, any critical system seriously changes an existed man-nature social metabolism. Seven, a study of an extreme way of life is as important as normal one. Eight, in the global risk society all social institutes should be prepared to respond to the emerging risks locally, i.e. here and now. Terrorism as a social phenomenon is a high-level risk but urges state and civil society to work hand in hand. Ten, the kind of socio-ecological metabolism is an indicator of stability of any social order.
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Liu, Yu, Chen Zeng, Huatai Cui und Yanhua Song. „Sustainable Land Urbanization and Ecological Carrying Capacity: A Spatially Explicit Perspective“. Sustainability 10, Nr. 9 (29.08.2018): 3070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093070.
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Rapid urbanization has become a common occurrence all over the world, particularly in developing countries, and has thus resulted in various eco-environmental problems. In China, urban land has expanded at an unprecedented rate in the past several decades, and sustainable land urbanization has become an important issue in promoting sustainable development. Hence, scholars have proposed ecological carrying capacity (ECC) as a solution to balance socio-economic development and the ecosystems for achieving sustainable development. In the current work, we explored the spatial influence of ECC on land urbanization and its driving mechanism, using the Wuhan agglomeration as a case study. In the first step, we calculated the ECC at the county level using the ecological footprint method. Then, we applied a combination of kernel density and the “densi-graph method” on the basis of points of interest, in order to identify urbanized areas and to measure land urbanization rates. Finally, we devised spatial models with ECC-based spatial weight matrices to examine the potential spatial interactions or constraints and the influencing factors. Results indicate the following. (1) Land urbanization rates in most counties increased, whereas the average ECC per capita in the Wuhan urban agglomeration decreased from 2010 to 2015; (2) China’s land urbanization is primarily driven by socio-economic development, in which fixed asset investments and urban income present positive influences and agricultural outputs show a negative influence; (3) Spatial interaction was formulated through ECC during the land urbanization process. However, this effect was attenuated in 2010–2015. The findings are beneficial for understanding the regional spatial influence of ECC on urban land urbanization. They should also facilitate the formulation of relevant policies for protecting, restoring, and promoting the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems to ultimately achieve coordinated and balanced regional development.
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Korytny, Leonid, und Olga Gagarinova. „Around Baikal: on the causes of ecological problems“. E3S Web of Conferences 163 (2020): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016303009.
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This paper is devoted to the unique water body, Lake Baikal, the largest freshwater reservoir by volume in the world that was included on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is regulated by the federal law of its protection. The global role of Baikal as a strategic reserve of water resources of the highest class is increasing in importance. Furthermore, Lake Baikal and its surroundings are invariably the focus of ecological problems. The most challenging issues are the lake’s water pollution leading to changes in hydrobiocenoses, soil and vegetation digression in areas of increased recreational load, forest fires causing a decrease of the number of rare species of flora and fauna, etc. Imperfection of the legal framework, the lack of a unified managerial center and the attempts to deal with the problems solely at the federal level involve a number of incompetent decisions on the lake level regulation and on the setting of its water-protection zone. The conflicts of the interests of the subjects of the federal and regional levels in issues related to use and the protection of natural resources present serious obstacles to the development of a unified, ecologically oriented strategy of economic development of the territory. For a successful solution of the current challenges it is necessary to recognize the ecological problems of Lake Baikal as the priority concerns throughout the country, optimize management of the socio-economic development of the Baikal natural territory on the basis of nature-conservation principles by ensuring appropriate funding, develop a unified scheme of comprehensive monitoring of the ecological and sanitary-hygienic status of Lake Baikal and its protection zone, improve the system of scientific research on the Baikal natural territory, introduction ubiquitous ecological training and education of the population, organize the waste and effluent treatment system in accordance with the latest international technologies, etc.
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Hanberry, Brice B. „Classifying Large Wildfires in the United States by Land Cover“. Remote Sensing 12, Nr. 18 (12.09.2020): 2966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12182966.
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Fire is an ecological process that also has socio-economic effects. To learn more about fire occurrence, I examined relationships between land classes and about 12,000 spatially delineated large wildfires (defined here as uncontrolled fires ≥200 ha, although definitions vary) during 1999 to 2017 in the conterminous United States. Using random forests, extreme gradient boosting, and c5.0 classifiers, I modeled all fires, first years (1999 to 2002), last years (2014 to 2017), the eastern, central, and western United States and seven ecoregions. The three classifiers performed well (true positive rates 0.82 to 0.94) at modeling all fires and fires by year, region, and ecoregion. The random forests classifier did not predict to other time intervals or regions as well as other classifiers and models were not constant in time and space. For example, the eastern region overpredicted fires in the western region and models for the western region underpredicted fires in the eastern region. Overall, greater abundance of herbaceous grasslands, or herbaceous wetlands in the eastern region, and evergreen forest and low abundance of crops and pasture characterized most large fires, even with regional differences. The 14 states in the northeastern United States with no or few large fires contained limited herbaceous area and abundant crops or developed lands. Herbaceous vegetation was the most important variable for fire occurrences in the western region. Lack of crops was most important for fires in the central region and a lack of pasture, crops, and developed open space was most important for fires in the eastern region. A combination of wildlands vegetation was most influential for most ecoregions, although herbaceous vegetation alone and lack of pasture, crops, and developed open space also were influential. Despite departure from historical fire regimes, these models demonstrated that herbaceous vegetation remains necessary for fires and that evergreen forests in particular are fire-prone, while reduction of vegetation surrounding housing developments will help provide a buffer to reduce large fires.
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Jiao, Wen Xian. „The Spatial Modeling Environment (SME) and Its Application Perspective in Hei River Basin of Northwestern China“. Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (Juni 2010): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.199.
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The environment problem in Hei River Basin of Northwestern China, which was caused by the interactions of natural and human systems, was very complex. Only the development and application of integrated tools could we better describe and analyse the ongoing process. In this paper, we introduced the Spatial Modeling Environment (SME) as a powerful tool to simplify the integrated model building. After describing the funtion and architecture of SME, we discussed its application perspective in Hei River Basin. It appeared that in order to achieve an integrated ecologicl economic model which could explore the endogenous interaction between socio-economic and ecological dynamics, researchers should identify the main human factors and spatialize them to make natural and human factors have an identical and fixed spatial-temporal scale. The work of identifying human factors in environment impact assesement was very complex. We introduced the IPAT identity as a useful freamwork for identifying the main human factors.
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Waller, Thomas. „The Blue Cultural Fix: Water-Spirits and World-Ecology in Jorge Amado’s Mar Morto and Pepetela’s O Desejo de Kianda“. Humanities 9, Nr. 3 (03.08.2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h9030072.
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Putting Blue Humanities scholarship in critical dialogue with recent research on the ‘cultural fix’ and ‘fixed-labour-power’, this article offers a comparative reading of two Portuguese-language novels in which the figure of the female water-spirit features as an index for two contrasting modes of knowing the ocean. In Jorge Amado’s Mar Morto (1936), the water-spirit is registered as a passive and incomprehensible extra-human entity that looms over the poverty of the text’s working-class community of dockworkers with an ominous and mysterious edge. By contrast, the water-spirit in Pepetela’s novel O Desejo de Kianda (1995) is angry, active and only too immediate, seeking revenge for the extractivist violence carried out in the name of neoliberalism. Activating a broadly hydro-materialist framework, I argue that these differing conceptions of the water-spirit carry with them very different socio-ecological implications, and directly intersect with contemporary debates over hydrological crisis, the privatisation of the oceans and the enclosure of the water commons.
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Calviño-Cancela, María, und Nuria Cañizo-Novelle. „Human dimensions of wildfires in NW Spain: causes, value of the burned vegetation and administrative measures“. PeerJ 6 (26.09.2018): e5657. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5657.
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Exploring the human dimensions of forest fires is a crucial, although often overlooked, aspect of wildfire research, since wildfires often have important socio-economic impacts and humans are nowadays the main cause of wildfires in many areas of the world. We carried out a telephone survey (N = 345 interviews) in one of the most fire-prone areas in Europe (NW Spain) in order to assess citizens’ awareness about wildfire causes and risks, their perception of the value of the vegetation and of administrative measures to fight against fires. Perceptions of respondents about fire causes were in general realistic although fires caused by pyromaniacs and for profit were overestimated, while vegetation management was comparatively underestimated. Citizens were broadly aware of the fire risk associated with different vegetation types, rightly considering native oak forests and agricultural fields as less risky than shrublands and pine and eucalypt plantations. Tree-dominated vegetation was more valued than treeless formations, and native forests more than tree plantations, which seems related to a preference for ecological value over utilitarian considerations. In addition, the value of eucalypt plantations was clearly affected by the education level of respondents, being less valued as the education level increased. Most citizens considered that the administration was not doing enough to fight against fires. The law that compels landowners to reduce fuels in wildland-urban interfaces was considered effective by most respondents (72%), but 50% considered it difficult to implement by landowners. This may explain the poor degree of compliance of this law.
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Zaykova, Elena. „Nature Restoration Technologies as a Tool for Urbanisation Management“. E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 05037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126305037.
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Urban management is a new terminology in global urban planning, actively influencing the indicators of environmental sustainability and actions in relation to various climate risks on the planet. Experts consider different types of technologies as an opportunity to manage urbanization at the global level and predict the situation in the socio-economic and environmental spheres of life. On the other hand, the increasing risks on the planet from floods, hurricanes, fires and droughts force specialists to adapt to these changes, learn how to control them through new design technologies. Therefore, the emergence of the term “urban management” is not accidental and is associated with a change in the perception of the level of sustainability of the environment, the comfort of living for people of different ages and social status in large cities. In this regard, the assessment and meaning of such well-known concepts as “Sustainable City”, “Green City”, “Smart City” changes somewhat. Their content is filled with a new meaning if the technological aspect is added to the socio-economic and environmental aspects of sustainable development, as an independent concept associated with the restoration of the natural potential of cities by technological means. Therefore, the article will consider the problems of restoring nature and urbanized territories through the use of ecological technologies that simulate natural processes with different typological content: from the restoration of biotopes to the accumulation of rainwater in the body of the natural landscape.
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Aryadi, Mahrus, Trisnu Satriadi und Syam’ani Syam’ani. „KECENDERUNGAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN DAN ALTERNATIF PENGENDALIAN BERBASIS KEMITRAAN DI PT. INHUTANI II KOTABARU Trend of Forest and Land Fire and Control Alternative Based on Partnership at PT. Inhutani II Kotabaru“. Jurnal Hutan Tropis 5, Nr. 3 (01.04.2018): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v5i3.4789.
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Kebakaran hutan dan lahan di Indonesia telah menyebabkan kerugian yang luar biasa, baik dari aspek ekologi, ekonomi dan sosial budaya. Penelitian ini menggali kecendrungan kebakaran hutan dan lahan dengan pendekatan spasial dan penyebab kebakaran hutan dan secara empiris serta alternatif pengendaliannya. Metode yang digunakan perangkat lunak SIG, yaitu ArcGIS for Desktop 10.3.1 yang disediakan oleh Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hotspot berkorelasi positif, semakin dekat dengan jaringan jalan, intensitas atau jumlah kejadian kebakaran akan semakin besar, dan kecendrungan kebakaran hutan dan lahan berbentuk acak dari waktu ke waktu yang disebabkan oleh adanya pembukaan lahan-lahan baru untuk kepentingan perladangan. Penyebab kebakaran hutan dan lahan adalah aktivitas perladangan, akses jalan dan iklim. Alternatif Pengendalian Kebakaran Hutan berbasis Kemitraan, yaitu membangun kerjasama dengan kelompok masyarakat peladang sistem “Pembukaan Ladang Terkendali”, melibatkan parapihak yakni aparat desa, aparat kecamatan dan aparat kepolisian setempat serta KPHP.Kata kunci: kebakaran; hutan dan lahan; kemitraanForest and land fires in Indonesia have caused tremendous losses, both from the ecological, economic and socio-cultural aspects. This study explores the trend of forest and land fires with spatial approaches and causes of forest fires through empiricall method as well as alternative controls. The method used GIS software, ArcGIS for Desktop 10.3.1 provided by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), in-depth interviews and observation. The results show that the hotspots are positively correlated, the closer to the road network, the greater the intensity or number of fires, and the tendency of forest fires and randomly shaped land from time to time due to the opening of new lands for shifting cultivation. Causes of forest and land fires are the activities of cultivation, road access and climate. Alternative Forest Fire Control based on Partnership, which is to build cooperation with community group farmer system “Pembukaan Lahan Terkendali”, involving stakeholders that is village apparatus, subdistrict apparatus and local police apparatus and KPHP.
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Konstantinova, Elina, Liga Brunina, Aija Persevica und Anda Zvaigzne. „ECONOMIC VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: A CASE STUDY FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF DEGRADED PEATLANDS IN LATVIA“. ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (20.06.2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol1.4109.
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Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits that people obtain from using ecosystems and can be divided into the following three categories: provisioning, regulating and supporting and cultural services. The strategical importance of ecosystem services is set by the EU Biodiversity Strategy, which put ecosystem services firmly on the EU policy agenda. The aim of the paper is to present and discuss the model for economic (monetary) valuation of ecosystem services for sustainable management of degraded peatlands in Latvia. Based on an economic valuation of ecosystem services (ES), it is possible to compare different territories and different management scenarios. Peatland ecosystems globally represent a major store of soil carbon, a sink for carbon dioxide and a source of atmospheric methane. Climate change may threaten these stocks due to the peat oxidation caused by the draught in areas where the peat extraction has been carried out, as well as the increased risk of forest fires. In Latvia, currently there have not been developed a strategy for the implementation of standard approaches and basic principles for the management of degraded peatlands. There are several options for re-cultivation of degraded peatlands, but for sustainable land use, it is very important to choose the most optimal option from the economic, ecological and society perspective. The research was based on data obtained from a biophysical ES assessment for 28 indicators for 3 scenarios from a 5, 25 and 50-year perspective. The collection of primary data, as well as an aggregation and comparative assessment of secondary data have been carried out by using approbated scientific research methods and ES assessment indicators. The obtained data were adapted to the Latvian socio-economic situation by using correction factors. Depending on ES category, the following assessment methods were used: the market pricing method; the benefit transfer method and the direct market pricing method; the avoided costs method. Economic valuation of peatland re-cultivation scenarios assists land-use planners and policymakers in making ecologically, economically and socio-culturally sustainable land-use decisions, where ecological and economic data are used for a calculated assessment of the land-use options.
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Bhattacharya, Sayan, Rimpa Maity, Gour Sarkar, Goutam Ghosh, Debasri Mukherjee und Chandrayee Mukhopadhyay. „Socio-Environmental Survey of an Ecologically Important Forest Edge Hamlet in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India“. International Letters of Natural Sciences 52 (März 2016): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.52.67.
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Buxa Tiger Reserve (BTR) is located in Alipurduar Sub Division of West Bengal, India. It comprises of the entire forest area of the erstwhile Buxa Forest Division (Created in 1877 – 78) and some territory of the erstwhile neighboring Cooch Behar Forest Division. The Reserve lies between Latitudes 23o30′ N to 23o50′ N and Longitudes 89o25′ E to 89o55′ E. The total area of the reserve is 760.87 km2 of which 385.02 km2 has been constituted as the Buxa Sanctuary and National Park (Core zone of the BTR) and the balance 375.85 km2 areas is treated as a buffer zone. It has 37 forest villages and 4 fixed demand holdings, 46 revenue villages and 34 tea gardens in and around it. The survey work was done in May, 2015 by visiting a forest edge village, 28 Mile, in Buxa Tiger Reserve and the primary data were gathered through field survey and direct contact with common people and authorized centres of the region. Surveys on the demography, agriculture, livestock management, water management, education, culture, health, waste management, disaster management, transport, biodiversity, joint forest management activities, Non-timber forest product usage and human animal conflict were done in this area. In every phase of the survey work, photographic documentation was done. In spite of being positioned in a diverse and sensitive ecological zone, the village is not adequately managed. There is an urgent need for implementing sustainable management systems in the areas for the betterment of the socio-environmental structures. Some of the possible management strategies have been suggested for maintaining the social, environmental, economic and ecological balance of the region.
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Wang, Sonam Wangyel, Woo-Kyun Lee und Jeong-Gyu Kim. „Assessing Barriers and Opportunities for Ecosystem Based Approach to Adaptation in High Altitude City of Thimphu“. Urban Studies and Public Administration 2, Nr. 1 (26.12.2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/uspa.v2n1p1.
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<p><em>Scientific studies to understand challenges and opportunities for adaptation are crucial for adapting to climate impacts and averting disasters in cities. In this study, we attempt to assess baseline social and environmental conditions, identify challenges and barriers, and recommend ecosystem based opportunities for adaptation. The city’s infrastructure is poorly planned triggering congestion (which leads to increased carbon emission, road rage, etc</em><em>.</em><em>), flooding of sewage systems exposing humans to infections. Majority of the poor who live in informal settlements lack adequate access to basic facilities turn to natural resources thereby depleting the environment around the city. This leads to the loss of ecosystem services and protection against natural hazards such as flash floods, landslides, and forest fires which affects the vulnerable groups disproportionately. To improve socio-ecological resilience to cope with changing climate, the study also identified ecosystem based adaptation interventions such as urban agriculture, agroforestry, greening projects, resettlement of informal settlements, education on coping strategies, and building institutional, technical, and individual capacities to be integrated into climate adaptation strategies into development plans. The study also recommended that the city authority secure adequate funds and build capacity to plan ecosystem based adaptation and implement interventions. </em><em></em></p>
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Štokmane, Maija, und Raimonds Ernšteins. „Piekrastes pārvaldība Latvijā: pārvaldības ietvara attīstības pārskats“. Sabiedrība un kultūra: rakstu krājums = Society and Culture: conference proceedings, Nr. XXIII (16.08.2021): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/sk.2021.23.222.
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The coastal territory is a complex socio-ecological system (SES), which needs to be governed using an integrated approach. Integrated coastal management (ICM) is considered as the main approach in coastal governance, offering a holistic view of the coastal zone by integrating different governance sectors and governance levels, but ICM is not a fixed approach and should be adopted to meet each particular unique national and local situation. Full scale ICM in Latvia is not applied, but the following problems are recognized as most significant in the coastal territory: the lack of qualitative infrastructure and the lack of good governance; the local level coastal SES is studied, monitored and evaluated insufficiently as well as good practice examples are not communicated enough. In the current study, the exploration of the legisla-tive regulations and planning documents was conducted, therefore, the main research methods are docu-ment studies and expert interviews. Both the vertical and horizontal integration were assessed for the coastal governance, as well as overview of ICM developments in the modern history of Latvia. In order to understand the situation of the coastal governance in Latvia, the scheme of coastal dune protection zone was prepared, based on Latvian coastal legislation, however it is often difficult to depict different protec-tion zones in practice in such a dynamic and changing territory as a coastal zone.
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Venevsky, Sergey, Yannick Le Page, José M. C. Pereira und Chao Wu. „Analysis fire patterns and drivers with a global SEVER-FIRE v1.0 model incorporated into dynamic global vegetation model and satellite and on-ground observations“. Geoscientific Model Development 12, Nr. 1 (04.01.2019): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-89-2019.
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Abstract. Biomass burning is an important environmental process with a strong influence on vegetation and on the atmospheric composition. It competes with microbes and herbivores to convert biomass to CO2 and it is a major contributor of gases and aerosols to the atmosphere. To better understand and predict global fire occurrence, fire models have been developed and coupled to dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) and Earth system models (ESMs). We present SEVER-FIRE v1.0 (Socio-Economic and natural Vegetation ExpeRimental global fire model version 1.0), which is incorporated into the SEVER DGVM. One of the major focuses of SEVER-FIRE is an implementation of pyrogenic behavior of humans (timing of their activities and their willingness and necessity to ignite or suppress fire), related to socioeconomic and demographic conditions in a geographical domain of the model application. Burned areas and emissions from the SEVER model are compared to the Global Fire Emission Database version 2 (GFED), derived from satellite observations, while number of fires is compared with regional historical fire statistics. We focus on both the model output accuracy and its assumptions regarding fire drivers and perform (1) an evaluation of the predicted spatial and temporal patterns, focusing on fire incidence, seasonality and interannual variability; (2) analysis to evaluate the assumptions concerning the etiology, or causation, of fire, including climatic and anthropogenic drivers, as well as the type and amount of vegetation. SEVER reproduces the main features of climate-driven interannual fire variability at a regional scale, for example the large fires associated with the 1997–1998 El Niño event in Indonesia and Central and South America, which had critical ecological and atmospheric impacts. Spatial and seasonal patterns of fire incidence reveal some model inaccuracies, and we discuss the implications of the distribution of vegetation types inferred by the DGVM and of assumed proxies of human fire practices. We further suggest possible development directions to enable such models to better project future fire activity.
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Kolinjivadi, Vijay, Diana Vela Almeida und Jonathan Martineau. „Can the planet be saved in Time? On the temporalities of socionature, the clock and the limits debate“. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, Nr. 3 (03.12.2019): 904–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619891874.
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The tendency of capitalist modernity to impose predictable, homogenous and linear representations of time for economic productivity has made it increasingly difficult, if not impossible, to effectively respond to catastrophic environmental changes that are emergent, sudden, non-linear and unpredictable. A confusion between the actions and consequences of environmental change, and socialized representations of time and space within which humans must respond to such changes, not only paralyses possible solutions within fixed imaginaries but is also out of synch with the perpetual coming-into-being of socionature entanglements. The multiple temporalities coordinating interactions of humans and non-human natures are instead fetishized and made governable, commensurable and reproducible through the mechanistic intervals of the clock. We argue that the desire for transformative system change can be found in temporal desynchronizations to clock Time (capital T) and that political strategies to responding to socio-ecological crises reside in alter-temporalities (lower t time) of emergent socionature relations. Through an example of the desynchronized temporalities of tinawon rice production, we show how alter-temporalities emerge to reclaim cultural and food sovereignty from the otherwise flattening effects of modernity. We highlight the futuring potentials of such temporalities and their implication within ongoing debates between ecomodernists and those advocating limits to growth. Given that continuing to act in the Time of capital evidently fails to bring about system change and even aids in perpetuating our crises, we claim that responding in time (lower t) is itself a political act in raising the possibility for more convivial and life-affirming futures.
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Bilbao, Bibiana Alejandra, Adriana Millán, Hebe Vessuri, Jayalaxshmi Mistry, Ruth Salazar-Gascón und Rosalba Gómez. „To Burn or not to Burn? The History behind the Construction of a New Paradigm of Fire Management in Venezuela through Interculturality“. Biodiversidade Brasileira - BioBrasil, Nr. 2 (06.05.2021): 99–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.37002/biobrasil.v11i2.1878.
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The presence of a savanna-forest vegetation mosaic in the Gran Sabana, Canaima National Park (CNP), has been more than an academic controversy since the 1980s through to the 2010s in Venezuela. Scientists, Park administrators and officials from institutions devoted to protect the Caroní river basin within the limits of the Park, argued that the presence of savannas under a tropical rainfall regime that could support humid forests was due to the fire practices used by the local Pemón Indigenous communities. This misconception justified applying fire suppression policies, aimed at putting out all types of fires in CNP, especially the “compulsive burning” (thus so called by some scientists) by Pemón people in forest areas. This paper describes the initiatives, pursued for more than 20 years, to consolidate intercultural and participatory fire management in the CNP, Gran Sabana, which evolved as result of several participatory action-research projects coordinated by academics, and supported by national and regional public development institutions. The inclusion of Pemón Indigenous communities, firefighters, public officials, and academics in field research and joint experimentation, as well as in debates and dialogues on socio-ecological issues relevant to CNP, allowed the development of articulated knowledge and actions that were the foundations of a new paradigm of fire management and strategies for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Since 2015, these actions have been further extended to neighbouring countries of the Guiana Shield in the Northern Amazonia and other regions of Latin-America, with the collaboration and support of Venezuelan, British and other European institutions.
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Susanti, Ari, Oka Karyanto, Agus Affianto, Ismail Ismail, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Trias Aditya, Haerudin Haerudin und Hendra Arditya Nainggolan. „Understanding the Impacts of Recurrent Peat Fires in Padang Island – Riau Province, Indonesia“. Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 12, Nr. 1 (22.03.2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.34126.
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Padang Island in Riau Province of Indonesia has been severely impacted by recurrent fires in 2014 and 2015, leading to severe peat ecosystem degradation and people´s livelihood. Therefore, analyzing the peat fires should not be isolated from socio-economic and local political context. Much has been written about peat fires especially the magnitude of the fires, however the linkages between ecological and livelihood system of peatland ecosystem gained only scant attention. This paper analyzes how the drivers of peat fires are causing a steady decline in Padang Island and aims to provide more holistic understanding on how the drivers interplay and continue to feed the process of peatland degradation with its associated impacts on local economic development and people’s livelihood. Multidisciplinary approach was applied in this study. This includes remote sensing data analysis, analysis on related documents such as historical documents and regulations. Intensive fieldwork was conducted in the island in which series of FGDs and interviews were executed. We found that the global demands for agricultural commodities have led to massive peat drainage for monoculture farming on peat lands. The high dependency on global commodity market and monoculture farming has created livelihood vulnerability, especially because of the price fluctuation of agricultural products at global market. Moreover, the monoculture farming on peat lands tends to be unsustainable since it demands peat drainage, provides less options for sources of income and tends to marginalize indigenous knowledge about farming on peatland (paludiculture) which have been practiced for centuries in the island. Memahami Dampak Kebakaran Lahan Gambut yang Berulang di Pulau Padang-Provinsi Riau, IndonesiaIntisariPulau Padang yang terletak di Provinsi Riau, Indonesia mengalami kebakaran lahan gambut cukup parah dan berulang pada tahun 2014 dan 2015 yang mengakibatkan degradasi ekosistem gambut dan kehidupan masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, seharusnya analisis kebakaran lahan gambut tidak dapat dapat dipisahkan dari konteks sosial ekonomi dan politik lokal. Sudah banyak tulisan yang menganalisis tentang kebakaran lahan gambut terutama terkait dengan besarnya kebakaran, tetapi sangat sedikit yang menganalisis hubungan antara sistem ekologi dan sistem kehidupan masyarakat. Artikel ini menganalisis bagaimana faktor-faktor penyebab kebakaran lahan gambut juga mengakibatkan degradasi yang terusmenerus di Pulau Padang dan bertujuan untuk berkontribusi pada pemahaman yang lebih menyeluruh mengenai bagaimana faktor-faktor tersebut bekerja, saling terkait, dan secara terus-menerus mempengaruhi proses degradasi lahan gambut serta dampaknya terhadap pembangunan ekonomi lokal dan kehidupan masyarakat. Penelitian ini menerapkan pendekatan multi-disiplin yang meliputi analisis data penginderaan jauh, dokumen sejarah dan peraturan terkait. Penelitian lapangan dilakukan secara intensif di Pulau Padang, meliputi serial diskusi kelompok terfokus dan wawancara. Kami menemukan bahwa permintaan pasar global akan komoditas pertanian berkontribusi terhadap drainase lahan gambut skala besar untuk pertanian monokultur pada lahan gambut. Tingginya ketergantungan terhadap pasar global komoditas dan pertanian monokultur telah menciptakan kehidupan masyarakat yang rentan. Hal ini terutama karena besarnya fluktuasi harga komoditas pertanian di pasar global. Di samping itu, pertanian monokultur pada lahan gambut cenderung tidak berkelanjutan karena mensyaratkan pengeringan lahan gambut dengan drainase, menawarkan pilihan sumber penghasilan masyarakat yang lebih sedikit dan meminggirkan pengetahuan lokal tentang paludikultur yang sudah dipraktekkan selama berabad-abad di Pulau Padang.
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Dobronosov, Vitaly, Delyara Tebieva und Lyubov’ Kebalova. „Living standards in North Ossetia-Alania through the prism of economic processes“. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 50, Nr. 50 (12.12.2020): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2020-0033.
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AbstractThe paper reflects the dynamics of changes in standard of living in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania during the post-Soviet period.BackgroundThe more than twenty years that have passed since perestroika failed to lead to the expected positive shifts in economy in RNO-Alania. In ratings of regions by population living standards, the republic was consistently among the last places.AimTo show the discrepancy between the modern level of economic development and the standard of life in the RNO-Alania.MethodThe work uses comparative analysis of indicators of living standard and indicators reflecting the structural and dynamic characteristics of economic processes.ResultsOfficial statistics show growth in almost all socio-economic indicators in RNO-Alania. This apparent increase in living standards does not correspond to the low ranking of RNO-Alania, which is consistently in the bottom ten of the rating of Russian regions. The analysis of other indicators determining the population's quality of life, such as: the ecological condition of the territory, the developmental level of health and education institutions, life expectancy, and availability of transport, information and communication networks all correlated weakly with the real socio-economic situation in the region. The study of the republic's districts showed a high unemployment rate due to the lack of industrial and agricultural production, the underdevelopment of small and medium-sized businesses, and low wages. There is an outflow of working-age population to the city of Vladikavkaz and from the districts to outside the republic.ConclusionsThe deficit in the republic's budget persisted during the research period, despite the apparent growth in the gross product and revenue part of the budget, but the volume of expenditures is growing at a faster rate. The main reason for this is the sharp decline in industrial production, and the influence of loss-making enterprises that do not generate income in the budget. Living standards are rising only thanks to grants from the federal centre.RecommendationIn order to remove the republic from its depressed state it is necessary to increase the fixed capital, to control the process of effective use of the available production capacities, and to invest in a recreational industry that uses natural resources and does not require significant investment.
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Shakya, Dhanendra Veer. „Condom use by Nepalese youth at last sex with most recent partner other than wife or non-live-in partner“. Nepal Population Journal 18, Nr. 17 (31.12.2018): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/npj.v18i17.26377.
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This study attempts to examine the effects of some selected socio-economic variables like level of education, occupation, current working status, wealth index, place of residence and frequency of exposure to mass media like newspapers/magazines, radio and television; demographic variables like age group, age at first sex, marital status, migration status and travelling away from home in the past 12 months; and cultural variables like religion and caste/ethnicity, and spatial distribution by ecological zones, development regions and provinces on condom use by Nepalese youth males at last sex with most recent partner other than wife or non-live-in partner using multivariate logistic regression analysis. It has used 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey data files with weighted cases. Data are analyzed using percentage and frequency tables and statistical tests are carried out using binomial logistic regression analysis of dependent variable controlling for the independent variables presented in the table of this study.
The significant findings of the study are that youth males with primary level of education are less likely to use condom at last sex with most recent partner other than wife or non-live- in partner than those who have higher than secondary level of education. Not working youth males are more likely to use condom than those engaged agricultural occupation. Likewise, ever married youth males are less likely to use condom than their never married counterparts. Newar youth males are less likely to use condom than youth males of Hill Chhetri. Youth males living in Terai are less likely to use condom than youth males living in Hill. Similarly, youth males living in Far-western region are more likely to use condom compared to their counterparts of Central regions.
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Anton, Iulia Alina, Mariana Panaitescu, Fanel-Viorel Panaitescu und Simona Ghiţă. „Impact of coastal protection systems on marine ecosystems“. E3S Web of Conferences 85 (2019): 07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198507011.
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Various solutions, which consist of numerous techniques, technologies and planning measures, are testing for reduction shoreline erosion, precisely for protection shore against waves attack. These methods may affect the site's geology and geomorphology, involving changes of the habitats in the site. Coastal defense projects and ideas must take into account the structure and functions of protected natural areas and their conservation objectives in order to avoid threatening the species and/or habitats on the site. The ecological impacts expected from coast protection structures on short-term are mostly negative, may disturbance the birds from their habitat, and destruct the marine coastal habitats with their own flora and fauna. In this study, we are indicating the effects of coastal protection measures on the ecosystem. Therefore, we present a part of methods applied or which will be apply on the Romanian shoreline and the effects that have an impact on the species and/or habitats on the site. The methods referred to “hard” methods so to harder the shore with fixed structure (bulkhead, seawall, revetment, breakwaters, sills or groins) or “soft” methods like beach nourishment that is not a sustainable method in time. The protection structures like breakwaters and groins trap or add sand and will change the beach geometry this means that can introduce new artificial material, which is extensively and rapidly colonized by algae and marine animals. In the cases of beach nourishment, under water sand nourishment and mudflat recharge, there are impacts both at the borrow site (the sediment source) and the target site. In the zone of extraction of borrow, sediments appear a damage and mortality to the benthos. Finally, it can conclude that some of the effects are beneficial for socio-economic aspect, but it is important also, the environment, which can bring bad consequences for earth landscape and make the ecosystem, be unbalanced.
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Porokhnya, Vasyl, Yuriy Shertennikov, Roman Ivanov und Oleksandr Ostapenko. „Optimization of economic and environmental factors of the logistic system of enterprise management“. E3S Web of Conferences 166 (2020): 13001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016613001.
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The purpose of the study is to develop an economic-mathematical model of the socio-economic system, which takes into account its logistical structure and ecological viability. This allows for optimal budget planning for the new project. The methodology of the study is based on the method of J. Forster, who proposed to consider the logistics system of any enterprise as a system of reservoirs linked by material, financial and information flows. The main result of the study is as follows. The methodology is designed and developed a mathematical program that allows estimating the relative value of fixed assets of production and the number of costs for creating a retail network with the impact of the environmental components. It is shown that this ratio is determined by the value of all key parameters of the enterprise logistics system. This result was obtained through careful modeling of structural changes in the logistics system of the enterprise. All basic communications (flows) between the elements of the logistics system were also considered. Calculations were conducted for the system of the equations which have been written down in shape with discrete-time. At the same time modeling was carried out so that there were no “not physical” phenomena (such as overflow of warehouses, etc.). As a result of calculations, optimum values for all basic characteristics of the new project have been specified. The most actual has separately been considered for practice as a case of optimum planning of storage facilities. The practical importance of research consists that scientific representations about interrelation of the capacity of the enterprise with key parameters of the logistic system can form a basis for more effective planning and management budgetary and production processes at the enterprise, namely: it is more reasonable to plan scales of production and expenses on logistics creation.
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Skerletopoulos, Leonidas, Angela Makris und Mahmooda Khaliq. „“Trikala Quits Smoking”: A Citizen Co-Creation Program Design to Enforce the Ban on Smoking in Enclosed Public Spaces in Greece“. Social Marketing Quarterly 26, Nr. 3 (04.08.2020): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500420942437.
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Background: Tolerance and acceptance of smoking indoors by consumers is common in Greece, and for the most part, authorities turn the other cheek in enforcing long-standing legislation banning smoking in enclosed public places. Focus of the Article: This case study describes the “Trikala Quits Smoking” initiative, which was designed to enforce smoking legislation in Trikala, creating a new social norm to counter the national indifference to enforcing the law regarding smoking indoors. Declared a smart city three times since 2009 and considered one of the most digitally progressive cities in the country, Trikala presents a good example of how to achieve behavior change in a high-context culture. This article outlines the processes used and the lessons learned to achieve the long-term goal of protecting adults and children from the effects of indoor second-hand smoking (SHS) by changing perception and acceptance of indoor smoking by the community, business owners, and local government. Program Design/Approach: A citizen co-creation approach was used to design the program to attain community buy-in and change existing social norms. The Socio-Ecological Model guided this process. It engaged upstream, midstream, and downstream stakeholders, including medical professionals, commercial business owners, the municipal leadership, and citizens to initiate the change. The deCIDES framework was used to guide project implementation. Planning for the initiative started in January 2017, with implementation commencing September 2017 and the project ending June 2019. Importance to the Social Marketing Field: This case study is the first documentation of social marketing in Greece. Implementation of this initiative shows the value of social marketing in changing social norms for high-context cultures. Methods: Primary data were gathered using a citizen-orientated information gathering process consisting of open community meetings, closed group stakeholder meetings, and project member meetings. Data from the city council regarding the number of fines issued to businesses provided evidence of the intervention’s success. Results: Before the start of the intervention, less than five percent of businesses were compliant with the law; after implementation, 90% of the businesses were compliant. Over 1,200 inspections took place, and only 50 fines for lack of compliance were issued over 18 months. The initiative was deemed successful in banning smoking in enclosed public spaces and shifting social norms about SHS. In late 2019, a national ban on smoking in enclosed public places was enforced by the newly elected parliament.
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Almohamad, Hussein. „Impact of Land Cover Change Due to Armed Conflicts on Soil Erosion in the Basin of the Northern Al-Kabeer River in Syria Using the RUSLE Model“. Water 12, Nr. 12 (26.11.2020): 3323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123323.
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Due to armed conflicts, the sudden changes in land cover are among the most drastic and recurring shocks on an international scale, and thus, have become a major source of threat to soil and water conservation. Throughout this analysis, the impact of land cover change on spatio-temporal variations of soil erosion from 2009/2010 to 2018/2019 was investigated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model. The goal was to identify the characteristics and variations of soil erosion under armed conflicts in the basin of the Northern Al-Kabeer river in Syria. The soil erosion rate is 4 t ha−1 year−1 with a standard deviation of 6.4 t ha−1 year−1. In addition, the spatial distribution of erosion classes was estimated. Only about 10.1% of the basin is subject to a tolerable soil erosion rate and 79.9% of the study area experienced erosion at different levels. The soil erosion area of regions with no changes was 10%. The results revealed an increase in soil erosion until 2013/2014 and a decrease during the period from 20013/2014 to 2018/2019. This increase is a result of forest fires under armed conflict, particularly toward the steeper slopes. Coniferous forest as well as transitional woodland and scrub are the dominant land cover types in the upper part of the basin, for which the average post-fire soil loss rates (caused by factor C) were 200% to 800% higher than in the pre-fire situation. In the period from 2013/2014 to 2019/2020, soil erosion was mitigated due to a ceasefire that was agreed upon after 2016, resulting in decreased human pressures on soils in contested areas. By comparing 2009/2010 (before war) with 2018/2019 (at the end of the war stage), it can be concluded that the change in C factors slowed down the deterioration trend of soil erosion and reduced the average soil erosion rate in more than half of the basin by about 10–75%. The area concerned is located in the western part of the basin and is relatively far from the centers of armed conflicts. In contrast, the areas with increased soil erosion by about 60–400% are situated in the northeast and east, with shorter distances to armed conflict centers. These findings can be explained by forest fires, after which the burned forests were turned into agricultural land or refugee camps and road areas. Understanding the complex biophysical and socio-economic interactions of exposure to land loss is a key to guarantee regional environmental protection and to conserve the ecological quality of soil and forest systems.
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SADCHENKO, O. V., S. O. NIKOLA und L. M. ZALUBINSKA. „IMPROVEMENT OF ECONOMIC MECHANISM FOR REGULATION OF ENTERPRISE ACTIVITY IN THE "GREEN ECONOMY" DEVELOPMENT AREA“. Economic innovations 21, Nr. 2(71) (20.06.2019): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2019.21.2(71).109-120.
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Topicality. Market mechanisms of the functioning of the economy as a set of levers used in the management system, requires in-depth theoretical developments on the basis of objective economic patterns and the introduction of real commodity-money relations, taking into account environmental components. An important point is the regulation of entrepreneurship based on the improvement of the economic mechanism. The accelerated growth of the population of the planet caused a general increase in anthropogenic load on the biosphere, bringing it in some cases to a critical level. Waste human life and production have become the cause of almost universal pollution of air, water and soil. The gradual change in environmental pollution and the depletion of natural resources has led to a process of changing (deteriorating) the quality of the environment. As a result, there was a threat of irreversible degradation of the natural environment, when the growth of people's needs and the need to provide life to a growing population were in conflict with natural environmental constraints. It became clear that society, guided by the concept of sustainable development, should pay particular attention to the creation of zones (areas) of the "green economy", where local, state and global problems of preserving the natural potential of the territory, which may consist of several such zones, will be addressed.The adverse effects on the population of possible changes in the environment in real ecosystems always contribute to the emergence of zones of environmental risk, and in consequence, and areas of environmental disaster.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to define the economic mechanism of regulation of entrepreneurship in the zones of development of the "green economy" in Ukraine. To do this, you should identify the concept and the essence of the zones of qualitative change in the natural environment. At the same time, regardless of the more widespread use of the principles of the green economy, the green business and the awareness of the benefits that they give to both entrepreneurs and society, the boundaries of determining these zones remain rather blurred.Research results. The conceptual bases and methodical principles of the implementation of the economic mechanism of regulation of entrepreneurship in the zones of development of the "green economy" (ZRZE) in Ukraine are considered. The article considers the role of tax and price mechanisms in the efficiency of the functioning of green economy development zones. Both scientific and practical value is determined by providing privileges for attracting foreign and national capital, which will allow to overcome the socio-ecological and economic crisis in the ecological situation both in separate regions and in Ukraine as a whole. Local authorities should be empowered to develop and approve their programs for the creation and operation of the SRZE based on the specifics of the economy and the ecological state of the regions concerned. Regional programs are implemented at the expense of benefits provided within the relevant local taxes and fees, as well as the budgets of the respective regions.There is a need for a certain system of tax deduction, based on the essence of the economic activity of the enterprise, the specific features of production and economic and environmental potential of these areas. Depending on the conditions of activity and resulting from the end-product or service on some sites ZRZE, consideration should be given to determining the value of the tax based on the ratio of the amount of income to the amount of the cost of the active part of fixed assets (excluding turnover because it would have led to the intentional increase their value, and, accordingly, prices). Thus, the tax should be charged depending on the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, that is, on their profitability. This would exclude the exploitation of the equipment to its full depreciation, ensured the receipt of net income without unnecessary trouble and allocation of appropriate funds for its restoration and the introduction of advanced, progressive low-waste technologies in order to reduce the given ratio, and with it the amount of taxes. Thus, we can prevent the reduction of production, price increases, the complication of industrial relations and pollution of the environment. In order to ensure a corresponding increase in wages, it is necessary to carry out the renovation of fixed assets, to increase labor productivity, which will lead to the accelerated development of productive forces and to indirectly influence the development of the "green economy" in such zones.Conclusion. An ecologically-oriented state approach to the potential reduction of environmental risk areas (which can become areas of environmental disaster) will improve the quality of natural resource potential and the state of the environment. An important direction in stimulating the introduction of environmentally friendly, low-waste technologies, production of environmentally friendly products in the creation and operation of the ZRZE is the formation of contractual relations in the area of pricing between the state, the management bodies of ZRZE and entrepreneurs of any form of ownership.
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SADCHENKO, O. V., und I. V. ROBUL. „ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL MARKETING SPACE OF THE ECONOMICS OF EXPERIENCE“. Economic innovations 22, Nr. 1(74) (20.03.2020): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2020.22.1(74).129-139.
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Topicality. It is relevant to determine the equilibrium dynamic state of the system based on the harmonization of the interaction between economic and environmental subsystems in the market space. The product of the economy of experience is: a product or service plus additional profit from experience. Impression - entertainment, training, the possibility of personal participation, self-expression, the development of social contacts and skills (socialization) and more, these are added value factors. Additional costs in the originality or uniqueness of a product or service are paid off and bring additional profit. Therefore, goods or services related to natural resources or conditions are especially relevant. The economics of experience should be considered in the economic and environmental marketing space, which will allow to form the price of goods and services that increases in the first case (location) from the additional costs for rent and additional profit for the uniqueness of receiving a service in this area or increasing due to the impression of a product or service and overlapping cost of services. In the second case, the price of the service is adjusted relative to additional costs and profits for the originality of the provision of impression services. That is, we can consider differential rents of the first and second order taking into account the environmental factor. Rent in the conditions of the economy of experience - additional income received by the entrepreneur in excess of a certain profit for the uniqueness of the location of his activities and capital; the formation of environmental rents, when considering the natural resource potential, is due to more favorable location conditions in which one entrepreneur is in front of another, not in equal conditions. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to determine the economic and environmental marketing space in the context of the development of the economy of experience by substantiating the theoretical and scientific-practical foundations of the formation of the mechanism of economic and environmental innovative development. Research results. Issues related to the “economy of experience” make it possible to go to that level of economic development that allows you to take advantage of the competitive advantages of this enterprise. When considering the innovation and ecological space, competitive advantages can be used more effectively in terms of attracting impressions to meet the needs of both the B2B, B2C market and international markets. Impression marketing is an additional human activity that relates to the market in the conditions of fierce competition and a saturated market, when its principles serve as the only possible way to ensure profitability and plus additional profitability of production, growth and development of the enterprise. Market orientation determines the main areas of economic activity and evaluates its results by the value of the final income. A distinctive feature of such a service is that it can exist only with the relationship between the buyer of the service, the manufacturer of the service and the “additional service”, which does not always depend on the manufacturer of the service, but is formed depending on the location, historical value of the place or the unusual nature of the service , that is, from the uniqueness of the provision of this service. So, in fact, the consumer pays for a pleasant, sometimes unforgettable experience, and the producer (owner) of this service overpays (relative to the average price level) for rent or for the purchase of additional fixed assets (or additional investments). The manufacturer must have compensation for the "overpayment" and, of course, additional profit. So, the consumer pays extra money for an additional service-impression, and the owner also pays extra either for renting a room or for the additional supply of this service, that is, “impression” is the additional costs that are reflected in the price of the goods. An impression in the economic sense is additional costs and additional profit. Only ecologically high-quality goods and the same high-quality environmental services are in real demand in the market and can attract consumers. Proceeding both from the interests of society as a whole and each member of the society, it is necessary to use new forms of organizing production, business and labor, improving the structure of production and economic activity, taking into account national characteristics of nature management. The condition for the formation of environmental rents is not only the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the resource (resource-goods - land), but also the environmental characteristics of this resource and products grown on this site. Therefore, with the expenditure of equal capital, they give a different quantity and quality of products. Ecological rent can be formed on the worst land fertility, but the best environmental characteristics. At the same time, lands of higher categories can be removed from agricultural circulation in connection with an environmental disaster. Therefore, in an economy of experience, when determining the price of “decision making”, environmental components must be taken into account, however, environmental degradation, depletion of natural resources, and excessive pollution indicate failures in the market mechanism. The economics of experience in modern conditions can change this negative practice. Conclusion. In modern conditions of economic development, a fundamentally new environmental policy of the state is needed, which would clearly define the strategy and tactics for improving relations between society, production and nature, the optimal combination of environmental, economic and marketing positions. In this regard, multidimensional studies of marketing systems that are part of integrated socio-ecological-economic systems, combined by information flows, are needed. In the process of formation of market structures of the economics of experience, the task is to combine the interests of the economy, society and improve the environment. Reducing pollution and conserving natural resources becomes beneficial to the economics of experience. If earlier the interests of economics and ecology were located in the plane of conflicts, now in the ecological and economic space their interests coincide: the producer receives additional profit, while improving the environment.
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Nunes, Mariangela Da Silva, Edilene Curvelo Hora, Ricardo Fakhouri, José Antônio Barreto Alves, Maria do Carmo De Oliveira Ribeiro und Ana Carla Ferreira Silva dos Santos. „Characterization of victims of trauma treated in an emergency hospital“. Revista de Enfermagem UFPE on line 5, Nr. 9 (04.10.2011): 2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5205/reuol.1262-12560-1-le.0509201109.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to describe a socio-demographic characterization of trauma victims treated in an emergency hospital Method: ecological study, retrospective and quantitative. The data consisted of 301 victims’ records treated between January 2006 and July 2008 at the Emergency Hospital of Sergipe. The variables were age, sex, external cause, body region more affected, length of stay, Glasgow Coma Scale and outcome. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Results: the average age was 27.8 years, male (85.7%), from Sergipe municipalities, except the capital (56.2%), victims of traffic accidents (47.2%) and aggression (27.6%), predominance of Traumatic Brain Injury (61.5%) between Friday and Monday (71.5%), average hospitalization of 10 days and high hospital (73.8%). Conclusion: a higher occurrence of Traumatic Brain Injury in young adults, male victims of accidents in the weekends suggests the need of intensifying the prevention strategies of traffic to minimize the occurrence and possible consequences related to trauma. Descriptors: wounds and injuries; mortality; accidents, traffic; external causes.RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o perfil sociodemográfico das vítimas de trauma atendidas em um hospital de urgência em Sergipe. Método: estudo ecológico, retrospectivo e quantitativo. A amostra foi constituída por 301 prontuários de vítimas atendidas entre janeiro de 2006 a julho de 2008 no Hospital de Urgência de Sergipe. A coleta foi realizada no período de setembro a dezembro de 2008, após autorização do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Sergipe com nº de protocolo 2448.0.000.107-08. As variáveis pesquisadas foram idade, sexo, causa externa, região corpórea mais gravemente afetada, tempo de permanência hospitalar, Escala de Coma Glasgow e desfecho. Os dados foram analisados por meio do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versão 16.0. Resultados: a idade média foi de 27,8 anos, sexo masculino (85,7%), procedentes dos municípios de Sergipe, excetuando a capital (56,2%); vítimas de acidente de transporte (47,2%) e agressão (27,6%), predomínio do Trauma Cranioencefálico (61,5%), entre sexta e segunda-feira (71,5%), média de internamento de 10 dias e alta hospitalar (73,8%). Conclusão: a maior ocorrência do Traumatismo Cranioencefálico em adultos jovens do sexo masculino, vítimas de acidentes em fins de semana, sugerem a necessidade de intensificar estratégias de prevenção no trânsito para minimizar a ocorrência e possíveis consequências relacionadas ao trauma. Descritores: ferimentos e lesões; mortalidade; acidentes de trânsito; causas externas.RESUMEN Objetivo: describir el perfil sociodemográfico de las víctimas de trauma atendidas en un hospital de urgencia. Método: estudio ecológico, retrospectivo y cuantitativo. La muestra fue constituida por 301 prontuarios de víctimas atendidas entre enero de 2006 a julio de 2008 en el Hospital de Urgencia de Sergipe. Las variables investigadas fueron edad, sexo, causa externa, región corpórea más gravemente afectada, tiempo de permanencia hospitalaria, Escala de Coma Glasgow y desfecho. Los datos fueron analizados por medio del software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versión 16.0. Resultados: la edad media fue 27,8 años, sexo masculino (85,7%), procedentes de municipios de Sergipe, exceptuando la capital (56,2%); víctimas de accidente de transporte (47,2%) y agresión (27,6%), predominio del Traumatismo Craneoencefálico (61,5%), entre viernes y lunes (71,5%), media de internamiento de 10 días y alta hospitalaria (73,8%). Conclusión: la mayor ocurrencia del Traumatismo Craneoencefálico, en adultos jóvenes del sexo masculino víctimas de accidentes en fines de semana sugiere la necesidad de intensificar estrategias de prevención en el tráfico para minimizar la ocurrencia y posibles consecuencias relacionadas al trauma. Descriptores: heridas y traumatismos; mortalidad; accidentes de tránsito; causas externas.
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Heinen, Joel T., und Roberta (‘Bobbi’) S. Low. „Human Behavioural Ecology and Environmental Conservation“. Environmental Conservation 19, Nr. 2 (1992): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900030575.
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We contend that humans, as living organisms, evolved to sequester resources to maximize reproductive success, and that many basic aspects of human behaviour reflect this evolutionary history. Much of the environment with which we currently deal is evolutionarily novel, and much behaviour which is ultimately not in our own interests, persists in this novel environment. Environmentalists frequently stress the need for ‘sustainable development’, however it is defined (seeRedclift, 1987), and we contend that a knowledge of how humans are likely to behave with regard to resource use, and therefore a knowledge of what kinds of programmes are likely to work in any particular situation, is necessary to achieve sustainability. Specifically, we predict that issues which are short-term, local, and/or acute, such as an immediate health-risk, will be much easier to solve than issues which are broad, and which affect individuals other than ourselves, our relatives, and our friends. The bigger the issue is, the less effective is likely to be the response. Hence, the biggest and most troublesome ecological issues will be the most difficult to solve —inter aliabecause of our evolutionary history as outlined above.This may not appear to bode well for the future of the world; for example, Molte (1988) contends that there are several hundred international environmental agreements in place, but Carroll (1988) contends that, in general, none of them is particularly effective if the criterion for effectiveness is a real solution to the problem. There are countless examples of ‘aggressors’ (those nations causing the problem) not complying with an agreement, slowing its ratification, or reducing its effectiveness (e.g.the USversusCanada, or Great BritainversusSweden, with regard to acid rain legislation: Fig. 1,cf.Bjorkbom, 1988). The main problem in these cases is that the costs are externalized and hence discounted by those receiving the benefits of being able to pollute. Any proposed change is bound to conflict with existing social structures, and negotiations necessarily involve compromise in aquid pro quofashion (Brewer, 1980). We contend, along with Caldwell (1988) and Putnam (1988), that nations are much too large to think of as individual actors in these spheres. Interest groups within nations can affect ratification of international environmental treaties; for example, automobile industry interestsversusthose of environmental NGOs in the USA on the acid rain issue. It may even be that our evolutionary history is inimical to the entire concept of the modern nation state.Barring major, global, socio-political upheaval, we suggest that a knowledge of the evolution of resource use by humans can be used to solve at least some resource-related problems in modern industrial societies. In some cases, these can probably be solved with information alone, and in other cases, the problems can probably be solved by playing on our evolutionary history as social reciprocators; environmental problems which tend to be relatively local and short-term may be solvable in these ways. Economic incentives can provide solutions to many other types of problems by manipulating the cost and benefits to individuals. We suggest that broader, large-scale environmental problems are much more difficult to solve than narrower, small-scale ones, precisely because humans have evolved to discount such themes; stringent regulations and the formation of coalitions, combined with economic incentives to use alternatives and economic disincentives (fines) not to do so, may be the only potential solutions to some major, transboundary environmental issues.In preparing this argument, we have reviewed literature from many scholarly fields well outside the narrow scope of our expertise in behavioural ecology and wildlife conservation. Our reading of many works from anthropology, economics, political science, public policy, and international development, will doubtless seem naïve and simplistic to practitioners of those fields, and solving all environmental problems will ultimately take expertise from all of these fields and more. In general, however, we have found agreement for many of our ideas from these disparate disciplines, but much of their literature does not allow for a rigorous, quantitative hypothesis-testing approach to analysing the main thesis presented here — an approach that we, as scientists, would encourage. We hope to challenge people interested in environmental issues from many perspectives, to consider our arguments and find evidence,proorcon, so that we (collectively) may come closer to a better analysis of, and ultimately to solutions for, our most pressing environmental problems.
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Anjali, Anjali, und Manisha Sabharwal. „Perceived Barriers of Young Adults for Participation in Physical Activity“. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 6, Nr. 2 (25.08.2018): 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.6.2.18.
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This study aimed to explore the perceived barriers to physical activity among college students Study Design: Qualitative research design Eight focus group discussions on 67 college students aged 18-24 years (48 females, 19 males) was conducted on College premises. Data were analysed using inductive approach. Participants identified a number of obstacles to physical activity. Perceived barriers emerged from the analysis of the data addressed the different dimensions of the socio-ecological framework. The result indicated that the young adults perceived substantial amount of personal, social and environmental factors as barriers such as time constraint, tiredness, stress, family control, safety issues and much more. Understanding the barriers and overcoming the barriers at this stage will be valuable. Health professionals and researchers can use this information to design and implement interventions, strategies and policies to promote the participation in physical activity. This further can help the students to deal with those barriers and can help to instil the habit of regular physical activity in the later adult years.
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Beckett, Caitlynn. „Beyond remediation: Containing, confronting and caring for the Giant Mine Monster“. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 01.09.2020, 251484862095436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848620954361.
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Mine remediation entails long-term risks associated with the containment and monitoring of dangerous materials. To date, research on mine remediation in Canada has focused primarily on technical fixes; little is known about the socio-political and colonial aspects of remediation. Using the Giant Mine in Yellowknife (Northwest Territories, Canada) as a case study, this research investigates the story of the Giant Mine ‘Monster’, how it was defined, how it has changed and how nearby communities will care for the mine in the future. Using a mixed-methods approach, this research combines literature reviews, archival analysis, key informant interviews and participant observation in analyzing the multiple experiences, practices and stories of the Giant Mine Remediation Project. Directed by the frameworks of ecological restoration, Indigenous environmental justice and science and technology studies theories of care, this research reveals that, by focusing on the technical containment of arsenic trioxide pollution, the Giant Mine Remediation Project sidelined community objectives for compensation, independent oversight and a perpetual care plan. However, through the ongoing activism of the Yellowknives Dene First Nations and community allies, the Giant Mine Monster is being creatively reframed as something to care for and live with for generations to come – a responsibility for mining wastes that settlers across Canada have yet to meaningfully reckon with. I argue that the Giant Mine case points to a critical reconceptualization of environmental remediation as an anti-colonial mechanism to (re)structure, or (re)mediate, relationships with both land and people. Without a community objectives based approach to remediation, such projects risk continuing systems of colonization, marginalization and environmental injustice.
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Nunes, A. N., und L. Lourenço. „Increased vulnerability to wildfires and post fire hydro-geomorphic processes in Portuguese mountain regions: what has changed?“ Open Agriculture 2, Nr. 1 (01.02.2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2017-0008.
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AbstractThe main objectives of this study were to understand the frequency of forest fires, post-fire off-site hydrological response and erosional processes from a social and ecological perspective in two basins located in the central cordillera, Portugal. It also discusses the driving forces that contribute towards increasing the social-ecological vulnerability of systems in the face of hazards and emphasizes the importance of learning from disasters. Based on the historical incidence of wildfires, it is possible to identify several areas affected by two, three or four fires, since 1975. Following the two major fires, in 1987 and 2005, flash floods, intense soil erosion and sedimentation processes were generated, causing severe damage. Significant socioeconomic, political and ecological changes have been affecting mountain regions in the last decades. Approximately 80% of the population and more than 90% of the livestock have disappeared, common lands have been afforested with Pinus pinaster, and several agricultural plots have been abandoned. These factors have all contributed towards creating non- or submanaged landscapes that have led to a dramatic increase in the magnitude and frequency of wildfires and to post-fire hydrological and erosional processes when heavy rainfall occurs. Moreover, the low population density, high level of population ageing and very fire-prone vegetation that now covers large areas of both basins, contribute to a situation of extreme socio-ecological vulnerability, meaning that disasters will continue to occur unless resilience can be restored to improve the capacity to cope with this high susceptibility to hazards.
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VUKOVIC, Natalia, Sergey ZALESOV und Darko VUKOVIC. „BIOENERGY BASED ON WOOD CHIPS AS THE DEVELOPMENT DRIVER OF NON-URBAN FORESTED AREAS“. Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis 9, Nr. 1 (10.10.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.37043/jura.2017.9.1.4.
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One of the most important key factors for the development of non-urban areas is infrastructure, and energy generation is one of the fundamental infrastructure elements. This paper provides a new solution for energy generation based on wood chips which has a multi-sector effect because the offer to combine planning of forest cleaning cutting with bioenergy generation in one complex project, which will have socio-economic and ecological effects. The situation with forest fires makes the authors' idea more attractive because after forest fires the problem of cleaning cutting in forest becomes very important and urgent by ecological and economical points: after cleaning cutting there are a lot of low quality wood which can be recycled into chips for the production bioenergy by the authors' idea. This enriched methodology has successfully been applied into the regional strategical planning in the field of bioenergy and forestry of the Ural region of Russia; however, it is suitable for applications in regional development in any non-urban forested region of the world.
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Bott, Lisa-Michéle, und Sebastian Fastenrath. „Australian Bushfires: Current trends, causes, and social-ecological impacts“. Zeitschrift für Australienstudien / Australian Studies Journal, 2020, 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35515/zfa/asj.3334/201920.07.
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Bushfires are common events in Australia reaching their peak each summer season. However, the last bushfire season from July 2019 until March 2020 was unprecedented. An estimated area between 240,000 up to 400,000 km² burned, with the southeast coast being particularly affected. The images of burnt flora and fauna and the fires that raged for months went around the world. It became clear how vulnerable both Australia’s communities and ecosystems are to this natural hazard, which is becoming more frequent and intense. Australia’s southeast is increasingly vulnerable against the often sudden event of bushfires. This article discusses the current trends, causes for this extreme fire season, the socio-economic and ecological impacts, and the resulting adaptation processes.