Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Society for Relief of the Destitute Sick“

Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Gregory of Nyssa each include detailed depictions of the poor in their sermons on poverty relief. This paper examines their rhetorical constructs in order to look for the everyday life of these destitute, who often elude the archaeological record. Sharing some features with the later Byzantine exempla, these images had rhetorical power precisely because they were recognisably comparable with ‘real’ poor known to their audiences. Here four stereotypes are considered: the parent who must sell a child; the exiled sick; the famine victim (with an emphasis on impoverished women and questions of status); and the debtor. The paper concludes that these authors’ constructed images of the poor body must be understood in the context of their theological understanding of the Christian doctrine of the Incarnation.

To mark the 125th anniversary of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Henry Dunant Society organized a two-day symposium in Geneva from 26 to 28 October 1988 on the direct precursors of the Red Cross.For three days, historians and people working on the theoretical and practical side of the Red Cross and other academic and private institutions sought to discover or rediscover women and men who, especially in the nineteenth century, had the same concerns as the “Committee of Five” for wounded and sick soldiers and for prisoners of war and a desire to see both the wounded and those caring for them declared neutral and standing relief societies created. In short, the purpose of the symposium was to ascertain the influence of that humanitarian sensibility which found tangible expression with the founding of the Red Cross in 1863.

Eugene Ionesco once remarked that an excess of politics and an exaggeration of sports are characteristics of our contemporary civilization. The excess of politization affects all parts of our public life, including medicine and its specialty Disaster Medicine. Political ideologies try to usurp a field that has solely humanitarian objectives, that depends on providing for and applying relief to many people in acute distress. There are already many relief organizations and ambulance services, physician staffed emergency medical services systems and first aid trained laymen. There are state and federal disaster relief authorities. Why then was it necessary to add another organization to this sometimes confusing manifold, the German Society on Disaster Medicine?Emergency medicine is for the individual. It must provide optimal care for each single injured or sick person — except for the shortterm management of multiple casualties. Emergency medical missions are limited by time and locality. These missions are hospital services extended to the scene of the accident and work in connection with hospitals. Disaster medicine is for the masses. Its task is to do the best possible for the largest number of people at the right time and at the right place. This implies that in a disaster situation, optimal care for every single individual can and should not be the goal, but rather the best possible care for the largest number. Disaster medicine has to work in large areas, supraregional and long-term. It needs numerous treatment facilities and several steps or levels of treatment. Therefore it requires a firm medical coordination of lay help, primary professional help, transportation, and specialized hospital treatment with maximal efficiency.

Abstract: Nursing has come a very, very long way in the past century. However, some of the challenges highlighted by nurse leaders in the late 1800’s to early 1900’s, still face the profession a century later even though their exact nature might be somewhat different. Throughout the history of nursing, most of the challenges can be linked to the gender and class barriers faced by women in society and the ever-present economic demands of the healthcare industry.The Staff Nurse is the first level professional Nurse in the hospital set up. Therefore by appearance and by word she will be professional at all time. Taking a walk through the history of nursing, the shortage of nurses appears to have been a problem from the time when the value of trained nurses in hospitals and the community was recognized. From the mid-1800’s, when scientific developments in Western medicine increasingly led to successful treatment, hospitals changed from places where the sick and destitute were cared for to institutions where the ill were admitted for treatment. The time was ripe when Florence Nightingale introduced formal training of nurses, and since then, it appears that the demand for qualified nurses increased exponentially. The objective of obtaining state registration for nurses was the priority issue for nurse activists from the 1880’s. At the Chicago World’s Fair, British nurses introduced the nurse leaders from all over the world to the idea of state registration for nurses as well as the issue of standards for nurse training schools, which would satisfy a requirement to introduce registration. The struggle for state registration was at the time also the main driving force behind the establishment of nursing organizations in various countries. Keywords: Staff Nurse, Hospital Stress, Tolerance Adjustment, Florence Nightigale. Demand, Shipt System.

The chronic condition of some pathology may lead the patient to a critical condition or even to an end-stage, putting the multidisciplinary group in an ethical conflict; as well as the family. Considering that the objective of healthcare staff has always been the well-being through prevention and correction of the clinical condition, avoiding, at all times, to relief pain and suffer, now having to address the therapeutic help to a “good death” of the patient. The cultural conditions have changed and death is not perceived the same way it used to be, nor by the society nor the group providing attention and care to the critical or end-stage patient, generating expectations for each case, separating the patient from reason and reality (1). Today, science has had a technological advance having a direct impact on the vital function of the patient, having a direct influence on the time, but mainly on the way of death, focusing the attention on the possible decisions of the seriously sick patient, starting the era of an “assisted death”, as opposed to a natural death (1,2).

Responding to disasters and crises is a crucial role for the government to ensure the public safety of society. Responding lies in the counter of crimes of civil or disorders, providing the urgent medical care to injured or sick people, and providing relief of natural and manmade disasters. Despite ongoing attempts to improve emergency response systems in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, it still suffers from vulnerability. With the current development of the technology and internet of things (IoT), it became necessary to apply these techniques for improving emergency response systems in Jeddah. In this paper, we present Jeddah Smart Emergency Response System (JSERS) as a solution to improve the emergency response system in Jeddah using smart city technologiesز First, we discussed the problems related to the response to accidents and disasters and their history in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, especially Jeddah. Consequently, we described the proposed solution, followed by the architecture of the system. Following by the opportunities and the challenges of system implementation are discussed. Finally, a list of suggestions that supports this system implementation and deployment is reported.

This study regarding the selection of treatment between traditional medicine or medical treatment that is utilized by the community in an effort to cure disease. Doctors and shaman are two professions are known to the public, but using a different way. The aim of this research was to determine the meaning of a healthy and pain for the people of Jeru, know the reasons for choosing the traditional healing methods (shaman) or methods of medical treatment (doctor), and determine the factors that drive to determine the method of treatment. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach. The research location selected is Jeru Village, District Tumpang, Malang. This location was chosen as the study site because in this village still found a system of traditional medicine (shaman), and can still be found some medical personnel and some healers (shaman) are frequently visited by the public. Jeru’s people including homogeneous society. Determination of informants consists of 24 informants consisting of offender treatment, the patient, family, and also family health actors. In collecting the data, researchers used observation and interview techniques. Jeru’s society looked healthy and sick are people who feel the presence and absence of disturbances in the body when carrying out its activities. The reason for choosing a method of healing is based on trust, severity of illness, and the cause of the disease. The factors that drive a person to determine the treatment method chosen is based on internal and external factors. Internal comes from a person who wants a cure, while external factors derived from the experience of the people or the community who had suffered from the same disease, and healing which had healed. Early action before choosing between traditional healing or healing of the medical treatment itself. If it is the disease getting worse, then the sick person is looking for other relief efforts, which include traditional medicine, or medical treatment

Abstract The following study provides an insight into Japanese policies on wounded veterans’ relief during the twentieth century. During the long war (1937–1945) with China and later with the Allied Forces (1941–1945), the Japanese government established strong physical, occupational and spiritual rehabilitation programs in addition to several laws that provided pensions or allowances for military disabilities. After the defeat in 1945, under the Occupation’s new rules of democratization and demilitarization, wounded veterans quickly lost all their benefits. Furthermore, their image was devalued in the eyes of society and their voices were marginalized. However, because of their struggles, the State established a new non-discriminatory law for all disabled people. Nevertheless, after the return of Japanese autonomy in 1952, the wounded veterans still felt that they were not treated adequately because no law addressed their specific circumstances. In order to attain their goal, they created a new association of disabled veterans to express their frustration and to lobby the Japanese government for change. Because of their stubborn mobilization, the Law for Special Aid to the Wounded and Sick Retired Soldiers was finally enacted in 1963 and provided veterans with the assistance they needed and for which they had long-since been asking.

In the rural area of Dolj county, composed of 7 counties and a population of over 200,000 inhabitants, until 1881, there was no hospital. With the adoption of the Law for the establishment of rural hospitals, on June 11, 1881, the first steps were taken to put its provisions into practice. The first two rural hospitals were established in 1882, in Filiași and Bechet, financed from the county budget. Later, the hospital in Băilești was to be built, being inaugurated in 1890, followed a few years later by the hospitals in Brabova, Negoiești and Poiana Mare. In the same direction of the spread of hospital assistance in the countryside, infirmaries were established under the direction of health agents in several communes. A not inconsiderable contribution along the same path of improving the health of the inhabitants of the rural area consisted in the establishment of pharmacies in each commune at the insistence of the Superior Sanitary Council, starting in 1886. The role played by the operation of these hospitals in their area is related to their contribution to the relief of the sufferings of the sick in the rural area, as well as the promotion of the professional medical act or the familiarization of the villagers with the new institutions, taking another step on the road to the modernization of Romanian society.

The article investigates self-preservation behavior under risk conditions (COVID-19 pandemic) in the field of tourism. The practices of self-preservation behavior directly depend on the attitude to health as a value, they are implemented as a result of conscious and responsible behavior. Health is an exhaustible resource, its maintenance depends on the lifestyle of the actors. It is shown that the basis of self-preservation behavior is socialization and biological, psychological and physical characteristics of a person that determine the individualized trajectory of a personality focused on "self-project" (creation and improvement of oneself). The formation of everyday practices of self-preservation behavior is associated with both traditional patterns of behavior and personal strategies, which in modern society need to be analyzed by taking into account the latest trends caused by the pandemic. The article compares the initial "pre-pandemic" attitudes of self-preservation behavior with their current state, analyzes the process of their formation. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the unavailability of fullfledged medical care was compensated by the possibility of health tourism, which can be considered as a variant of self-preservation behavior. Other types of tourism (cultural and entertainment, event, etc.) in some cases can be considered as risky, not health-oriented practices. The dynamics of motivation of self-preservation behavior in the tourism sector in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic is analyzed. Firstly, the combination of the need for well-being and the desire to improve performance and stress relief is reviewed. Secondly, the activity of using tourist services is restricted due to the fear of getting sick with coronavirus. Thirdly, the Russians lay the responsibility for maintaining health on the state and the Institute of health care. Fourth, the focus of consumers of tourist services is shifting towards medical and health tourism, and tourist routes abroad are also being chosen to get vaccinated against COVID-19 with vaccines approved by WHO.

Between 1809 and the early-1840s more than fifty mendicity societies were established throughout Ireland. These charities focused on the suppression of street begging and the relief of the destitute poor. Mendicity societies took their lead from earlier societies located in Britain and mainland Europe, and in Ireland the Dublin association acted as a parent body for this movement. While playing a prominent role in the welfare landscape in the first half of the nineteenth century Ireland’s mendicity societies largely disappeared within a short space of time, largely on foot of the introduction of the Poor Law system.

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the refugee crisis that occurred in the mid-seventeenth century, when a huge wave of Jewish refugees and forced migrants from eastern Europe spread across the Jewish communities of Europe and Asia. Destitute, often traumatized by their experiences, and lacking any means of support, these refugees posed a huge social, economic, and ethical challenge to the Jewish world of their day. Communities across that world, touched by the crisis, answered this challenge in unprecedented ways and, both individually and jointly, began to organize relief for the Polish–Lithuanian Jews wherever they now found themselves. This book examines this refugee crisis in detail. At its heart are three major questions. The first asks how Jewish society reacted to the persecution and violence suffered by the Jews of Poland–Lithuania. The second question asks about the character of the relationship between the various Jewish communities that cooperated to help the refugees. The third question deals with how the nature of the refugee crisis in the seventeenth century may have something to contribute to the ways in which people understand the history of refugee issues in general.

For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.