Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Social structurization“

The aim of this paper is to explore an uncharted aspect of Schutzian description of the structure of the stock of knowledge. The linkage between the stock of knowledge and the life-world isexamined through the cartographic metaphor of the map. Starting from an analysis of different manuscripts, it is shown that the cartographic metaphor is the heuristic resource used by Alfred Schutz to depict the complex relationships between knowledge and life-world. It is argued that the allegorical reference to the use of maps expresses the conversion of our perception of the life-world into contour lines or hatchings, which corresponds to the phenomenological insight that objects are given in perception through manifesting sides or adumbrations. Moreover, it is stated that the metaphor of the relevance-isohypses helps Schutz to describe not only the structurization of our stock of knowledge into theme and horizon and the levels of familiarity and typicality we perceive in the objects of the world, but also the incomplete character of our knowledge, i.e., the shadows and hatchings sketched in it as a consequence of the opacity of the life-world. It is maintained that far from belonging solely to geography, the metaphor of the unknown world as a «terra incognita» suggests an inquiry into the process of production of knowledge. The cartographic blanks do not preclude the impossibility of knowledge, but, on the contrary, they constitute its original source.

The author analyzes the segmentation and institutionalization of the social world of soccer fans in the context of global economic and cultural changes. He refers to the literature on the subject to present the genesis of this sport and the descriptions that have been made of its fans. In the empirical part, he views the fan phenomenon in Poland on the basis of press and internet materials, casual interviews with fans of the Łódź Sports Club, and fan behavior in stadiums (the ‘framework’). Institutionalization and structurization in the social setting of Polish soccer fans are considered in connection with the economic and institutional changes after 1989 and global changes in the world of culture and the media. He proposes a typology of fans—the participants in the social world of soccer. He claims that the institutionalization of this world is underway but that organizing fans into associations is having a different impact on fan culture and the social world beyond than was earlier expected.

This article analyses Russian IT professionals as highly skilled migrants in London. The context of Russian-British migration has determined the emergence and development of four waves: each of them represents a certain set of circumstances for newcomers to move to, to work in, and to live in the global city. The main idea is to show the transformation of a specific population through the four waves of highly skilled migration to London. This study is based on biographical interviews and observations collected in London in 2013–2015. I claim that the dynamics of local professional and language-based communities, on one hand, were determined by these waves of highly skilled Russian migration, and on the other, shaped their practices of capitalization of various resources1. _________________________________ 1 The article is a part of the project, which is fulfilled as a government order work funded from the federal budget of the Russian Federation (“Structurization of social space in the modern city”, No AAAA-A17-117030110145-0).

The object of this research is the process of creating political discourse, setting the “agenda” via social media as foreign policy instrument and a threat to national security of the country. The article explores the role of the online platform in shaping public opinion and discourse in political interests. The subject of this research is the social media (social networks, video and image hosting services, blogs, etc.) Particular attention is given to structurization of the concept of social media, social networks as the instruments that form social reality and affect public opinion. Emphasis is placed on the technical aspects of the types of social networks, control, thereof. Comparative analysis is conducted on the practice of using Internet resources in China, and experience of creating the Golden Shield Project. The scientific novelty of consists in the cross-scientific analysis on the basis of the interpretive pattern of social constructionism, what distinguishes this work from the vast majority of similar research of dedicated to the use of social media as an instrument of political technologies and PSYOP. Being a cross-scientific analysis at the intersection of IT (information technology), international relations (political science), and social psychology, the study leans on the theoretical concepts of political realism and neorealism, psychological constructivism and behavioral psychology. The author underlines the importance of comprehensive approach towards leveling the potential threats of using social media as an instrument of PSYOP. First and foremost, it pertains to the development of a coherent all-encompassing system with ideological and value foundation for creating the discourse. The article describes the relevant approaches towards the “sovereign Internet"; carries out comparative analysis of the Chinese experience and Russian ineffective initiatives, such as blocking separately resources, shortage of public-private partnership in the IT sector (by analogy with the extremely successful experience of China in this sphere). The author offers a general frame of possible steps on ensuring national security in the online platform of social media.

The article expands scientific ideas about methods and techniques of dealing with crisis situations in different approaches to psychological counseling of clients who are experiencing current crisis realities in a complex social space. Different psychological approaches to the problem of the impact of psychological counseling on the crisis states of clients at the integrative and systemic levels are analyzed. Significant features of the approaches most often used in the practice of crisis psychological counseling –gestalt-therapeutic, cognitive-behavioral, and existential– are highlighted. Based on the generalization of the theoretical and methodological foundations of crisis counseling, the important role of subject-activity, professionally competent, personality-oriented approaches is highlighted. The importance of maintaining a person’s mental health in a crisis and providing him/her with psychological assistance in counseling and therapeutic practice is emphasized. A theoretical and methodological approach to the requirements for the criteria of consulting practice effectiveness is indicated. The structurization, conditions for organization and providing crisis counseling at different stages (areas) of work is described. The use of a neuropsycho-corrective approach in the practice of crisis counseling is recommended. The significance of the integrative psychological approach to counseling mentioned by foreign and domestic researchers on the basis of a holistic vision of the relationship between the client’s psychological resources and the requirements of the crisis situation is noted. It is emphasized that the management of crisis education should be handled by the personnel services of organizations of extreme profile.

<p class="Default"><em>The paper review the metaeconomic approaches in global management (MGM) which include</em><em> </em><em>social criteria </em><em>and tasks arranged into consecutive conceptual system with account of changing normative (or minimax) functions and multicriteria approach</em><em> </em><em>detailing admitted hierarchies of those preferences.</em><em> </em><em>The systemic taxonomy of the MGM and its structurization are reviewed and conceptualized. The ranking of priorities in the multipurpose economic modelling of social preferences presupposes the weighed comparability of criteria functions on the qualitatively different levels</em><em>-</em><em>determining the alternatives of optimization, also multicriteria dynamic equilibrium and the preferable managerial strategies.</em><em> </em><em>The stochastic network modelling of universal sustainability for country’s economic development, disposable resources’ allocation a/o characteristics of complex adaptive systems can be recommended as a productive approach to intellectual management practice. The development of MGM would be more effective with more wide integration of multicriteria approaches, also more sophisticated statistical evaluations of intellectual potential in competitive management.</em><em> </em><em>The analytical review of the MGM</em><em> </em><em>revealed its significance at the stages of formulating the aim hierarchies, or choosing the optimization criteria, the restrictions</em><em> </em><em>on preferences and taxonomy of sustainable development.</em></p>

This article substantiates the relevance of studying the Self-concept as a phenomenon aimed at achieving Self-actualization and structurization of behavior. The question is raised about the prerequisites that allow a person to differentiate experience, thereby underlining the need to study the ontogenesis of the Self-concept as the foundation for the evaluative process that integrates the three gradually forming layers. This serves as the basis for formulating the definition of the Self-concept, and describing each of its layers (organismic, social, and conceptual). Their role in the experience evaluation process, as well as applicable to behavior, is explored. The boundaries are established between the layers and the phenomena introduced by K. Rogers; thus, the social layer is naturally introjective and essential. The subject of this research is the determination of each layer of possible disorders within ontogenesis, and relative to this, the risk of transition of the Self-concept from the process to the newly formed structure. Description is given to possibilities of application of this model in psychological practice. Firstly, it allows understanding the incongruity of the customer, as well as self-image of the psychologist in their non-empathic, but congruent responses. Secondly, this model structures the interaction in psychotherapy, helping to establish the typology of psychological disorder, as well as choose appropriate interventions remaining within the framework of humanistic methodology, without eclectic selection of the techniques. In conclusion, the authors reveal the potential of scientific study of the Self-concept model, which consists in understanding the customer and their incongruity. This model contributes to most accurate choice of techniques and methods, as well as means of interaction with the customer, depending on the dysfunction of the layer.

Health psychology is a branch of clinical psychology, which deals with human health considering physical, mental, social and spiritual aspects, i.e. in the context of biopsychosocial unity.&nbsp;Modern practice indicated that the representation on a disorder does not automatically form an &ldquo;inner picture of health&rdquo;.&nbsp;Fulfilling the task of psychological support of a person towards health and well-being required studying the integral phenomenon of health along with the factors that shape the image of a disorder or image of health.&nbsp;The initial aspect of any activity&nbsp;is the needful-motivational personality sphere.&nbsp;Different interpretations of the concept of basic needs of a person entail ambiguity of its use in the the practical work of a psychologist. The goal of this article is to examine the approaches towards outlining the basic needs in the context of health psychology.&nbsp;The author highlights three approaches towards determining the basic needs:&nbsp;as vital or biological needs; as needs underlying the higher needs; and ultimately, as the primary and essential for mental development and personality formation. Such perception allows formulating various approaches towards psychological correction of the consequences of frustration of basic needs. In conclusion, the author present a systematization of approaches towards consideration of the basic needs of a person, structurization of representation on the basic needs as essential and impacting the entire course and process of personality formation, which is particularly evident in the distortions of personality development in terms of frustration of the basic needs.

The article analyzes Pan-German propaganda regarding German colonial policy in China (late 19th – early 20th centuries) and describes German-Chinese diplomatic relations in the context of the establishment of the German colonial presence in Kiautschou, as well as the role and significance of the Pan-German League in forming imperial colonial discourse. Key points concern the development of public opinion in Germany regarding colonial policy with the participation of the Pan-German League. The ideas of living space, racial superiority and imperial power, actively developed in the second half of the 19th century, were reworked into the ideology of social radical nationalist associations of the Wilhelmine era, which were systematized in the context of Pan-Germanism. The German colony at Kiautschou was to become a “Musterkolonie”, reflecting the intention of the German elite to compete with the existing colonial empires and avoid fighting, unlike previously, with the local native populations of Africa and Asia, as well as with the governments of economically and politically underdeveloped countries. Pan-German colonial propaganda, oriented, among other things, to this task, nevertheless had as its goal the formation of public opinion within the Reich. The solution to this problem, given the high publication activity within the country (the publication of Alldeutsche Blatter and the purchase of mass periodicals), was due to strategic goals related to direct influence on the Reich government. In the context of Pan-Germanism, the structurization of the previously isolated colonial movement took place, which, thanks to the efforts of the Pan-German League, became one of the leading factors of public opinion.

The article examines the influences of ethno cultures and ethno-denominations of the region on the formation of values and attitudes of the population of the modern Ukrainian Azov. Already from the XIII century. this region has become quite active. In the southwest of Mariupol county, Bulgarian villages appeared near the Greek villages. In the Azov region settled Georgians who spoke Tatar. Compact settlements were owned by Albanians, dispersed in the region were Czechs, Byelorussians, Gypsies, Poles, and later by Germans. Among the foreign colonists were Jews. All of them had their own religions, languages and traditions, which could not but affect the structuring of the mass consciousness of the modern population. Morality and religion are interrelated, because the level of morality depends on the person's religious beliefs and values, from his or her parents, the social environment, the country's image, geographical location, the influence of neighboring countries and many other factors. These factors not only shape a person, but also influence his or her worldview and the outlook of his or her environment, which cannot but affect the structuring of the mass consciousness of any community, and therefore the population of the modern Azov. Modernity always begins with the past, as they say, "... you want to know yourself - try to find your beginning." Therefore, let us try to consider historically the factors that influenced the modern Ukrainian Azov. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to determine the factors that influenced the structuring of the mass consciousness of the population of a given region, since it is present and future depends on the structuring of the mass consciousness of the population. So, let's try to investigate the factors that influenced the formation of values and attitudes of the population of the modern Ukrainian Azov. For this: 1. to examine the ethno-national and ethno-confessional composition of the population of the Ukrainian Azov region in historical aspect; 2. identify patterns of interaction of people of different nationalities and religions in the modern Ukrainian Azov region, which influence the formation of values and attitudes of the population of the region. It should be noted that this problem was investigated by many well-known scientists, both foreign and domestic. Among them are M. Aragioni, D. Bagalei, Y. Habermas, A. Gedio, A. Dinges, Y. Ivanova, R. Inglehart, G. Klepalova, V. Naumko, M. Naumova, I. Ponomareva, A. Ruchka, J. Shashkevich and others. They studied both the history of the settlement of the region and the specifics of the formation of ethno-national and ethno-denominational relations, proving that the region forms a rather complex socio-cultural space, which reflects on everything from the existence of social relations to professional orientation, from valuable cultural and cultural orientations. Exploring the history of the region, it should be noted that from the eighteenth century. This region began to become quite active.Mass resettlement was the beginning of the elimination of domestic isolation of certain ethnic groups (linguistic, psychological, denominationaland socio-economic), which accelerated the processes of intercultural exchange, influenced the changes in value orientations and attitudes. These processes were further exacerbated in the Soviet era when, as a result of the so-called orgnabors, representatives of different peoples, primarily Russians, moved into the industrial centers of the industrial Azov region. This can be considered the beginning of the period of assimilation and hybridization. In addition, the formation of human values are influenced by various components, such as: political, economic, legal, religious, analytical, managerial, linguistic, ethical, technical, geographical, historical, etc. They imply an understanding of the materiality and mechanisms of historical processes, the ability to analyze events in this context. All this is connected with the process of modern structuring of the mass consciousness, which is happening now in the society.