Thematische Bibliographien / Social realism in literature

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Social realism in literature“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021
Zuletzt aktualisiert am 27. Juli 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Social realism in literature"

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Karam Ahmadova, Latifa. „REALISM IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH LITERATURE“. SCIENTIFIC WORK 61, Nr. 12 (25.12.2020): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/61/117-120.

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In England, realism was formed very quickly, because it appeared immediately after the Enlightenment, and its formation occurred almost simultaneously with the development of Romanticism, which did not hinder the success of the new literary movement. The peculiarity of English literature is that in it romanticism and realism coexisted and enriched each other. Examples include the works of two writers, Elizabeth Gaskell and Charlotte Bronte. However, the discovery and confirmation of realism in English literature is primarily associated with the legacy of Charles Dickens (1812-1870) and William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863). The works of Charles Dickens differ not only in the strengthening of the real social moment, but also in the previous realist literature. Dickens has a profoundly negative effect on bourgeois reality. Key words: England, realism, literary trend, bourgeois society, utopia, unjust life, artistic description
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Ananyeva, S. V., und A. K. Kalieva. „From Social Realism to Magic Realism“. Contemporary Issues of Literary Studies - International Symposium Proceedings 16 (11.12.2023): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.62119/cils.16.2023.7521.

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Entire layers of fiction in retrospective light might escape the attention of modern literary criticism. Russian speaking writers and poets living in Kazakhstan introduce elements of Kazakh culture into their work: these are details of Kazakh life, song culture, and the bright imagery inherent in Kazakh literature and its unique artistic flavor. Regional Russian literature, connected by roots with Slavic literature, contributed to the development and mutual enrichment of literary ties between Kazakhstan and Russia. Already by the beginning of the 1920s, two directions in the approach to the Kazakh theme emerged: a contemplative attitude towards the historical past of the Kazakh people, the desire to idealize antiquity in a traditionally romantic sense, and a progressive perception and coverage of everything connected with the life of the Kazakhs. Russian-language literature in Kazakhstan has gone from socialist realism to magical realism. It is closely connected with the reality, history and traditions of the ethnic groups of Kazakhstan. Historical and revolutionary themes were developed in the spirit of the dominant ideology. The range of material covered included the period of collectivization before the development of virgin lands and the problems of the scientific and technological revolution. Magical realism gives literary texts a unique originality.
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Susilawati, Elis, Ismah Rahayu, Akifah Humaira Salsabila und Ahmad Bahtiar. „Realisme Sosial dalam Potret Seorang Komunis Karya Sabar Anantaguna“. Stilistika: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 15, Nr. 1 (31.01.2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.30651/st.v15i1.8706.

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Social Realism in Potret Seorang Komunis by Sabar Anantaguna ABSTRAKPuisi Potret Seorang Komunis karya Sabar Anantaguna telah mendapatkan bentuk dan pengucapan yang tepat sehingga menjadi prestasi yang bagus dalam sastra realisme sosialis karena tidak terlepas dari latar belakang dan ideologi pengarang yang merupakan bagian dari Lekra. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas prinsip realisme sosial yang menjadi pandangan para pengarang Lekra. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dan teknik interpretatif. Dalam pengolahan data dilakukan tahap pendeskripsian dan penganalisisan. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori sosiologi sastra, teori realisme sosial dan teori struktural. Hasil dari penelitian Realisme Sosial dalam Potret Seorang Komunis Karya sabar Anantaguna terbukti bahwa prinsip realisme sosial yang menjadi pandangan para pengarang Lekra yaitu Lekra memiliki berbagai macam cara yang dilakukan dengan maksud mempertahankan kekuatan komunis, salah satunya melakukan berbagai teror kepada setiap golongan untuk bergabung dengan Lekra. Kata kunci: komunis, puisi, realisme sosial, lekra ABSTRACTThe poem portrait of a communist written by Sabar Anantaguna has obtained the right form and pronunciation. Therefore, it becomes a good achievement in social realism literature because it cannot be separated from the author background and ideology who is part of Lekra This study aims to discuss the social realism principles that becomes the views of the Lekra authors. The method used in this research is descriptif qualitative and note taking techniques. In processing data, the stages of description and data analysis are carried out. This study used sociology literature research, realism social teory and structural teory. The result of the research on social realism in the portrait of a communist by Sabar Anantaguna proves that realism social principle becomes the views of Lekra author, namely Lekra, had various ways that were carried out to maintain communist power, one of which carried out various terrors to every groups in order to join LekraKeyword: communist, poem, social realism, Lekra
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LILI, Tong. „Theory of social realism in modern Chinese literature history: practice and development“. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Oriental Languages and Literatures, Nr. 26 (2020): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-242x.2020.26.70-75.

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The aim of this paper is to show a way of development of the theory of social realism in China and to reveal an extent of influence of soviet theory of social realism to the literary process in this country in XX century. The article is descriptive by its plan. The object of study is the theory of social realism, and the subject of study is transformations of this theory in Chinese context. The research is based on the next model of periodization of the process of development of the mentioned theory in China: 1) 1933 – 1953 years, when the theory of realism was borrowed and started to gain ground in China; 2) 1953 – 1958 years, when Chinese literary critics had reconsidered the literature of "May 4th" Movement (1919) from the social realism point of view; 3) 1958 – 1980 years, when "cultural revolution" took place and the term "social realism" had got out of use from Chinese literary critic; and 4) 1980 year – till now, when revival of interest to the classic form of realism as the method of writing occurred. In addition to this, most important events or contentious issues for each mentioned period were underlined in the paper. In particular, it was recognized, that the most important event for Chinese literary circles during the first period was the Mao Zedong`s speech in Yan`an city in 1942; because since then, the theory of socialist realism had officially become the key method of literary writings in China, with works of soviet literature, based on it, as a main pattern. As for the second period, it is stated, that considering the main representative of the "May 4th" literature Lu Xun as a social realist is a matter of opinion, lacked sufficient arguments. Speaking about the third period, it is underlined, that the shift from the social realism to the mix of revolutionary romanticism and revolutionary realism occurred in method orientation during this period, with the last setting dominated till the end of the "cultural revolution". About fourth period it is stressed, that the interest of writers returned to the classical realism as a method of writing during this period. Then, the next features of the theory of socialist realism in the Chinese context were determined as a result of this research: an intention to estimate the described reality, clearly explicate the essence of the victory of socialist revolution and propagate the spirit of fight for the better future among the readers. Thus, it is noted in conclusions to the article, that socialist realism in China in the XX century went through raise and decline of theoretical interest during the process of adaptation to the new context, and finally gave way to the classical realism. So, the new wave of interest to the letter, in the field of theory in particular, is expected in future.
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Manhas, Sumedha. „Realism through 21st Century Eyes“. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 8, Nr. 4 (2023): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.84.46.

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Since the mid-19th century, a new form of literature took birth that rejected artificiality and presented the conventional in fresh yet insightful ways. Realist writers took inspiration from works of artists such as Gustave Courbet who approached the present realities of contemporary society and its social, economic, and political aspects. They aimed to portray their characters and circumstances that could be relatable to the reader, rather than relying on romanticized portrayals. This shift in literary representation aligned with Courbet's belief in presenting the unvarnished truth, devoid of any embellishment which paved the way for an unfiltered representation of reality in various artistic forms. These writers employed detailed observations and incorporated elements such as social customs, dialects, etc to provide a more authentic representation and enrich a reader’s experience. Realist literature exposes social injustices and inequalities while championing the importance of individual perspectives and depicting nuanced human conditions. Through a more socially engaged form of storytelling, it allows subsequent generations of writers to delve into unexplored areas and find their stories. Through this study, I identify the message and societal settings of various years by understanding the theme of stories written by famous realist writers, unveiling the hidden metaphors, symbols and social questions that it raises. Along with addressing the significance of realism, this paper also elaborates upon how the movement catalyzed a change in narration techniques and theme dynamics. This paper accentuates the existing relevance of realism within the tapestry of literature.
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Potolsky, Matthew. „Decadence and Realism“. Victorian Literature and Culture 49, Nr. 4 (2021): 563–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150320000248.

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This essay proposes a new understanding of the widely recognized disdain for realism and the realist novel among decadent writers, a disdain most critics have interpreted as a protomodernist celebration of artifice. Focusing on Oscar Wilde's dialogue “The Decay of Lying,” the essay argues instead that decadent antirealism is antimodern, embodying a repudiation of contemporary society. Decadent writers regard realism not as hidebound and traditional, as twentieth-century theorists would have it, but as terrifyingly modern. Wilde looks back to neoclassical theories of mimesis and classical Republican political theory to imagine a different, older world, one in which art improves upon brute reality and in which the artist stands apart from the social forces that realist novels make central to their literary universes.
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Garagyezova, Elnara. „Literature Movements in Modern Azerbaijani Literature: After Socialist Realism“. Contemporary Issues of Literary Studies - International Symposium Proceedings 16 (11.12.2023): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.62119/cils.16.2023.7560.

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Social realism entered literary studies as a trend distinguished by its spatial limitation and political-authoritarian origin among the literary trends of the 20th century. The political authoritarian origin has led to the trend becoming one of the main attributes of the ideology of a certain, closed political regime and being associated with that regime. However, since the movement of social realism originated from a political source, not a literary one, it was created on the basis of a plan, in the form of a project, and the end of the regime resulted in the sudden deletion of the movement from the literary agenda before it completely passed the extinction phase.
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Randall Knoper. „Literature for Social Change: From Realism to Modernism“. MFS Modern Fiction Studies 54, Nr. 2 (2008): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mfs.0.0001.

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Andalas, Maharani Intan. „NARASI REALISME MAGIS DALAM PUISI “GONG” KARYA NIRWAN DEWANTO“. GENTA BAHTERA: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 3, Nr. 2 (01.12.2017): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47269/gb.v3i2.12.

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AbstrakPengaruh kesusastraan global berupa realisme magis ditemukan dalam sastra Indonesia, baik dalam prosa maupun puisi. Salah satu indikasi karya realisme magis adalah dihadirkannya mitos dalam konteks masa kini. Masalah yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana yang magis dan yang nyata dinarasikan berdasarkan elemen-elemen yang menjadi karakteristik realisme magis dalam puisi “Gong” serta hubungan antarelemen dan kadar realisme magis di dalamnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori naratif realisme magis Wendy B. Faris. Metode penelitian didasarkan pada teori berupa penentuan data dan pengumpulan data yang meliputi klasifikasi data menjadi dua kategori utama, yaitu data magis dan data riil. Dalam hasil dan pembahasan, dibuktikan bahwa puisi “Gong” mengandung narasi realisme magis atas mitos Calon Arang melalui lima karakteristik realisme magis yang terdapat di dalamnya. Selain itu, terdapat hubungan relasional di antara elemen yang menjadi karakteristik tersebut. Kadar realisme magis dilihat dari tokoh dan peristiwa dapat dikatakan cukup kuat. Puisi ini menggarisbawahi isu perempuan dan akhir patriaki. Isu tersebut berkait dengan konteks posmodernisme. Penggunaan mitos dalam puisi memperlihatkan cara pandang posmodernisme yang tidak terlepas dari Jakarta sebagai konteks sosial penyair. Kata kunci: mitos, narasi, realisme, magis, karakteristik AbstractThe impact of global literature of magical realism is found in Indonesia literature in both prose and poetry. One indication of the work of magical realism is the representation of myth in the contemporary context. The problem discussed in this research are the narration of the magic and the real in Gong poem and the connection between elements, also the level of magical realism in it. This research used narrative theory of magical realism by Wendy B Faris. This research method was based on magical realism theory in the form of data determination and data collection which included the classification into two categories namely magical data and real data. In result and discussion proved that Gong poem contained a narrative of magical realism upon Calon Arang myth through five characteristic of magical realism in it beside the relation among the elements. Magical realism level seen from character and events was strong enough. This poem underlines the issues of women and the end of patriarchy. The issues are related with postmodernism context. The myths in poem shows postmodernism point of view that can’t be separate from Jakarta as social context. Keywords: myth, narrative, magical, realism, characteristic
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Kendra, Milan. „LITERARY REALISM IN THE SHAPING OF SLOVAK CULTURE“. Journal of Education Culture and Society 12, Nr. 2 (25.09.2021): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2021.2.455.468.

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Aim. The aim of the study is to clarify the internal complexity of the Slovak literary realist discourse and its diverse relations to the heterogeneous artistic, cultural and ideological discourses of the last third of the 19th century. Attention is focused on the appropriation and adaptation of stimuli from other social systems, as well as on the specific literary operations that modify literary realism as an artistic discourse constructing an intelligible world in a cultural sense. Methods. As a theoretical concept, realism is defined as a type of representation or representation technique associated with a set of textual conventions, complex referential and self-referential figures. As a literary-historical discourse and event situated in a particular moment of history, realism is governed by period-specific principles (operating in the mechanism of culture) of selection, evaluating and connecting the phenomena of reality. Only with this dichotomy the multiplicity of paradoxes, syncretism and heterogeneous character of Slovak literary realism can be captured. The theory of social systems (N. Luhmann) allows for a more complex view of realist literature as an autopoietic system in the context of modern society as a system of communications differentiated into a network of separate social subsystems interrelated by the medium of language. Finally, the theory of fictional worlds proposes selective and formative operations that explicate the construction of realist fictional world and the stratification of its functions (B. Fořt). Results. Among the configurational relations of Slovak literary realism, the concept of ideal realism is highlighted as a model of literary aesthetics that flexibly interacted with the discourse of national revival to provide an adequate expression of contemporary Slovak cultural and national interests. Two literary-aesthetic modifications of ideal realism (creative and voluntarist, originated by Svetozár Hurban Vajanský, and deterministic, represented in the prose works of Martin Kukučín) are analysed in detail in order to show the inner complexity of the literary-realist discourse and to manifest its semantic multidimensionality in the 1880s.
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Social realism in literature"

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Geary, James P. „Social Realism in Central America: the Modern Short Story Translated“. Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1215444512.

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Alberca, García María del Mar. „"Por mala conciencia escritores de poesía social" : Jaime Gil de Biedma en el contexto del realismo social español de postguerra /“. Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3064464.

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Grassbaugh, Andrea L. „Reading Jonathan Franzen as a Zombie Novelist: Addressing Reductive Assessments of Contemporary Social Realism“. Walsh University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=walsh1556046783239868.

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MILLER, JEFFREY WILLIAM. „NOVEL RESISTANCE: CULTURAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL FICTION, AND AMERICAN REALISM, 1861-1911“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1023305969.

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Kim, Bong-Gwang. „The Politics of Romance: Henry James's Social (Un)Conscious“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277823/.

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This study addresses the ideological properties of the two main modal strains in fictional representation of romance and realism in order to provide an antidote to the currently extremely negative view of the representational function of fiction. In the course of the discussion, three received positions in traditional literary criticism are challenged. Firstly, the view of literary form as ideology-free is undermined by demonstrating the ideological properties of the two modes. Secondly, the realism/romance binary opposition regarding the mode of fictional representation is critiqued by both uncovering the misconception of the former's competence for transparent representation and evincing the two modes' ideologically interactive relation. Lastly, the categorization of Henry James as an aesthete is problematized by historicizing and socializing his three texts.
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Godbey, Margaret J. „Vying for Authority: Realism, Myth, and the Painter in British Literature, 1800-1855“. Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/81444.

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English
Ph.D.
Over the last forty years, nineteenth-century British art has undergone a process of recovery and reevaluation. For nineteenth-century women painters, significant reevaluation dates from the early 1980s. Concurrently, the growing field of interart studies demonstrates that developments in art history have significant repercussions for literary studies. However, interdisciplinary research in nineteenth-century painting and literature often focuses on the rich selection of works from the second half of the century. This study explores how transitions in English painting during the first half of the century influenced the work of British writers. The cultural authority of the writer was unstable during the early decades. The influence of realism and the social mobility of the painter led some authors to resist developments in English art by constructing the painter as a threat to social order or by feminizing the painter. For women writers, this strategy was valuable for it allowed them to displace perceptions about emotional or erotic aspects of artistic identity onto the painter. Connotations of youth, artistic high spirits, and unconventional morality are part of the literature of the nineteenth-century painter, but the history of English painting reveals that this image was a figure of difference upon which ideological issues of national identity, gender, and artistic hierarchy were constructed. Beginning with David Wilkie, and continuing with Margaret Carpenter, Richard Redgrave and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, I trace the emergence of social commitment and social realism in English painting. Considering art and artists from the early decades in relation to depictions of the painter in texts by Maria Edgeworth, Edward Bulwer Lytton, Mary Shelley, Joseph Le Fanu, Felicia Hemans, Lady Sydney Morgan, and William Makepeace Thackeray, reveals patterns of representation that marginalized British artists. However, writers such as Letitia Elizabeth Landon and Robert Browning supported contemporary painting and rejected literary myths of the painter. Articulating disparities between the lived experience of painters and their representation calls for modern literary critics to reassess how nineteenth-century writers wrote the painter, and why. Texts that portray the painter as a figure of myth elide gradations of hierarchy in British culture and the important differentiations that exist within the category of artist.
Temple University--Theses
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Harrison, Dana M. „Realism in Pain: Literary and Social Constructions of Victorian Pain in the Age of Anaesthesia, 1846-1870“. Thesis, Temple University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3564812.

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In 1846 and 1847, ether and chloroform were used and celebrated for the first time in Britain and the United States as effective surgical anaesthetics capable of rendering individuals insensible to physical pain. During the same decade, British novels of realism were enjoying increasing cultural authority, dominating readers' attention, and evoking readers' sympathy for numerous social justice issues. This dissertation investigates a previously unanswered question in studies of literature and medicine: how did writers of social realism incorporate realistic descriptions of physical pain, a notoriously difficult sensation to describe, in an era when the very idea of pain's inevitability was challenged by medical developments and when, concurrently, novelists, journalists, and politicians were concerned with humanitarian reforms to recognize traditionally ignored and disadvantaged individuals and groups in pain? By contextualizing the emergence of specific realist novels including works by Elizabeth Gaskell, Charles Reade, William Howard Russell, and Charles Dickens, within larger nonfiction discourses regarding factory reform, prison reform, and war, this dissertation identifies and clarifies how realist authors, who aim to demonstrate general truths about "real life," employed various descriptions of physical pain during this watershed moment in medicine and pain theory, to convince readers of their validity as well as to awaken sympathetic politics among readers.

This study analyzes Gaskell's first industrial novel, Mary Barton (1848), Reade's prison-scandal novel, It is Never Too Late to Mend (1856), Russell's Crimean War correspondence (1850s) and only novel, The Adventures of Doctor Brady (1868), and Dickens's second Bildungsroman, Great Expectations (1861), thereby revealing different strategies utilized by each author representing pain - ranging from subtle to graphic, collective to individualized, urgent to remembered, and destructive to productive. This study shows how audience expectations, political timing, authorial authority, and medical theory influence and are influenced by realist authors writing pain, as they contribute to a cultural consensus that the pain of others is unacceptable and requires attention. These realist authors must, in the end, provide fictionalized accounts of pain, asking readers to act as witnesses and to use their imaginations, in order to inspire sympathy.

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Haruna, Abdullahi [Verfasser]. „African fiction and its social context. A critical analysis of social realism in Festus Iyayi's works / Abdullahi Haruna“. München : GRIN Verlag, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1189313782/34.

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Smith, Jennifer Ann. „Developing pupil understanding of school-subject knowledge : an exploratory study of the role of discourse in whole-class teacher-pupil interaction during English literature lessons“. Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/21152.

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In this submission I explore the role played by discourse in the development of pupils' understanding of school-subject knowledge in secondary school classrooms in England, following changes to GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) specifications in 2015. Changes to the structure, the subject content, and the assessment of GCSEs were made in an effort to focus on 'powerful knowledge' during the Key Stage (KS) 4 curriculum (for pupils aged 14 - 16 years old) and in order to promote an emphasis on knowledge that is based on academic disciplines. My research looks at the concept of powerful knowledge, based in a critical realist epistemology and a social realist theory of knowledge, and the extent to which all young people are likely to access knowledge that is powerful in the classroom. I argue that access for all pupils to the means by which to judge knowledge claims and thereby challenge and change society - the transformational power of knowledge - underpins a social justice agenda. My research explores a less-developed aspect of the social realist debate on powerful knowledge, a pedagogic discourse to enable a move away from merely teaching factual or content knowledge. I propose that for knowledge to be powerful teachers and pupils need to be 'epistemologically aware'. My case-study research contributes new empirical findings to the literature on pedagogic discourse for a powerful knowledge curriculum. I discuss the learning trajectories of 15 pupils (including five from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds) from two Year 10 'case' classes observed over a 12-week period, during which they studied a novel as part of their GCSE English literature course. 'Thinking notes' and concept mapping were introduced as innovative data-gathering and analytical tools with which to gain a unique and detailed analysis of pupils' learning over the series of lessons given during the 12-week period. I discuss the teachers' conceptual framing of their discipline and the role that this, together with pupils' experiences and backgrounds, has in the re-contextualisation of discipline-based knowledge in the classroom. I conclude that pedagogic discourse that makes the epistemic logic and related concepts of a subject explicit - an epistemological awareness - may enable pupils from both disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds to build systems of meaning that transcend their everyday understanding of the world and the context in which they view it to access powerful knowledge. I present a conceptualisation of a powerful knowledge pedagogic discourse for the study of a novel in the KS4 English literature classroom.
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Bush, Melissa Ann. „Art from the Macchiaioli to the Futurists: Idealized Masculinity in the Art of Signorini and Balla“. BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5655.

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Beginning around 1850, Italians found themselves in the midst of an identity crisis. Europeans in France and England had surpassed Italians in terms of political, economic, and social progress. Italians seemed trapped in the past, clinging to their magnificent artistic heritage. However, new cultural and social movements were on the rise in Italy that attempted to throw off the domination of other European entities and forge a promising future for Italy. The Macchiaioli, a group of Italian modern artists who painted from 1853 to 1908, were the first group to address contemporary social issues such as class struggle and national weakness. Their art called for progressive change and arguably influenced how the later Italian Futurist movement would address similar concerns beginning in 1909. One of the Macchiaioli, Telemaco Signorini, advocated the development of new technologies and industries—dominated by men—in realist paintings from 1853 to 1901. Futurist artist Giacomo Balla gained recognition for promoting similar ideas in a more radical fashion. Most art historians believe that the Futurists were influenced by trends originating in Western Europe, specifically the French avant-garde. This thesis argues that the Futurists were significantly influenced by an Italian tradition that originated with the Macchiaioli. The Macchiaioli were animated by a nationalistic fervor and a desire to create a strong and unified Italian state. They used art and literature to advance progressive ideals based on masculine acts. The Futurists responded to similar stimuli in their day. In the absence of a powerful national identity, Signorini and Balla employed modern artistic styles to idealize masculine solutions to social problems. Both ultimately foresaw a world in which technology, mastered by men, would elevate Italian society.
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Bücher zum Thema "Social realism in literature"

1

Kaplan, Amy. The social construction of American realism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

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Kaplan, Amy. The social construction of American realism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

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Angulo, María-Elena. Magic realism: Social context and discourse. New York: Garland Pub, 1995.

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Social realism in the Argentine narrative. Chapel Hill: U.N.C. Dept. of Romance Languages, 1986.

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Perus, Françoise. El realismo social en perspectiva. [Mexico]: Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1995.

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Tucker, David. British social realism in the arts since 1940. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

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Parlor radical: Rebecca Harding Davis and the origins of American social realism. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996.

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Ghosha, Ajaẏakumāra. Rabīndranāthera Raktakarabī, samāja-bāstabatā. Kalikātā: Bhāshā o Sāhitya, 1994.

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Ghosha, Ajaẏakumāra. Rabīndranāthera Raktakarabī, samāja-bāstabatā. Kalikātā: Bhāshā o Sāhitya, 1994.

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Mark Twain's ethical realism: The aesthetics of race, class, and gender. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Social realism in literature"

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Ray, Dibyakusum. „The Realist: Nation Building, Social Realism and the Urban Grind (1950s–60s)“. In Postcolonial Indian City-Literature: Policy, Politics and Evolution, 44–73. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003166337-3.

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Goodwin, Ken. „Symbolic and social-realist fiction“. In A History of Australian Literature, 167–89. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18177-3_8.

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Rahmawati, Syukrina, Pujo S. H. Yuwono, Faruk und Aprinus Salam. „Socialist Realism Vs Capitalism in The Digital Literature Phenomenon in Indonesia“. In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 665–77. Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-152-4_64.

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Morales, Jenny, Héctor Cornide-Reyes, Fabián Silva-Aravena, Joseline Sepúlveda und Guisselle Muñoz. „Tourist eXperience and Use of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Metaverse: A Literature Review“. In Social Computing and Social Media, 205–21. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61281-7_14.

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Morales, Jenny, Héctor Cornide-Reyes, Pedro O. Rossel, Paula Sáez und Fabián Silva-Aravena. „Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Metaverse: Customer Experience Approach and User Experience Evaluation Methods. Literature Review“. In Social Computing and Social Media, 554–66. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35915-6_40.

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Oliver-Powell, Melissa. „Scroungers, Strivers, and Single Mothers: Reproductive Justice and the British Welfare State in Ken Loach’s Social Realism“. In The Palgrave Handbook of Reproductive Justice and Literature, 513–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99530-0_24.

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Srubar, Ilja. „The Construction of Social Reality and the Structure of Literary Work“. In Alfred Schutz’s “Sociological Aspect of Literature”, 75–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9042-6_2.

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Huang, Guoshan. „Research on the technique of “realism” in the teaching of foreign literature in Colleges and Universities——Taking Saisei Murô’s novels as an example“. In Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 1677–84. Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-126-5_189.

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Taylor, Nina. „Between Reality and Unreality: Social Criticism in Polish Literature of the 1970s“. In Perspectives on Literature and Society in Eastern and Western Europe, 182–95. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19698-2_10.

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Pratama, Mohammad Alvi, Anthon Freddy Susanto, Hesti Septianita und Rosa Tedjabuwana. „Building Social Justice Character Through X-Reality Technology: A Systematic Literature Review“. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Business Law and Local Wisdom in Tourism (ICBLT 2022), 79–89. Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-93-0_11.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Social realism in literature"

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BACIU, Ana-Maria, und Angela BODEA. „Realism and naturalism in romanian literature“. In Învățământul superior: tradiţii, valori, perspective. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/c.29-30-09-2023.p236-250.

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Realism and Naturalism are two of the main literary movements in the XIX-th century European Literature. In fact, Naturalism is a form of radical Realism, which appears towards the end of Realism.The most important realis is Honore de Balzac, as Realism appeared in France at the end of the XVIII-teen century due to many political and social events, such as:The French Revolution from 1789, The Revolution between 1830-1831, the impact of Restauration, The Revolution from 1848 and the Industrial Revolution in England. The main goal of realism is to reflect reality as in a mirror. On the other hand, Naturalism is a literary movement developped from Realism as a more brutal reflection of reality, the impact of society and genetic pathologies upon human being.
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„BHARATHI MUKHERJEE - THE VOICE OF CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN IMMIGRANT & EXPATRIATE SOCIAL REALITY“. In 2nd National Conference on Translation, Language & Literature. ELK Asia Pacific Journals, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.16962/elkapj/si.nctll-2015.12.

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Junoh, Noraini, Zanirah Mustafa@Busu, Ahmad Murshidi Mustapha, Abdul Manam Mohamad und Nurhidayah Muhammad Hashim. „The Reality of Happiness According to Scholars’ Viewpoints: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) Analysis“. In International Academic Symposium of Social Science. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2022082077.

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Miah, Mohammad Moniruzzaman. „Typical Domestic and Social Reality in Great Expectations and The Ballad of the Road“. In 2nd Annual International Conference on Language, Literature and Linguistics (L3 2013). Global Science and Technology Forum Pte Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3566_l313.10.

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Panchenko, Olena, Anastasiia Plakhtii und Yevhen Plakhtii. „Natural Languages vs Languages of Augmented Reality“. In International Conference on New Trends in Languages, Literature and Social Communications (ICNTLLSC 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210525.018.

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YURTBEKLER, Hasan. „TWO AUTHORS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIALIST-REALISTIC LITERATURE: JOHN STEINBECK AND ORHAN KEMAL“. In 3. International Congress of Language and Literature. Rimar Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/lan.con3-6.

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Increasing mechanization since the Industrial Revolution has affected many societies of the world, especially Western societies. Increasing mechanization with the revolution has brought with it migration movements due to economic origin. Increasing migration from rural areas to cities with the dream of a better life has resulted in worse socio-economic results rather than individuals leading a better life. The surplus of workers resulting from the ever-increasing population in the cities has provided the capital owners with the opportunity to employ workers at a lower cost. As a result, working hours increased and wages decreased. Workers are compelled to lead an inhuman life in the cities. Increasing mechanization has begun to show its effect in rural areas as well, with the mechanization in agriculture, the workforce of the villagers has decreased, and their lands have been taken away from them by means of banks and they have been forced to migrate. Some artists could not remain indifferent to these difficult life conditions experienced by the workers, and they dealt with this subject in their works. This situation brought with it a new understanding of literature. This understanding is the "Socialist Realist" understanding of art, the foundation of which was laid in Soviet Russia in 1934. With this understanding, a number of duties and ideologies have been imposed on the artist and the artist. In this study, in addition to the universality and literary similarity of the subjects of John Steinbeck and Orhan Kemal, two writers from different geographies in the context of SocialistRealistic Literature understanding, the social and political reasons why Orhan Kemal could not achieve such a great reputation as Steinbeck despite this literary success are both sociological and sociological. and will be examined from the perspective of comparative literature. Key words: Socialist Literature, Orhan Kemal, John Steinbeck.
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Ren, Li, Xiaodong Gong, Yushun Liu und Qian Gong. „Analyzing Social Presence Factors in Experience Design of Online learning“. In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003224.

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With the advancement of computer and Internet technology, online learning and hybrid learning have progressively become the new norm in education. The lack of interaction and communication in the experience design of online learning platforms has resulted in the forced weakening of the teacher's role, and the problem of lower student engagement and learning results has become increasingly evident which brings new requirements and obstacles to the design of online learning experiences.Since social presence has a direct impact on the effectiveness of online learning, which has been confirmed in the Col framework, this article will investigate user experience design in the context of online learning with the aim of enhancing users' social presence.User research methods, such as user interviews and questionnaires, are combined with theories associated with online learning to analyze the interaction experience design factors in the process of online learning, which are summed up as initial perception experience, learning process experience, and effect value experience. Second, the literature research technique is used to determine the formation mechanism and influencing factors of social presence: the formation of social presence depends on the triangle structure of "sociability-social presence-social space," and the mapping relationship of "social space orientation, perception of others, perception of self, evaluation of others and self, shared presence, perceived social presence" can be summed and promotes the formation of social space and social interaction in turn.The influencing factors, including control, sensory, distraction and realism, are what finally build the link between experience and design. This research constructs an experience design model for online learning from the perspective of social presence based on the aforementioned research methods, and utilizes it as a basis to guide the design process, which is verified by applying the social presence evaluation scale.Based on social presence theory, this study suggests a model for experience design for online learning to direct design procedures that can satisfy users' needs for online learning, promote social interaction in online learning, optimize the online learning experience, and enhance learners' engagement and learning motivation. It offers fresh perspectives and a framework for experience design in this situation.
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Bestari, Astuti Dyah, und Guswan Wiwaha. „The Advantages of Using Augmented Reality (AR) Technology in Midwifery Education: A Literature Review“. In 1st Paris Van Java International Seminar on Health, Economics, Social Science and Humanities (PVJ-ISHESSH 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210304.147.

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Lopes, Gabriela Huang, und Fabiana Lopes Custódio. „Reproductive rights of HIV-seropositive women: Literature Review“. In III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-247.

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The history of the HIV virus in Brazil has led to the creation of a stigma towards the carriers of the virus, associating them with the idea of sexual promiscuity and the "anti-family" image. Thus, HIV-seropositive women are silenced from their plans regarding motherhood, which is much desired in the female universe, in view of the care plan focused on antiretroviral therapies, the use of condoms and the fight against vertical transmission. Therefore, there is a lack of access to their reproductive rights and to a more subjective care linked to the social exclusion of these women. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the knowledge of HIV-seropositive women about their reproductive rights, in order to verify the preconceptional reality faced by them. This is a literature review study of the narrative type. This review was performed using the SciELO and PubMed databases as primary search sources, with articles published from 2002 to 2022, using the descriptors "HIV and maternity", "reproductive rights and HIV". For data analysis, themes related to the reproductive rights of HIV-seropositive women were identified. Thus, the results show that in the last 2 years there has been an increase in HIV infections in women of reproductive age, showing the need for action by health professionals focused on clarifying their reproductive rights. In addition, the advancement of prophylaxis measures, through the use of antiretroviral therapy during prenatal care, delivery and administration to the newborn, cesarean section and restriction of breastfeeding through breast milk, have increased the range of reproductive decisions of these women. However, the fear of prejudice, the possibility of exposure of the child, added to the neglect of the institutions resulting from the lack of reproductive planning during the routine follow-up of seropositive women, determine the withdrawal from maternity.
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GRUBER, THAYS, Fabio Evangelista Santana und Marcio Fontana Catapan. „THE USE OF AUGMENTED AND VIRTUAL REALITY IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC RESEARCH“. In I South Florida Congress of Development. CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS I South Florida Congress of Development - 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47172/sfcdv2021-0015.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) affects children s neurodevelopment, impairing the ability for social interaction, communication and generating repetitive behavior. The treatment is performed according to specific methods, to practice social interactions, emotions and basic activities of daily living. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are collaborating as a complement to existing methods practiced by psychologists/therapists. Thus, this research seeks, through literature review, to find out what are the gaps in this theme and to know the applications of AR and VR concerning the treatment of children with ASD at national and international levels. The method chosen was the systematic literature review (SLR) and the narrative literature review. The database used was Scopus, where 39 articles were obtained, revealing a gap due to the low number of results, and finally, after using the filters, 19 articles were analyzed. The result shows great potential for using the technologies mentioned in support of the allowed therapeutic methods, allowing the treatment to evolve more efficiently.
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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Social realism in literature"

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Banya, Roland Mwesigwa. Landscape Analysis of Social Investment in East Africa. Centre on African Philanthropy and Social Investment, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47019/2022.rr13.

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ocial investment in East Africa is a nascent but fast-growing phenomenon with immense potential to realize the achievement of the sustainable development goals. It plays a very important role in the financing of a plethora of development sectors in East Africa, for instance, financial inclusion and poverty eradication, health and well-being, education, responsible energy production and consumption in the region. This article applies a mixed methods approach to carry out a non-exhaustive landscape analysis of the social investment market in East Africa with a keen focus on Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Based on relevant literature, available secondary data and a survey administered to social investors, this article applies the basic social investment market framework to highlight the dominant players in the demand and supply market spheres. The findings show that the supply of investment capital is misaligned with the demand from organizations and businesses and demand outweighs the supply. This article further analyses the challenges faced by the social investment players and also provides viable recommendations to drive the scale of social investment in East Africa.
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Chinn, Maryjo. Realism in young adult literature : criteria and analysis. Portland State University Library, Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5376.

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London, Jonathan. Outlier Vietnam and the Problem of Embeddedness: Contributions to the Political Economy of Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), Februar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/062.

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Recent literature on the political economy of education highlights the role of political settlements, political commitments, and features of public governance in shaping education systems’ development and performance around learning. Vietnam’s experiences provide fertile ground for the critique and further development of this literature including, especially, its efforts to understand how features of accountability relations shape education systems’ performance across time and place. Globally, Vietnam is a contemporary outlier in education, having achieved rapid gains in enrolment and strong learning outcomes at relatively low levels of income. This paper proposes that beyond such felicitous conditions as economic growth and social historical and cultural elements that valorize education, Vietnam’s distinctive combination of Leninist political commitments to education and high levels of societal engagement in the education system often works to enhance accountability within the system in ways that contribute to the system’s coherence around learning; reflecting the sense and reality that Vietnam is a country in which education is a first national priority. Importantly, these alleged elements exist alongside other features that significantly undermine the system’s coherence and performance around learning. These include, among others, the system’s incoherent patterns of decentralization, the commercialization and commodification of schooling and learning, and corresponding patterns of systemic inequality. Taken together, these features of education in Vietnam underscore how the coherence of accountability relations that shape learning outcomes are contingent on the manner in which national and local systems are embedded within their broader social environments while also raising intriguing ideas for efforts to understand the conditions under which education systems’ performance with respect to learning can be promoted, supported, and sustained.
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Lynn, Kathy, Katharine MacKendrick und Ellen M. Donoghue. Social vulnerability and climate change: synthesis of literature. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-838.

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Nico, Magda. Reconfigurations and positioning of the concept of social mobility in the social sciences literature. Observatório das Desigualdades, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/ciesodwp022015.

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Szałańska, Justyna, Justyna Gać, Ewa Jastrzębska, Paweł Kubicki, Paulina Legutko-Kobus, Marta Pachocka, Joanna Zuzanna Popławska und Dominik Wach. Country report: Poland. Welcoming spaces in relation to social wellbeing, economic viability and political stability in shrinking regions. Welcoming Spaces Consortium, Dezember 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/welcoming_spaces_2022.

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This report aims to present findings of the research conducted in Poland within the Work Package 1 of the Welcoming Spaces project, namely “Welcoming spaces” in relation to economic viability, social wellbeing and political stability in shrinking regions. The main aim of the mentioned research was to examine how welcoming initiatives are organised and implemented in the selected shrinking localities in Poland. In particular, the creation of welcoming initiatives concerning social wellbeing, economic viability and political stability was assessed. To accomplish this objective, five localities were selected purposefully, namely Łomża (city with powiat status) and Zambrów (urban commune) in Podlaskie Voivodeship and Łuków (town), Wohyń (rural commune) and Zalesie (rural commune) in Lubelskie Voivodeship. Within these localities, 23 welcoming initiatives were identified, out of which 12 were chosen for in-depth research. The field research was conducted in all five localities between March and December 2021. During this period, the SGH Warsaw School of Economics team conducted 43 interviews with institutional stakeholders (representatives of local governments, schools, non-governmental organisations – NGOs, religious organisations and private companies) and individuals (both migrant newcomers and native residents). In addition, local government representatives were surveyed to compare their policies, measures and stances toward migrant inhabitants and local development. The research was also complemented with the literature review, policy documents analysis, and local media outlets discourse analysis. Until February 2022 and the outbreak of war in Ukraine, welcoming spaces in Poland were scarce and spatially limited to the big cities like Warsaw, Cracow, Wrocław, Gdańsk, Lublin or Białystok, governed by liberal mayors and city councils open to accept migrants and treat them as a valuable human asset of the city community. However, in smaller cities, towns and rural areas, especially in shrinking regions, welcoming spaces have been highly conditioned by welcoming initiatives carried out mainly by civil society organisations (CSOs). It is very likely that the war in Ukraine will completely change the situation we write about in this country report. However, this crisis and its consequences were not the subjects of our desk research and fieldwork in Poland, which ended in December 2021. As of late July 2022, the number of border crossings from Ukraine to Poland is almost 5 million and the number of forced migrants registered for temporary protection or similar national protection scheme concern 1.3 million people (UNHCR 2022). However, the number of those who have decided to stay in Poland is estimated at around 1.5 million (Duszczyk and Kaczmarczyk 2022). Such a large influx of forced migrants from Ukraine within five months already affects the demographic situation in the country and access to public services, mainly in large and medium-size cities1 . Depending on the development of events in Ukraine and the number of migrants who will decide to stay in Poland in the following months, the functioning of the domestic labour market, education, health service, and social assistance may significantly change. The following months may also bring new changes in the law relating to foreigners, aimed at their easier integration in the country. Access to housing in cities is already a considerable challenge, which may result in measures to encourage foreigners to settle in smaller towns and rural areas. Given these dynamic changes in the migration situation of the country, as well as in the area of admission and integration activities, Poland seems to be slowly becoming one great welcoming space. It is worth mentioning that the main institutional actors in this area have been NGOs and local governments since the beginning of the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine. An important supporting and coordinating role has also been played by international organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which launched its inter-agency Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRRP) in early spring to address the most urgent needs of the population of forced migrants and their host countries in this part of Europe (UNHCR 2022a; UNHCR 2022b; UNHCR 2022c). Based on the number of newly emerged welcoming initiatives and the pace of this emergence, they will soon become an everyday reality for every municipality in Poland. Therefore, it is difficult to find more up-todate circumstances for the “Welcoming Spaces” project objective, which is “to rethink ways forward in creating inclusive space in such a way that it will contribute firstly to the successful integration of migrants in demographically and economically shrinking areas and simultaneously to the revitalization of these places”. Furthermore, the initiatives we selected as case studies for our research should be widely promoted and treated as a model of migrants’ inclusion into the new communities. On the other hand, we need to emphasize here that the empirical material was collected between March and December 2021, before the outbreak of war in Ukraine. As such, it does not reflect the new reality in Poland
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Carter, Becky, und Paul Harvey. A Literature Review on Social Assistance and Capacity in Yemen. Institute of Development Studies, Oktober 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2023.003.

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Yemen is experiencing one of the worst crises in the world in terms of levels of suffering and humanitarian need. Intense civil war since 2014 has devastated the national economy, and approximately two-thirds of the population (21.6 million people) were assessed as being in need of humanitarian assistance and protection services in 2023 (OCHA 2023a). In response to such huge levels of need, a substantial humanitarian aid operation has been ongoing for the past eight years. The social assistance landscape in Yemen is a complex mix of humanitarian aid and the legacies of social protection systems, with local institutions still playing a role in the delivery of assistance. This paper reviews the literature, looking at the following issues: how best to balance humanitarian and social protection approaches; how to balance meeting acute immediate needs and support for longer-term systems in an ongoing conflict; and how to maintain support in the face of donor fatigue, and a complex and dynamic political landscape in Yemen. In a context where aid actors are committed to localisation, and in order to strengthen the nexus between development, humanitarian and peace-building approaches, it is vital to understand how local capacities have been affected by conflict and how the international aid effort is trying to engage with national and local actors. However, efforts to strengthen local capacities also need to take into account the divided governance in Yemen, ongoing conflict, and tensions between the main donor governments’ funding of assistance and the de facto authorities in the north of Yemen. This paper provides an empirical building block that will help to inform efforts to engage with local capacities by comprehensively mapping the complex mix of local and national actors involved in the management, delivery and regulation of social assistance. This review summarises the key literature and evidence on the capacities of national and international actors involved in providing social assistance in Yemen. It has been undertaken to inform a Yemen study on social assistance capacities and systems, part of the Better Assistance in Crises (BASIC) Research programme.[1] The primary audience is donors providing social assistance in Yemen, to help their decision-making on how to support local actors’ capacities for social assistance. Social assistance refers to the non-contributory transfers (provided as food, cash or vouchers) to poor and vulnerable households and individuals. Today in Yemen these transfers support millions of people, funded by humanitarian and development aid, and implemented by international aid agencies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) with national quasi-governmental bodies and national and local NGOs. Other local stakeholders (national and local governance authorities in the north and south of the country, and community members and beneficiaries) are also involved. This Yemen study feeds into broader BASIC Research work on the resilience of social protection systems in crises. We draw on the inception review by Slater, Haruna and Baur (2022) to frame our understanding of capacity along three interlinked dimensions: institutional, organisational and individual capacities. We found a small published literature on capacities for social assistance in Yemen (mainly donor and aid agency strategic and programme documents and some independent analysis of aid effectiveness). In this report, we summarise the political economy of international support in Yemen (Section 2). We map the social assistance landscape (Section 3), as well as the capacities of key national actors (Section 4) and international actors (Section 5 and Annexe). Section 5 sets out some preliminary conclusions.
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Lam, Kim, Anita Harris, Michael Hartup, Philippa Collin, Amanda Third und Soo-Lin Quek. Social Issues and Diverse Young Australians. Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56311/vdjq8889.

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Pederson, Ann. The Relationship Between Social Isolation and Child Abuse: A Critical Literature Review. Portland State University Library, Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2643.

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Bebler, Anton. Social Science Research and Literature on the Contemporary Military in Socialist States. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada226925.

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