Dissertationen: „Social media filters“

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Skepetzis, Vasilios, und Pontus Hedman. „The Effect of Beautification Filters on Image Recognition : "Are filtered social media images viable Open Source Intelligence?"“. Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-44799.

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In light of the emergence of social media, and its abundance of facial imagery, facial recognition finds itself useful from an Open Source Intelligence standpoint. Images uploaded on social media are likely to be filtered, which can destroy or modify biometric features. This study looks at the recognition effort of identifying individuals based on their facial image after filters have been applied to the image. The social media image filters studied occlude parts of the nose and eyes, with a particular interest in filters occluding the eye region. Our proposed method uses a Residual Neural Network Model to extract features from images, with recognition of individuals based on distance measures, based on the extracted features. Classification of individuals is also further done by the use of a Linear Support Vector Machine and XGBoost classifier. In attempts to increase the recognition performance for images completely occluded in the eye region, we present a method to reconstruct this information by using a variation of a U-Net, and from the classification perspective, we also train the classifier on filtered images to increase the performance of recognition. Our experimental results showed good recognition of individuals when filters were not occluding important landmarks, especially around the eye region. Our proposed solution shows an ability to mitigate the occlusion done by filters through either reconstruction or training on manipulated images, in some cases, with an increase in the classifier’s accuracy of approximately 17% points with only reconstruction, 16% points when the classifier trained on filtered data, and 24% points when both were used at the same time. When training on filtered images, we observe an average increase in performance, across all datasets, of 9.7% points.

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Wöldern, Lars. „Discovery and Analysis of Social Media Data : How businesses can create customized filters to more effectively use public data“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75275.

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The availability of prospective customer information present on social media platforms has led to many marketing and customer-facing departments utilizing social media data in processes such as demographics research, and sales and campaign planning. However, if your business needs require further filtration of data, beyond what is provided by existing filters, the volume and rate at which data can be manually sifted, is constrained by the speed and accuracy of employees, and their digital competency. The repetitive nature of filtration work, lends itself to automation, that ultimately has the potential to alleviate large productivity bottlenecks, enabling organizations to distill larger volumes of unfiltered data, faster and with greater precision. This project employs automation and artificial intelligence, to filter Linkedin profiles using customized selection criteria, beyond what is currently available, such as nationality and age. By introducing the ability to produce tailored indices of social media data, automated filtration offers organizations the opportunity to better utilize rich prospective data for more efficient customer review and targeting.

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Sobrino, Rada Gilma Sobrino, und Andrea Warbrandt. „#nofilter : En studie om vardagsretuschering på Instagram“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-45267.

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The main theme of this essay was; How does Instagram affect their users when it comes to everyday retouching and today’s ideal of beauty, and are there any differences between age and gender? To answer this question, the everyday retouching of the Instagram users selfies (self-portrait) was investigated and charted, to see how it affecting today’s ideal of beauty. We used a quantitative method and conducted an empirical study that was rooted in the Encoding/Decoding-model of Stuart Hall, Gidden’s theory of structuration, Cooley’s ”looking-glass self”, Lippman’s triangle, together with previous research and a web survey that was targeted to a random selection of Instagram users. The study contained a total of 194 self-recruiting respondents. We deemed it necessary to conduct this study, as it addressed an important topic that might be linked to the current fixation on appearance and today's ideal of beauty. The results showed that Instagram has a particular impact on its users when it comes to everyday retouching. The majority of respondents used Instagram’s built-in tools for their editing/retouching process. Our results also showed that half of the women edited/retouched their selfies. About half of the men who responded to the web survey edited/retouched their selfies. The clearest result of the study was that younger individuals had a tendency to edit/retouch their selfies more frequently.
Temat för uppsatsen var; Hur påverkar Instagram sina användare när det gäller vardagsretuschering och dagens skönhetsideal, samt finns det några skillnader mellan ålder och kön? Syftet var att undersöka och kartlägga Instagram användarnas vardagsretuschering och hur det påverkar dagens skönhetsideal, med fokus på användarnas selfies. Vi använde oss av en kvantitativ metod och utförde en empirisk studie som utgick från Encoding/Decoding- modellen av Stuart Hall, Giddens strukturering teori, Cooleys ”spegeljaget”, Lippmans triangel, tillsammans med tidigare forskning och en webbenkätundersökning som riktade sig till ett slumpmässigt urval av Instagrams användare. Studien hade sammanlagt 194 självrekryterande respondenter. Vi tyckte att det var viktigt att genomföra denna studie, då den innehöll ett relevant ämne som möjligtvis kan ha koppling till rådande utseendefixering och dagens skönhetsideal. Undersökningens resultat visade att Instagram har en viss påverkan på sina användare när det gäller vardagsretuschering. En majoritet av respondenterna använde Instagrams inbyggda verktyg i sin redigerings/retuscherings process. Vårt resultat visade även att hälften av kvinnorna redigerade/retuscherade sina selfies. Av de män som svarade redigerade/retuscherade cirka hälften sina selfies. Det tydligaste resultatet av studien var att de yngre har en tendens att redigera/retuschera sina selfies oftare.

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Cosic, Kristina, und Hanna Markgren. „Filter och retuschering - ett sätt att leva upp till skönhetsidealet? En kvalitativ studie om unga kvinnors upplevelser av bildmanipulationsverktyg på sociala medier“. Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-94152.

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For a long period, the fashion- and advertising industry have contributed to unattainable beauty ideals among young women and retouching is not a new phenomenon. However, the rise of social media has led to easy access to free retouching applications and beautifying camera filters. The beauty ideals are maintained in today's society through camera filters' allusion to female beauty ideals. Young women can easily transform their appearance to fit within societal norms. Due to this, the study aims to investigate young women’s experiences of image manipulation tools. The study also aims to analyze whether image manipulation is important for young women's self-image and whether self-presentation on social media is adapted to the expectations of the individuals in the environment. The results of this qualitative study are based on six semi-structured interviews with women between the ages of 18 - 25, who continuously use image manipulation tools on social media. Furthermore, the study's theoretical framework is based on Goffman's dramaturgical perspective, Hirdman's gender system and West and Zimmerman's concepts of 'doing gender'. The results of this study clearly illustrate an ambivalence in young women's reasoning concerning camera filters and retouching. On the one hand, a positive attitude to the possibility of changing one's appearance is emphasized. On the other hand, negative consequences and their damage are clarified. Consequently, a prominent conclusion is that image manipulation tools have an impact on young women's self-image, which results in a normalized approach to beauty procedures. The results also show that individuals in the environment are important for female self-presentation on social media. Preparation of self-portraits and feedback in terms of likes and comments is an important part of self-presentation.
Reklam- och modebranschen har sedan länge bidragit till utseendefixering bland unga kvinnor och retuschering är därmed inget nytt fenomen. Framväxten av sociala medier har dock skapat en lättillgänglighet av retuscherande gratis-applikationer och förskönande kamerafilter. Detta har medfört att utseendenormer upprätthålls genom kamerafilters anspelan på kvinnligt skönhetsideal. Unga kvinnor kan genom endast en knapptryckning förvandla utseendet för att passa in i samhällsnormerna. Syftet med studien är därmed att få en djupare förståelse för unga kvinnors upplevelser av bildmanipulationsverktyg. Studien syftar även till att undersöka om bildmanipulation har betydelse för unga kvinnors självbild och om självpresentationen på sociala medier anpassas efter omgivningens förväntningar. Resultatet av den kvalitativa studien baseras på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvinnor i åldrarna 18 till 25 år, som kontinuerligt använder bildmanipulationsverktyg på sociala medier. Vidare utgår studiens teoretiska ramverk från Goffmans dramaturgiska perspektiv, Hirdmans genussystem samt West och Zimmermans begrepp “doing gender”. Studiens resultat betonar en ambivalens i unga kvinnors resonemang om kamerafilter och retuschering. Å ena sidan poängteras en positiv inställning till möjligheten att förändra det egna utseendet. Å andra sidan tydliggörs negativa konsekvenser och dess skada. Ytterligare en framträdande slutsats är att bildmanipulationsverktyg har betydelse för unga kvinnors självbild, vilket i sin tur innebär ett normaliserat förhållningssätt till skönhetsingrepp. Resultatet belyser ytterligare att individer i omgivningen har en avgörande betydelse för unga kvinnors självpresentation på sociala medier. Förberedelser av självporträtt och feedback i form av likes och kommentarer utgör en viktig del av självpresentationen.

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DePalma, Julia E. „The Filter: Social Media and Their Effects on Human Interaction“. Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1525694435239416.

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Estrada, Camilo Ernesto Restrepo. „Use of social media data in flood monitoring“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-19032019-143847/.

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Floods are one of the most devastating types of worldwide disasters in terms of human, economic, and social losses. If authoritative data is scarce, or unavailable for some periods, other sources of information are required to improve streamflow estimation and early flood warnings. Georeferenced social media messages are increasingly being regarded as an alternative source of information for coping with flood risks. However, existing studies have mostly concentrated on the links between geo-social media activity and flooded areas. This thesis aims to show a novel methodology that shows a way to close the research gap regarding the use of social networks as a proxy for precipitation-runoff and flood forecast estimates. To address this, it is proposed to use a transformation function that creates a proxy variable for rainfall by analysing messages from geo-social media and precipitation measurements from authoritative sources, which are then incorporated into a hydrological model for the flow estimation. Then the proxy and authoritative rainfall data are merged to be used in a data assimilation scheme using the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). It is found that the combined use of authoritative rainfall values with the social media proxy variable as input to the Probability Distributed Model (PDM), improves flow simulations for flood monitoring. In addition, it is found that when these models are made under a scheme of fusion-assimilation of data, the results improve even more, becoming a tool that can help in the monitoring of \"ungauged\" or \"poorly gauged\" catchments. The main contribution of this thesis is the creation of a completely original source of rain monitoring, which had not been explored in the literature in a quantitative way. It also shows how the joint use of this source and data assimilation methodologies aid to detect flood events.
As inundações são um dos tipos mais devastadores de desastres em todo o mundo em termos de perdas humanas, econômicas e sociais. Se os dados oficiais forem escassos ou indisponíveis por alguns períodos, outras fontes de informação são necessárias para melhorar a estimativa de vazões e antecipar avisos de inundação. Esta tese tem como objetivo mostrar uma metodologia que mostra uma maneira de fechar a lacuna de pesquisa em relação ao uso de redes sociais como uma proxy para as estimativas de precipitação e escoamento. Para resolver isso, propõe-se usar uma função de transformação que cria uma variável proxy para a precipitação, analisando mensagens de medições geo-sociais e precipitação de fontes oficiais, que são incorporadas em um modelo hidrológico para a estimativa de fluxo. Em seguida, os dados de proxy e precipitação oficial são fusionados para serem usados em um esquema de assimilação de dados usando o Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). Descobriu-se que o uso combinado de valores oficiais de precipitação com a variável proxy das mídias sociais como entrada para o modelo distribuído de probabilidade (Probability Distributed Model - PDM) melhora as simulações de fluxo para o monitoramento de inundações. A principal contribuição desta tese é a criação de uma fonte completamente original de monitoramento de chuva, que não havia sido explorada na literatura de forma quantitativa.

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Robertsson, Filip. „Facebook as News Medium: A Qualitative Study on Reliability in Social Media“. Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20193.

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Sociala medier blir en allt viktigare nyhetskanal för unga vuxna. Denna utveckling har gjort att medieforskare ifrågasätter huruvida sociala medier är kapabla att utbilda och informera på samma sätt som de fysiska formaten gjort med tidigare generationer. Vissa har funnit att möjligheten att filtrera nyhetsflödet innebär en risk att användaren försätter sig i en filterbubbla där endast åsikter och tankar som stämmer överens med deras egna kommer igenom. Andra menar istället att sociala medier ger ett rikare utbud med större variation. Klart står att journalistens roll som grindvakt för vad som publiceras blir mindre viktig och att vem som helst numera kan yttra sina åsikter och potentiellt nå ut till en stor massa med dessa. Denna studie undersöker och ger insikter om hur unga vuxna sållar i sitt Facebookflöde, hur de definierar tillförlitlighet i nyhetsmedia och hur de utifrån detta avgör vad som är tillförlitligt och inte i sitt flöde. Studien består av kvalitativa intervjuer och ett observationsexperiment där respondenterna får scrolla igenom ett fiktivt Facebookflöde. Resultaten visar att bedömningen som görs ofta är medveten och går mycket snabbt, samt att det är få inlägg som anses leva upp till deras definition av tillförlitliga. Även om Facebook visar sig vara en vanlig nyhetskälla är det få av respondenterna som anser den vara bra och tillförlitlig.
Social media is becoming a more and more important news medium for young adults. This development has lead media researchers to question whether social media is as capable of educating and informing these young adults as the legacy media did the generations before them. Some argue that social media, with its ability to filter the news feed, might place users in a filter bubble lacking any challenging views. Others argue that social media encourages a diverse news and information feed. What's clear is that the role of the journalist as gatekeeper has diminished, and that anyone is now able to voice their opinions to a big audience. This study investigates how young adults sift through their Facebook feed, how they define reliability in news media, and how they assess their social news feed based on this. The study consists of qualitative interviews and an observational experiment where the respondents scrolled through a fictive Facebook feed. The results show that the assessment made is often very quick and deliberate, and that few news posts live up their definition of reliable, namely objective and transparent. Although Facebook is a common news source, few consider it to be a good and reliable one.

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Söderberg, Britta. „Inside the echo chamber : A qualitative study on anti-immigration internet media, political polarization and social trust in a fragmented digital landscape“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-31828.

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“Filter bubble” became one of the most topical words of 2016 and it was even included in the Swedish Language Council's list of new Swedish words that was presented at the end of the year. Referring to algorithmically adapted media bubbles, this phenomenon has particularly been discussed in relation to the UK Brexit referendum and the US election as scholars and journalist argue that the phenomenon, in combination with a fragmented media usage, contribute to a political polarization where each side of the political spectrum is encapsulated in “echo chambers” where opinions and beliefs are repeated like an echo rather than contested and challenged. In a Swedish context, filter bubbles and echo chambers have mainly been discussed in relation to anti-immigration internet media (AIIM), such as Avpixlat, Fria Tider and Exponerat, as these, through their critique of established journalistic media's (EJM) reporting, appear to constitute one side of a polarized debate around immigration. Through online interviews with 13 users of AIIM, this thesis is aimed at understanding why people consume such media and if the consumers are affected by echo chambers. Drawing on theories on online echo chambers and radical media critique, the study's findings suggest that even though the respondents’ appear to thrive on a siege mentality where anti-immigration groups are excluded sub-groups with AIIM as their only solution, the respondents' consumption of AIIM (and critique of EJM) is more likely to be based on a combination of a low level of trust in society and strong political (right-wing) beliefs. Furthermore, the study shows that the respondents are likely to be affected by both fragmentation and filter bubbles, but that they are not completely isolated in an anti-immigration media bubbles as they also rely on EJM's reporting in several ways.

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Conzo, Naomi. „Privacy e "Social dilemma": aspetti etico-informatici legati al trattamento online dei dati personali sui social media“. Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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Il fine di questo elaborato di tesi è analizzare per quali scopi e secondo quali metodologie le piattaforme online di Social Media trattano i nostri dati online. L'analisi sarà incentrata in primo luogo in luce delle regolamentazioni vigenti, quali tipi e come tutelano i dati in ambito privacy; seguirà un approfondimento delle informative sui dati (privacy policy) di alcuni importanti Social dal quale verranno estrapolati e riconosciuti concetti come la profilazione. Lo studio di che cosa è la profilazione avrà come scopo l'introduzioni di questioni molto importanti riguardo i sistemi utilizzati per profilare - sistemi che sono nel modo più assoluto automatizzati, composti da algoritmi sviluppati sulla base di "deep learning" e "machine learning" in modo da non richiedere l'intervento umano - le conseguenze sul piano etico-sociale e i problemi di sicurezza informatica che me derivano. Nella parte finale, in particolare, verrà fatto notare come l'atto dell'invio di contenuti personalizzati non sia stato seriamente considerato e come il GDPR tratta questa situazione.

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Rattay, Sonja. „Profiling Algorithms and Content Targeting - An Exploration of the Filter Bubble Phenomenon“. Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22561.

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Arntzen, Svensson Lena, und Sofia Karlsson. „Användare & filter : En studie om filterfunktioner på fotoapplikationer“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-21601.

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Genom århundraden har bilden varit en viktig del i vårt samhälle. Den har varit en källa till underhållning, sparande av minnen och även ett sätt att kommunicera på. Bilder har använts på många olika sätt och sedan 1800-talet har vi kunnat fånga bilder genom fotografier. Med den teknik vi har i dag, kan bilder tas och delas via mobiltelefonen och på grund av detta har fotodelning ökat snabbt. Inte bara genom att vi nu har ett urval av olika fotodelningsapplikationer, utan de erbjuder även verktyg för att retuschera bilder innan de delas vidare med fördefinierade filter för enkel redigering. Vi var därför intresserade av hur dessa verktyg påverkat vårt sätt att retuschera bilder. Med det menar vi om möjligheten att använda filter förändrat hur vi tänker om retuschering och om detta spelat roll i vårt sätt att dela bilder. Resultat från enkät och intervjustudierna har visat att majoriteten av de foton som delas går genom någon form av retuschering. Vare sig det är genom fördefinierade filter eller om de redigeras manuellt finns det mycket få användare av fotodelningsapplikationer som delar oredigerade bilder. Vidare har det visat sig, som en effekt av filterfunktionen, att fler människor introduceras för konsten att redigera.
Through centuries the picture has been an important element in our community. It’s been a source to entertainment, memory sharing and also a way of communication. Pictures have been used in many ways and since the 19th century we have been able to capture pictures on photos. With the technology we have today, pictures can be taken and shared via the cellphone and because of this the photo-sharing have increased rapidly. Not only do we now have a selection of different photo-sharing networks they also offer tools to retouch the photos before sharing with predefined filters for easy editing. We were therefore interested in how these tools influence the way we retouch our photos. By that we mean if the opportunity to use filter affect how we think about retouching and if this affect the way we share our photos. By questionnaire and interview study, the result showed us that the majority of the photos that are being shared are going through some kind of retouches. Whether it is by predefined filters or if they are manually edited there are very few users of photo-sharing networks who shares unedited photos. Further it has merged that because of the filter function, more people are being introduced to the art of editing.

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Nordholm, Miranda. „Instagrams filter - Jakten efter den perfekta bilden : En studie om hur redigering av en bild kan påverka attityd till ett motiv“. Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Datateknik och informatik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-41054.

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Purpose – The purpose of the thesis is to investigate whether there is any editing combination in the form of different filters published in the Instagram app, which is noticeably different from each other in the form of negative or positive response. Method – In order to obtain answers to the question, the study has sought to anchor as many theories as possible in scientific, published material. The method of ”small-N-study” in this study will be applied when collecting information about the different filters that the Instagram app allows the user to choose from. A quantitative survey is conducted in an attempt to obtain statistics on how the filters can be ranked from most popular to least popular. To further validate the answers to the questionnaire and to answer the questions 1.1 and 1.2 in the thesis, three interviews are conducted. The aim is to achieve more qualitative answers to the questions and then to compare and analyze the results of the survey. Findings – This study has found that a combination of: moderately colorful, normal contrast, medium opacity, neutral color tone, blue color and medium brightness are good variables to create good a filter. Highly matte and colorless colors, very low contrast, black and white (neutral colors), cool color tones, high brightness and high opacity of the filter are qualities for a filter that gets a lot of negative response. The most popular filter of all 23 in the Instagram app is Clarendon, while the filter with the most negative response is Hefe. Implications – A risk of working deductively may be that theories that already exist on the subject and from which the researcher assumes will target the results of the study. When conducting a ”small-N-study” there is a risk that the variables being analyzed are too few to answer the question at issue. When conducting a survey, there is always the risk that the questions are too leading, that the test person does not understand, misinterprets or fails to engage in the subject to answer the questionnaire truthfully. When conducting an interview, there is a risk that the interviewees are insufficiently aware of the issues that they can not answer in detail or honestly on the questions. Limitations – The study is limited to the resources available in time. The subjects who participated in interviews and questionnaires are limited to those the writer could reach out to. Just like the theory found on the subject is limited by the ability of the author to search and review information, as well as language skills and the data published in library and database. The results of the study are limited to the funds used for the objects examined. Keywords – Color theory, Social Media, Instagram, Filter, Image Editing
Syfte – Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka om det finns någon redigeringskombination i form av olika filter som är utgivna i Instagramappen som märkbart står ut jämfört med de andra i form av någon typ av positiv eller negativ respons. Metod – För att uppnå svar på frågeställningen har studien eftersträvat att kunna förankra så många teorier som möjligt i vetenskapligt material. Metoden ”små-N-studie” kommer i denna studie att tillämpas vid insamlandet av information kring de olika filter som Instagram-appen tillåter användaren att välja mellan. En kvantitativ enkätundersökning genomförs i ett försök att få fram en statistik på hur filterna kan rangordnas från mest populär till minst populär. För att ytterligare validera svaren på enkätundersökningen och få fram svar på delfrågorna 1.1 och 1.2 genomförs tre intervjuer. Intervjuerna genomförs för att kunna ge en djupare insikt och mer svarsutrymme för intervjupersonerna. Resultat – Denna studie har kommit fram till att en kombination av: måttligt färgstark, normal kontrast, medel opacitet, neutral färgton, blå färg och medel ljusstyrka är bra variabler för att skapa ett bra filter. Mycket matta och svaga färger, mycket låg kontrast, svart-vitt (neutrala färger), kalla färgtoner, ljust ljushetsstyrka och hög opacitet på filtret är kvalitéer för ett filter som får mycket negativ respons. Det populäraste filtret av alla 23 i Instagramappen är Clarendon, medan det filter med mest negativ respons är Hefe. Implikationer – En risk med att arbeta deduktivt kan vara att de befintliga teorier som redan finns kring ämnet och som forskaren utgår ifrån kommer att rikta studiens resultat. Vid tillämpandet av metoden ”små-N-studie” finns risken att det är svårt att vara tillräckligt nyanserad i insamlandet av variabler och att studien därmed inte blir tillräckligt omfattande för att besvara frågeställningarna. Vid genomförandet av enkätundersökning finns alltid risken att frågorna är för ledande, inte tillräckligt ingående, att testpersonen inte förstår, tolkar på fel sätt eller inte orkar sätta sig in i ämnet för att svara tillräckligt sanningsenligt på enkäten. Vid genomförande av intervju finns risken att intervjupersonerna inte är tillräckligt insatta i ämnet, att de inte kan svara utförligt eller ärligt på frågorna. Begränsningar – Studien är begränsad till de resurser som finns tillgängliga i mån av tid. De försökspersoner som deltagit i intervjuer och enkätundersökning är begränsade till de dem författaren kunnat nå ut till precis som den teori som finns hittad om ämnet är begränsad efter den förmåga författaren har att söka och sålla igenom information, samt språkkunnighet och den data som finns publicerad på bibliotek och databaser. Studiens resultat är begränsad till de medel som använts för de objekt som undersökts. Nyckelord – Färglära, Sociala medier, Instagram, Filter, Bildredigering

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Högberg, Jonathan, Peter Kilic und Philip Larsson. „Filterbubblor eller: Hur jag slutade ängslas och lärde mig att älska mitt flöde : En kvalitativ studie om unga människors förhållningssätt till filterbubblor“. Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Media- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27046.

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Filterbubblor är för många fortfarande en relativt okänd process som ändå pågåroavbrutet när vi använder exempelvis sociala medier. Uppsatsen söker att undersökaunga människors vanor på sociala medier, om de känner att de begränsas, deras kunskapi ämnet filterbubblor och dess kopplingar till begränsningar genom personalisering, ochdemokrati. Uppsatsens urvalsgrupp är män och kvinnor mellan 18 och 28 år. Genom 15enskilda intervjuer i kombination med kvalitativ textanalys har vi kommit fram till attanvändarna känner att de begränsas av sociala medier och att det anses vara ett problem.Många användare ansåg också att filterbubblor skulle kunna vara ett hot mot demokrati.Dessutom har vi kommit fram till att kunskapen om filterbubblor bland respondenternaär bristande, om än inte obefintlig. De är däremot överlag mindre intresserade av attändra sina vanor för att motarbeta digital isolering och polarisering, även om deerkänner att förändrade vanor hade gynnat dem. Konsekvenserna av fortsattbegränsning är att vi kommer att glida ifrån varandra än mer. Det kommer att leda tillett mer hätskt politiskt klimat och mer oförståelse för sådant och sådana som ärannorlunda än oss själva.
The making of filter bubbles occurs every time we use social media, although for a lotof people it's still a relatively unknown process. This paper analyzes young people'shabits on social media, if they feel restricted, their knowledge about filter bubbles andtheir connections to restrictions through personalization, and democracy. In this paperwe have sampled men and women between the ages of 18 and 28. After conducting 15individual interviews, we've come to the conclusion that young users feel restricted onsocial media and that they think it could be a problem. Many users considered filterbubbles to be a possible threat to democracy. We've also found that the knowledgeabout filter bubbles among the interviewees is lacking, though not non-existent. Despitethese findings, users are not very interested in changing their habits to combat digitalisolation and polarization, even though many admitted that it would be beneficial tothem. The consequences of continuing restriction is both isolation and polarization. Thiscould lead to a more rancorous political climate and a diminishing tolerance of thingsand people who are different from us.

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Zago, Gabriela da Silva. „Recirculação jornalística no twitter : filtro e comentário de notícias por interagentes como uma forma de potencialização da circulação“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/28921.

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Este trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar a circulação jornalística em um site de rede social específico, o microblog Twitter. Diante de um contexto de encadeamento midiático, em que diferentes meios se complementam no fornecimento de informações para os indivíduos, discute-se, em especial, o que se caracterizou como uma “recirculação jornalística”, ou seja, a colocação em circulação novamente dos acontecimentos jornalísticos a partir da apropriação pelos interagentes do conteúdo jornalístico. Para tanto procurou-se mapear a circulação de dois acontecimentos jornalísticos em especifico: a notícia falsa sobre a morte de Romeu Tuma, divulgada por alguns veículos jornalísticos em 24 de setembro de 2010, e a efetiva morte do senador, ocorrida em 26 de outubro de 2010. Para o estudo de caso dos dois acontecimentos, utilizou-se como técnicas de pesquisa observação simples, análise de conteúdo e questionários, com o intuito de identificar não só como as informações jornalísticas circulam no Twitter como também as motivações que levam os interagentes a filtrar e a comentar notícias na ferramenta. Enquanto no primeiro acontecimento predominaram mensagens com propósito de comentário, na forma de humor ou de crítica, no segundo acontecimento foram mais frequentes atualizações de filtro, na forma de informação. As conclusões apontam para uma potencialização da circulação jornalística no Twitter diante da possibilidade de os interagentes expandirem o alcance dos conteúdos jornalísticos ao fazerem-nos recircular em um site de rede social.
This work aims to characterize news circulation in a specific social network site, Twitter microblog. In a context of media enchainment, in which different means are complementary in providing information for individuals, we discuss, particularly, what has been characterized as a “news recirculation”, that means, the putting into circulation again of news events by the interactants appropriations of the journalistic content. For that, we have sought to map the circulation of two specific news events: the false report of Romeu Tuma’s death, announced by some journalistic vehicles on September 24th, 2010, and the senator’s effective death, that took place on October 26th, 2010. For the case study of these two events, we used simple observation, content analysis and surveys as research techniques; in order to identify not only how journalistic information circulates on Twitter but also the motivations that lead the interactants to filter and to comment news on the tool. While in the first event predominated messages with the purpose of commentary, in the form of humor or criticism, in the second event we found more updates of filter, in the form of information. Conclusions point to a potentiation of news circulation on Twitter in face of the possibility of the interactants expand the reach of journalistic contents by making them recirculate in a social network site.

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Johansson, Michael. „Deltagarkultur i en filterbubbla : En innehållsanalys av nätsamhället Twitch.tv's externa kommunikation“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kultur- och medievetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-119216.

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Participatory culture inside a filter bubble – A content analysis of the network society Twitch.tv’s external communication. The aim of this essay was to study how user-generated content is being used and how it is presented by Twitch Interactive, Inc. in its external communication, more specifically how the discourse of this content is shaped on Twitter. To gather the information needed a quantity based content analysis was made, ranging from 1-31st of October 2015. From this data patterns where detected and a discourse analysis based on Berglez version of van Dijks model was conducted on six of the Twitter posts that followed said pattern. This was done to answer how the discourse was shaped and what the consequences could be of using such a pattern. Analyzing the results was done using theory from strategic marketing researchers such as Larsåke Larsson, Lars Palm, Ulf Dahlqvist and Magnus Linde. Furthermore theorist like Gripsrud, Pariser, Lindgren, Jenkins, Ford and Green were used to describe and analyze the field of culture, more specifically participatory and popular culture. The conclusion of the study was that Twitch representation of user-generated material and the culture it represents was unjustified and could be seen as a filter bubble. The results showed that the majority of content was young white male gamers where as other research on the field of gaming culture shows a more equal split between genders. The individuals that where represented in the content could be seen as objects of admiration and association. Discussion led to the belief that Twitch may not possess the power to change to discourse due to the strong economic need of the consumers. This need was concluded to arise from the fact that the platform and its culture is much like participatory culture and where this culture has been taken to a commercial level.

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Hedin, Alice. „”Jag trivs ändå i min lilla bubbla” – En studie om studenters attityder till personalisering“. Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20583.

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Denna studie ämnar att undersöka studenters attityder till utvecklingen av personalisering inom webbaserade tjänster och utforska skillnader och likheter mellan studenternas attityder. Studiens empiriska material är insamlat genom fem kvalitativa intervjuer och en webbenkät med 72 respondenter. Studien behandlar fördelar och nackdelar med personalisering, möjligheter att förhindra personalisering och möjliga konsekvenser av personalisering. Majoriteten av studenterna har en positiv attityd till personalisering av webbaserade tjänster. Resultatet visar att studenterna var mest positivt inställda till personalisering av streamingtjänster och minst positiva till personalisering av nyhetstjänster. Jag fann att användare i stor utsträckning inte anser att nyhetstjänster bör vara personaliserade. Det visade sig finnas en tydlig skillnad mellan studenternas kännedom om olika verktyg som kan användas för att förhindra personalisering. Ju mer teknisk utbildning som studenterna läser, desto bättre kännedom hade studenterna om verktygen. Resultatet visade även att en stor del av studenterna önskade att de kunde stänga av personaliseringsfunktionen på tjänster. Personalisering har blivit en naturlig del av användarnas vardag och att majoriteten av användarna inte har tillräcklig kunskap om fenomenet och därför intar de en passiv attityd och undviker att reflektera närmare över personaliseringen och dess möjliga konsekvenser.
This essay aims to study student’s attitudes towards web personalization and explore where the student’s attitudes differ and converge. The empirical materials of the study where assembled by the usage of five qualitative interviews and a quantitative survey with 72 respondents. The study discusses the pros and cons, the ability to constrain web personalization and possible effects and outcomes of web personalization. The majority of the students have a positive attitude towards web personalization. The students were most positive towards personalization of streaming services and least positive towards personalization of media channels that output news. There was an explicit difference between the students’ knowledge of the possibilities to constrain web personalization through the usage of different extensions and tools. Those students who studied a more technical program showed more knowledge of extensions and tools that can be used to prevent or constrain web personalization. The results also showed that the over all students desire more control over web personalization and demand a function where the personalization of web services could be turned off. The study resulted in the findings that web personalization has become a part of the users every-day life and that the students do not have enough knowledge of web personalization which have led to a passive attitude towards it.

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Denise, Eriksson, und Thunstedt Erika. „Big Data – data med stor påverkan i det vardagliga livet : En fallstudie kring hur individen påverkas av Big Data i sin vardagliga kommunikation och interaktion på sociala medier“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Medieteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-34368.

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Today, it has become a natural part of life for many people to share personal information and turn to search engines and social media as they search and seek information on the internet. This study aims to investigate how individuals are affected by Big Data in their interactions with social media and to understand how individuals relate to personalization of Big Data, digital identity, agency and how they share their own personal data. This has been researched through a case study involving qualitative interviews and experiments. The result of the research shows that personalization of Big Data on social media has an impact on individuals in their ever yday lives. The research from this case study shows a certain negative attitude towards personalization on social media and that there is so me awareness of the companies agency on the internet, this does not affect individuals in taking any actions. This leads to the conclusion that personalization is to some extent a desired function.
Idag har det blivit en självklarhet för många att dela med sig av personlig information på internet och vända sig till sökmotorer och sociala medier när de letar och söker information. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur individer påverkas av Big Data i sin interaktion med sociala medier och att förstå hur individer förhåller sig till personalisering av Big data, digital identitet, aktörers makt och hur de tänker kring delning av personlig data. Detta studeras genom en fallstudie där kvalitativa intervjuer och experiment. Resultatet från studien visar att personalisering av Big Data på sociala medier påverkar individer och deras digitala användning i vardagen. Studien visar en viss negativ inställning till personalisering på sociala medier och på viss medvetenhet kring aktörernas makt på internet, detta påverkar inte individerna att göra aktiva handlingar. Detta leder till slutsatsen att personalisering av Big Data i viss mån är en accepterad funktion, även om det innebär en förlorad makt över sin digitala användning.

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Blomqvist, Marcus, und Pontus Rolling. „Designförslag för hur design för serendipity kan användas för att främja exponeringsvariation i sociala mediers informationsflöden“. Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-43383.

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Serendipity innebär ett överraskande, lyckligt utfall som introducerar en ny upptäckt av värde för användaren. Till skillnad från dagens algoritmer, som ofta enbart ger rekommendationer baserat på relevans, innefattar design för serendipity fler komponenter för att göra innehåll på sociala medier intressant för användaren. Serendipity beskrivs därför i flera studier som ett lovande sätt för att öka chansen att användare tar del av innehållet. I dagens sociala medier introduceras allt kraftfullare algoritmer för att personalisera innehåll. Detta kan medföra att användaren inte ser tillräckligt varierad information, och riskerar att få en dålig förståelse om varierande åsikter. För att förebygga detta ämnar studien undersöka hur design för serendipity kan användas för att öka användares bredd av exponering av innehåll, även kallat exponeringsvariation. Baserat på den identifierade litteraturen gällande serendipity formulerades tre designförslag, vilka sedan designades in i en prototyp. Designförslagen berör behovet av ett varierat innehåll genom användningen av existerande sociala kontaktnät som kan användas för att uppnå detta, behovet av ett upplevt värde för användaren och användarens behov av kontroll. Då tidigare studier gällande serendipity har identifierat en brist på utvärderingar med användare skapades en prototyp över ett alternativt informationsflöde på Facebook. Informationsflödet har konstruerats i syfte att exponera användarna för nytt och oväntat innehåll och skapa förutsättningarna för att serendipity ska uppstå. Informationsflödet har sedan utvärderats med användare och visar att de upplevt variationen som positiv samt en känsla av kontroll kopplat till större valfrihet. Användningen av designförslagen har således visat hur de kan främja användares exponeringsvariation och även möjliggör för serendipity att inträffa.
Serendipity means a surprising, happy outcome that introduces a new discovery of value for the user. Unlike today's algorithms, which often only provide recommendations based on relevance, serendipity design includes more components to make social media content interesting to the user. Serendipity is therefore described in several studies as a promising way to increase the chance that users take part in the content. Today's social media introduces increasingly powerful algorithms for personalizing content. This can result in users not seeing sufficiently diverse information, and a risk of gaining a poor understanding of varying opinions. To prevent this, we intend to investigate how design for serendipity can be used to increase users' breadth of content exposure, also called diversity exposure. Based on the identified literature regarding serendipity, three design proposals were formulated, which were then designed into a prototype. The design proposals concern the need for a diverse content through the use of the users existing social networking contacts that can be used to achieve this, the need for a perceived value for the user and the user's need for control. As previous studies regarding serendipity have identified a lack of evaluations with users, a prototype was created of an alternative information feed on Facebook. The feed has been designed with the aim of exposing users to novel and unexpected content and creating the conditions for serendipity to arise. The information feed has since been evaluated with users and shows that they have experienced the variation as positive and a sense of control linked to greater freedom of choice. The use of the design proposals has thus shown how they can promote users' diversity exposure and also enable serendipity to occur.

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Brudvik, Vigdis, und Agnes Törnerud. „Digital Musik och Algoritmer : En användarstudie om hur Spotify's algoritmer påverkar unga vuxnas musikkonsumtion“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446286.

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This study aims to examine how the generation of young adults who grew up in a digital society relate to algorithms that control them on Spotify, how they experience the personification on the platform and how the algorithms affect their flows. The purpose is also to investigate how young people experience and relate to the effects of Spotify's algorithms. The survey is based on six in-depth qualitative interviews conducted with young adults aged 20-30, that have been transcribed, discussed and analyzed using a thematic narrative analysis. The purpose of the study has been formulated according to the interview guide and the thematic narrative analysis. Results and analysis have been merged and there the respondents' intersubjective opinions and values are connected with the theoretical framework. The results show that users believe that algorithms mainly have had a positive impact on their music consumption. The majority of the respondents described that they prefer the custom-made playlists on Spotify (created by algorithms), and that they like to be presented with personalized content. However, few respondents stated that they notice or are aware that the algorithms control them, which means they are being guided towards certain music preferences without being aware of it. This will further be analyzed with the help of previous research and the theoretical framework.
Denna studie ämnar undersöka hur den generation unga vuxna som vuxit upp i ett digitaliserat samhälle förhåller sig till de algoritmer som styr dem på Spotify, hur de upplever personifieringen på plattformen och hur algoritmerna påverkar deras flöden. Syftet är att undersöka och belysa hur unga vuxna upplever och förhåller sig till effekterna av Spotifys algoritmer i kontext till deras musikkonsumtion. Undersökningen baseras på sex stycken utförda kvalitativa djupintervjuer med unga vuxna i åldrarna 20-30 år som studerar vid Uppsala Universitet. Djupintervjuerna har transkriberats, kodats och därefter analyserats med hjälp av tematisk narrativ analys. Kapitlet för resultat och analys är hopslagna och där sammankopplas respondenternas narrativ beståendes av deras upplevelser och värderingar ihop med det teoretiska ramverket. Uppsatsen avslutas med ett avsnitt innehållandes slutdiskussion där även tidigare forskning vävs in. Resultatet visar att användare anser att algoritmer i huvudsak haft en positiv påverkan på deras musikkonsumtion. Majoriteten av respondenterna i denna studie beskriver att de föredrar Spotifys färdiggjorda spellistor (som skapats av algoritmer), och att de gärna tar del av ett personifierat innehåll. Problematiken är dock att få av respondenter utger sig för att vara fullt medvetna om algoritmerna och hur de styr dem, vilket innebär en risk att de lotsas mot vissa musikpreferenser utan att vara medvetna om det. Detta analyseras därför vidare med hjälp av tidigare forskning samt studiens teoretiska ramverk och nyckelbegrepp.

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Elman, Kim. „"NI ÄR PROPAGANDA!" : Ett bidrag till det psykologiska försvaret“. Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-5843.

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This study investigates the possibility of implementing national psychological defence measures utilizing social media. These measures are understood as an exercise of political power and are contextualised in the contemporary global information arena using Castells theory of communication power in the network society, while employing PSYOPS methodology to further understand the tactical dimensions. It also attempts to evaluate the prevalence of ”filter bubbles” and the potential hindrance such may be to successful implementation. Results show that key audiences can be reached and effectively influenced through the use of social media advert targeting systems and open source, fact-based information campaigns.

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Borovic, Valeria. „Demokratin i skymundan av filterbubblan : En kvalitativ innehållsanalys kring filterbubblor och deltagardemokrati“. Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37309.

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This thesis is about the phenomenon filter bubble and how it affects the participant democracy. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how participant democracy is presented together with the filter bubbles in articles of filter bubbles. The questions that is answered inthis thesis is: In which way is filter bubble described in the Swedish newspapers “Dagens Nyheter” and “Svenska Dagbladet”? How is participant democracy presented in relation tofilter bubbles? The results show us that the Swedish newspapers DN and SvD is presenting the filter bubbles in their articles and has different arguments that goes within the participant democracy.

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Chen, Yu-Hsiu, und 陳育修. „Filter-Invariant Image Classification on Social Media Photos by Using Siamese Network“. Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98079524988886066342.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
資訊工程學研究所
103
With the popularity of social media nowadays, tons of photos are uploaded everyday. To understand the image content, image classification becomes a very essential technique for plenty of applications (e.g., object detection, image caption generation). Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has been shown as the state-of-the-art approach for image classification. However, one of the characteristics in social media photos is that they are often applied with photo filters, especially on Instagram. We find that prior works do not aware of this trend in social media photos and fail on filtered images. Thus, we propose a novel CNN architecture that utilizes the power of pairwise constraint by combining Siamese network and the proposed adaptive margin contrastive loss with our discriminative pair sampling method to solve the problem of filter bias. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to tackle filter bias on CNN and achieve state-of-the-art performance on a filtered subset of ILSVRC2012.

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„Selective Exposure and Credibility Perceptions of News on Social Media“. Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.57083.

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abstract: The “filter bubble” has been a heated discussion topic since several years ago. In addition to possible algorithmic contribution to this phenomenon, people’s selective exposure tendency may be another primary cause of the “filter bubble” on social media. Prior research indicates that, under the influence of selective exposure tendency, people tend to perceive pro-attitudinal news as more credible than counter-attitudinal news, with strong partisans more likely to be affected. The proposed thesis seeks to examine whether the perceived credibility of a news source and story on social media is influenced by selective exposure and strength of partisanship. Through an experimental study via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, 468 participants chose or were assigned to read an ostensible news story from a social media feed with the news source and ideological slant varied between participants. The results showed that people reported higher perceived source and story credibility when the source and stories were pro-attitudinal (consistent with their political ideology) as opposed to counter-attitudinal, regardless of participants’ age, race, perceived credibility of news from social media, in general, and strength of partisanship. However, contrary to the hypotheses, selective exposure behavior (i.e., choosing a preferred news source before reading a news story) did not affect credibility perceptions when participants read counter-attitudinal news from a pro-attitudinal source. Last, strength of partisanship did not moderate the influence of selective exposure on credibility perceptions. In sum, this study suggests that although selective exposure tendency may affect people’s credibility perceptions and contribute to “filter bubbles,” the impact of selective exposure behavior may be overestimated in terms of perceived source and story credibility of news on social media.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Public Administration 2020

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Bjernersjö, Mathilda, und Alicia Wikdahl. „Qualitative experiences of personalization algorithms : The strategies used by university students (to counteract ideological homogeneity) when navigating social media feeds and their experience with personalization algorithms“. Thesis, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48214.

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Purpose – At the beginning of this year the number of social media user worldwide was recorded to be at 3.80 billion and is estimated to keep rising (Kemp, 2020). Along with this connectivity, new concepts have been acknowledged that have caused some controversy. These concepts have been named echo chambers and filter bubbles. This study investigates how social media users experience personalisation algorithms and the perceived existence of filter bubbles and echo chambers on various social media platforms and channels. Furthermore, it explores to what extent these users make use of strategies when navigating their social media feeds and if they believe that said strategies have any effect on personalisation algorithms, filter bubbles, and echo chambers. Method – Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants currently studying at Jönköping University. The interviews were then transcribed and analysed using a thematic approach. Findings – The perception of students at Jönköping University is that filter bubbles and echo chambers exist in a varying degree of visibility and commonality depending on the situation and medium. These are also experienced to be interconnected with personalisation algorithms. The experience of personalisation algorithms is mainly positive, as it allows the users to easily navigate the feed but negative implications are also mentioned. These are isolation, the negative strengthening and creation of filter bubbles or echo chambers. However, the algorithm is not believed to be the only thing responsible for the creation. The users believe that their own navigation and strategies can have such an effect. The strategies that users use are (1) Passive navigation, (2) Source evaluation, (3) Multiple source searching, (4) Responsibility taking, and the (5) Creation of filter bubbles. The effect these have on filter bubbles, personalisation algorithms and echo chambers is helping, to an extent, alleviate some of the negative effects that these are experienced to have. However, the passive navigation and creation of filter bubbles have a somewhat opposite effect as they help the creation or maintaining of filter bubbles and personalisation algorithms. Implications – The findings in this study build on existing evidence of echo chambers being more easily formed when the topic of discussion is of a political nature, as it is described by Barberá, Jost, Nagler, Tucker, and Bonneau (2015) in their research on how echo chambers form on Twitter. Furthermore, these findings could be considered to disagree with the research of Dubois and Blank (2018) who found that people who had a high political interest were less likely of ending up in an echo chamber. Although, due to their research taking all media into account, such as television, radio, newspaper, and so forth, while the current study is focused on social media alone the comparison is a bit more difficult to make. Finally, in the study made by Seargeant and Tagg (2019), it was concluded that the personalisation algorithms are not the sole contributor to filter bubbles forming on Facebook and that the users play a key role in how their online environment is shaped. The results of this study build on their research that the users do use strategies when navigating that affect what is being shown to them on their social media feeds. However, the participants of the current study claimed that the algorithms played a pretty large role too, which is not quite in line with the research conducted by Seargeant and Tagg (2019). Limitations – The generalisability of this study is limited due to the small sample size chosen to conduct this study, although instead, it provides deeper insight into the relationship between humans and their social media platforms and channels. Moreover, a bias that should be acknowledged is that when conducting interviews there is a risk of encountering response bias, which is when the participants assume the purpose of the study and adapt their answers to fit what they believe the researcher(s) want to hear. To avoid this precautions were taken when designing the questions to make sure that they would not lead the participants in any directions.

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