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Dissertationen zum Thema „Social ecology“
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1
Kabanova, L. „Social ecology“. Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/22819.
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2
Okumu, Christopher. „The social ecology of Malawi orphans“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0016/MQ43001.pdf.
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3
Miramontes, Octavio Reymundo. „Complex interactions in social behaviour and ecology“. Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8244.
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4
Bergh, Maria G. „Community Ecology: Social Capital in Public Space“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337352062.
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5
Franklin, Stuart. „Białowieża Forest : social function and social power“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367455.
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Research has concentrated on understanding social function and social power in Bialowieza Forest in northeastern Poland. It has attempted to analyse, from the standpoint of political ecology, the value that people, both locally and further afield, place (and have placed) on the forest. And it has struggled to understand how the machinations of power have enabled or disabled such values to be expressed. Over the past ten years Bialowieza Forest has been the site of a particular conflict concerning the enlargement of the existing national park to encompass the whole forest. For some who have moved to Bialowieza from other regions of Poland, the forest is as a Renaissance painting that should not be altered and a laboratory where scientific experiments can be conducted and through which income, from home and abroad, can be generated from project funding and support from international NGOs. At the same time it is (apparently) subject to man's present 'destruction and deterioration'. My principal arguments remain that (i) far from being a pristine 'primeval forest' Bialowieza is a thoroughly logged-over forest that has borne man's influence, in various ways, since at least the sixth century; (ii) that far from being subject to present 'destruction and deterioration' it has, for the past 50 years, been actively restored by foresters after considerable devastation in the 1930s and 30s; and finally (iii) that the social construction of the forest has served to dispossess and alienate local people (mostly Belorussian) living around the forest whose cultural and economic base is currently threatened. I argue that there is little value in discussing the social construction of nature without, at the same time, examining the strategies of political actors that enlist such social constructions as tools in the normal struggle for power at the local, national and supranational scale. To this end I examine the cultural and scientific roots of the national park movement, the dispute over the forest both in terms of utility and through perception and representation. I examine the economic history of the forest. I analyse the legitimacy of those involved in contestation and those who seek to utilise the forest in particular ways. Further, I examine issues of governance and law. Whilst I recognise that research on access to, and management of, forests and national parks today is not unique, I believe this work holds value for its focus (in a European context) not simply on the forest struggle as a locality issue, but on how the struggle is enriched by ideological and representational practices that operate across time and space. Such practices form the scope and inform the principal arguments in this thesis.
6
Lerch, Brian A. „Theory of Social Group Dynamics“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1558361571474294.
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7
Buttery, Neil J. „The behavioural and evolutionary ecology of social behaviour in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-behavioural-and-evolutionary-ecology-of-social-behaviour-in-the-social-amoeba-dictyostelium-discoideum(4502357b-7087-4568-9014-387776942e1a).html.
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The maintenance of cooperation and altruism in the face of manipulation by exploitative cheaters that reap the benefits of cooperative acts without paying the associated costs is a conundrum in evolutionary biology. Cheaters should spread through a population causing it to crash, yet cooperation is common. There are many models and theories that attempt to explain this apparent contradiction. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, like many microbial species has been used as a model organism to test these theories and to begin to understand the genetic mechanisms behind social behaviours. The aim of this PhD project is to quantify the interactions that occur between naturally-occurring genotypes during social competition in order to identify the types of cheating behaviours and to understand the evolutionary consequences of such behaviours. I first demonstrate that there is a social hierarchy of genotypes and that cheaters can increase their own fitness by increasing their own spore allocation or decreasing their partner's allocation the precise nature of which is dependent upon unique interactions between each competing pair. I also show that the outcome of social competition is dependent upon the physical environment where it can be significantly reduced, or even avoided by segregation of genotypes during development. Finally, it is demonstrated in a collaborative project that much of the observed social behaviour can be explained in terms of the production of and response to developmental signals.
8
Tomlinson, Benjamin John. „Modelling Social-Ecological Systems in the Catalan Coastal Zones“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384929.
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The Systems Approach Framework (SAF) is a methodological framework designed to enhance the efficacy of human decision-making processes within social-ecological systems with regard to sustainability. The SAF was applied in two case studies in the coastal zone of Catalonia, in two separate European Commission Framework Programme projects entitled “Science and Policy Integration for Coastal System Assessment” (SPICOSA) and “Vectors of Change in Oceans and Seas-marine Life, Impact on Economic Sectors" (VECTORS).
During the SPICOSA application, a common issue of interest to most stakeholders was the water quality (harmful bacteria and water clarity) of the local city beaches, particularly following combined sewer overflow events, and mitigating this impact by using stormwater collectors. Water quality influences the beach users’ decision whether to stay at the beach or to leave, thus affecting the revenue received by the bars and restaurants on the beach front. A social-ecological model was constructed using the methodology outlined in the SAF to represent this issue, so that it could be used as a tool for deliberation between the stakeholders. The model output implies that the stormwater collectors have been useful in improving beach water quality in Barcelona, but there will be diminished returns in constructing more. The value of the beach is clearly large in terms of both non-market value and revenues generated in the nearby bars and restaurants. However, the impact changes in water quality would have on the recreational appeal of the beach is estimated to be low and further research is recommended to determine beach users’ sensitivity to beach closures (bacteria limit exceeded) and turbidity.
At the beginning of the VECTORS project, stakeholders who had participated during the previous SAF application expressed a lack of willingness to engage due to a lack of human resources. The scientific team therefore chose to continue the application with the aspiration of demonstrating the SAF model and results at a later date if the stakeholders found the required resources to engage with the process. There is a general perception that jellyfish abundances are increasing along the Catalan coast. Local authorities are concerned about the stranding events and arrivals of jellyfish to beaches and believe it could reduce the recreational appeal of the beaches. Previous studies also demonstrate the predation of jellyfish (Pelagia noctiluca ephyrae) upon some small pelagic fish larvae (Engraulis encrasicolus). Small pelagics are the principal source of revenue for the local fisheries. A social-ecological model was created in order to capture the effects of changes in abundance of Pelagia noctiluca upon the local fisheries, the tourist industry and the wider economy.
Various future scenarios for different abundances of jellyfish blooms were run. Given the changes that these scenarios would cause on the regional gross domestic product and employment, this study concludes that the overall impact of either of these scenarios on the economy would not be significant at the regional scale.
The inclusion of stakeholders in the SAF methodology is rightly fundamental, but in practice, it can be extremely difficult to persuade key stakeholders to participate, and this is a flaw in the SAF which needs addressing. SAF Application model builders are dependent on stakeholders sharing important data or knowledge but this may be withheld for a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, lack of resources to participate, disinterest, and concern about how the results will be used. The SAF is a well-structured methodology for cases where a mathematical model is both relevant and feasible and should be considered as a useful step-by-step guide for managing coastal zone systems towards sustainability.
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Eryilmaz, Cagri. „Social Ecology Challenges Environmental Participation: Hes Opposition Cases In Turkey“. Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614027/index.pdf.
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The main research question of this thesis is &ldquoHow can HES (small scale hydroelectricity plant) opposition be analyzed in terms of social ecology?&rdquo
A second research question is raised to answer first one as &ldquo
How can any environmental action be analyzed in terms of social ecology?&rdquo
About ecological crisis, Murray Bookchin&rsquo
s social ecology develops strong criticism against liberal environmentalism, deep ecology and Marxism and provides an alternative radical social change as Libertarian Municipalism (LM). Social ecology criticizes environmentalism as legitimizing current status quo destroying nature and offers ecological approach for real solution. LM movement is a political program of social ecology to reach rational, ecological and democratic society that is domination free and so does not dominate nature. I developed a LM movement model from Janet Biehl&rsquo
s study and integrated this model into George Pepper&rsquo
s classification of environmentalism to reach a Classification Table (CT) that is based on social ecological principles. CT is an attempt to develop a tool to analyze all sorts of environmental activities according to social ecology. Implementation of CT at field study shows HES opposition has the desire of strict state controls and planning as significant aspects of welfare-liberal environmentalism. On the other hand, the common critique of central, urban, professional and fund dependent environmentalism of national ENGOs fits market-liberal environmentalism critique of LM model. The increasing demand to join decision-making mechanism, the bottom-to-top regional organization of local platforms and &ldquo
living space&rdquo
discourse show LM tendency. In fact, HES threat ignites participation demands of local people in Turkey.
10
Lee, Alexander. „The evolutionary ecology of animal information use and social dominance“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1d2b343e-fe0a-4611-b1c7-b820da19e075.
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Organisms are frequently faced with uncertainty regarding how best to exploit vital resources, and may benefit from collecting information about their distribution through space and time. However, the ways in which competition over resources might systematically facilitate or constrain an individual's ability to use information has been largely overlooked. In this thesis, I develop a conceptual framework for considering how the distribution of limited resources might underpin interdependencies between competition and information use. I focus on the evolutionary ecology of relationships between social dominance and social information use. I begin with an observational study of wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) suggesting that, when resources can be monopolised, individuals with low competitive ability are limited in their ability to use social information. Building on these findings, I then develop a general model exploring selection on social information use in a competitive context across three axes of 'resource ecology' (scarcity, depletion rate, monopolisability). This study makes predictions regarding the resource conditions under which competitive ability might constrain social information use, and the potential importance of social information use in the evolution of social dominance. I go on to test these predictions in chacma baboons using a field experiment. This experiment also explores whether the predictability of resource distribution might facilitate the decoupling of social information use from the competitive context in which it was collected. Taken together, these findings provide general insights into the combinations of ecological conditions and behavioural mechanisms that should underpin the benefits of social dominance. I end by building a simple population matrix model to study social dominance using an eco-evolutionary approach, in which feedback loops between ecological and evolutionary processes are considered. By modelling relationships between dominance rank and survival, reproduction, inheritance, and development, I am able to derive estimates of long-term fitness associated with dominance. Using these estimates, I generate predictions regarding how dominance hierarchies should impact the dynamics of group stability, viability, and fission.
11
Salton, Bronwen Lauren. „53 stitches : sustainability, ecology and social engagement in contemporary art“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001580.
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Through an exploration of both the sculptural and socially-engaged art practices undertaken in creating my Master of Fine Art exhibition, 53 Stitches, I unpack some of the possibilities pertaining to the practice of sustainability, ecology and social engagement in contemporary art. This thesis explores the history and concepts of sustainable development and what the implications are of the far-reaching global consideration of sustainability for contemporary art production. Looking at the writings of Felix Guattari’s (2000 [1989]) and Suzi Gablik’s (1992) on the effects of the economic model of capitalism on our environmental, social and mental ecologies, I discuss the necessary paradigm shift of the artists’ identity from the ‘individual self’ towards the ‘relational self’, affirming our interdependence upon our social and natural environments. With reference to the writings of Maja and Reuben Fowkes (2008), I explore the principles of sustainability in contemporary art and discuss the notion of ‘sustainability of form’ through insight into dematerialisation, recycling and the prospect of artists now becoming knowledge producers/facilitators. This is supportive of my personal exploration and experimentation with recyclable materials as a creative medium, used as a means of knowledge and skills facilitation in socially-engaged arts practice and the process of art-making as research. I refer to the sculptural and ‘painterly’ constructions of Sofi Zezmer and Mbongeni Buthelezi, respectively, as a means to elucidate a practical contextualisation of my practical work, particularly with regard to the use of plastic as a constructive medium. Looking at the works of Linda Weintraub (2006), Marnie Badham (2010) and Miwon Kwon (2002), I expand on the theoretical discourse pertaining to sociallyengaged art practices, and elucidate the reconfiguration of the role of the artist towards now becoming a cultural service administrator, organiser and knowledge facilitator. With reference to Arjen Wals and Johnson et al., I further discuss the role of education in sustainability and explore the necessary reconciliation between university institutions and the social and environmental context in which they are located, in the form of place-based capacity building and service learning. I explore within this thesis the concepts and processbased research of my own sculptures
12
Whitfield, Douglas Philip. „Social organisation and feeding behaviour of wintering turnstone (Arenaria interpres)“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14660.
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13
Da, Silva Jack. „Ecological aspects of Eurasian badger social structure“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252789.
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14
Morgan, Ingrid. „The behaviour and ecology of social organization in a Caribbean surgeonfish“. Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19757.
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I studied the behaviour and ecology of social organization in a Caribbean surgeonfish, the blue tang (Acanthurus coeruleus). In chapter 1,1 identify and describe the social modes exhibited by adult blue tangs and include the first description of adult territoriality in this species. Adults in the population were either territorial or nonterritorial. Non-territorial fish formed schools and wandered, while territorial fish never schooled but sometimes wandered from their territory. In chapter 2,1 explore potential determinants of the variation in the social organization in an attempt to explain the coexistence of the territorial and non-territorial modes. I examine the distribution of territorial, schooling and wandering tangs in relation to life history stage, habitat, time of day, competitor density, food abundance and population density. Life history stage, density of competitor damselfishes and conspecific population density appear to be key determinants of this social organization.
15
August, Thomas Adam. „The social structure, ecology and pathogens of bats in the UK“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/4341.
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This thesis examines the ecology, parasites and pathogens of three insectivorous bat species in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire; Myotis nattereri (Natterer’s bat), M. daubentonii (Daubenton’s bat) and Plecotus auritus (Brown long-eared bat). The population structure was assessed by monitoring associations between ringed individuals, utilising recent advances in social network analysis. Populations of both M. daubentonii and M. nattereri were found to subdivide into tight-knit social groups roosting within small areas of a continuous woodland (average minimum roost home range of 0.23km2 and 0.17km2 respectively). If this population structure is a general attribute of these species it may make them more sensitive to small scale habitat change than previously thought and has implications for how diseases may spread through the population. M. daubentonii had a strong preference for roosts close to water, away from woodland edge and in areas with an easterly aspect. The factors driving roost choice in M. nattereri and P. auritus remain elusive. The segregation of M. daubentonii into bachelor and nursery colonies was not a result of the exclusion of males from roosts close to water by females, or variation in microclimate preferences between the sexes, as was predicted. Body condition (weight/forearm length) was correlated with host characteristics including age and reproductive status, and weather variables. Astroviruses and Coronaviruses, which have characteristics typical of zoonotic viruses, were identified in UK bat species for the first time. Coronaviruses identified formed species-specific clades while Astroviruses were highly diverse. Though not closely related to human viruses these are potential zoonotic diseases of the future. Models of Coronavirus and ectoparasite distribution suggest individual attributes (e.g. sex and age) and population structure (e.g. the formation of nursery and bachelor colonies) are important predictors of parasite and pathogen prevalence. This study characterises a system that offers many opportunities for future research including studies of sociality, disease modelling and conservation management.
16
McFall, Ann Patricia Radford. „Spanish Greens and the political ecology social movement : a regional perspective“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6443.
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The present study sets out to challenge a common assumption that Green politics is virtually non-existent in Spain. This assumed state of affairs has been attributed to a number of factors including a materialist society which prioritises economic growth, Spain’s political culture and, finally, the country’s electoral system. The result, according to the few scholars who include Spain in their studies, is a country with a weak political ecology social movement (PESM) and a Green party that enjoys only ‘trivial support’ (Mair 2001:103). As will be demonstrated, such assumptions are based on an insufficient knowledge of political ecology in Spain. The lack of knowledge has resulted in Spain’s green movements and parties being routinely misinterpreted and, indeed, overlooked. The first and most glaring misconception is many scholars’ persistence in referring to the ‘Spanish Green party’ as if a single party existed. In fact, the ‘Spanish Greens’ comprise not one national party but a variable and variegated number of different political parties, a few of which have certainly achieved a measure of electoral success (depending, of course, on how success is defined). Furthermore, it will be shown that reasons often given for the failure of the Green parties – such as the country’s alleged lack of interest in environmental matters – overlook other more pertinent factors such as, for example, tensions between the Spanish Greens and the environmental movement organisations (EMO), the nationalist factor and continuing tensions between the ‘green-greens’ and the ‘red-greens’. Despite numerous problems at party level, the present study will show that Spain’s PESM is as vigorous as – though different from - that of other countries which are reputed to be environmental leaders. To pursue this argument, the thesis will provide an overview of Spain’s Green parties, setting these within the cultural and historical context of the broader PESM to which they belong. Drawing on territorial politics literature, the thesis will, in particular, demonstrate that the territorial dimension – that is, Spain’s division into 17 autonomous regions – has been one of the neglected but determining factors contributing to the problems besetting the Spanish Greens. It will also be argued that, in its own way, the efforts of Spanish ecologists have undoubtedly contributed towards the ‘piecemeal’ greening of Spain. The arguments are further developed through two in-depth case studies focusing on political ecology, and more particularly Green parties, in two of Spain’s regions, Catalonia and Andalucia.
17
Bernede, Lilia. „Social Organisation, Ecology and Conservation of Loris Tardigradus Tardigradus (Lorisiformes; Primates)“. Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515263.
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18
Hutchison, Karl Jeremy. „Towards an architecture of social ecology : self-help and sustainable cities“. Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309974.
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19
Blühdorn, Ingolfur. „The abolition of nature : nature and ecology in German social theory“. Thesis, Keele University, 1998. http://opus.bath.ac.uk/14473/.
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20
Bluff, Lucas. „Tool use, foraging ecology and social dynamics in New Caledonian crows“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670047.
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21
O'Brien, Siobhan Elizabeth. „Advances in the social evolution and ecology of bacterial public goods“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17149.
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The altruistic production of public goods is one of most popular puzzles in evolutionary biology, and is most commonly explained by the indirect fitness benefit accrued by producers. I develop our understanding of the ecology and evolution of public good production by considering how inter- and intraspecific interactions can affect indirect fitness benefits, and ultimately, the evolutionary trajectory of public good cooperation in a bacterial public good system: 1) I demonstrate the ability of public good cooperators to adapt to the presence of cheats by reducing their own cooperative output, constraining cheat fitness as a consequence. 2) I examine the relative contributions of inter- (bacteriophage) and intraspecific (social cheats) parasites on shaping bacterial mutation rates, and demonstrate that social cheats can gain a fitness advantage in the presence compared with the absence of interspecific parasites. 3) I formally show for the first time, that siderophore-mediated detoxification can be an altruistic trait, rapidly selecting for the evolution of de novo cheats, and discuss the implications this process may have for community structure and function. 4) I extend (3) to assess the impact the natural microbial community has on the fitness consequences of siderophore-mediated detoxification in a natural soil environment. 5) I discuss the interplay between rapid microbial evolution and community context, and propose the impacts such interplay may have for biotechnological applications.
22
Vasse, Marie. „Evolutionary ecology of social bacterial populations under antibiotic and bacteriophage pressure“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS041/document.
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Les bactéries constituent le socle de presque tous les écosystèmes et l’étude de leurs dynamiques face aux perturbations biotiques et abiotiques est essentielle à la compréhension de leur maintien, de leur évolution et de leur diversification. Cette thèse vise à une meilleure appréhension de l’impact des bactériophages et des antibiotiques sur l’écologie évolutive des populations bactériennes et, plus particulièrement, sur l’évolution de leurs comportements sociaux. Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié comment les antibiotiques (Chapitres 1 et 2) et les phages (Chapitre 3) affectent les interactions fondées sur la production de biens publics ainsi que l’évolution de la résistance dans les populations de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, en combinant modélisation mathématique et évolution expérimentale. Nous avons montré que les phages et les antibiotiques favorisent les tricheurs face aux coopérateurs dans les environnements homogènes. Alors que l’avantage des tricheurs permet la croissance de la population et augmente la fréquence de résistance à court terme (Chapitre 1), les populations dominées par les tricheurs finissent par décliner en présence de phages, vraisemblablement suite aux pressions combinées des phages et des tricheurs (Chapitre 3). Dans une seconde partie, nous avons exploré in vitro les interactions complexes entre les phages et les antibiotiques dans le contexte des thérapies combinées. Conformément à la prédiction de la théorie de l’évolution selon laquelle plusieurs moyens de contrôle combinés sont plus efficaces que chacun séparément, nous avons montré que l’usage simultané de phages et d’antibiotiques réduit davantage la survie et la résistance des populations. Si ce résultat principal peut être modulé par différents facteurs tels que la dose d’antibiotiques (Chapitres 4 et 5), le moment d’inoculation (Chapitre 4), et le mode d’action des antibiotiques (Chapitre 5), il persiste sur le long terme (Chapitre 5). Nos résultats soulignent la complexité des interactions entre les effets négatifs des phages et des antibiotiques et l’écologie évolutive des populations bactériennes et apportent de nouveaux éléments à la fois à la compréhension de l’évolution de la socialité et à l’usage thérapeutique potentiel des phages et des antibiotiquesBacteria are the basis of virtually all ecosystems and examining their dynamics in the face of biotic and abiotic perturbations is essential to understanding their persistence, evolution and diversification. This thesis is directed towards a better understanding of the impact of phage and antibiotic pressure on the evolutionary ecology of bacterial populations and, in particular, on the evolution of bacterial social behaviours. First, using a combination of mathematical modelling and experimental evolution, we studied how antagonisms in the form of antibiotics (Chapters 1 and 2) and phages (Chapter 3) affect the dynamics of public goods production and strategies, and the evolution of resistance in populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We found that both phages and antibiotics favour cheats over cooperators in well-mixed environments. While the advantage to cheats leads to population growth and even increased resistance frequency in the short-term (Chapter 1), the cheat-dominated populations eventually declined in the presence of phage predators, arguably due to the combination of antagonist pressure and cheating load (Chapter 3). Second, based on the evolutionary prediction that multiple control agents will be more efficient at controlling bacterial populations and reducing the evolution of resistance, we investigated in vitro the complex interactions between phages and antibiotics in the context of combined therapies. We showed that the combination of phages and antibiotics decreased population survival and resistance evolution significantly more than either alone. While this main result may be mitigated by several factors such as antibiotic dose (Chapters 4 and 5), the timing of inoculation (Chapter 4), and antibiotic mode of action (Chapter 5), it is also obtained in longer-term assays (Chapter 5). Our results highlight the complexity of the interplay between the negative effects exerted by antibiotics and phages and the evolutionary ecology of bacterial populations, and bring new insights both to the understanding of social evolution and for the potential therapeutic use of phages and antibiotics
23
Marsh, Jennifer Anne. „Social behavior and ecology of "southern resident" killer whales (Orcinus orca) /“. Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9081.
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24
Wilmut, Kevin P. (Kevin Paul) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. „Personal projects, well-being, and the social ecology of early adolescence“. Ottawa, 1993.
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25
Rotolo, Thomas. „Occupational ecology: An evolutionary theory of the social composition of occupations“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187392.
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What accounts for shifts in the social composition of occupational groups? I demonstrate that the previous literature concerning the sociodemographic composition of occupations fails to satisfy a set of five criteria: (1) The Theory criterion (the study must be grounded in theory); (2) The Dynamic criterion (social composition must be examined over time); (3) The Multivariate criterion (multiple sociodemographic variables must be examined); (4) The Measurement criterion (segregation measures should not be used); (5) The System criterion (all types of occupational groups should be considered). This study fulfills these criteria by adapting a general ecological theory of competition from McPherson (1983) to model the social composition of occupations over time. The model assumes that the individual's social network mediates occupational outcomes and that social network ties are homophilous; the probability that any two individuals share a network connection is a function of their similarity. As occupational groups attract new members from existing network ties, these groups develop distinct sociodemographic niches in social space (e.g. in age, education, etc.). If two groups compete for individuals with similar sociodemographic characteristics, then their niches overlap. The competitive mechanism generates three testable dynamic hypotheses about shifts in the social composition of occupational groups. The first dynamic hypothesis posits that occupations move their niches (attract new associates with different sociodemographic characteristics) in response to competitive pressures produced from niche overlap (the movement hypothesis). The second dynamic hypothesis suggests that occupations increase and decrease in diversity in response to competitive pressures at the niche edges (the diversity hypothesis). The third dynamic hypothesis predicts that competitive pressures inside the niche produce growth and decline in occupational size (the growth hypothesis). I test the hypothesis with the Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Files, 1972-1989. I examine changes in movement, dispersion, and size in unidimensional social space (age and education), and multidimensional social space (age-race, age-sex, education-race, education-sex, and age-education for movement and dispersion only). I test the model in two separate time series (1972-1982 and 1983-1989), using two different occupational classification schemes. The data strongly support the movement and growth hypotheses.
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McClanahan, Bill. „Capturing Appalachia : visualizing coal, culture, and ecology“. Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20823/.
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Capturing Appalachia: Visualizing Coal, Culture and Ecology, draws on extensive ethnographic, archival, and ecographic research conducted across Appalachia between 2014-2016 to develop an empirically informed sociological image of the interactions between culture, geography, and industry. Of particular interest are the ways that extractive cultures in Appalachia are constructed and communicated, and so the project includes archival work researching historical images as well as fieldwork focused on the production of images. Drawing on the traditions of cultural and ‘green’ criminologies, geography, and critical ecotheory, concluding that the cultural, political, and ecological worlds of Appalachia exist in a dialectical relationship with one another, and that at the center of each is an intense cultural relationship with the region’s historic and contemporary capture (cultural, economic, and ecological) by resource extraction. These dialectical relationships are made clear in the visuality of Appalachia, with paradigms frequently challenged by the production of countervisual narratives in productions spanning photography, literature, cinema, and media. The project constitutes the first extensive empirical application of the suggestions of an emergent green-cultural criminology. This research contributes significantly to the existing theoretical literature on extractive cultures through the development and application of the concept of ‘capture’, which is employed in throughout and which constitutes a central concept the project. The concept of ‘regulatory capture’ informs much of the existing sociological literature on harmful industry. Expanding on the concept of ‘capture’, I consider the capture of Appalachian economies by a single industry (economic capture), the capture of cultural production by the dominant industry (cultural capture), the legal capture of material landscapes by industry (ecological capture), the visual-mechanical capture of images of ecology and culture (photographic capture), and finally, the capture of ecology and people by an emerging industry of incarceration (carceral capture).
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McCormick, Joseph. „Information cascades in behavioural ecology“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28578.
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In ecology, information cascades have been used to explain a variety of collective behaviours, including mate selection, anti-predatory responses, and social foraging. Taxonomically diverse, information cascades occur in many group-living animals, including ant colonies, schools of fish, bird flocks, and social mammals. In this thesis, I studied the form and function of information cascades that drive a wide variety of group-level behaviours. In chapter one, I surveyed and reviewed the published literature regarding information cascades in biological systems. I discuss a selection of past studies to illustrate the diversity of information cascades, highlighting the adaptive significance and fitness consequences of different cascade types. I build a conceptual framework inspired by the variation in outcome and structure of information cascades elicited under different environmental or informational conditions. In chapter two, I experimentally tested the impact of maladaptive information cascades on the foraging performance of ants (Pheidole rugosula). Here, I introduced misinformation into foraging networks and measured the ants’ ability to re-establish foraging activity. I find that colonies readily recover and maintain robust foraging efforts when faced with erroneous social information. Overall, I find that information cascades drive critical collective behaviours in a diverse range of animal taxa. I also find that P. rugosula avoids significant maladaptive cascades despite the introduction of misinformation into their foraging networks. Information cascades warrant further research to improve our understanding of their role in nature and to decipher potential insights into managing information cascades in human systems.
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Green, Brian E. „Sharing Water: A Human Ecological Analysis of the Causes of Conflict and Cooperation Between Nations Over Freshwater Resources“. Connect to this title online, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1039201377.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 159 p. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Dept. of Sociology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-159).
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Hawkins, Carly Elizabeth. „Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Songbird Social Networks“. W&M ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1550153791.
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Anthropogenic noise, which is increasing globally, affects birds from gene expression up through alteration of community composition. as urbanization pushes further into undisturbed habitat, noise often disperses birds away from the point source. The impacts of this dispersal on surrounding quieter areas is not well understood. Therefore, in the first chapter, we sought to understand how noise-related dispersal affected the sociality of groups of songbirds as they moved away from the source of noise. as the displaced birds would likely be forced to occupy a smaller area that may already have resident individuals, we predicted that displaced birds would show a tighter clustered social network that may include new individuals, and that individuals within the flock would have more social connections overall. in the second chapter, we were interested in chronic, inescapable noise, the kind that birds living in urbanized areas might experience, and how that affects sociality. We predicted that birds would distribute themselves along a noise gradient and prefer the quieter areas and that the resulting density of birds would increase both flock clustering and individual sociality. We tested these ideas in two songbird systems, free-living red-backed fairy wrens (Malurus melanocephalus) to study dispersal and captive domesticated zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) to study chronic noise exposure. Contrary to our prediction, the free-living red-backed fairywrens became less social when dispersing from noise, as measured by node strength, during experimental noise treatments. Additionally, these birds tended to shift their space use away from the sound source. in our captive system, our hypothesis was supported that both flock cluster and individual sociality increased with noise treatments. However, the birds did not alter their distribution in accordance to the noise gradient, thus we propose support for the Increased Threat Hypothesis and suggest that increased vigilance was responsible for flock clustering and sociality. If social networks are altered consistently, there may be implications for future breeding success, detection of communication signals, and even for pathways of disease transmission among individuals.
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Sendova-Franks, Ana B. „Spatial and social organisation within nests of the ant Leptothorax unifasciatus (Latr.)“. Thesis, University of Bath, 1993. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334616.
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Tabart, Nicholas James. „Green and fairways? : the political ecology of golf /“. Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envt112.pdf.
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Harding, S. P. „Aspects of the ecology and social organisation of the muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi)“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371654.
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Burland, Tamsin M. „Social organisation and population structure in the brown long-eared bat, Plecotus auritus“. Thesis, Online version, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.265535.
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Brandão, Manuela Lombardi [UNESP]. „Social isolation in a group living fish impairs cognition“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/122144.
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Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
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000812386.pdf: 239464 bytes, checksum: 801353ffc9945a91e9f0cf083777db6e (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Para se ajustar a mudanças ambientais, os animais podem aprender sobre tais variações e modular seu comportamento de acordo com suas necessidades. Em alguns casos, no entanto, mudanças no ambiente social ou físico podem gerar estados de medo que levam a respostas de estresse fisiológico e que podem modificar a capacidade de um indivíduo em aprender, impactando negativamente o bem-estar desse animal. O isolamento social, por exemplo, além de estressante para animais sociais, pode proporcionar menor estimulação para esses indivíduos. Neste estudo, nós investigamos se o isolamento social prejudica habilidades de aprendizagem no ciclídeo Cichlasoma paranaense. Dois tratamentos foram comparados, um com indivíduos isolados e outro com peixes dominantes de um grupo social. A habilidade de associar uma pista visual com a comida acessível (recompensa) foi medida em uma tarefa espacial. De fato, menos peixes isolados foram capazes de aprender a tarefa. O resultado observado não se deveu a uma diferença na motivação geral para nadar, se alimentar ou explorar as opções de forrageamento. Os resultados indicam que o isolamento social para uma espécie de peixes normalmente social pode prejudicar a aprendizagem
To adjust to changes in the environment, animals can learn about the changes to help them modulate their behaviour as needed. Sometimes, however, changes in the social or the physical environment can generate fear states that trigger a physiological stress response which modifies an individual’s capacity to learn and can have a negative impact on the welfare of the animal. Social isolation, for example, besides being sressful for social animals, may provide less stimulation for these individuals. Here, we investigated whether social isolation impairs learning skills in a cichlid fish, Cichlasoma paranaense. Two treatments were compared, one with isolated individuals and another with dominant fish from a social group. The ability to associate a visual landmark with an accessible food reward was measured in a spatial task. Overall, fewer isolated fish were able to learn the task. The result was not because of a difference in general motivation to swim, feed, or explore the foraging options. The results indicate that social isolation for a normally social species of fish can impair learning
FAPESP: 2012/10903-5
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Brandão, Manuela Lombardi. „Social isolation in a group living fish impairs cognition /“. São José do Rio Preto, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/122144.
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Orientador: Eliane Gonçalves de FreitasCoorientador: Victoria A. Braithwaite
Banca: Marisa Fernandes de Castilho
Banca: Thaís Billalba Carvalho
Resumo: Para se ajustar a mudanças ambientais, os animais podem aprender sobre tais variações e modular seu comportamento de acordo com suas necessidades. Em alguns casos, no entanto, mudanças no ambiente social ou físico podem gerar estados de medo que levam a respostas de estresse fisiológico e que podem modificar a capacidade de um indivíduo em aprender, impactando negativamente o bem-estar desse animal. O isolamento social, por exemplo, além de estressante para animais sociais, pode proporcionar menor estimulação para esses indivíduos. Neste estudo, nós investigamos se o isolamento social prejudica habilidades de aprendizagem no ciclídeo Cichlasoma paranaense. Dois tratamentos foram comparados, um com indivíduos isolados e outro com peixes dominantes de um grupo social. A habilidade de associar uma pista visual com a comida acessível (recompensa) foi medida em uma tarefa espacial. De fato, menos peixes isolados foram capazes de aprender a tarefa. O resultado observado não se deveu a uma diferença na motivação geral para nadar, se alimentar ou explorar as opções de forrageamento. Os resultados indicam que o isolamento social para uma espécie de peixes normalmente social pode prejudicar a aprendizagem
Abstract: To adjust to changes in the environment, animals can learn about the changes to help them modulate their behaviour as needed. Sometimes, however, changes in the social or the physical environment can generate fear states that trigger a physiological stress response which modifies an individual's capacity to learn and can have a negative impact on the welfare of the animal. Social isolation, for example, besides being sressful for social animals, may provide less stimulation for these individuals. Here, we investigated whether social isolation impairs learning skills in a cichlid fish, Cichlasoma paranaense. Two treatments were compared, one with isolated individuals and another with dominant fish from a social group. The ability to associate a visual landmark with an accessible food reward was measured in a spatial task. Overall, fewer isolated fish were able to learn the task. The result was not because of a difference in general motivation to swim, feed, or explore the foraging options. The results indicate that social isolation for a normally social species of fish can impair learning
Mestre
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Stephens, Philip Andrew. „Behaviour based models population dynamics and the conservation of social mammals“. Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251708.
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Storbjörk, Jessica. „The social ecology of alcohol and drug treatment : Client experiences in context“. Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs (SoRAD), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1317.
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The purpose of this thesis is to study how individuals with alcohol and drug problems come to treatment – who is in treatment and who is not? It further studies the goal and role of treatment according to different groups – clients, staff and politicians. How can we understand clients’ experiences in a context?
The main data is from the Women and men in Swedish alcohol and drug treatment-study, with a representative sample of clients as well as complementary data on the views of staff and the general population.
The thesis comprises four related papers: (1) explores who is in treatment and who is not by analysing the client and the general population samples; (2) studies reasons for coming to treatment among clients by focussing on self-choice in relation to informal, formal, and legal social pressures to seek treatment; (3) investigates alcohol and drug related events among misusers and the role of these events in treatment entry, and in relation to level of marginalization of the clients; (4) analyses motives for and conflicts surrounding changes in the treatment system on an organizational level.
The thesis reveals that clients in treatment are marginalized (regarding housing, work, family, etc.). At treatment entry, clients report self-choice as well as a range of pressures to seek treatment as reasons for coming. The events are influential in treatment seeking, especially events and pressures in relation to significant others. In addition, it is shown that changes in the treatment system are not only driven with the interests of the clients in mind. Professional struggles, economic cuts, and coincidences are of importance. It is shown that different actors have competing as well as compatible and matching views on the goals of treatment. Finally, some notable changes in the treatment system are discussed.
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Storbjörk, Jessica. „The social ecology of alcohol and drug treatment : client experiences in context /“. Stockholm : Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs (SoRAD), Stockholm University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1317.
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Pelling, Mark. „A political ecology of urban flood hazard and social vulnerability in Guyana“. Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263908.
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During the 1990s vulnerability analysis has brought political ecology into the study of hazards, and in so doing allowed the study of risk in society/environment relations to engage more directly with broader issues of social science interest. This approach acknowledges that hazards are the product of risk and vulnerability but focuses primarily on the ways in which social organisation influences the distribution of hazard impacts; when and where risk becomes hazard, who is affected. if and how people respond and the extent to which hazard events may provide opportunities for, as well as constraints on, society. The vulnerabilities approach rests upon two key conceptual tools, the Pressure and Release Model and the Access Model, which were designed for use in exploring a wide variety of stressful events. Their utility in an urban flood hazard context is, however, limited because of a lack of meso-level conceptual tools and models. This weakness was overcome by bringing in a range of tools from the urban management literature which can also be combined within a political ecology frame. For the 90% of the Guyanese population, resident on the Atlantic coastal plain. flood hazard as a consequence of episodic and everyday events is an ongoing problem manifesting in collective and individual vulnerabilities, and a problem which is likely to become more acute as a consequence of global climate change. This project sought both to identify superficial experiences of hazard and vulnerability, and the deeper human and physical processes producing risk and vulnerability. National level experience and vulnerability indicators were gathered from a review of secondary data from the press, consultants' reports and government and academic publications. Following this, the first stage of primary field research identified the extent to which vulnerability indicators were associated with observed vulnerability and flood impact in both urban and peri-urban case studies. The second stage of field research examined local social/political-economic relations and their role in directing the flow of resources for environmental management and, consequently, in shaping distributions of vulnerability within the case study areas. For households in peri-urban and urban neighbourhoods economic and social assets are shown to be equally important for shaping the distribution of vulnerabilities; however, for low-income groups, and for squatter communities in particular, social assets are often the key to mitigating vulnerability. The importance of social assets at the household level contrasts with the weakened condition of social capital locally, and within Guyana as a whole. Locally, the low level of social capital was seen in a withdrawal of households from communal activity and a preference for investing in flood adaptation mechanisms within the household or extended family, and by topdown constructions of community and unrepresentative and unresponsive leadership serving to deepen dependency and alienation from the decision-making process. At a national level, government and public institutions are weak and ineffective, the private sector and civil society are undeveloped with few inter-sectoral linkages being maintained. Failures in social development and the low level of social capital are identified as key determinants in the production of vulnerability despite democratisation and structural adjustment which has promoted both privatisation and the funding of community sponsored development.
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Millett, Stephen. „Divergence and disagreement in contemporay anarchist communism : social ecology and anarchist primitivism“. Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272813.
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De, Mendonça Philippe Gil. „Aspects of the social ecology of the yellow-necked mouse, Apodemus flavicollis“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615613.
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Millet, Stephen. „Divergence and disagreement in contemporary anarchist communism : social ecology and anarchist primitivism“. Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2002. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/1749/.
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The strand of Nineteenth-Century Anarchism known as Anarchist-Communism conceived of the abolition of both state and market, and their replacement by a system of free distribution of goods organized through federated communes. While briefly this was the most developed and sophisticated strand of anarchism, it suffered an eclipse in the face of both the failure of the Russian Revolution, and the rise of the essentially a-theoretical industrial syndicalism that blossomed in many countries during the early decades of the twentieth century. With the expansion of the state and capitalism after WWII new forms of contestation appeared, most notably, in terms of Anarchist Communist theory, in the United States. In the 1960s and 1970s two currents emerged which represented the first significant development in anarchist communist theory for fifty years. These were the Social Ecology of Murray Bookchin, and a current which grew up around the Detroit underground paper Fifth Estate, later known as "Anarchist Primitivism". It is these two strands that are the subject of this research. Not surprisingly these two perspectives, appearing around a decade apart, and both in the same country, dealt with many of the same issues. What is more surprising is that in virtually every area, the conclusions they arrive at are completely different. In this research I locate these two strands historically as developments of Anarchist Communist theory, and examine their theories in four key areas: The Primitive, History, Reason and Rationality, and Technology. Examination of these areas serves to define the projects themselves, as well as highlighting how they disagree. To explain why they disagree, this work uses a methodological approach suggested Quentin Skinner. Skinner argued that in order to fully understand a text in the history of ideas, it is necessary to understand the author's intention in writing it. The study therefore examines not only the texts, but also the backgrounds of the writers concerned, their aims in producing it, and their approaches to debate with other theorists and perspectives. Through a combination of textual analysis and recovering the intentions of the writers, the high levels of disagreement can be accounted for.
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Fairless, Louise. „Ecology and ecophysiology of social structure and population dynamics in bats (Vespertilionidae)“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/360180/.
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Worldwide, bats are in decline with populations under threat from many pressures, including habitat loss, disease and climate change. A detailed understanding of bat social structure and population dynamics is needed to understand and tackle this decline. Yet despite bats representing around twenty percent of all mammalian diversity, they are underrepresented in life history studies, restricting our understanding of social associations, spatial patterns and mating systems for many species. This, in turn, inhibits efforts to conserve species and restricts interpretation of their population dynamics. This study, therefore, aimed to analyse the ecology of social structure and population dynamics using long-term ringing data from several British bat species: Natterer’s bats (Myotis nattereri), brown long-eared bats (Plecotus auritus), Pipistrellus spp. (P. pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus) and Bechstein’s bats (Myotis bechsteinii). Analysis of long-term data of M. nattereri and P. auritus revealed that bats maintain long-term associations persisting over several years. Spatial patterns revealed high fidelity to roost sites. However, on occasions when bats were disturbed during ringing, their dispersal patterns suggested that bats possess a wide knowledge of alternative roost sites which may facilitate relocation following habitat or climate change. Analysis of population dynamics and social structure of three sympatric species (M. nattereri, P. auritus and Pipistrellus spp.) revealed that social systems vary between species and seasons. Large roosting groups were reported for M. nattereri and P. auritus. Males were found to roost with females both pre- and post-parturition, however populations were female-biased for both species. Solitary male Pipistrellus spp. found pre-parturition were joined by an influx of predominantly new adult females for the formation of mating groups post-parturition. There was no preference for roosting in boxes facing North, South-east or South-west for any species. Roosting groups of M. nattereri persisted from pre- to post-parturition whilst the abundance of P. auritus found in boxes post-parturition was low, suggesting alternative roosting behaviour for this species post-parturition perhaps due to increased activity at swarming sites. Increasing population trends were reported for M. nattereri and Pipistrellus spp. whereas the pre-parturition population of P. auritus showed a moderate decline, the cause of which requires further investigation. Survival analysis revealed female-biased survival rates for M. nattereri and P. auritus. Cohort variation in juvenile survival was found in female M. bechsteinii whereby high rainfall during the lactation period and an additive effect of high population density resulted in lower survival. Age of first reproduction varied between one and five years for this species, but did not vary between cohorts with the majority of females reproducing for the first time aged two years. Furthermore, an ecophysiological field study revealed no effect of social structure or roost microclimate on the metabolic rates of free-ranging M. nattereri. However, low metabolic rates indicated torpor was frequently used both pre-and post-parturition. The results of this study suggest that future studies on population biology should take an integrated approach incorporating aspects of both ecology and ecophysiology for the conservation of a species, especially in the face of climate change.
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Bondarchuk, A., und V. Nochvay. „Social system of transition society theoretical scheme: economy, culture and ecology interrelations“. Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13404.
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Marcoux, Marianne. „Narwhal communication and grouping behaviour: a case study in social cetacean research and monitoring“. Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96800.
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Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) are gregarious, toothed whales restricted to the Arctic, where habitats are changing and shipping traffic is increasing. Challenges associated with the remoteness of narwhal populations and the general difficulty of studying deep diving mammals have resulted in a lack of knowledge of narwhal social behaviour, which can only be rectified with intensive, direct and systematic observations. I studied the grouping patterns and vocal behaviour of narwhals using non-invasive methods and developed new statistical tools to analyse the data. The field work was conducted at Bruce Head, a peninsula at the mouth of Koluktoo Bay, Nunavut, during the summers of 2006-2008. Shore-based observations were used to delineate narwhal groups by sex and age class. Narwhals travelled in clusters of 1–25 individuals of mixed sex and age class. Narwhals entered the bay in larger groups than they exited. The coloration of narwhal's backs on photographs was used to estimate their age and investigate their association with individuals of similar age. To analyse these data, I developed statistical methods that examine the distribution of observations in time and their associated characteristics. Using these methods, I found that narwhals form groups with individuals of similar age. The variability and the context of usage of narwhal calls were examined from underwater recordings. Some physical characteristics of narwhal whistles seemed behaviour-specific. Both whistles and pulsed calls might serve in individual- or group-recognition. Finally, given that there is a need for sustained, local monitoring of narwhals, I explored the potential of passive acoustic methods for narwhal monitoring. An automated detector was able to correctly identify narwhal calls in a 25-day continuous recording. There was a correlation between the number of calls manually detected in non-continuous recordings and the number of narwhals observed during the recordings. Non-invasive methods can provide valuable insight into the social organization, communication and movement patterns of large numbers of non-disturbed cetaceans.Le narval (Monodon monoceros) est un cétacé grégaire arctique dont l'habitat est en train de se modifier rapidement. Les difficultés reliées à l'accès en Arctique et à l'étude des cétacés en haute mer expliquent le manque d'information sur le comportement social des narvals. Dans le cadre de mes études doctorales j'ai étudié les groupes sociaux des narvals ainsi que leur communication vocale en utilisant des méthodes de récolte de données non invasives. De plus, j'ai développé des méthodes statistiques pour l'analyse de ces données. Le travail de terrain s'est déroulé au cours des étés 2006 à 2008 dans la baie Koluktoo, au Nunavut. À partir d'observations faites de la côte, la composition et la taille des groupes de narvals ont été compilées. Les narvals se déplaçaient en groupes de 1 à 25 individus d'âge et de sexe variés et entraient dans la baie en groupes plus nombreux que lorsqu'ils en sortaient. La coloration sur le dos des narvals pris en photo a servi à estimer leur âge et à évaluer la formation de groupe en fonction de ces âges. Pour analyser ces données, j'ai développé des méthodes statistiques qui évaluent la distribution d'observations réparties dans le temps ainsi que des caractéristiques associées à chacune des observations. Cette analyse m'a permis de conclure que les narvals forment des groupes avec des individus d'âges similaires. La variabilité et le contexte de l'utilisation des vocalisations émises par les narvals ont par la suite été étudiés à partir d'enregistrements acoustiques sous-marins. Ainsi, certaines caractéristiques acoustiques des vocalisations semblent associées spécifiquement à certains comportements. De plus, certaines de ces vocalisations pourraient être uniques à chaque groupe. Finalement, j'ai exploré la faisabilité d'un programme de surveillance acoustique à long terme pour les narvals. Les vocalisations des narvals ont été correctement détectées par un détecteur automatique appliqué à un enregistrement continu sur 25 jours. Le nombre de narvals observés visuellement et le nombre de vocalisations entendues durant ces enregistrements non continus étaient corrélés. Ces méthodes non invasives permettent d'étudier l'organisation sociale, la communication et les mouvements cétacés en grand nombre sans les perturber.
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Jordan, Caroline Mackenzie. „Measuring Social Ecology: Comparing Perceptions Of Personal And Societal Relational Mobility In Japan And The United States“. W&M ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1616444349.
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Relational mobility, i.e., the degree to which individuals are afforded opportunities to voluntarily form and terminate relationships in a given society, is proposed in previous research to underlie many cultural differences in psychology. However, questions remain about how to best measure the construct of relational mobility, and whether to consider relational mobility as a construct existing on the environmental or individual level. In this study, we test the measurement invariance of one proposed alternate measure, the personal mobility scale across the United States (n = 1,698) and Japan (n = 2,224). We then compare correlations between personal mobility and individual difference variables to the correlations between relational mobility and these traits within the US and Japan. Finally, within both countries we model the number of new acquaintances that participants report meeting as a function of their individual-level relational mobility and personal mobility, and their state or prefecture’s average relational mobility using a series of multilevel negative binomial regressions. In Study 1a, we found the personal mobility scale to be partially invariant across the United States and Japan. In Study 1b we found support for our hypothesis that the personal mobility scale is more closely associated with individual differences (e.g., extraversion, self-esteem, and popularity) than is the relational mobility scale. We found in Study 1c that even when accounting for an individual’s personal mobility, the locality’s average relational mobility significantly predicts how many new acquaintances participants met, providing evidence that the relational mobility scale does quantify the socioecological construct of relational mobility. Taken together, the results of these three studies support the use of the relational mobility scale over the personal mobility scale to measure the socioecological construct of relational mobility.
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Kedzior, Sya. „A POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF THE CHIPKO MOVEMENT“. UKnowledge, 2006. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/289.
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The Indian Chipko movement is analyzed as a case study employing a geographically-informed political ecology approach. Political ecology as a framework for the study of environmental movements provides insight into the complex issues surrounding the structure of Indian society, with particular attention to its ecological and political dimensions. This framework, with its focus on social structure and ecology, is distinct from the more traditional approaches to the study of social movements, which tend to essentialize their purpose and membership, often by focusing on a single dimension of the movement and its context. Using Chipko as a case-study, the author demonstrates how a geographical approach to political ecology avoids some of this essentialization by encouraging a holistic analysis of environmental movements that is characterized by a bottom-up analysis, grounded at the local level, which also considers the wider context of the movements growth by synthesizing socio-political and ecological analyses. Also explored are questions on the importance of gender-informed approaches to the study of environmental activism and participation in environmental movements in India.
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Maas, Barbara. „Behavioural ecology and social organisation of the bat-eared fox in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309152.
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Baer, Adam Daniel. „Linking ecological and social dimensions of Missouri landscapes“. Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4280.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (November 27, 2006) Includes bibliographical references.
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Hall, Eleanor M. „Social Ecology of Adherence to Hypertension Treatment in Latino Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers“. Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/nursing_diss/26.
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The prevalence of hypertension (HTN) is high in Latinos (Latino/Latina) Americans due to social and ecological factors. Increased migration of Latino migrant/seasonal farmworkers (MSFW) to the U.S. augments the social, economic, environmental, and psychosocial factors associated with health and illness. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory was used to guide this study. The purposes of this cross-sectional, correlational study were to explore Latino MSFWs’ adherence to HTN treatment (medication adherence, blood pressure [BP] self-care, and BP control) and to examine the influence of BP knowledge, perceived stress, acculturation, health literacy, and health care access (HCA) on adherence to HTN treatment.
A total of 45 Latino (mean age 45 + 9) MSFWs receiving HTN treatment participated in this study. Spanish and English questionnaires were available for participants to measure adherence to HTN treatment and the five independent variables. Analysis included correlations, t-tests, hierarchical multiple regression, and hierarchical logistic regression.
The majority of MSFWs were from Mexico, female (55.6%), had less than a 6th grade education. Most (82%) of the MSFWs had uncontrolled BP, and were not adherent to medications (42%), even with high BP knowledge scores (M = 6.5 ±1.3). MSFWs perceived a high level of stress (M = 16 + 6.9), low acculturation level (Anglo orientation: M = 2.9 + 0.9), and no employer-provided health insurance for personal illnesses or injuries (93%). Blood pressure knowledge, perceived stress, acculturation, health literacy, and HCA accounted for 49% of the variance in the BP self-care; however, only higher BP knowledge was a significant predictor of better BP self-care (p < .001). Furthermore, acculturation was a significant predictor of BP control (p < .01).
This study explored select determinants of adherence to HTN treatment in Latino MSFWs in a culturally informed way. Although BP self-care behaviors appeared to be a consequence of BP knowledge, this study found low medication adherence in Latino MSFWs and uncontrolled BP explained by the two predictors, acculturation and health literacy. Perceived stress and health care access did not influence the adherence to HTN treatment. MSFWs had poor BP control and HTN treatment adherence. A culturally appropriate educational program is needed to help the MSFWs adherence to HTN treatment.