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1
Marinkovic, Ivan. „Causes of death in Serbia since the mid-20th century“. Stanovnistvo 50, Nr. 1 (2012): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1201089m.
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The structure of the leading causes of death in Serbia has considerably changed in the last half century. Diseases which presented the main threat to the population a few decades ago are now at the level of a statistical error. On the one side are causes which drastically changed their share in total mortality in this time interval, while others have shown stability and persistence among the basic causes of death. Acute infectious diseases "have been replaced" with chronic noninfectious diseases, due to the improvement of general and health conditions. One of the consequences of such changes is increased life expectancy and a larger share of older population which resulted in cardiovascular diseases and tumors to dominate more and more in total mortality. Convergent trends in the structure of the leading causes of death in Serbia from the middle of the 20th century are the reasons why there are considerably fewer diseases and causes with a significant rate in total population mortality at the beginning of the 21st century. During the 1950s, there were five groups of diseases and causes which participated individually with more than 10% of population mortality (infectious diseases, heart and circulatory diseases, respiratory diseases, some perinatal conditions and undefined states) while at the beginning of the new century there were only two such groups (cardiovascular diseases and tumors). Identical trends exist in all European countries, as well as in the rest of the developed world. The leading causes of death in Serbia are cardiovascular diseases. An average of somewhat over 57.000 people died annually in the period from 2007 - 2009, which represents 55.5% of total population mortality. Women are more numerous among the deceased and this difference is increasing due to population feminization. The most frequent cause of death in Serbia, after heart and circulatory diseases, are tumors, which caused 21,415 deaths in 2009. Neoplasms are responsible for one fifth of all deaths. Their number has doubled in three decades, from 9,107 in 1975 to about 20,000 at the beginning of the 21st century, whereby tumors have become the fastest growing cause of death. Least changes in absolute number of deaths in the last half century were marked among violent deaths. Observed by gender, men are in average three times more numerous among violent deaths than women. In the middle of the 20th century in Serbia, one third of the deaths caused by violence were younger than 25 and as many as one half were younger than 35 years old. Only one tenth (11%) of total number of violent deaths were from the age group of 65 or older. At the end of the first decade of the 21st century (2009), the share of population younger than 25 in the total number of violent deaths was decreased four times (and amounted to 8%). At the same time, the rate of those older than 65 or more quadrupled (amounted to 39%).
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Sattenspiel, Lisa, und Svenn-Erik Mamelund. „COCIRCULATING EPIDEMICS, CHRONIC HEALTH PROBLEMS, AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN EARLY 20TH CENTURY LABRADOR AND ALASKA“. Annals of Anthropological Practice 36, Nr. 2 (November 2012): 402–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/napa.12011.
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Medvedeva, Natalia V. „Development of Social Infrastructure: Experience of Zemstvo Administration“. Social’naya politika i sociologiya 20, Nr. 4 (141) (29.12.2021): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2071-3665-2021-20-4-118-126.
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The article is devoted to the study of domestic experience in the development of social infrastructure in the 19th–early 20th century. A retrospective analysis made it possible to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the zemstvo system of self-government. With the help of a comparative method, trends in the financial and economic support of zemstvo bodies at various stages of the zemstvo reform were identified, and an analysis of key indicators of the development of social infrastructure in the 19th–early 20th century was carried out. The work shows that it was thanks to the zemstvo reform that the necessary conditions were created for the infrastructural development of cities and villages. Zemstvo institutions took responsibility for ensuring most of the spheres of life, which were not a priority for state authorities; contributed to the spread of education and culture in cities and villages. That is why the successful practices of zemstvo administration require new understanding during the development of modern social policy and the reform of local self-government in Russia.
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Sales, Arnaud, Réjean Drolet und Isabelle Bonneau. „Academic Paths, Ageing and the Living Conditions of Students in the Late 20th Century*“. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 38, Nr. 2 (14.07.2008): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618x.2001.tb00969.x.
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McGregor, Caroline. „A Paradigm Framework for Social Work Theory for Early 21st Century Practice“. British Journal of Social Work 49, Nr. 8 (01.03.2019): 2112–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz006.
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Abstract This article explores whether paradigms for social work that helped structure and focus social work theory in the late 20th century can continue to inform social work theorising in the present day. The question is considered by reviewing the work of Burrell and Morgan (1979), Howe (1987), Whittington and Holland (1985), Johnson et al., 1984 (cited in Rojek, 1986) and Mulally (1993) who offer specific considerations of paradigm frameworks. The main argument developed in the discussion is that while the nature and orientation of theories in paradigms from later 20th to early 21st century are more diverse and complex, the value of a paradigm as framework for theory for practice persists. But for a paradigm framework to hold sway, there are some essential requirements. These include a need to: emphasise more the importance of local context in global conditions; broaden scope of theory away from predisposition to ‘Western’ dominated ideas; include space for certain constants in social work and recognise the role of critical reflexivity in activating theory. The need for further global and local research studies that systematically test and interrogate the range of social work theories and practices to progress this project is emphasised.
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Alekseev, Оleksii. „Rural memoirs of Southern Ukraine of the 20th century : prosopographic approach“. Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 4, Nr. 1 (25.12.2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26210402.
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The aim : to consider the application of prosopographic approaches in the study of biographies of authors of peasant memoirs in order to identify common features that laid the conditions for the emergence of memoir practices among the peasants of the Southern Ukraine in the 20th century; to analyze the potential of prosopography for researching general processes. The article considers the application of the prosopographic method to the study of biographies of authors of peasant memoirs in order to identify common features that created conditions for the emergence of memoir practices among the peasants of southern Ukraine in the twentieth century. Modern historical science suggests that individuals having their own little life stories are present behind all processes and events. New directions and principles of historical research are becoming increasingly important. The prosopographic method is one of them. Under prosopography we understand the scientific method of studying individual biographies of authors of historical sources in order to create a “collective biography” of a certain social group on their basis. Methods: analytical, historical, comparative, system-structural. The article author uses methods of specific scientific activity, empirical research and general logic. Practical meaning: recommended for use by scholars for historical research; provides opportunities for the use of this issue in theoretical and methodological and source studies. Originality: research, in particular on the choice of research source base and methodology of its analysis. Scientific novelty: creation of a collective portrait of a peasant author of a memoir source. Conclusions: on the basis of the analysis with the involvement of prosopographic research methods we have the opportunity to create a conditional collective portrait of a peasant of the Southern Ukraine of the twentieth century, the author of the memoir. When creating a “biography” of a peasant author, the following features are distinguished: common social origin, primary education, teaching and educational skills, psychological characteristics, propensity for creative activity, external influences. The materials collected by the researchers from the Zaporizhzhia branch of the NASU Institute of Ukrainian Archaeography and Source Studies named after M. S. Hrushevsky and the History Faculty of the Zaporizhzhia National University and published as a part of collections titled “Sources on the History of the Southern Ukraine”, “Antiquities of the Southern Ukraine” and “Ascension Antiquities”, are used as sources in the analysis. The purpose of the current investigation is to identify the causes and conditions that prompted particular peasants of the Southern Ukraine to create their own historical narrative – memoirs. Another goal is to create a “collective portrait” of an average author using prosopographic methods. The article investigates through the analysis of biographies the background of peasant authors, which singled them out from the general mass of peasants. It also highlights an “average author” as a “historical figure” and analyzes his attribution to a particular era, place, social group and culture. The use of prosopographic methods in the study of biographies of Southern Ukrainian peasants, who distinguished themselves by creating their own memoirs, allows to determine those aspects of the era and the position of the little man who chose to create their own historical excursions contrary to general trends and understanding the risks of totalitarian system. The creation of prosopographical (collective biographies) portraits of peasant authors is a very important component of the reproduction of general processes that created the conditions for the emergence of peasant narrative sources. The author tries to highlight the modern era in all its aspects through the prism of individual biographies and works of peasant authors. Type of article: scientific and theoretical.
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Murphy, Joseph. „The Evolution of the High School in America“. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 118, Nr. 13 (April 2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811611801313.
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The narrative in this article runs as follows. As the political, social, and economic environments that surround the American high school undergo seismic shifts, they create new forms of secondary education. We report that the environmental conditions between 1890 and 1920 were such that most of the pillars that anchored the American high school prior to the 20th century were swept away. New scaffolding for how classrooms should function, how schools should be organized and managed, and how the school–community relationship should be defined was constructed. By the early part of the 20th century, the high schools the nation had known for the previous three centuries were mostly gone. Over the 30 years, the social, economic, and political environments that envelop education have begun to reshape the American high school once again. Pressures accompanying the evolution to a post-industrial economy have introduced new understandings of what society expects from its secondary schools. Political and social revolutions are also pushing the high school toward fundamental changes. The biblical aura of the 20th century organizational and management playbooks for high schools are being rewritten under an onslaught of post-professional, post-public monopoly views of schools, how they work, and how they need to be shepherded to success.
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Gabdrafikova, Liliya R. „Mugallima: Tatar women’s new social and professional role in the early 20th century“. RUDN Journal of Russian History 18, Nr. 2 (15.12.2019): 302–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-2-302-319.
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In this article, the author discusses a new social group within the Tatar secular intelligentsia - the female teachers ( mugallima s) of the national primary schools. The study is based on personal documents, in particular memories and autobiographies. At the turn of the 20th century, the issue of female education became particularly important in Tatar society. The author shows the transformation of the role of the ostazbika - the imam’s wife who traditionally used to teach the girls of the Muslim community - and presents an overview of the first Tatar girl schools. Pointing out the sources of the formation of mugallima as a separate social group, the author also identifies an intermediate variant of this social group. Furthermore, attention is paid to the problem of advanced training of the mugallima, the legal regulation of Tatar female teachers’ activities, and to their official duties as well as their material conditions. The author studied the mugallima’s position in the Muslim society in relation to the gender role of an average woman, considering the everyday behavior of the mugallima, the mugallima’s image in Tatar literature as well as the way different social groups perceived this profession. The author concludes that in Tatar society the professional status of the mugallima was legalized only during World War I, and the social perception of the mugallima remained ambivalent. While traditional Muslim society continued to disapprove of independent women, the national intelligentsia supported a positive image of the mugallima. However, the issue of combining pedagogical work and family remained open. Tatar feminists of the revolutionary epoch considered the work of the mugallima as an alternative to family life and put the interests of the nation before their private life.
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Lyubichankovskiy, Sergey Valentinovich, und Alexey Valentinovich Lyubichankovskiy. „Ural-Caspian Region as a historical and geographical phenomenon (XVI - the beginning of the XX century)“. Samara Journal of Science 6, Nr. 1 (01.03.2017): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201761204.
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This paper deals with cross-disciplinary historical and geographical research. The Ural-Caspian Region existing from the 16th century to the beginning of the 20th century is its main focus. The Assessment of new lands inclusion in the Russian civilization is carried out. The authors analyze the Ural-Caspian Region through assessment of dynamics of its cultural landscapes. The social processes happening in the region are characterized. The authors suggest considering the Ural-Caspian Region as a frontier, existing from the 16th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Ethno cultural space structure mosaicity, original culture of the Cossacks and the zone with special social conditions were characteristics of the Russian and Nogai cultures assimilation at the early stage of the development. The Orenburg Region with its creeping-away regional identity is the only outlier of the Ural-Caspian Region. In its population historical memory it is possible to find five spatial images of the Orenburg Region: base to Central Asia, citadel of "civilization", testing ground for reforms, operation object with huge resources and the deaf province.
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Omeliyanchuk, Igor V. „Social Aspect of the Russian Conservatives Ideology in the Beginning of the 20th Century“. Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 102 (01.03.2020): 428–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-1-428-463.
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The article examines the social aspect of the Russian monarchist ideology in the beginning of the 20th century. The Rights considered that to preserve the traditional political system it was necessary to preserve also the traditional social system based on the society class division. In truth, giving in to the spirit of time, they resigned the class hierarchy supporting the class openness (thus, recognizing the necessity of society horizontal mobility channels) and intended to place on the class self-government authorities the functions of social representation, thus anticipating the ideas of pluralistic democracy that appeared in the West half a century later. The social program of the Rights failed to attract mass social groups, first of all workers and peasants, that was explained, on the one hand, by populism of their political opponents, who didn’t doubt to resort to social demagogy, and, on the other hand, by the frugality of the promises of the Rights, who followed the tactics of “small deeds” borrowed from the Narodniks and aimed at gradual improvement of the conditions of the people. In general, the monarchists failed to block the propagation of liberal and socialist ideas in Russian society and that became the main reason for their catastrophic defeat in 1917.
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Bahri, Saeful. „SHEIKH DJAMIL DJAHO AND SOCIO-RELIGIOUS CRITICISM OF MINANGKABAU MUSLIM: A Study on Tazkirat al-Qulub Fi Mu‘amalat ‘Allam al-Guyub“. Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 3, Nr. 02 (28.12.2018): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v3i02.651.
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This article discusses the socio-religious critique of Sheikh Djamil Djaho on the religious and socio-society conditions in Minangkabau. Analysis of the content and approach of social history-intellectuals was used to dissect the contents of the book Tazkirat al-Qulub associated with social-religious context in the policy at the beginning of the 20th century. Based on the analysis of texts it is known that Sheikh Djaho expressed his criticism towards several groups. Among the groups are (1) scholars, (2) worshippers, (3) Sufism experts, and (4) experts of the world. According to Sheikh Djaho, the four groups might include gurur (faction), when they use intelligence in their respective fields as masks, not in honesty. This study shows three points. First, the presence of Sheikh Djaho's criticism departs from the reality of the life of the clergy and layman at that time. Second, the reality of social life keeps a text alive in society. Third, the solution to social-religious reality in the early 20th century was the practice of tasawwuf.
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Krstic, Zoran. „Peronism as a model of social and political development: The modern Argentinian myth“. Medjunarodni problemi 66, Nr. 1-2 (2014): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1402137k.
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The subject of the analysis in this paper is the study of the emergence and evolution of the phenomenon of Peronism as the most important political movement and ideology in Argentina and perhaps in Latin America throughout the 20th century. The basic aim of this paper is to present Peronism as a political movement and model of development which emerged during the rule of Juan Domingo Peron in the mid-20th century. This movement continued to exist and last after Peron?s demission from the political scene. In recent history Peronism became something more significant than a political movement or a social development model. Because of that, Peronism can be characterized as a myth. Nowadays, Perosnism is one of the crucial factors in the socio-economic and cultural development in Argentina. The focus of research in this paper is on the presentation and explication of the notions/topics concerning Peron, his movement and rule. These ones are populism, presidentialism and personalisation of power. Also, this paper will analyse the conditions, facts and circumstances under which Peronism emerged and survived in spite of many critics and disputes in the scientific literature as well in the Argentinian politics and society.
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Szente, Dorina. „The Role of School Dances in the First Half of the 20th Century“. Tánc és Nevelés 2, Nr. 1 (28.02.2021): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46819/tn.2.1.106-121.
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In the first half of the twentieth century, photography allowed families and groups to capture important moments. In the 1920s and 1930s, cheaper and simpler cameras appeared on the market, which became available to many people. It was the Kodak revolution. The intimate family spaces opened; the everyday life of the schools became visible. The Fortepan visual database is a collection of such photographs taken between 1900 and 1990. As a cultural imprint of the time, the photograph has become a new source for researchers to observe a symbolic world we know little about. The oldest communication medium is the human body, so its movement in space can take cultural anthropological and pedagogical anthropological research to a whole new level. Rituals interarm everyday life, forming a transition between past, present, and future. It creates community, order. School celebrations are a good way to see hidden content that settles social conditions. The research looks at how school dances appeared in the 1920s and 1930s and how school dances changed to different social influences, and what ritual elements appear in them.
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Firsov, M. V., und A. A. Chernikova. „Genesis and Transformation of Platform 1.0. in the Context of Social Work“. Contemporary problems of social work 6, Nr. 4 (30.12.2020): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2412-5466-2020-6-4-59-66.
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the articles analyses the platforms genesis and transformation against the background of globalization, as well as the changes in the sociopathogenic space of self-care. Depending on the socioeconomic and sociocultural conditions, the evolution of the sociopathogenic platform 1.0 transformations is shown, starting from early Christian help to the 1980s. This concept was realized at the level of public administration, practice, in the development of the education system, and in the design of scientific approaches to the theory of social work until the end of the 20th century
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Allardt, Erik. „Perspektiv och perspektivförskjutningar inom nordisk“. Dansk Sociologi 11, Nr. 4 (23.08.2006): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v11i4.632.
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Paradigms and vicissitudes in the perspectives of 20th century Nordic sociology
Both as regards its own development and its cultural impact 20th century was an era of sociology. There was, however, in the central focuses considerable vicissitudes, clearly observable in the sociology of the Nordic countries, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The de-velopmental patterns can be divided into three periods: (1) an emphasis on evolution and evolutionary explanations of social behavior up to the First World War, (2) a during most of the century prevailing dominance of a sociology emphasizing socialization and societies as wholes with their social structure, normative rules and social func-tions, and (3) at the end of the century an emerging rise of a new view of social life with an accentuation of uncer-tainty, agency, and semiotic interpretation. The institu-tionalization of Nordic academic sociology occurred in the 1940’s, 1950’s and 1960’s.
Towards the end of this period reorientations and protests against the prevailing sociology began to emerge. The dominant research interests today may be summed up in the following four orientations:cultural sociology with an emphasis on semiotic constructions of reality, feminist studies with a special interest in gendered experiences of women, studies of the conditions of the Nordic welfare state, and historically oriented macro social science with a focus on large-scale both European and global trans-formations.
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Motuz, Valeria. „The history of the transformation of women of Naddnipryansk Ukraine from an object into a subject of the political process: from idea to practical implementation“. Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, Nr. 28-29 (2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-28-29-99-108.
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The article substantiates the theoretical and practical foundations of the development of the women’s movement in Naddnipryan Ukraine in the conditions of active politicization of society in the late 19th – early 20th century. When the object of the study is the increase by women from Naddnipryanskaya Ukraine of their social status in society, and the subject is their transformation from an object into a subject of political activity. This process is revealed from the standpoint of the influence of the politicization of Ukrainian society in the late 19th – early 20th century on the movement of socially active women in Nadnipryansk Ukraine towards achieving the modernization of the system of power and management from the point of view of gender equality and is presented as a transitional stage to this.
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Kovalev, Mikhail. „Soviet-Czechoslovak Intellectual Relations in the Context of Scientific Diplomacy of the Cold War (the Problems of Study)“. ISTORIYA 13, Nr. 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023785-2.
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The development of Russian-Czech and Russian-Slovak scientific relations has a long history. Their content changed depending on the political context. In the 20th century these relations acquired a new dimension, directly related to the profound historical transformations experienced by both countries. The author of this article sets himself a difficult task: to outline the prospects for studying Soviet-Czechoslovak scientific contacts in the light of new approaches, to identify some relevant areas of possible research. The author demonstrates the importance of comparative studies of the phenomenon of “socialist science” based on archival materials. Using specific examples, he outlines the importance of studying the social practices of Soviet and Czechoslovak scientists in a comparative manner, including on the basis of multi-level communications. The socio-cultural dimension of Soviet-Czechoslovak scientific communications will make it possible to better understand the peculiarities of the work of scientists in the conditions of social transformations and upheavals of the second half of the 20th century, their moral and psychological state, social status, and worldview.
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Le, Thi Tuyet. „FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTIONARY PATRIOTIC MOVEMENTS IN VIETNAM AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY“. Globus: social sciences 7, Nr. 4(38) (19.12.2021): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2713-3087-38-4-5.
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The patriotic movement in Vietnam at the beginning of the twentieth century, to a certain extent, demonstrated the unity of two tasks: national liberation and social renewal with an orientation towards democracy, naturally, in relation to the conditions of that time. Vietnamese patriotic movements of that time, experiencing the influence of Western culture, including French, gradually moved away from feudal consciousness and over time came to understand the need to combine patriotism with bourgeois democratic values of the Western type. However, at the beginning of the twentieth century, Vietnamese patriots could not find a scientifically correct way to liberate their people.
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Von Blumröder, Christoph. „Ende der Neuen Musik“. Die Musikforschung 72, Nr. 3 (22.09.2021): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52412/mf.2019.h3.44.
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The term "Neue Musik" was coined for a special concept of fundamental musical innovation within Austro-German music theory of the early 20th century, and it found no terminological equivalent beyond the German language. Established by Paul Bekker with his lecture “Neue Musik” in 1919, composers such as Stockhausen or Ligeti embraced the term with its emphatic claim to innovation and new departures. However, one hundred years on the term "Neue Musik" is often used mainly as a synonym for any type of contemporary music. This article questions whether the term "Neue Musik" is still an appropriate framework for a current theory of musical composition. Not only have the specific musical circumstances changed within the course of the 20th century, but also the political and social conditions have altered drastically after two world wars which had given special impulses to those composers who strove for a new foundation of music after 1918 and 1945 respectively. This article argues that the age of "Neue Musik" has come to an end in the late 20th century, and thus it is now necessary to introduce alternative terminological concepts and methodical directions for music historiography.
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Fields, Marjory Diana. „Women in American Labour Movement“. International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment 3, Nr. 2 (Juli 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.2019070104.
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In this article, the author examines the history of exclusion and sex-based discrimination against U.S. women workers seeking to join unions established by men. The author describes how groups of women and girls working in fabric mills in the 19th Century took strike action against work speed up and increased production requirements, making demands for higher wages, equal pay with men, improved working conditions, clean water, health care and time off. Then, in the early 20th century, women teachers formed their own unions to gain increased pay and pension plans, and for social justice. These unions continue to the present seeking also social justice and exercising political power.
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Varea, Carlos, Elena Sánchez-García, Barry Bogin, Luis Ríos, Bustar Gómez-Salinas, Alejandro López-Canorea und José Martínez-Carrión. „Disparities in Height and Urban Social Stratification in the First Half of the 20th Century in Madrid (Spain)“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 11 (10.06.2019): 2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112048.
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Adult height is the most commonly used biological indicator to evaluate material and emotional conditions in which people grew up, allowing the analysis of secular trends associated with socio-economic change as well as of social inequalities among human populations. There is a lack of studies on both aspects regarding urban populations. Our study evaluates the secular trends and the disparities in height of conscripts born between 1915 and 1953 and called-up at the age of 21 between 1936 and 1969, living in districts with low versus middle and high socio-economic conditions, in the city of Madrid, Spain. We test the hypothesis that urban spatial segregation and social stratification was associated with significant differences in height. Results show that height increased significantly during the analysed period, both among conscripts living in the middle- and upper-class districts (5.85 cm) and in the lower-class districts (6.75 cm). The positive secular trend in height among conscripts from middle- and upper-class districts was sustained throughout the period, but the trend in height among the lower class fluctuated according to social, political, and economic events. Our findings support previous research that adult height is influenced strongly by the family living conditions during infancy and by community effects acting during childhood and adolescence.
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Kuhlmann, Johanna, Delia González de Reufels, Klaus Schlichte und Frank Nullmeier. „How social policy travels: A refined model of diffusion“. Global Social Policy 20, Nr. 1 (09.12.2019): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018119888443.
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Building on a critical engagement with the diffusion literature, this article introduces a refined model of diffusion that sheds light on crucial but so far neglected aspects of the diffusion process. First, by introducing four analytically distinct constellations of diffusion, we highlight important differences between the participating units of a diffusion process. Therefore, the model also allows for analysing very early developments of social policy under the conditions of colonialism and relations between states of equal or different economic strength, and under conditions of continuing post-colonial ties. Second, we conceptualize diffusion as consisting of three stages which involve different actors from both units: the stage of perception and translation, the stage of cooperation and conflict and the stage of collective decision-making. Third, we argue that the dominant focus of diffusion research on the macro-level obscures that people, money and procedures are key promoters of diffusion. From this refined model of diffusion, it becomes possible to analyse diffusion processes in a more detailed way. We demonstrate the added value of our model by analysing the development of education policy in Chile and Argentina in the 19th century, and the establishment of project funding for social policy purposes under conditions of colonialism in the British Empire in the mid-20th century.
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Jackson, Deborah Davis. „A perfect storm: embodied workers, emplaced corporations, and delayed reflexivity in a Canadian 'Risk Society'“. Journal of Political Ecology 27, Nr. 1 (28.03.2020): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v27i1.23138.
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At the turn of the 21st century, an occupational disease epidemic began to unfold in Sarnia, Ontario, home to the petrochemical complex known as Canada's 'Chemical Valley.' Given the long latency periods for these diseases, the hazardous exposures that produced them would have occurred over a period of decades during the latter 20th century. This suggests a paradox: what accounts for unionized Canadian men working for decades in conditions that posed such grave risks to their health? Or, put in terms of Ulrich Beck's compelling and influential model: given that Chemical Valley during the second half of the 20th century constituted a quintessential "risk society" of the modern West, where were the forces of "political reflexivity" – resistance leading to change – typically provoked by the excesses of such societies? In this article, I seek to resolve this paradox with a political ecology approach that focuses on workers' embodied experience in the micro-environment of their workplace and community, as well as on the material and social emplacement of petrochemical facilities in the region. The analysis reveals a 'perfect storm' of converging ecological, cultural, political, and economic conditions that allowed local corporations to achieve extraordinary power. Consequently, even as activism for occupational and environmental justice was effecting change in similar industrial centers throughout Ontario and the Great Lakes region, these changes failed to take hold in Chemical Valley. The article concludes by suggesting that those 20th century power dynamics have continued into the 21st century, where reflexivity delayed might well have atrophied into reflexivity denied.Keywords: embodiment, emplacement, risk society, petrochemical corporations, industrial workers, Canada, Great Lakes region
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Vilasi, Antonella Colonna. „Israel and the Middle East: The creation of a Nation“. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 9, Nr. 3 (01.05.2018): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0047.
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Abstract In order to properly study the foundation of a State, a paradigm of thought or any other organization, we should analyze the historical context which produced the conditions for this phenomenon to happen, in all its variables and components. The Jewish question cannot certainly be relegated only to the 20th century, but surely it was the century in which the cultural, political, economic, and social debate was the expression of a collective will to create a Nation and develop and transform it into a key country in the context of global geopolitics.
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Gallyamova, Zemfira V. „HEALTHCARE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SOCIAL POLICY OF THE SOVIET STATE IN THE LATE 1920S-30S OF THE XXTH CENTURY (BY THE MATERIALS OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD AND KIROV REGIONS)“. Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 14, Nr. 2 (30.06.2022): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2022-14-2-61-77.
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Background. The processes of modernisation in the late 20s-30s of the 20th century (or in the 20-30s of the 20th century) resulted in qualitative changes in all life spheres of the Russian society. The radical renewal of industrial production was accompanied by the creation of a complex social infrastructure. This causes interest in the organization of the healthcare system as a criterion for socially-oriented management under a large-scale transformation of Russia.
Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyse health care as a modernisation element of social and economic changes during the Great Leap.
Materials and methods. The author bases his research on unpublished archival materials, materials of local periodicals, normative acts of the Soviet government. When analysing the material, the author resorts to special methods of historical research.
Results. The results of the study show that in the 20-30s of the 20th century, health care becomes one of the most important areas of state policy, flexibly incorporating into the modernisation course. The organisation of health care took place in difficult conditions of forming a new state, restoring after post-war devastation and combating epidemics. The chosen vector of the socio-economic course determined social priorities for healthcare. A differentiated, class approach to medical care for the population proceeded in accordance with the program guidelines outlined in the five-year plans. Maintaining the health of the working class was regarded one of the leading factors of production. Under the lack of workers, one of the most important public policies was the involvement of women in production and, as a result, the deployment of preventive medical measures in childcare centres.
At the same time, there is an apparent bias in medical care in favor of urban areas. In the conditions of forced industrialisation, limited resources, the agricultural sector was considered more a source of financing than an object of investment. In general, the health care system built according to the principles of N.A. Semashko provided for the unity of command, a wide territorial coverage, including the provision of medical care to the entire population. But historical conditions did not allow the declared provisions to be realised full-scale.
Practical implications. The results of the study can be used in writing generalizing works on the social policy in the late 1920s-30s of the XXTH century.
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N. E., Zhukova. „IMAGE OF VERKHNEUDINSK CITY IN EKATERINA SERGEYEVA’S (TANSKAYA) LETTERS OF THE EARLY 20th CENTURY“. Human research of Inner Asia 3 (2022): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18101/2305-753x-2022-3-49-54.
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The article presents the thematic analysis of the letters by the famous resident of Verkhneudinsk — Ulan-Ude Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Sergeyeva (married name Tan-skaya) at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. The letters are a unique historical source shining a spotlight on everyday life of the city. We have chosen the letters in which Ekaterina told her family and friends about Verkhneudinsk. Being a native of Chita, Ekaterina perceived Verkhneudinsk as her native and beloved place due to the the fact that her family and friends lived there. Obviously, the young girl placed her atten-tion on the most vivid and significant events from the social life of the city, such as mobi-lization and the passage of the first train. Considering the city provincial and gray, she during her long stay in St. Petersburg was sincerely interested in its life. Summing up the study, we have emphasized that despite the scarcity of subject descriptions of the city E. A. Sergeyeva’s (Tanskaya) letters show us the love and warmth of the residents to the city regardless the monotony of its cultural and social life, and unsuitable living conditions.
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Liarsky, Alexander. „A Machine for Developing a World View“. Antropologicheskij forum 16, Nr. 45 (2020): 26–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2020-16-45-26-49.
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This article examines hand written school press publications of the beginning of the 20th century. It is based on a text collection of school manuscript journals and newspapers from two St Petersburg schools: the VyborgEight-yearCommercialSchool and Vvedenskaya Boys’ ClassicalSecondary School. In this article the texts are considered as a social act, i.e. as one of the mechanisms of this kind of socialization, and not only as an indicator of latter. According to the schoolchildren themselves, one of the goals of the school press was to form a world view. This article conducts a short review of how the idea of a world view has developed in Russia during the 19th century. Furthermore, the article examines the practices which have been used by the school press in order to form a world view. The article also examines those conditions which have been created in the school press: the active students struggling against an inert mass, censure and also self-censure in the school press. The findings provide a new source for microhistorical research that investigates the peculiar features of socialization typical of the Russian intelligentsia at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. In the conclusion, the author attempts to widen our understanding of the beginning of the 20th century.
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Polunov, Alexander Yu. „K.P. Pobedonostsev and V.V. Rozanov: “Fathers and Sons” of Russian Conservatism“. Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 60 (12.12.2019): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2019-0-4-124-131.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the relations of two major representatives of Russian conservatism of the 19th–20th centuries, – the Ober-Procurator of the Most Hole Synod K.P. Pobedonostsev and publicist V.V. Rozanov. According to the author of the article, those relations revealed not just the personal specifics of both conservatives who initially sympathized with each other both personally and conceptually, but more the principle separation in the conservative camp that happened at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. It reflected both the generational and ideological contradictions in the views. In particular, the young conservatives of the turn of the century challenged the “protective” position of K.P Pobedonostsev demanding more efficient activity of the Church and the State in defending the basics of the existing order. Ideologically the new generation of conservatives believed that under the conditions of the ideological struggle aggravations at the turn of the century the conservative fundamentals need to be more clearly formulated and substantiated, while the Ober-Procurator definitely opposed such steps. In the long run those contradictions resulted in tragic consequences for both the conservatism as social and political trend in Russia, and for the destiny of Russian state system in the 20th century.
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Alberro, Alexander, Homi Bhabha, Alejandra Castillo, Keti Chukhrov, T. J. Demos, Keyna Eleison, Irmgard Emmelhainz et al. „What is Radical?“ ARTMargins 10, Nr. 3 (Oktober 2021): 8–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00301.
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Abstract What does it mean to think and act radically, and how does this relate to forms of radicalism connected to earlier moments, for example, in the 20th century? What can be the role of radical art and scholarship under the conditions of late capitalism? More generally, how can art and artists serve the ongoing struggle for social justice and the agendas of emancipatory social change? Finally, what kinds of art criticism and art historical scholarship are necessary to address the great challenges of our uncertain future?
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Barysheva, Ekaterina A. „The Formation of the Library System of India (19th - 20th centuries)“. Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)] 1, Nr. 2 (28.04.2016): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2016-1-2-197-204.
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This article is devoted to the formation and development of system of public libraries in India and their place in the educational, social, cultural and informational space of the country. The formation of the library system in India occurred during the complex colonial and post-colonial periods of its history. It took place in the conditions of underdevelopment, the uneven social, political and cultural development of the regions, ethnolinguistic disunity, and mass illiteracy of the population, dominating in the society of caste, religious and gender prejudices. The article demonstrates that public libraries in India, beginning with their appearance in the first half of the 19th century, had a special mission. They were considered not only as repositories of books, but, first of all, as centers of education, aimed to spread the knowledge, fight with ignorance by introducing to the reading, to raise the cultural and intellectual level of Indian society, thereby contributing to its prosperity. The article describes the main stages and directions of state policy of India in the field of librarianship from the early nineteenth to the late twentieth century, recounts the history of the founding of the National library, emphasized the role of Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation. In separate section there is considered the contribution to the library and information science of S.R. Ranganathan, the outstanding leader of Indian culture.
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Carson, Scott Alan. „Net nutrition on the late 19th and early 20th century American Great Plains: a robust biological response to the challenges to the Turner Hypothesis“. Journal of Biosocial Science 51, Nr. 5 (26.02.2019): 698–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000014.
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AbstractIn 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner proposed that America’s Western frontier was an economic ‘safety-valve’ – a place where settlers could migrate when conditions in eastern states and Europe crystallized against their upward economic mobility. However, recent studies suggest the Western frontier’s material conditions may not have been as advantageous as Jackson proposed because settlers lacked the knowledge and human capital to succeed on the Plains and Far Western frontier. Using stature, BMI and weight from five late 19th and early 20th century prisons, this study uses 61,276 observations for men between ages 15 and 79 to illustrate that current and cumulative net nutrition on the Great Plains did not deteriorate during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, indicating that recent challenges to the Turner Hypothesis are not well supported by net nutrition studies.
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Webster, David. „Benefit sanctions, social citizenship and the economy“. Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 34, Nr. 3 (Mai 2019): 316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094219852336.
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Throughout the history of National Insurance in the UK, there has been relatively little emphasis on benefit conditions or sanctions (previously called disqualifications). The relevant academic literature has been correspondingly thin. But over the past three decades there has been a dramatic shift to increased conditionality in social security, accompanied by increased harshness in the penalties. This has started to spawn a substantial new literature. This review article considers three significant recent publications. Although written from different perspectives, they all conclude that the current UK sanctions system cannot be justified. The review article argues that more attention needs to be paid to the flaws in the economic case for conditionality. It concludes that effective reform of the system depends on a reassertion of the concepts of social citizenship which underlay the development of National Insurance in the 20th century.
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Turza, Karel. „On modernity in general and on the main obstacles to modernity in Serbia in the 20th century - and afterwards“. Sociologija 45, Nr. 2 (2003): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0302117t.
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This work offers, in the first place, a definition of the notion of modernity, then, a reconstruction of historical origins of that wide and long-lasting ideal/spiritual and practical project, and the main theoretical views of the attributes and conditions of its contemporary existence. The analysis of the character of the main socio-historical currents in Serbia during the 20th century - based upon the above mentioned logical theoretical, methodological and historical considerations - reveals the reasons why the project of modernity has never become a basis or, at least a relevant orientation factor for human action/behaviour in the milieu.
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Ninditi, Angelo Aparecido. „Street Person: Contextualization of Social Conditions and Public Policies through a Descriptive Review“. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 9, Nr. 11 (2022): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.911.45.
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Introduction: Living on the street is a global problem evidenced in both developed and developing nations, especially in medium and large urban centers. Descriptive Review: The presence of people who make the streets of contemporary metropolises their home is an undeniable reality. In the first half of the 20th century, this phenomenon was intensified in Brazil with the rural exodus and the migratory process, driven by industrial growth. Method: Discussion: Several health problems can be precipitated or worsened by being on the streets: tuberculosis, infestations, foot problems, sexually transmitted diseases, oral health problems, high-risk pregnancy. Results: The consumption of alcohol and other psychoactive drugs and the health and social consequences for both the community and users draw the attention of different segments of society, as it is often related to dependence on these substances and social vulnerability. Final Considerations: Teenage pregnancy has been the focus of health research. Current literature reveals much about the life contexts that lead adolescents to run away from home: victimization, domestic violence, sexual abuse, substance abuse, mental health problems, poverty, restricted social relationships and residential instability are often precursors to life on the streets. among teenagers.
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Baltezarevic, Vesna. „Social group and mobbing“. Temida 12, Nr. 4 (2009): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0904077b.
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Our reality, having been subject to the numerous social crises during the last decades of the 20th century, is characterized by frequent incidences of powerlessness and alienation. The man is more frequently a subject to loneliness and overcomes the feeling of worthlessness, no matter whether he considers himself an individual or a part of a whole larger social. Such an environment leads to development of aggression in all fields of ones life. This paper has as an objective the pointing out of the mental harassment that is manifested in the working environment. There is a prevalence of mobbing cases, as a mode of pathological communication. The result of this is that a person, subjected to this kind of abuse, is soon faced with social isolation. This research also aspires to initiate the need for social groups self-organization of which victims are part of. The reaction modality of a social group directly conditions the outcome of the deliberate social drama, one is subjected to it as a result of mobbing.
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Wang, Jin, und Xiaoyu Xie. „Traumatic Narrative in Virginia Woolf’s Novel Mrs. Dalloway“. English Language and Literature Studies 7, Nr. 1 (20.01.2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v7n1p18.
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Virginia Woolf was one of the greatest literary artists in the 20th century, pioneering the contemporary English literature with the stream-of-consciousness technique. Mrs. Dalloway is her representative work that centers on the internal description of the characters while presenting social conditions of the postwar Britain. This paper examines traumatic narratives of the two protagonists, Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Warren Smith, and explores implications of the war as the primordial cause of the spiritual crisis.
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Lesi, Irina. „Formation of the penitentiary System of Soviet Ukraine (first half of the 20th century)“. Supremacy of Law, Nr. 1 (September 2021): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52388/2345-1971.2021.1.16.
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The process of organizing and becoming a system of execution of criminal penalties in Soviet Ukraine has been investigated since the Education of the Ukrainian SSR until 1930 - the beginning of the 1950s.; marked the main stages of the development of the state; The main regulatory acts of the structural and organizational activities of the penitentiary system are analyzed. In the 1920s. The Soviet penitentiary system was considered as a composite punitive system of the state and an effective means of combating the «class enemy». At the same time, the system of correctional institutions in Ukraine has not yet been considered as a means of severe punishment in the conditions of isolation from society, and it was also interpreted as an integral part of the condemnation system of convicts in social waste. The system of execution of criminal penalties to which correctional labor camps and general places of detention were determined. Independent subsystems were considered prison institutions (ordinary and investigative prisons), as well as labor colonies for minors and children's educational colonies. It has been established that under the conditions of Stalinism, an extensive network of the criminal executive system was a kind of foundation of totalitarian regime, was in an organic relationship with the administrative command system. The state administration of criminal and executive institutions in the post-war years carried out, and based on the principles of strict control of various departments of the NKVD, NKGB, MJ, Ministry of Internal Affairs.
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Voronchenko, T., E. Fedorova und E. Gladkikh,. „Ethnocultural transformations in the annexed (1848) territories of Northern Mexico and the hypothetical future as imagined by Californian writers of the 19th and 20th centuries (Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton, Helen Maria Hunt Jackson, Alejandro Morales)“. TRANSBAIKAL STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 28, Nr. 10 (2022): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-10-64-72.
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The article focuses on defining the ways the 19th and 20th centuries authors presented ethnocultural transformations driven by ethnopolitical processes in the Mexican territories of Alta California annexed by the United States in 1848. The research includes the novels of the 19th-century American authors: The Squatter and the Don (1885) by Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton, Ramona (1884) by Helen Maria Hunt Jackson; and The Rag Doll Plagues (1992) by the author of late 20th century Alejandro Morales. The object of the research is the historical reality as presented in the literature of California in the 19th and 20th centuries. The subject of the research is the representation of ethnocultural transformations in the territories of the former Alta California in the views of Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton, Helen Maria Hunt Jackson, and Alejandro Morales. The purpose of the research is to identify the specifics of depicting ethnocultural transformations in the fiction works by Californian writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. The methodological basis of the research includes the works that analyze a literary text as a product of social life in specific cultural and historical conditions. The article uses a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the social and ethnocultural phenomena specific to the population of Mexican territories that became part of the United States. The approach combines methods of the sociology of literature, historical and cultural, problem-focused and chronological, and comparative research methods. The analysis of the novels helps to identify similarities and differences in the representation of the views of the 19th and 20th centuries authors on the ethnocultural transformations both in the ‘current’ historical reality (in literature depicting the ‘local color’) and the hypothetical reality of the future (in the dystopian novel).
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Nizar, Muchamad Coirun. „Pemikiran KH. Hasyim Asy’ari tentang Persatuan“. Endogami: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Antropologi 1, Nr. 1 (01.12.2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/endogami.1.1.63-74.
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KH. Hasyim Asy'ari is a national Islamic figure who existed in the early 20th century and contributed greatly to the Indonesian nation. His real contribution to the progress of Indonesian Muslims is the birth of the Nahdlatul Ulama organization which still exists and has many followers. This paper will describe KH. Hasyim Asyari’s thought about unity in the book Al Muqaddimah Al-Qanun Al Asasi Li Jam'iyyah Nahdlatul Ulama 'as well as the historical socio-conditions that lie behind this thought. The idea of unity is the central idea in the book, and it included national unity and religious unity. His thought in this book is motivated by the social conditions that occurred at that time. The condition of the Indonesian nation being colonized by the Dutch is the most dominant social condition. The other social conditions are the religious social conditions that occur such as the emptiness of the leadership of the traditionalist Islam and the phenomenon of renewal in Islam
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Szumski, Jan. „Działalność Pracowni Historii Idei Humanistycznych i Społecznych Instytutu Historii Nauki PAN w 2021 r.“ Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki 67, Nr. 3 (03.10.2022): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/0023589xkhnt.22.032.16335.
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Research Activity of the History of Humanist and Social Thought Research Unit at the Institute for the History of Science PAS in 2021 The article presents the main scope of research, scientific achievements, and the popularization and organizational accomplishments of the members of the History of Humanist and Social Thought Research Unit in 2021. The research interests of the employees cover a wide variety of topics, including institutional conditions for the development of Polish science in the 20th century, intellectual movements and currents, and the history of historiography – all of which fall within the scope of the history of ideas and ways of practising social sciences and humanities.
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HODOVANSKA, Oksana. „READING AS A «SERIOUS» LEISURE ACTIVITY OF RURAL TEACHERS OF HALYCHYNA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY“. Contemporary era 10 (2022): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/nd.2022-10-185-190.
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The leisure time of rural teachers in Halychyna in Soviet times has been studied, taking into account the main conditions that determined it. It was found that the socio-economic actuality of Soviet reality, living in rural areas, traits of teacher's labor, cultural traditions of society and its intellectual inquiry, and personal aspirations or preferences were the governing conditions for the formation of teachers’ leisure time. Special attention was paid to reading as a way of spending teachers’ free time after their professional, family, or household responsibilities. Oral-historical narratives recorded with former teachers in the villages of Lviv and Ternopil regions, unpublished cases of the departments of Soviet education of Ivano-Frankivsk and Lviv regional archives, and published documents of the Soviet period are analyzed. The «serious» teachers’ leisure pastime is stated – it is reading art books and Soviet periodicals, watching movies in rural clubs, participating, and most often organization of themed holidays, evenings, and concerts. It is concluded that the boundaries between teachers' free time and their professional, family, or household responsibilities are blurred. The leisure time of teachers was «professionalized», put it otherwise it acquired the features of a «supplement» to work and preparation for it. The choice of possibilities for its holding depended on their professional activities and their social «loads». It is proved that the construct of «leisure time» was one of the Soviet social policy and social engineering elements. Soviet social engineering aimed not only to guide, control, or intimidate people by using a variety of approaches but also to fill their free time most effectively. Soviet social engineering embodied the concept of «culture» with its ideological content in the formation of the Soviet «lifestyle». One of the common practices of «culture» was reading. Keywords reading, leisure time, Soviet period, teachers, Halychyna, everyday life.
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Жимаева, Екатерина, und Ekaterina Zhimaeva. „Health-impaired children social integration: Russian and Non-Russian historical experience“. Servis Plus 8, Nr. 3 (01.09.2014): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5531.
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The article is devoted to an analysis of health-impaired children social integration. The author identifies six major stages in the development of a society’s attitude towards disability as a problem and disables children
as a distinct social group: from absolute rejection and even destruction of health-impaired persons to public recognition of equal rights irrespective of health conditions. In the article, the author compares Russian and European experience in health-impaired-people-targeted aid-provision and concludes that Russian experience is significantly different from that of Europe, where aid programmes were informed by the goals and aims of the state. By mid-20th century, European society had come to a realization of health-impaired people’s social equality and begun to develop a social model of disability, the underlying premise of which was active social assistance provided for persons with special needs in the course of their socialization. The predominant attitude in Russia was characterized by plaintive compassion and pity, which shaped the support/aid model as initially grounded in private charity and, later, state provision. By the end of the 20th century, due to global socio-economic reforms, a social model of disability came to be created in Russia. However, legal deficiencies, fund and qualified personnel shortages, as well as the negative stereotypes have so far been challenging the development of the model. As a conclusion, the author insists that the
adaptivity model currently in effect be replaced by a self-actualization model. The author provides practical recommendations concerning personnel training and re-training in the field of social follow-up of healthimpaired people.
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Karydaki, Danae. „Freud under the Acropolis: The challenging journey of psychoanalysis in 20th-century Greece (1915–1995)“. History of the Human Sciences 31, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2018): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118791719.
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Psychoanalysis was introduced to Greece in 1915 by the progressive educator Manolis Triantafyllidis and was further elaborated by Marie Bonaparte, Freud’s friend and member of the Greek royal family, and her psychoanalytic group in the aftermath of the Second World War. However, the accumulated traumas of the Nazi occupation (1941–1944), the Greek Civil War (1946–1949), the post-Civil-War tension between the Left and the Right, the military junta (1967–1974) and the social and political conditions of post-war Greece led this project and all attempts to establish psychoanalysis in Greece, to failure and dissolution. The restoration of democracy in 1974 and the rapid social changes it brought was a turning point in the history of Greek psychoanalysis: numerous psychoanalysts, who had trained abroad and returned after the fall of the dictatorship, were hired in the newly established Greek National Health Service (NHS), and contributed to the reform of Greek psychiatry by offering the option of psychoanalytic psychotherapy to the non-privileged. This article draws on a range of unexplored primary sources and oral history interview material, in order to provide the first systematic historical account in the English language of the complex relationship between psychoanalysis and Greek society, and the contribution of psychoanalytic psychotherapy to the creation of the Greek welfare state. In so doing, it not only attempts to fill a lacuna in the history of contemporary Greece, but also contributes to the broader historiography of psychotherapy and of Europe.
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Ligenko, Nelli P. „SOME FACTORS ABOUT FORMATION OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SOCIAL STRATUM IN THE KAMA-VYATKA REGION OF THE 18th – EARLY 20th CENTURY“. Historical Search 1, Nr. 4 (25.12.2020): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2020-1-4-52-62.
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The article discusses the main determinants of successful entrepreneurship development in an individual provincial region of the country. Favorable natural-geographical and socio-economic conditions contributed to relatively early inclusion of the region into the development of a single all-Russian commodity market, and later a capitalist market. On the one hand, the set of necessary factors contributed to the involvement of a wide stratum of peasantry in the processes of initial accumulation of capital and the formation of the local entrepreneurial social stratum. It should be noted that the establishment of a solid, sustainable trade and industrial economy by dynasty took place, as a rule, during 150 years. On the other hand, favorable conditions for investment attracted the attention of the foreign bourgeoisie. These ways of entrepreneurship development determined that active, talented, educated, business people who knew how to think large-scale, risk-capable and possessed high adaptive qualities were concentrated in the Kama-Vyatka region. The entrepreneurial stratum played a large role in the socio-economic and cultural development of the province.
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Markova, Mira. „A Look of the Bulgarians through the Prism of a Textbook from the Beginning of 20th Century – “Pictures from the General Geography” by Ivan Hoic“. Istoriya-History 29, Nr. 1 (20.01.2021): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2021-1-3-hoic.
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In our modern reality, one of the constantly relevant topics that excites the researchers, the teachers and the general public, is the content of the textbooks especially those on social and humanitarian subjects. The present study focuses on the analysis of a textbook from the beginning of 20th century – “Pictures from the general geography” of the Croatian Ivan Hoic. This work is characterized by a humanistic approach to the issue of otherness and the other. Hoic’ s work presents a real presentation of a foreign culture as a mandatory element of educational process. The view of Bulgarians presented by Hoic creates conditions for our self-knowledge even in the reality of the 21st century.
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Markova, Mira. „A Look of the Bulgarians through the Prism of a Textbook from the Beginning of 20th Century – “Pictures from the General Geography” by Ivan Hoic“. Istoriya-History 29, Nr. 1 (20.01.2021): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2021-1-3-hoic.
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In our modern reality, one of the constantly relevant topics that excites the researchers, the teachers and the general public, is the content of the textbooks especially those on social and humanitarian subjects. The present study focuses on the analysis of a textbook from the beginning of 20th century – “Pictures from the general geography” of the Croatian Ivan Hoic. This work is characterized by a humanistic approach to the issue of otherness and the other. Hoic’ s work presents a real presentation of a foreign culture as a mandatory element of educational process. The view of Bulgarians presented by Hoic creates conditions for our self-knowledge even in the reality of the 21st century.
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Vanstone, Maurice. „The Engineer, the Educationalist, and the Feminist Writer: National Champions and the Development of Probation in Europe“. European Journal of Probation 1, Nr. 2 (August 2009): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/206622030900100202.
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Probation developed throughout the world as a result of a variety of different elements and social conditions coinciding within a relatively short period of time at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. Amongst these were the efforts of a number of people from different disciplines who shared an interest in giving people who were at the beginning of their criminal careers a second chance. This paper highlights the contributions of three of these people in an attempt to throw more light on how the concept of probation passed into law, how it attracted disparate interests in Europe, and what that reveals about the state of probation today.
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Vagni, Tito. „Mídia e representação do cinismo no drama político“. MATRIZes 11, Nr. 2 (31.08.2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1982-8160.v11i2p79-91.
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This essay proposes an investigation on the forms of contemporary cynicism, combining the interpretation of political drama with reflections of the daily life sociology, particularly referring to Simmel, Goffman and De Certeau. In an expanded historical perspective from the 21st century metropolis to the communication media of the 20th century, it proposes a reconstruction of the political action and of certain moment of its imagination. A moment that shall be studied as from its relations with money, time acceleration and sensory overstimulation, which institute a new image of social relations. Cynicism seems to be, in the conditions created by metropolis and media, the cultural form more suitable for management and organization of daily events in public sphere.
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Shi, Qian Fei. „The Civic Apartment for the Aged in the Background of Chinese Population Ageing“. Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (Mai 2011): 4005–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.4005.
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At the end of 20th century, our country has already entered population aging stage. Along with the aggravation of the population ageing, the change of people’s viewpoint, it makes residential elderly-living mode turned into social elderly-living mode and the apartment for aged also springs up gradually. The paper introduce the development of the foreign representative apartment for the aged and the welfare history of policies and present conditions, analysis the problems of our country’s apartment for the aged and the future development directions of it.
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Maurer, Jean-Luc. „The Thin Red Line between Indentured and Bonded Labour: Javanese Workers in New Caledonia in the Early 20th Century“. Asian Journal of Social Science 38, Nr. 6 (2010): 866–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853110x530778.
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AbstractThis short article presents a relatively unknown historical experience of indentured labour having seen thousands of Javanese workers being sent from the end of the 19th century to the outbreak of WWII by the colonial authorities of the Netherlands Indies to New Caledonia, a French colony in the south-west Pacific. Being drawn from a comprehensive study of historical sociology written in French and published in 2006, it summarises the reasons behind this odd labour migration movement and focuses on the recruitment and working conditions of these indentured labourers. Its main argument is to show that there are many points of comparison between past and present forms of labour migration and that one finds some elements of bondage in both of them, the red line being therefore very thin indeed between indentured labour of the colonial period and present day globalisation migrant workers recruitment and employment practices.