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Klevnäs, Alison Margaret. "Whodunnit? : grave-robbery in early medieval northern and western Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/236124.
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This thesis brings together all that is currently known of early medieval grave reopening in northern and western Europe. It investigates in detail an intensive outbreak of grave-robbery in 6th-7th century Kent. This is closely related to the same phenomenon in Merovingia: an example of the import of not only material goods but also a distinctive cultural practice. Limited numbers of similar robbing episodes, affecting a much smaller proportion of graves in each cemetery, are also identified elsewhere in Anglo-Saxon England. Although the phenomenon of grave-robbery is well-attested in Merovingia, this research is the first study at a regional level. The aim is to advance the debate about early medieval robbery from general discussion of interpretative possibilities to evaluation of specific models and their compatibility with the archaeological evidence. The conclusions have significant implications for the interpretation of grave-robbery across early medieval Europe. In Kent robbing is at a level that must be considered in any discussion of cemetery evidence. The poor publication record has inhibited recognition and analysis of robbing in the county. However, by using extensive archive material, this thesis has shown that the practice of ransacking graves was on a similar scale in East Kent as in Merovingia. This research identifies over 200 reopened graves across Kent, with at least 15 sites affected. At the most intensely robbed sites, an average of over 20% of burials were disturbed. Robbing is likely to have had a significant impact on artefact finds, especially from the late 6th century onwards. Grave-robbery opens a window onto the wider meanings and values of grave-good types within the early medieval period. The analysis in this thesis demonstrates that the main motive for reopening was the removal of grave goods. However, straightforward personal enrichment was not the goal. A deliberate, consistent selection of certain grave-good types were taken from burials, while other apparently covetable possessions were left behind. The desired grave-goods were removed even when in an unusable condition. It is argued that the selection of goods for removal was related to their symbolic roles in the initial burial rite. Their taking was intended to harm living descendants by damaging the prestige and strength of the dead. In addition to the robbed graves, there is a small number of graves spread across the sites which were reopened for bodily mutilation or rearrangement of skeletal parts. These closely resemble the better known deviant burial rites which were applied to certain corpses at the time of initial burial and are interpreted as a reaction to fear of revenants. In modern Britain burial is a finite and final process: the definitive disposal of a dead body. The archaeological and ethnographic records contain many examples of more complex series of events to enable the dead to move on from the living. The material remains of such processes can be seen in revisited and reopened graves, and in myriad manipulations of human bodies. This case study is a detailed, contextualised investigation of the after-history of burial monuments focused on the early Middle Ages.
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Bergerbrant, Sophie. "Bronze Age Identities : Costume, Conflict and Contact in Northern Europe 1600-1300 BC." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6772.
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This dissertation deals with male and female social identities during the Middle Bronze Age (1600-1300 BC) in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany. South Scandinavian Bronze Age research has traditionally focused on the male sphere, while women have seldom been seriously considered or analysed in terms of their roles, power or influences on society. This study addresses the imbalance through discussing the evidence for gender relations, social structures and identity. The topic will be approached using case studies from different areas of northern Europe and from a variety of angles (e.g. costume and appearance, age, violence, long distance contacts), always drawing on the rich material from burials. How people presented themselves varied not only between different areas, but also over time. Groups that treated material culture in a fairly similar way during Period IB (c. 1600-1500 BC) start treating it in different ways during Period II (c. 1500-1300 BC). In southern Scandinavia during Period II the material culture is fairly similar on the whole, but the different geographical groups use the artefacts in different ways. The level of violence seems to have fluctuated in the area during the Middle Bronze Age, with some areas showing more signs of violence at certain times. On the other hand the view on ageing seems to have been fairly similar over a large part of central and northern Europe, and from age 14 one seems to have been regarded as an adult. The dissertation also shows that long distance contacts were important and wide-ranging, and people seem to have moved across large areas of Europe, even if the visible exogamous marriage pattern seems to have decreased in distance from Period IB to Period II. In conclusion, although there seems to have been a general European pattern concerning e.g. the view on age, the archaeological record reveals many local variations in how this was expressed, e.g. on the body.
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Fischer, Svante. "Roman Imperialism and Runic Literacy : The Westernization of Northern Europe (150-800 AD)." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6271.
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Price, Max. "Pigs and Power: Pig Husbandry in Northern Mesopotamia During the Emergence of Social Complexity (6500-2000 Bc)." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493422.
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This dissertation examines the evolution of pig husbandry during the period in which complex societies developed in northern Mesopotamia. Pigs were unique in the ancient Middle East because they were particularly well suited for smallholder production as opposed to elite control. In tracking the evolution of pig husbandry practices over this long period of time, this dissertation asks two questions. The first question is: when did pig husbandry practices intensify? In other words, when did northern Mesopotamian communities begin penning and stall-feeding their pigs? The second question is: why? Was there a correlation between intensification and the development class conflict, a critical part of the emergence of complex societies? Did smallholders intensify pig production to resist elite control over the agricultural sector?
After developing a theoretical framework informed by previous zooarchaeological research and Marxist scholarship, this dissertation focuses on reconstructing pig husbandry at 10 archaeological sites dating to the 7th-3rd millennia BC. This research uses the assemblage of hunted wild boar at Epipaleolithic (11th millennium) Hallan Çemi as a control. The 3rd-millennium site of Tell Leilan, which included recognizable elite and non-elite areas, provides a means of testing the hypothesis that smallholders intensified pig husbandry in order to resist economic domination. This study employs a battery of standard and specialized zooarchaeological techniques to provide multiple lines of evidence for determining three aspects of pig husbandry: control over diet, mobility, and reproduction. These methods include: geometric morphometrics, survivorship analysis, biometrics, analysis of pathologies (including linear enamel hypoplasia and dental calculus), dental microwear, and analysis of starch granules and phytoliths embedded in calculus. Special attention is paid to developing appropriate statistical models to make sense of the numerous datasets.
The results indicate that pig husbandry underwent region-wide intensification before or during the Halaf (6th millennium BC), and thus intensification predated the development of complex societies by about 2000 years. The Halaf is a relatively unknown period in the long-term history of the region, and it remains unclear why pig husbandry may have changed at this time. There was no detectable correlation between the emergence of complex societies and pig husbandry change despite the fact that the development of social inequality radically changed the nature of food production and consumption in the region. Moreover, there were few differences between pig husbandry practices in the elite and non-elite areas of Tell Leilan. These results, although plagued by a high degree of statistical uncertainty, suggest that the connections between pigs and power are not reducible to the single axis of husbandry as a form of class-based resistance. The concluding chapter offers alternative methods and theoretical frameworks for archaeologists to investigate both class conflict and pig husbandry.<br>Anthropology
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Barber, Ian G., and n/a. "Culture change in northern Te Wai Pounamu." University of Otago. Department of Anthropology, 1994. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070531.135029.
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In the northern South Island, the area northern Te Wai Pounamu (NTWP) is defined appropriate to a regional investigation of pre-European culture change. It is argued that the Maori sequence of this region is relevant to a range of interpretative problems in New Zealand�s archaeological past.
Preparatory to this investigation, the international and New Zealand literature on culture change is reviewed. Two primary investigative foci of change are identified in NTWP; subsistence economy and stone tool manufacturing technology. A chronological scheme of Early, Middle and Late Periods based on firmly dated ecological events and/or independent radiocarbon ages is defined so as to order the archaeological data without recourse to unproven scenarios of cultural change and association.
The Early Period subsistence economy is assessed in some detail. An Early Period settlement focus is documented along the eastern Tasman Bay coast in proximity to meta-argillite sources. Early Period midden remains suggest that several genera of seal and moa were exploited, and that people were fishing in eastern Tasman Bay during the warmer months of the year. From the Early Period fishhook assemblages of Tasman Bay, manufacturing change is inferred related to the increasing scarcity of moa bone over time. It is argued that lower Early Period settlement of the larger northern South Island was focused on the north-eastern coast to Rangitoto (D�Urville Island), while NTWP was characterized by smaller stone working communities operating in summer.
In contrast, moa-free middens in Awaroa Inlet and Bark Bay of the western Tasman Bay granite coast present a physical dominance of Paphies australis, and finfish species suggesting, along with the dearth of Austrovenus stutchburyi, occupation outside of the warmer summer months. These middens also present an absence of seal and a paucity of bird bone, while sharing a robust 15th-16th centuries AD radiocarbon chronology. With the dearth of all bird species from granite coast middens in general, and evidence that the less preferred kokako (Callaeas c. cinerea) was caught during the occupation of Awaroa Inlet N26/214, it is suggested that cultural regulations beyond immediate subsistence needs were also operating at this time.
From southern Tasman Bay, the archaeological investigation of the important Appleby site N27/118 suggests that the people associated with the extensive horticultural soils of Waimea West otherwise consumed finfish and estuarine shellfish in (non-summer) season, kiore (Rattus exulans), dog or kuri (Canis familiaris), and several small evidence of Maori tradition, archaeological charcoal, and the approximately 16th century radiocarbon chronology for N27/118 and the associated Appleby gravel borrow pit N27/122 places the advent of extensive Waimea horticulture within the post-moa, lower Middle Period Maori economy. The Haulashore Island archaeological assemblage of south-eastern Tasman Bay with a similar material culture to Appleby is also bereft of seal and any diagnostic moa bone.
This Middle Period evidence is considered in a larger comparative perspective, where the absence of seal from 15th-16th centuries Tasman Bay middens is interpreted as a factor of human predation. A secure radiocarbon chronology suggests the convergence of this loss with the diminishment and loss of selected avifauna, and the subsequent advent of large horticultural complexes in the northern South Island compensated for the loss of faunal calories in a seasonally economy and a managed ecology.
The evidence of stone tool use is also reviewed in some detail for NTWP, following the definition of an adze typology appropriate to the classification of meta-argillite tools. It is clear that meta-argillite is the dominant material of adze and (non-adze) flake tool manufacture throughout the Maori sequence of NTWP, while granite coast quartz remains generally subdominant. Beyound the apparent loss of the laterally-hafted adze, the evidence of adze change is generally subdominant. Beyond the apparent loss of the laterally-hafted adze, the evidence of adze change is generally reflected in shifting typological proportions, and in new manufacturing technologies and dressing techniques. Functional change may be inferred in the loss over time of large meta-argillite points and blade tools associated respectively with the manufacture of one-piece moa bone fishhooks and moa and seal butchery. The exclusive identification of hammer-dressed adzes with hump backs and steep bevels in Middle Period assemblages is related to the advent of horticultural intensification. More generally, adzes of the upper Early and Middle Periods are increasingly characterized by round sections, while hammer-dressing is employed more frequently and extensively reduced from riverine meta-argillite and recycled banks. Collectively, these changes reflect a developing emphasis on economy and opportunistic exploitation. From this interpretation, and evidence that meta-argillite adze length and the size of high quality Ohana source flakes diminish over time, it is suggested that accessible, high quality and appropriately shaped meta-argillite rock became increasingly scarce through intensive quarry manufacture.
In conclusion, the coincidence of diminishing rock and faunal resources over time is related in a speculative anthropological model of culture change. It is proposed that the 14th-16th centuries Maori economy of NTWP, and by implication and inference, many other regions of New Zealand, was characterized by a resource crisis which either precipitated or reinforced a broader trajectory of culture change. It is suggested that influential leadears perceived a linkage in the loss of high quality rock and important subsistence fauna at this time, and that distinctive technologies, institutions and ideologies of Middle Period Maori society were influenced by, and/or developed from, this perception. Finally, it is recommended that the data of an archaeological Maori culture sequence be ordered and tested within a radiocarbon based chronological scheme, rather than the still generally used model of �Archaic� and �Classic� cultural periods. It is also suggested that New Zealand archaeologists should look beyond the functional-ecological imperative to consider more holistic anthropological explanations of change in the pre-European Maori past, with a focus on integrated regional sequences.
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Zachariou, Nicholas. "From missionary to merino: Identity, economy and material culture in the Karoo, Northern Cape, South Africa, 1800 - ca. 1870." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27553.
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This thesis addresses the 19th century sequence of Kerkplaats, a farm in the central Karoo, Northern Cape, South Africa. Over this period different colonialisms of varying power and effect were introduced. The first was to local Khoe, San and Griqua communities in the form of one of the first London Missionary Society stations in the early 19th century. A second phase between 1830 and 1860 was to sheep farmers of German, Dutch and mixed descent, who absorbed and moulded the increasing impacts of British influence and materiality into older worlds of cultural resilience and practice. From 1860, a third phase saw a flood of mass produced British goods enter the region, similar to other colonial contexts around the world. Amount, availability and choice changed significantly and provided the material substrate in which rural stock farmers re-expressed themselves within the growing stature of Empire. It is suggested that for some rural farmers, expressive cultural practice worked to underpin increased affluence brought by merino sheep farming for global markets. Through this sequence different expressions of identity, domesticity, and economic scale are assessed through a close reading of documentary and archaeological evidence. While the material opportunities through the 19th century are the result of global processes, how this material is understood has to consider local context. It is suggested that material expression and identity change is most dramatic from the middle of the 19th century, when patterns of consumption reflect the globalisation of British production.
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Hogg, Lara. "Humans and animals in the Norse North Atlantic." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/89412/.
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It is a well-established fact that all human societies have coexisted with and are dependent upon animals and it is increasingly recognized that the study of human-animal relationships provides vital insights into past human societies. Still this is yet to be widely embraced in archaeology. This thesis has examined human-animal interdependencies to explore the social identities and structure of society in the Norse North Atlantic. Benefitting from recent research advances in animal studies and the ever increasing volume of archaeological reports from Norse period archaeological excavations the North Atlantic this thesis was able to develop previous scholarship and define directions for future research. The thesis explored the role of animals in human society in the North Atlantic to reveal the complex Norse societies that existed. It revealed through human interdependencies with animals that these societies were far from homogeneous and had their own distinct identities with the individual islands as well as across the North Atlantic. The thesis achieved this by examining several important discrete but interlinked themes. These themes were divided into four chapters that focused on the individual aspects. This included an examination of previous North Atlantic Viking Age scholarship, consideration of human construction and perception of landscape through archaeological excavations, investigation of the role of domestic animals in human social activities, and an exploration of the role of domesticated animals in beliefs. Although these are all connected the structure of the thesis was deliberately chosen to restrict repetition, although given the interconnected nature of human social identities, society and worldview this was not entirely possible. This thesis addressed some of the most fundamental questions in Norse archaeology. Notably, through examination of human-animal interdependencies, it provided a detailed insight into how Norse society understood and perceived the world, and consequently the structure of Norse society and social identities.
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Adams, Jonathan. "Ships, innovation and social change : aspects of carvel shipbuilding in northern Europe 1450-1850." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Humanistiska fakulteten, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-93655.
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Adams, Jonathan. "Ships, innovation & social change : aspects of carvel shipbuilding in northern Europe 1450-1850 /." Stockholm : Stockholm university, Department of archaeology, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39918145j.
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CARUSO, NADIA. "Innovative practices in social housing. Trends in Europe and a focus on Northern Italy." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2507462.
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This thesis focuses on the exploration and recognition of housing policies and social housing initiatives in the current years. The main goal of this research is the detection of recent practices and the analysis of their characteristics. Housing policies is the main field of studies and it is related to urban neo-liberalism and urban governance. Furthermore, the analysis of case studies permits to assess social innovation in local social housing practices. Social innovation represents an interesting topic developed in the last years through which evaluating the social innovative dimension of recent social housing initiatives.
Social housing constituted a relevant issue during the past decades, but the withdrawal of the states from this form of welfare caused not only a general loss of policies and initiatives, but also a decrease in studies and scientific literature. The current practices are clearly impossible to be compared to the European traditional forms of social housing policies (considering size and scope). Nevertheless, in all the national contexts various forms of policies and initiatives are taking place, according to their local issues, resources and legal national frames. The recent practices are developed to supply urgent housing needs as they represent the only forms to sustain the housing sector. In fact, current social housing practices are dealing with the on-going process of this sector’s residualisation. In particular, local actors (public, private or not-for-profit) are often the ones who promote and support these practices.
The intent of this exploration is studying and understanding current dynamics and trends, coping with the current lack of information. On the other hand, since Southern Europe has been rarely considered in housing studies, a focus on the situation in Italy permits to help filling the gap in the knowledge. Social housing practices are however linked to spatial planning, and housing hardship represents one of the main needs that has to be considered in the next years in this “crisis scenario”.
The research consists of four main parts: in the first one the theoretical background is identified allowing to define two research questions, which correspond to the recognition of European trends and practices and then to the focus on Northern Italy; the conclusions constitute the fourth part.
The framework of social housing’s residualisation and its decline is examined considering various studies. In particular, the withdrawal of the states from housing policies is linked to the changes in urban context (neo-liberalism). The European practices are then recognized and analysed exploring common trends and dynamics. Some national examples are used in order to show various approaches. Then Northern Italian case studies’ analysis is presented providing useful examples and permitting to link theories and practices. The two case studies (two cities of Northern Italy, Turin and Milan) are analysed focusing on their housing policies, plans, norms and initiatives. These are studied in comparison with the European trends and are examined considering social innovation. An assessment of their social innovative character is done applying a previous model of analysis. Finally, the author identifies common trends and reflections about social housing and Northern Italian practices. Considerations on the methodology and future directions for the research are also presented in the conclusions.
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Kloukinas, Dimitrios. "Neolithic building technology and the social context of construction practices : the case of northern Greece." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/69069/.
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This thesis addresses building technology and the social implications of house construction contributing to the understanding of past societies. The spatiotemporal context of the study is the Neolithic period (ca. 6600/6500–3300/3200 cal BC) in northern Greece (Macedonia and Thrace). All available evidence from various excavations in the region is assembled and synthesised. The principal house types (semi-subterranean structures and above-ground dwellings) and their technological characteristics in terms of materials and techniques are discussed. In addition, the building remains from the late Middle/Late Neolithic settlement of Avgi (Kastoria, Greece) are thoroughly examined. Their study highlights the potentials of a detailed, micro-scale investigation and puts forth a methodology for the technological analysis of house rubble in the form of fire-hardened daub. The data deriving from both the survey of dwelling remains in northern Greece and the case study are examined within their wider sociocultural context. The technological repertoire of the region, although indicating the sharing of a common ‘architectural vocabulary’, reveals alternative chaînes opératoires and variability in different stages of the building process. Variability and patterning are more pronounced during the later stages of the Neolithic. The distribution of architectural choices does not suggest the existence of established and region-wide shared architectural traditions. However, the circulation of specific techniques and conceptions points to the operation of overlapping networks of technological and social interaction. At the site-specific scale, sameness and standardisation in building technology are the prominent themes. Nevertheless, different trends towards standardisation or variability are observed and are approached in terms of social interaction and intra-community dynamics. What is more, domestic architecture is not necessarily static in the long term. Change occurs and is often associated with the transformation of these dynamics. Occasional evidence of intra-site variability in building techniques and the more pronounced anchoring into space during the later stages of the Neolithic period are considered as a result of the changing relationship between social units and the community. The appearance of stone and mud(brick) architecture in Late Neolithic central Macedonia is approached in these terms.
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Ravn, Mads. "Germanic social structure (c. AD 200-600) : a methodological study in the use of archaeological and historical evidence in migration age Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272489.
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Rick, Toren C. "Daily activities, community dynamics, and historical ecology on California's Northern Channel Islands /." view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3136442.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 479-516). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Thacker, Mark Anthony. "Constructing lordship in North Atlantic Europe : the archaeology of masonry mortars in the medieval and later buildings of the Scottish North Atlantic." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23412.
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This thesis investigates the archaeological potential of masonry mortars throughout North Atlantic Europe, with a particular focus on the buildings and environments of medieval northern and western Scotland. The results of an extensive non-intrusive survey of medieval and later buildings are presented, within which nine multiphase sites were subject to more comprehensive building, environment and materials analysis. The survey suggests that, in general, different mortar-making techniques had well-defined sub-regional distributions which are not simply a correlate of environmental availability, but developed in different ways over time. Moreover, all of the more comprehensively studied buildings contain evidence of striking material contrasts from phases to phase which has great potential in standing building analysis. Material contrasts in masonry evidence between building phases, between neighbouring buildings, between specific buildings and the regional corpus, and between the regions themselves, are then considered as evidence of changing cultural, chronological and environmental context. The relationship between secular and ecclesiastical buildings across the region is a particular concern. Qualitative lab-based and on-site material interpretations made throughout the thesis are supported by a programme of comparative experimentation. This thesis includes the first comprehensive investigation of lime mortars made from marine shells, the first evidence of lime mortars made from coralline algae, results from the first programme of dating medieval buildings in Scotland through radiocarbon analysis of relict mortar fuel, and microstructural analysis of a large range of medieval mortars from Norway to the Isle of Man. Wider research considers the initial emergence of mortared masonry in North Atlantic Europe and the relationship between clay and lime mortars. Ultimately, by placing the upstanding buildings archaeology at the centre of the medieval and later landscape this thesis will demonstrate that masonry mortars have significant potential to inform our understanding of the cultural and environmental context of lordship construction in the North Atlantic, providing a new focus for further interdisciplinary discourse.
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Pydyn, Andrzej. "The social and cultural impact of exchange, trade and interregional contacts in the transition from the late Bronze Age to the early Iron Age in central Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363733.
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Kalogiropoulou, Evanthia. "Cooking, space and the formation of social identities in Neolithic Northern Greece : evidence of thermal structure assemblages from Avgi and Dispilio in Kastoria." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/53609/.
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This dissertation analyses the spatial and contextual organisation of thermal structures (hearths and ovens) on thirty excavated Neolithic sites from Macedonia and Western Thrace throughout the Neolithic period in Greece in diverse habitation environments (tells, flat-extended sites and lake-side sites). Unpublished material from two settlements, Avgi and Dispilio in Kastoria, will also complement this study. This dissertation raises the question of how communities were organised and how different forms of habitus or different kinds of entanglements tell us something of daily life and the formation of social identities. My principal field of research lies in the social interfaces developed around consumption practices in diverse spatial contexts in the course of everyday life. Key questions of this study involve the overall emergence and dispersal of social and cultural traditions in time and in space through the examination of different spatial and material entanglements. My analysis clarifies that intra-site spatial organisation in the area studied does not directly correspond with settlement types. The examination of archaeological data showed that similar configurations of social space can be found in dissimilar settlement types. My study demonstrates that cultural ‘assemblages’ in prehistory do not correspond to geographically broad united community groups but instead they show local diversity and social complexity. Instead of being modelled as unified, monolithic ‘cultures’, people seem to have come together around a sequence of chronologically and geographically focused forms of local identities. A local-scale examination of intra-site spatial patterns from Neolithic Macedonia and Western Thrace demonstrated that, although different settlement types are recorded within particular geographical regions, comparable organisation of space among contemporary sites indicates the development of similar social structures.
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Dias-Meirinho, Marie-Hélène. "Des armes et des hommes : l'archerie à la transition néolithique-âge du bronze en Europe occidentale." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674601.
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Part importante de l'armement préhistorique pour les périodes récentes (quantitativement et qualitativement), l'archerie représente un objet d'étude riche en développements problématiques. A l'aube de l'introduction progressive de la métallurgie dans les usages techniques, il est intéressant de saisir le ou les processus de transferts mis en œuvre. Transition chronologique (Néolithique/Age du bronze), transition matérielle (types de pièces produites et types de matériaux employés) et transition comportementale sont ainsi envisagées pour parvenir à préciser le statut de cet armement dans les sociétés concernées. En nous basant sur la caractérisation de la panoplie de l'archer, sur l'identification des contextes de fabrication, sur la reconnaissance des champs fonctionnels (utilisations et usagers) et sur l'analyse archéo-balistique des vestiges de traumatismes par flèches dans le cadre de violences interhumaines, il en résulte un ensemble exhaustif qui renouvelle sensiblement la perception de cet armement dans le temps et dans les usages.
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O'Bannon, Colin Andrew. "“Innumerabyll Shotying of Gunnys and Long Chasyng One Another:” Heavy Artillery and Changes in Shipbuilding in Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1323121842.
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Reinhold, Linn. "Slaget vid Tollense : Professionella krigare i bronsålderns Nordeuropa." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-79877.
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Abstract 3200 years ago a massive battle took place at the river Tollense in MecklenburgVorpommern, Germany, possibly involving thousands of people. 130 victims have been found so far. Several show signs of former violence. Axes, wooden clubs, knives and a vast number of arrowheads have been found among the human skeletal remains. According to isotope analyses on tooth enamel from human remains at the site, a considerable amount of the victims did not originate from the local area. The isotope analyses divided the victims into two major groups, one local and the other probably originating from Central Europe. In other words, the battlefield of the Tollense were not fought by local farmers and craftsmen. This, together with the extent of the battle, the weapon finds and traumata on the human remains, has led archaeologists to assume that the battle was fought by professional warriors. If this is true, the battlefield of the Tollense would be the first of its kind in the Northern European Bronze Age. Sammanfattning Uppsatsen diskuterar omfattningen och karaktären av slaget vid floden Tollense som utspelade sig för 3200 år sedan i vad som idag är Nordtyskland. Slagfältet har uppmärksammats för att vara den första konflikten med professionella krigare i bronsålderns Nordeuropa. Tidigare forskning om ämnet saknar en konsekvent definition av begreppet professionell krigare. För att avgöra om det var professionella krigare som stred vid Tollense definierar uppsatsen begreppet utifrån teoretiska perspektiv såsom antropologiska klassifikationer av hövdingadömen, krigare och soldater, men också genom att belysa kontaktnätverken och den långväga handel som växte fram under bronsåldern. Omfattningen och karaktären av slaget vid Tollense beskrivs utifrån hur många människor som deltog på slagfältet samt vilka arkeologiska fynd som talar för huruvida de var professionella krigare och inte lokala bönder och hantverkare som drabbade samman. Uppsatsen är en klassisk litteraturstudie. Utgrävningarna vid Tollense pågår i skrivande stund, vilket innebär att det inte finns någon slutpublikation med färdigställda resultat. För att besvara frågeställningarna om antalet deltagare i konflikten samt huruvida de var professionella krigare eller inte, redogör uppsatsen för analyser av de mänskliga kvarlevorna som återfunnits vid Tollense och vapnen som användes på slagfältet. Avslutningsvis ger uppsatsen en personlig tolkning av vad fyndmaterialet säger om hur många människor som var involverade i konflikten och vad som talar för att de var professionella krigare. Diskussionen lyfter fram hövdingadömen som centraliserade och hierarkiska samhällsstrukturer och hur detta möjliggör organiserad krigföring.
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Gabrieli, Ruth Smadar. "Silent Witnesses: The Evidence of Domestic Wares of the 13th-19th Centuries in Paphos, Cyprus, for Local Economy and Social Organisation." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17110.
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The aim of the thesis is to identify long-term patterns in local economy and social processes at the site of Fabrika, using coarse ware, the pottery of food processing and storage, as an interpretative tool. I chose to focus on domestic utility ware, because I believe it is an under- utilised resource in late historical periods for studying local economy and social organisation. I aim to demonstrate that an in-depth analysis of coarse ware will shed light on aspects of life that the more prestigious artefacts in the archaeological record do not reflect well, and on which documents are usually silent. The site at Fabrika has a history that spans the 4th century BC to the 19th century AD. The thesis deals with the last phase of the site – the occupation of the Medieval and post-Medieval periods between the 13th and the 19th century. More specifically, this thesis comprises an analysis of the coarse ware on site: utilitarian vessels used in the daily preparation and storage of food. Study of the Byzantine period and beyond in Cyprus has concentrated mainly in the hands of historians and art historians. Until the last four or five years, only a few large Medieval sites have been the subject of particular study, notably the castles of Saranda Kolones and of Kolossi, and the site of Kouklia. As far as the ceramic of the period is concerned, the studies so far concentrated on the glazed fine wares, and there has never been a systematic attempt to establish a chronological framework to the coarse ware of the period. The second aim of this thesis is therefore to establish a preliminary chronology for this ware, and make it usable as an interpretative tool for future study.
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Reusch, Kathryn. ""That which was missing" : the archaeology of castration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8118fe7-67cb-4610-9823-b0242dfe900a.
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Castration has a long temporal and geographical span. Its origins are unclear, but likely lie in the Ancient Near East around the time of the Secondary Products Revolution and the increase in social complexity of proto-urban societies. Due to the unique social and gender roles created by castrates’ ambiguous sexual state, human castrates were used heavily in strongly hierarchical social structures such as imperial and religious institutions, and were often close to the ruler of an imperial society. This privileged position, though often occupied by slaves, gave castrates enormous power to affect governmental decisions. This often aroused the jealousy and hatred of intact elite males, who were not afforded as open access to the ruler and virulently condemned castrates in historical documents. These attitudes were passed down to the scholars and doctors who began to study castration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, affecting the manner in which castration was studied. Osteometric and anthropometric examinations of castrates were carried out during this period, but the two World Wars and a shift in focus meant that castrate bodies were not studied for nearly eighty years. Recent interest in gender and sexuality in the past has revived interest in castration as a topic, but few studies of castrate remains have occurred. As large numbers of castrates are referenced in historical documents, the lack of castrate skeletons may be due to a lack of recognition of the physical effects of castration on the skeleton. The synthesis and generation of methods for more accurate identification of castrate skeletons was undertaken and the results are presented here to improve the ability to identify castrate skeletons within the archaeological record.
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Lecervoisier, Bertrand. "Étude stratigraphique, sédimentologique, micromorphologique et paléoclimatique de remplissages de grottes du Pléistocène supérieur ancien de l'Europe méditerranéenne : Sites moustériens du Boquete de Zafarraya (Andalousie), de Madonna dell'Arma (Ligurie) et de Kalamakia (Laconie, Péloponnèse)." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00702639.
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Les trois sites archéologiques moustériens du Boquete de Zafarraya, de Madonna dell'Arma et de Kalamakia sont localisés respectivement en Espagne, en Italie et en Grèce. Cette étude a permis de préciser leur stratigraphie, leur archéostratigraphie et la chronologie des périodes d'occupations. Tous les résultats archéostratigraphiques sont présentés sous forme de matrices de Harris. Cet outil méthodologique se révèle particulièrement utile dans le cadre de recherches préhistoriques afin d'améliorer la lecture des correspondances entre les couches au sein d'un site. Le Boquete de Zafarraya a été occupé par Homo sapiens neanderthalensis durant les stades isotopiques 3 et 4. L'âge de la dernière occupation moustérienne est estimé entre 35 000 à 30 000 ans B.P. au plus tard. L'hypothèse d'une occupation tardive du site par l'homme de Néandertal, autour de 27 000 ans B.P., est invalidée par la présence d'artefacts du Paléolithique supérieur (Proto-aurignacien, Gravettien et Solutréen) dans les couches dont les datations ont servi de base à cette hypothèse. La base de la stratigraphie de la grotte de la Madonna dell'Arma est marqué par une formation marine contemporaine du sous-stade isotopique 5.5 (Tyrrhénien). La grotte a ensuite été occupée par des populations du Paléolithique entre 105 000 et 80 000 ans B.P. Le talus extérieur, encore très partiellement fouillé, contient des occupations du Moustérien d'un âge maximum compris entre 90 000 et 38 000 ans B.P. Les relations stratigraphiques exactes entre les deux parties du gisement ne sont pas encore connues, mais il est possible que celles-ci soient en partie contemporaines. La stratigraphie de Kalamakia a enregistré les épisodes paléoclimatiques des sous-stades isotopiques 5.5, 5.3, 5.2 et 5.1. Les épisodes 5.5 et 5.3 correspondent à deux formations marines du Pléistocène supérieur (Tyrrhénien) puis le site a été occupé par des Néandertaliens jusqu'au stade isotopique 3 entre 85 000 et 40 000 ans B.P. au plus tard. Cette stratigraphie nouvellement définie fait désormais du site de Kalamakia l'un des sites de référence pour le Moustérien hellène.
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Summers, John R. "The architecture of food: Consumption and society in the Iron Age of Atlantic Scotland, with special reference to the site of Old Scatness, Shetland." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5714.
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Food is the foundation upon which societies are built. It is a means of survival, a source of wealth and prosperity and can be used as a means of social display. In Iron Age Atlantic Scotland, a wide range of food resources were open to exploitation. Among these, barley is likely to have been an important backbone to the system. Far from being at the mercy of the elements, the Iron Age population of Atlantic Scotland was able to extract surpluses of food from the landscape which could be manipulated for social, political and economic gain. One means through which this could be achieved is feasting, a practice considered significant elsewhere in the Iron Age.
With such ideas at its core, this thesis examines the main arenas for consumption events in Iron Age Atlantic Scotland (dwellings) in detail, considering also the underpinnings of the system in terms of food production and accumulation, in particular the barley crop. The distribution of food processing and preparation between a dwelling and its associated ancillary buildings at Old Scatness provides insights into the organisation of life on the settlement.
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Pritchard, Eleanor Mary. "Albanian law and nation-building in northern Albania and Kosovo." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:10190994-b043-46f4-8f6f-306c85570877.
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My thesis explores the roles in Albanian nation-building of the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjin, an early-twentieth century codification of northern-Albanian customary practices, and the Pajtimi i Gjaqeve, a late-twentieth century movement to conciliate blood feuds in Kosovo. To understand them, we need to know: what both were, in their own terms; their significance; and how they relate to other aspects of nation-building, and comparative examples. I draw on participant-observation fieldwork, archive work and extensive interviews. Nation-building is necessarily complicated and the Albanian case particularly so. The existence of an Albanian nation was contested by neighbouring peoples, and its characteristics, by Albanians themselves. In this complex context, the text of the Kanun, and the Pajtimi i Gjaqeve, give us good insights into Albanian understandings of the nation, and associated nation-building activities, at pivotal points in national history. While the nation-building projects of the region had many elements in common, prominent ideas of a ‘national’ legal tradition are a distinctive aspect of the Albanian case. Both the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjin and the Pajtimi i Gjaqeve need to be understood as aspects of nation-building. In the context of a crumbling Ottoman Empire, by presenting Albanian customary practices in the form of a legal code, the Albanian codifier made claims about the contents and the people from whom they came. The Kanun demonstrated the existence of a distinct people with a tradition of self-governance and mediation; and made significant contributions to the crucial process of language standardisation. In the context of the 1990s break-up of Yugoslavia, ideas of an Albanian legal tradition re-emerged in Kosovo, in the Pajtimi i Gjaqeve which presented intra-Albanian disputes as national concerns, and drew on traditional values and customary practices to effect conciliations. Subsequently, the Movement itself has become a national resource, through reference to which important ideas about the nation are expressed.
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Dias-Meirinho, Marie-Hélène. "Des Armes et des Hommes. L'archerie à la transition fin du Néolithique/Age du Bronze en Europe occidentale." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00655169.
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Part importante de l'armement préhistorique pour les périodes récentes (quantitativement et qualitativement), l'archerie représente un objet d'étude riche en développements problématiques. A l'aube de l'introduction progressive de la métallurgie dans les usages techniques, il est intéressant de saisir le ou les processus de transferts mis en œuvre. Transition chronologique (Néolithique/Age du bronze), transition matérielle (types de pièces produites et types de matériaux employés) et transition comportementale sont ainsi envisagées pour parvenir à préciser le statut de cet armement dans les sociétés concernées. En nous basant sur la caractérisation de la panoplie de l'archer, sur l'identification des contextes de fabrication, sur la reconnaissance des champs fonctionnels (utilisations et usagers) et sur l'analyse archéo-balistique des vestiges de traumatismes par flèches dans le cadre de violences interhumaines, il en résulte un ensemble exhaustif qui renouvelle sensiblement la perception de cet armement dans le temps et dans les usages.
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Summers, John Richard. "The architecture of food : consumption and society in the Iron Age of Atlantic Scotland, with special reference to the site of Old Scatness, Shetland." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5714.
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Food is the foundation upon which societies are built. It is a means of survival, a source of wealth and prosperity and can be used as a means of social display. In Iron Age Atlantic Scotland, a wide range of food resources were open to exploitation. Among these, barley is likely to have been an important backbone to the system. Far from being at the mercy of the elements, the Iron Age population of Atlantic Scotland was able to extract surpluses of food from the landscape which could be manipulated for social, political and economic gain. One means through which this could be achieved is feasting, a practice considered significant elsewhere in the Iron Age. With such ideas at its core, this thesis examines the main arenas for consumption events in Iron Age Atlantic Scotland (dwellings) in detail, considering also the underpinnings of the system in terms of food production and accumulation, in particular the barley crop. The distribution of food processing and preparation between a dwelling and its associated ancillary buildings at Old Scatness provides insights into the organisation of life on the settlement.
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Justus, Hedy Melissa. "The Bioarchaeology of Population Structure, Social Organization, and Feudalism in Medieval Poland." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1515117429918966.
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Patzuk-Russell, Ryder. "The development of education and Grammatica in medieval Iceland." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7224/.
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This study explores how education and the medieval intellectual and pedagogical discipline of 'grammatical' developed in Iceland during the medieval period, defined roughly from the official conversion to Christianity c.1000 to the Reformation c.1550, The first chapter deals with social, institutional, and financial aspects of teaching and learning in medieval Iceland, surveying key figures and places, but also arguing that more attention shoulder be paid to the costs of learning and the effect of that on poor students. The second chapter addresses Latin education, discussing the importance of Latinity in medieval Iceland and the types of education that would involve Latin. It also addresses the idea of bilingual education and suggests ways in which extant venacular writings can provide evidence for how Latin was taught and learned using the vernacular, using the model of Old English bilingual education. Finally, the third chapter addresses vernacular topics of learning, focusing on the development of a venacular \(grammatical\) which is focused on the interpretation and normalization of Old Norse texts, rather than the understanding and use of Latin. Discussing these three components of educational history together is fundamental to understanding the intellectual and pedagogical dynamics behind the extant medieval Icelandic textual corpus.
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Rowan, Erica. "Roman diet and nutrition in the Vesuvian region : a study of the bioarchaeological remains from the Cardo V sewer at Herculaneum." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:74040438-45d9-446d-a67f-361792dc0608.
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The Roman town of Herculaneum, due to its burial by the eruption of Vesuvius in AD79, provides the rare opportunity to study the diet of middle and lower class Romans living in an urban context in mid-1<sup>st</sup> century AD Italy. Knowledge concerning Roman diet, prior to the growth of bioarchaeology in the 1960s and 1970s, was derived from the ancient texts and focused primarily on the elite diet. The diets of the poorer classes have often been considered monotonous and unhealthy and consequently, malnutrition is believed to have been widespread in urban centres. Collaboration between the numerous sub-disciplines of bioarchaeology, including archaeobotany and zooarchaeology, has begun to take place amongst scholars working on the Vesuvian sites and diet is currently being studied using a more holistic approach. The ancient sources act as a secondary resource and it is now the physical food remains that play a crucial role in examining Roman diet and associated topics such as trade, health and nutrition. This thesis investigated the bioarchaeological remains from the Cardo V sewer that ran beneath the shop/apartment complex of Insula Orientalis II in Herculaneum. It is the first large scale study to combine both new and existing bioarchaeological material from Herculaneum in an effort to provide the site with its own bioarchaeological data set, particularly with regards to food and diet. In total, 220L of soil was examined for carbonized and mineralized seeds, seashells, eggshells and fish bones. 194 taxa were identified, included including 94 botanical, 45 fish, 53 shellfish and two bird taxa. 114 of the 194 taxa can be considered edible foodstuffs. The statements of the ancient authors concerning dietary diversity have been examined in light of these findings and found to be comparable. The material displayed little taphonomic bias when compared to Pompeian bioarchaeological assemblages. The excellent preservation of the material, combined with data from modern food sciences, has allowed for much needed interpretation to take place in the areas of health and nutrition. The variety of cereals, fruits and seafood indicate close connections with the nearby land and sea and consequently, the economic implications of such extensive resource exploitation have been considered. A nutritional analysis of the finds have shown that diets were nutrient dense and healthy, enabling the people of Herculaneum to achieve modern day stature as well as survive and recover from illness. Thus it can no longer be assumed that those of moderate means ate an unhealthy and monotonous diet, that malnutrition was widespread in urban centres, and finally, that descriptions of foodstuffs in the ancient sources apply only to the wealthy.
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Lodemel, Ivar. "The quest for institutional welfare and the problem of the residuum : the case of income maintenance and personal social care policies in Norway and Britain 1946 to 1966." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1989. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/107/.
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This study focusses on the relationship between social assistance and personal social services on the one hand and various forms of social insurance on the other hand. During the period the expressed objective was in both nations to replace the Poor Law with insurance, leaving only a small last resort assistance scheme. While Norway continued the pre-war practice of breaking down the Poor Law "from without" through the gradual extension of insurance, Britain attempted a more immediate transition through the creation of a universal National Insurance and a National Assistance freed from the cash-care multifunctional nature of the Poor Law. The comparison of the ensuing development rests on two postulates. First, Norwegian social insurance will be seen to have experienced a more favourable development in terms of coverage and levels of benefits. Second, in the case of assistance the Norwegian scheme covered a decreasing proportion of the population with a service bearing strong resemblance to those of the Poor Law. Britain, by contrast, experienced a growth in the number covered by assistance, in terms of numbers as well as need categories. The services obtained bear, however, less resemblance to the Poor Law compared to their Norwegian counterpart. For both nations it will be hypothesised that the scope and nature of assistance can be largely explained by the development of social insurance. The findings will be discussed in relation to Titmuss' models of welfare. The hypothesis is that while Norway on the whole has reached an income maintenance closer to the institutional model compared to Britain, a paradox emerges when we see that Norway also features a more residual assistance in comparison to services offered to equivalent groups in the UK. These findings are also discussed in relation to theories about the social division of welfare as well as different interpretations of determinants of welfare. The study is in two parts: Institutional and residual welfare. In the first we analyse first the emergence of the models of insurance in the two countries and, second, the 1946-1966 development of old age and disability pensions. The second part focusses on assistance and the changing nature of social work in the local authority personal social services.
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Hanquet, Constance. "Évolution des paléoenvironnements et des paléoclimats au Pléistocène moyen, en Europe méridionale, d'après l'étude des faunes de micromammifères." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00698690.
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En s'appuyant sur la révision des assemblages de micromammifères (Soricomorphes, Erinaceomorphes, Chiroptères et Rongeurs) provenant de plusieurs sites du sud de la France (Caune de l'Arago, grotte du Lazaret, Baume Moula-Guercy) et de l'étude originale d'un gisement du sud-ouest de la péninsule ibérique (grotte de Maltravieso), ce travail a pour objectif principal de reconstituer l'évolution des paléoenvironnements et des paléoclimats, en Europe méridionale, au cours du Pléistocène moyen, entre 600 et 130 ka BP. Dans le but de tester la fiabilité des reconstitutions paléoécologiques, des analyses taphonomiques ont été réalisées sur les assemblages osseux de micromammifères, et ont permis de déterminer l'origine des accumulations en mettant en évidence l'intervention de rapaces nocturnes opportunistes et plus spécialisés. Les analyses paléoécologiques, basées sur l'utilisation de différentes méthodes, montrent que l'alternance de cycles glaciaires, caractérisés par un climat froid ou frais et des espaces découverts, et interglaciaires, plus tempérés et montrant la fermeture des milieux, a eu un impact important sur la distribution des espèces de micromammifères en Europe méridionale, en relation avec la géographie et la topographie de chaque site. Des communautés " non-analogues " sont identifiées, mêlant taxons de zones froides et taxons tempérés, et témoignent du rôle de zone refuge tenu par ces régions. Elles montrent également que différentes phases de dispersions ont affectés la paléobiodiversité au cours du Pléistocène moyen, notamment dans les zones d'extension maximale d'espèces lors des phases glaciaires.
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Olsson, Söderhäll Kristina. "Trojaborgarnas dolda agenda : En övergripande beskrivning av trojaborgar i Sverige och en jämförelse av olika teorier om trojaborgarnas funktion." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-390442.
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A Troy Town is a labyrinth either built of stones or made of turf. They can be found in northern Europe, especially in Scandinavia. The number of Troy Towns in Sweden is outstanding. They are around 400. Most of them are situated on the coast but there are still approximatly 80 inland about 20 of which are located on ancient burial grounds from both bronze and iron age. The Troy Towns in Sweden are mostly marked with round circles of stones, the size of human skulls, and placed directly on the ground. The entrance of a Troy Town is often formed as a cross. There are some turf labyrinths left in Denmark, England and Germany but most of them are overgrown by grass and can no longer be seen. The Troy Towns are hard to date. Away from the coast one can examine their contexts whilst along the coast lichenometry and the sea level may be used to determine the age of them. There are different ways to describe the purpose of them depending on what period they belong to and where they are situated. Researchers do not agree on all the theories and many of them are based on older explanations. Still new theories appear. My purpose apart from describing the Troy Towns is to examine and compare the theories and to evaluate their plausibility.<br><p>Uppsatsen ventilerad 2019-05-27</p><p>Uppsatsen godkänd 2019-06-12</p>
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Thiébaut, Céline. "Le Moustérien à denticulésVariabilité ou diversité techno-économique." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00009633.
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Le Moustérien à denticulés, considéré comme l'un des faciès classiques du Moustérien, est soumis à un réexamen critique.<br />La mise au point préalable d'une méthodologie propre à l'étude des pièces encochées a permis de différencier les pseudo-outils des véritables pièces encochées et ainsi d'appréhender les caractéristiques techno-économiques de ces dernières.<br />L'étude de cinq ensembles lithiques (Les Fieux, Saint-Césaire Egpf, Hyène IVb1, Bison G et H) ainsi qu'une première analyse du matériel de Combe-Grenal c. 11 et les pièces retouchées de Mauran et La Borde montrent une certaine constance dans les schémas de productions des séries attribuées au Moustérien à denticulés.<br />Cette étude, couplée à une revue documentaire synthétisant les données bibliographiques disponibles, permet, par le croisement de différents caractères (typologiques, technologiques et économiques), de subdiviser le Moustérien à denticulés en trois groupes. Chacun de ces groupes présente de nombreuses caractéristiques propres, dont les légères variations quantitatives internes peuvent être le reflet d'une adaptation à des besoins spécifiques liés au type d'occupation.
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Leclercq, Walter. "L'âge du Bronze final dans les bassins de l'Escaut et de la Meuse moyenne: culture matérielle et cadre socio-économique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209729.
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Dès le Bronze final, on assiste en Europe occidentale à la mise en place d’une géographie culturelle qui positionne les bassins de l’Escaut et de la Meuse moyenne à la charnière des grands complexes traditionnels :atlantique, nordique et continental. <p>Par l'étude du mobilier céramique issu de sites en grande partie inédits (provenant à la fois de fouilles récentes et anciennes) de l'aire géographique considérée, l'objectif principal de notre thèse était de déterminer le paysage socio-économique, son évolution au cours du temps et finalement son insertion dans une mouvance européenne. Des questions sur la circulation des biens mais également sur celle des populations sont dès lors soulevées.<p>\<br>Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Rigaud, Solange. "" La parure : traceur de la géographie culturelle et des dynamiques de peuplement au passage Mésolithique-Néolithique en Europe "." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00668694.
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De nombreux scenarii, incluant une variété de processus culturels et populationnels, ont été proposés pour décrire le phénomène de néolithisation en Europe. Le travail mené consiste à discuter ces processus, à travers une analyse diachronique des objets de parure utilisés par les communautés de chasseurs-cueilleurs et d'agriculteurs européens impliqués dans ces changements. La première partie du travail a consisté en l'analyse de 4 177 objets de parure, combinant des analyses morphométriques, technologiques et tracéologiques. Le matériel provient des séries archéologiques attribuées au Mésolithique final de Braña-Arintero (Espagne), de Hohlenstein-Stadel, Groβe Ofnet (Allemange) et des premières phases du Néolithique ancien de Essenbach-Ammerbreite (Allemagne). Les axes de travail développés à l'échelle régionale au cours de l'analyse du matériel ont ensuite été testés à l'échelle continentale à travers la constitution et l'analyse spatiale et statistique (analyses de voisinage, d'ordination, calculs de densité de Kernel et interpolations Spline) d'une base de données des éléments de parure recensés sur 1 022 unités stratigraphiques appartenant à 408 gisements attribués au Mésolithique et au Néolithique ancien en Europe. Les résultats obtenus ont été croisés et discutés dans une synthèse développée à l'échelle du continent européen. Il apparait que certains types d'ornements ont une fonction forte de marqueur identitaire territorial, alors que d'autres signent des échanges inter-régionaux et une diffusion des pratiques à une large échelle géographique. Il ressort également que les pratiques ornementales néolithiques semblent se construire sur un substrat mésolithique, à l'exclusion du Bassin égéen, où une discontinuité dans les pratiques ornementales mésolithiques et néolithiques semble exister. Cette participation active du substrat mésolithique dans l'évolution des pratiques ornementales a favorisé une régionalisation de celles-ci entre le Mésolithique et le Néolithique ancien. Parallèlement à cette variabilité régionale, un phénomène de " globalisation " des pratiques néolithiques s'observe à travers l'ensemble du territoire européen, par la présence de certains types d'ornements sur l'ensemble du continent, tout le long du Néolithique ancien. Cette globalisation des pratiques ornementales participe à une recomposition partielle de la géographie culturelle proposée pour le Mésolithique dans notre analyse. La variabilité ornementale régionale accrue à la fin du Néolithique ancien témoignerait d'une stabilisation territoriale de groupes, s'affranchissant partiellement des normes stylistiques des premières phases du Néolithique, tout en maintenant une partie de leur identité héritée des chasseurs-cueilleurs, enrichie par l'émergence de nouvelles pratiques. Nos résultats proposent ainsi qu'une mosaïque de processus culturels et populationnels aient été mis en œuvre au cours de la néolithisation européenne.
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Bianchi, Nicoletta. "ART RUPESTRE EN EUROPE OCCIDENTALE : CONTEXTE ARCHEOLOGIQUE ET CHRONOLOGIQUE DES GRAVURES PROTOHISTORIQUES DE LA REGION DU MONT BEGO. De la typologie des armes piquetées à l'étude des gravures schématiques-linéaires." Phd thesis, Université de Perpignan, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00915928.
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Ce travail constitue une approche qualitative visant à mettre en évidence tous les indices archéologiques témoignant d'une présence humaine et d'une activité de gravure dans la région du mont Bego (Tende, Alpes-Maritimes, France) durant la préhistoire récente. L'étude typo-chronologique des gravures d'armes piquetées a fourni un intervalle chronologique débutant vers 3700 avant J.-C. et se poursuivant jusqu'à la fin de l'âge du Bronze. L'existence de matériel antérieur à cet intervalle contraint toutefois à admettre la possibilité que des motifs gravés, différents des armes, ont pu être réalisés aux débuts du Néolithique, imposant ainsi une lecture diachronique de l'ensemble piqueté de la région. La découverte de motifs dits "schématiques-linéaires" superposés par des gravures piquetées dément en outre l'hypothèse selon laquelle seules les gravures piquetées datent de la protohistoire. Une continuité dans l'activité de gravure de la région du mont Bego peut donc être envisagée, avec une coexistence des techniques incisée et piquetée jusqu'à la fin de l'âge du Bronze ancien. Pour les périodes ultérieures il est possible d'imaginer un abandon progressif de la tradition piquetée au profit d'un schématisme linéaire de plus en plus présent. Bien que l'inscription du mont Bego au sein de l'expression symbolique alpine demeure indéniable, cette étude a également permis de révéler l'importance des influences culturelles ibériques sur l'art protohistorique de la région, du macro-schématisme du Levant espagnol à l'art schématique-linéaire perdurant jusqu'à la fin de la protohistoire, en passant par la culture campaniforme au travers de son groupe espagnol Ciempozuelos.
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Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste. "Hyénidés modernes et fossiles d'Europe et d'Afrique : taphonomie comparée de leurs assemblages osseux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20145.
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En raison de sa présence récurrente dans les ensembles paléontologiques d’Europe au Pléistocène, l’hyène des cavernes (Crocuta crocuta spelaea GOLDFUSS) est un carnivore particulièrement étudié en taphonomie. Depuis le XIXème siècle, la reconnaissance du rôle joué par les grands prédateurs, et plus particulièrement de l’hyène, dans la formation des assemblages osseux, a permis de dégager les grandes tendances écologiques et évolutives de ces carnivores (habitat en grotte, consommation osseuse, chasse vs. charognage, compétition interspécifique, interaction Homme-Carnivores). L’éthologie de l’hyène tachetée fossile (accumulateur d’ossements, ostéophagie) repose largement sur le développement des travaux écologiques et néo-taphonomiques depuis les années 1970. Le présent travail porte sur un bilan paléontologique et taphonomique des hyénidés modernes et Pléistocènes. Une première partie est consacrée à la présentation synthétique des 3 principaux genres (Crocuta, Hyaena, Parahyaena) et concerne leur systématique, biogéographie et ostéométrie. Ce dernier point permet de confirmer d’une part les fluctuations de masse corporelle des hyènes en relation avec les changements climatiques au cours du Pléistocène et d’autre part la difficulté à évaluer le dimorphisme sexuel à partir des éléments squelettiques crâniens et postcrâniens. Une seconde partie porte sur l’étude de 14 échantillons osseux modernes et fossiles produits par les hyénidés. Six accumulations en contexte de repaires et 3 ensembles de plein-air composent les séries modernes. Elles représentent des contextes écologiques et géographiques distincts (Djibouti et Afrique du Sud) et sont rapportées aux trois espèces d’hyènes (repaires : Crocuta : Dumali (NR Ongulés = 421), Heraide (NR Ongulés = 216), Yangula Ari (NR Ongulés = 133), Oboley (NR Ongulés = 259) ; Hyaena : Datagabou (NR Ongulés = 352) ; Parahyaena : Uniab (NR Ongulés = 568) ; kill-sites de Crocuta : Ali Daba : NR Ongulés = 40 ; Dumali : NR Ongulés = 185 ; Heraide : NR Ongulés = 460). L’analyse taphonomique de ces assemblages permet de caractériser les modifications produites par les hyénidés modernes. Ce modèle est ensuite pris en compte dans l’étude de 5 repaires d’hyène tachetée fossile inédits : Artenac c10 (OIS5c ; NRDT = 1301), Peyre (OIS5e ; NRDT = 2815), Grand Abri aux Puces Réseau Supérieur (100ka ; NRDT = 2360), Fouvent (OIS3 ; NRDT = 3347) et Conives (OIS3 ; NRDT = 1717). Afin de caractériser objectivement la signature taphonomique des hyènes fossiles, deux autres séries, plus anciennes (Pléistocène moyen), ont été brièvement prises en considération (Ceyssaguet (Pachycrocuta brevirostris) et Lunel-Viel 1 (Crocuta spelaea intermedia)) ainsi que deux échantillons osseux produits par d’autres grands Carnivores (le jaguar européen (Panthera onca gombaszoegensis) d’Artenac I et II et le loup (Canis lupus) moderne de Pologne). Les analyses comparées d’ensembles osseux créés par les Hyénidés, Félidés et grands Canidés permettent de reconsidérer les critères de caractérisation couramment utilisés en Taphonomie archéologique. Il apparait que les Carnivores partagent des caractéristiques taphonomiques communes (morphométrie des traces de dents, morphotypes de consommation, distribution squelettique des proies), peu favorables à l’identification spécifique ou/et générique des Carnivores ayant consommés des restes osseux. Le comportement ostéophagique de l’hyène (fossile) se distingue de celui des autres grands prédateurs par : une importante production des éclats diaphysaires d’os longs, la présence récurrente de coprolithes et enfin un nombre élevé d’os et/ou d’éclats ingérés. Parmi ces derniers, le spectre anatomique des éléments régurgités d’une part ainsi que leur degré de dissolution important d’autre part caractérisent significativement les séries paléontologiques produites volontairement par les hyènes. Ces critères pourraient constituer les éléments de diagnose taphonomique les plus intéressants<br>(Crocuta crocuta spelaea GOLDFUSS) is a carnivore particularly studied in taphonomy. For the XIXth century, the recognition of the role played by large predators, and more particularly the (cave) hyena, in bone assemblage formation, allowed to precise main ecological and evolutionary trends of these carnivores (cave occupation, consumption of bones, predation vs scavenging, interspecific competition, Humans-Carnivores interaction). The behavior of the fossil spotted hyena (accumulator of bones, osteophagy) is mainly based on the development of the ecological and neotaphonomic works since the 1970s. The present work concerns a paleontological and taphonomic survey of Modern and Pleistocene Hyenids. A first part is dedicated to the synthetic presentation of the 3 main genera (Crocuta, Hyaena, Parahyaena) concerning their systematics, biogeography and osteometrics. This last point, particularly developed, allows to confirm on one hand the fluctuations in body mass of hyenas in connection with climate change and on the other hand the difficulty estimating the sexual dimorphism from cranial and postcranial elements. A second part concerns the study of 14 modern and fossil bone samples produced by Hyenids. Modern samples (6 dens and 3 kill-sites) come from different ecological and geographical contexts (Republic of Djibuti, South Africa). Dens are as follows : Crocuta : Dumali (Ungulate NISP = 421), Heraide (Ungulate NISP = 216), Yangula Ari (Ungulate NISP = 133), Oboley (Ungulate NISP = 259) ; Hyaena : Datagabou (Ungulate NISP = 352) ; Parahyaena : Uniab (Ungulate NISP = 568). Kill-sites are as follows : Crocuta : Ali Daba : Ungulate NISP = 40 ; Dumali : Ungulate NISP = 185 ; Heraide : Ungulate NISP = 460). The taphonomic analysis of these bone samples allows to characterize modifications produced by modern Hyenids. This model is then taken into account in the study of 5 unpublished fossil spotted hyena dens of : Artenac c10 (MIS 5c ; Ungulate NISP = 1301), Peyre (MIS 5e ; Ungulate NISP = 2815), Grotte aux Puces, réseau supérieur (100ka ; Ungulate NISP = 2360), Fouvent (MIS 3 ; Ungulate NISP = 3347) and Conives (MIS 3 ; 1717). To characterize objectively the taphonomic signature of fossil hyenas, two other older series (Middle Pleistocene), were briefly considered (Ceyssaguet (Pachycrocuta brevirostris) and Lunel-Viel 1 (Crocuta spelaea intermedia)) as well as two bone samples produced by other large Carnivores (the European jaguar (Panthera onca gombaszoegensis) of Artenac I and II and the modern wolf (Canis lupus) of Poland). Comparisons of those bone assemblages created by Hyenids (modern Crocuta: 139 dens, modern Hyaena: 63 dens; modern Parahyaena: 68 dens ; Crocuta crocuta spelaea: 30 sites), Felidae and large Canids allow to reconsider the criteria of characterization usually used in archaeological Taphonomy. It seems that Carnivores share common taphonomic characteristics (toothmark morphometry, morphotypes of consumption, sketelal parts of preys), and ttherefore those criteria donot appear favorable to a specific or/and generic identification of Carnivores having consumed bones. The (fossil) hyena osteophagic behavior distinguishes itself from that of the other large predators by: an important production of shaft fragments, the recurring presence of coprolithes and finally a high number of ingested bones. Among the latter, the anatomical spectrum of regurgitated elements on one hand as well as their degree of dissolution mattering on the other hand characterizes significantly the paleontological series produced voluntarily by hyenas These criteria could constitute the elements of diagnosis taphonomique the most interesting
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Hague, Stephen G. "A modern-built house ... fit for a gentleman : elites, material culture and social strategy in Britain, 1680-1770." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2fc553a3-8922-4793-b893-e6686518e61e.
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A 1755 advert in the Gloucester Journal listed for sale, 'A MODERN-BUILT HOUSE, with four rooms on a floor, fit for a gentleman'. In the late-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 'gentlemen's houses' like the one described evolved as a cultural norm. This thesis offers a social and cultural reading of an under-studied group of small free-standing classical houses built in the west of England between 1680 and 1770. By developing a profile of eighty-one gentlemen's houses and one hundred and thirty-four builders and owners, this study unites subjects such as the history of architecture, landscapes, domestic interiors, objects and social development that are often treated separately. The design, spatial arrangement, and furnishings of gentlemen's houses precisely defined the position of their builders and owners in the social hierarchy. The 1720s marked an important shift in the location and meaning of building that corresponded to an alteration in the background of builders. Small classical houses moved from a relatively novel form of building for the gentry to a conventional choice made by newcomers often from commercial and professional backgrounds. Gentlemen's houses projected status in a range of settings for both landed and non-landed elites, highlighting the house as a form of status-enhancing property rather than land. Moreover, gentlemen's houses had adaptable interior spaces and were furnished with an array of objects that differed in number and quality from those lower and higher in society. The connections between gentlemen's houses and important processes of social change in Britain are striking. House-building and furnishing were measured strategic activities that calibrated social status and illustrated mobility. This thesis demonstrates that gentlemen's houses are one key to understanding the permeability of the English elite as well as the combination of dynamism and stability that characterized eighteenth-century English society.
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Bertaud, Alexandre. "Des guerriers au contact : transferts de technologie et évolutions tactiques en Europe occidentale du IIIème au Ier s. a.C." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30002.
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Durant les derniers siècles avant notre ère, les sociétés protohistoriques d’Europe occidentale sont successivement aux prises avec les grandes puissances méditerranéennes. Cette proximité a pu engendrer des modifications de l’armement qui sont souvent analysées dans une optique bilatérale, entre une population et Rome. Nous proposons une étude des interactions guerrières en Europe occidentale qui ne se contente pas d’analyser les échanges entre puissances méditerranéennes et populations protohistoriques mais qui prend en compte l’ensemble des armes échangées et qui essaye d’en déterminer les mécaniques. Après avoir introduit les grands groupes culturels présents dans la zone étudiée et discuté des principaux apports historiographiques, nous proposons de déterminer la place de l’armement dans les sociétés protohistoriques. En nous fondant sur une documentation abondante des contextes de découvertes fiables (environ 900), nous proposons d’analyser les dynamiques socio-culturelles inhérentes à chaque société dans leurs rapports à la guerre. Ce rapport des sociétés au fait guerrier est observé dans le temps : les modifications de ce rapport peuvent être liées à des changements propres aux groupes protohistoriques ou peuvent être mises en lien avec des bouleversements imposés par Rome. En analysant un corpus abondant d’armes (plus de 3500), nous pouvons mettre en évidence des choix particuliers à chaque groupe culturel mais également des emprunts et des adoptions. Les techniques de combats jouent un rôle essentiel dans les choix d’adopter ou non certaines armes. Cette analyse nous pousse à proposer de nouveaux moyens d’appréhender certaines problématiques depuis longtemps débattues comme le cas du glaive romain. Traiter des interactions guerrières en Europe occidentale implique d’analyser une grande variabilité de données. Ces analyses permettent de resituer plus précisément la place du fait guerrier dans les sociétés protohistoriques et de comprendre les moteurs des échanges d’armes. Elles permettent également de rendre compte et de relativiser l’impact de Rome dans le rapport des sociétés protohistoriques à la guerre ainsi que des techniques de combats des populations protohistoriques dans le système militaire romain<br>During the last centuries BC, late prehistorical societies were struggled against great Mediterranean Powers. With this proximity, some weapon modifications has been seen as a one way exchange: between one people and Rome. We want to study the warfare interactions in Western Europe in a large range of possibility by the analyses of all the warlike artefacts exchanged without focusing on the Mediterranean Powers against the prehistorical peoples. Through this we can understand the warfare interactions mechanisms. Introducing the main cultural groups and discussing the history of weaponry research, we propose to understand the place of the weapon in the late prehistorical societies. Through the trustworthy discovery contexts (around 900), we want to understand the socio-cultural dynamics of each group in relation to warfare behavior. This relation will be seen during the long time to approach the modifications that are strictly from the prehistorical people or that are deliberate conducted by Rome. Through analyses of several weapons (more than 3500), we can highlight the choices of each cultural group and the adoptions. The fighting techniques are essential in the choices to adopt some weapons. This analyses leads us to propose some new ways to think about ancient issues as the roman gladius. We must use several kind of data to apprehend the warfare interaction in Western Europe. These analyses are useful to understand the warlike behavior in the societies and so the mechanics of weapon exchanges. They also permit to realize and relativize the impact of Rome, as in the rapport of the prehistorical societies to warfare, as the fighting techniques in the roman military system
40
Sofield, Clifford M. "Placed deposits in early and middle Anglo-Saxon rural settlements." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b878e1cd-21a3-449a-8a18-d1ad8d728a26.
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Placed deposits have received increasing attention over the past 30 years, particularly in prehistoric British archaeology. Although disagreement still exists over the definition, identification, and interpretation of placed deposits, significant advances have been made in theoretical and methodological approaches to placed deposits, as researchers have gradually moved away from relatively crude ‘ritual’ interpretations toward more nuanced considerations of how placed deposits may have related to daily lives, social networks, and settlement structure, as well as worldview. With the exception of comments on specific deposits and a recent preliminary survey, however, Anglo-Saxon placed deposits have remained largely unstudied. This thesis represents the first systematic attempt to identify, characterize, analyse and interpret placed deposits in early to middle Anglo-Saxon settlements (5th–9th centuries). It begins by disentangling the various definitions of ‘placed’, ‘structured’, and ‘special’ deposits and their associated assumptions. Using formation process theory as a basis, it develops a definition of placed deposits as material that has been specially selected, treated, and/or arranged, in contrast with material from similar or surrounding contexts. This definition was applied to develop contextually specific criteria for identifying placed deposits in Anglo-Saxon settlements. Examination of 141 settlements identified a total of 151 placed deposits from 67 settlements. These placed deposits were characterized and analysed for patterns in terms of material composition, context type, location within the settlement, and timing of deposition relative to the use-life of their contexts. Broader geographical and chronological trends have also been considered. In discussing these patterns, anthropological theories of action, agency, practice, and ritualization have been employed in order to begin to understand the roles placed deposits may have had in structuring space and time and expressing social identities in Anglo-Saxon settlements, and to consider how placed deposition may have articulated with Anglo-Saxon worldview and belief systems.
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Ournac, Perrine. "Archéologie et inventaire du patrimoine national : recherches sur les systèmes d'inventaire en Europe et Méditerranée occidentale (France, Espagne, Grande-Bretagne, Tunisie) : comparaisons et perspectives." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00659637.
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La comparaison des systèmes d'inventaire du patrimoine archéologique en France, Espagne, Grande-Bretagne et Tunisie consiste à observer l'organisation et les résultats de ces inventaires, au niveau national lorsqu'il existe, ou le cas échéant, au niveau régional. Il s'agit d'identifier, pour chaque pays, le mode de réalisation d'une base de données, dont les objectifs sont la protection et la mise en valeur du patrimoine archéologique. Ainsi, la naissance des premiers recensements, le cadre réglementaire, la structure institutionnelle, les conditions d'accessibilité, et la forme actuelle des inventaires ont été observés. L'analyse critique des différents cas, à l'issue des descriptions et des tests, permet de mettre en avant des paramètres conditionnant d'une part, l'existence réelle d'un inventaire national du patrimoine archéologique, d'autre part, le niveau d'accessibilité des données regroupées par ces inventaires.
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Kaulicke, Peter. "Nota editorial." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113449.
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Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste. "Hyénidés modernes et fossiles d'Europe et d'Afrique : taphonomie comparée de leurs assemblages osseux." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830276.
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En raison de sa présence récurrente dans les ensembles paléontologiques d'Europe au Pléistocène, l'hyène des cavernes (Crocuta crocuta spelaea GOLDFUSS) est un carnivore particulièrement étudié en taphonomie. Depuis le XIXème siècle, la reconnaissance du rôle joué par les grands prédateurs, et plus particulièrement de l'hyène, dans la formation des assemblages osseux, a permis de dégager les grandes tendances écologiques et évolutives de ces carnivores (habitat en grotte, consommation osseuse, chasse vs. charognage, compétition interspécifique, interaction Homme-Carnivores). L'éthologie de l'hyène tachetée fossile (accumulateur d'ossements, ostéophagie) repose largement sur le développement des travaux écologiques et néo-taphonomiques depuis les années 1970. Le présent travail porte sur un bilan paléontologique et taphonomique des hyénidés modernes et Pléistocènes. Une première partie est consacrée à la présentation synthétique des 3 principaux genres (Crocuta, Hyaena, Parahyaena) et concerne leur systématique, biogéographie et ostéométrie. Ce dernier point permet de confirmer d'une part les fluctuations de masse corporelle des hyènes en relation avec les changements climatiques au cours du Pléistocène et d'autre part la difficulté à évaluer le dimorphisme sexuel à partir des éléments squelettiques crâniens et postcrâniens. Une seconde partie porte sur l'étude de 14 échantillons osseux modernes et fossiles produits par les hyénidés. Six accumulations en contexte de repaires et 3 ensembles de plein-air composent les séries modernes. Elles représentent des contextes écologiques et géographiques distincts (Djibouti et Afrique du Sud) et sont rapportées aux trois espèces d'hyènes (repaires : Crocuta : Dumali (NR Ongulés = 421), Heraide (NR Ongulés = 216), Yangula Ari (NR Ongulés = 133), Oboley (NR Ongulés = 259) ; Hyaena : Datagabou (NR Ongulés = 352) ; Parahyaena : Uniab (NR Ongulés = 568) ; kill-sites de Crocuta : Ali Daba : NR Ongulés = 40 ; Dumali : NR Ongulés = 185 ; Heraide : NR Ongulés = 460). L'analyse taphonomique de ces assemblages permet de caractériser les modifications produites par les hyénidés modernes. Ce modèle est ensuite pris en compte dans l'étude de 5 repaires d'hyène tachetée fossile inédits : Artenac c10 (OIS5c ; NRDT = 1301), Peyre (OIS5e ; NRDT = 2815), Grand Abri aux Puces Réseau Supérieur (100ka ; NRDT = 2360), Fouvent (OIS3 ; NRDT = 3347) et Conives (OIS3 ; NRDT = 1717). Afin de caractériser objectivement la signature taphonomique des hyènes fossiles, deux autres séries, plus anciennes (Pléistocène moyen), ont été brièvement prises en considération (Ceyssaguet (Pachycrocuta brevirostris) et Lunel-Viel 1 (Crocuta spelaea intermedia)) ainsi que deux échantillons osseux produits par d'autres grands Carnivores (le jaguar européen (Panthera onca gombaszoegensis) d'Artenac I et II et le loup (Canis lupus) moderne de Pologne). Les analyses comparées d'ensembles osseux créés par les Hyénidés, Félidés et grands Canidés permettent de reconsidérer les critères de caractérisation couramment utilisés en Taphonomie archéologique. Il apparait que les Carnivores partagent des caractéristiques taphonomiques communes (morphométrie des traces de dents, morphotypes de consommation, distribution squelettique des proies), peu favorables à l'identification spécifique ou/et générique des Carnivores ayant consommés des restes osseux. Le comportement ostéophagique de l'hyène (fossile) se distingue de celui des autres grands prédateurs par : une importante production des éclats diaphysaires d'os longs, la présence récurrente de coprolithes et enfin un nombre élevé d'os et/ou d'éclats ingérés. Parmi ces derniers, le spectre anatomique des éléments régurgités d'une part ainsi que leur degré de dissolution important d'autre part caractérisent significativement les séries paléontologiques produites volontairement par les hyènes. Ces critères pourraient constituer les éléments de diagnose taphonomique les plus intéressants.
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Duchesne, Sylvie. "Pratiques funéraires, biologie humaine et diffusion culturelle en Iakoutie (16e-19e siècles)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30172.
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Étude, sur la base de 162 caractères issus de 179 tombes gelées parfaitement conservées, de l'évolution culturelle du peuplement de la Iakoutie du XVIe siècle au XIXe siècle. Les Iakoutes sont un peuple du nord-est de la Sibérie, de langue turque, éleveurs de bovins et de chevaux, entourés de populations de langue sibérienne, éleveurs de rennes. Dispersés en plusieurs tribus avant la colonisation russe, ils vont connaître au contact des Russes un "âge d'or" avant d'être assimilés à la culture russe orthodoxe au XIXe siècle. Leurs tombes gelées, avec des données cultuelles et biologiques intactes, jointes aux données historiques et à ce contexte écologique particulier, font de leur évolution culturelle un cas d'école exceptionnel pour l'interaction homme/milieu et pour les sciences humaines et sociales. Après une étude descriptive des caractères, des études multivariées, descriptives et décisionnelles, confrontent les différences entre âges, sexes, lignées, périodes et en- sembles géographiques ; elles sont confrontées ensuite à une analyse phylogénétique. Les premières analyses démontrent les changements économiques et religieux liés à l'évolution chronologique tandis que la phylogénie fournit des hypothèses sur la transmission culturelle, différenciée selon le sexe. Une phase de synthèse permet de confirmer la fondation méridionale de la culture iakoute, identifier ses mécanismes d'adaptations, puis d'évolutions face à la colonisation russe et enfin de reconnaître ses modes de transmissions et de diffusion qui l'ont fait évoluer d'un mode de vie traditionnel à un mode de vie orthodoxe russe<br>Study, on the basis of 162 characters from 179 perfectly preserved frozen burials, of the cultural evolution of the settlement of Yakutia from the 16th century to the 19th century. The Yakuts, people from north-eastern Sibe- ria, Turkic speaking, cattle and horse breeders, are surrounded by Siberian speaking people, reindeer herders. Divided into several tribes before the Russian colonization, they will experience in contact with the Russians a "golden age" before being assimilated into the Russian Orthodox culture in the 19th century. Their frozen tombs, with intact cultural and biological data, together with historical data and this particular ecological context place their cultural evolution as an exceptional school case for human-environment interaction and for the human and social sciences. After a descriptive study of the characters, multivariate, descriptive and decisional studies, comparing differences between ages, sexes, lineages, periods, geographical groups, are carried out; it is followed by a phylogenetic analysis. The first analyses demonstrate the economic and religious changes linked to chronological evolution, while phylogeny provides hypotheses on cultural transmission, differentiated according to sex. A phase of synthesis allows us to confirm the southern origins of the Yakut culture, to identify its mechanisms of adaptation, then of evolution in the face of Russian colonization, and finally to recognize its modes of transmission and diffusion that have made it evolve from a traditional way of life to a Russian orthodox way of life
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Hervé, Gwenaël. "Datation par archéomagnétisme des terres cuites archéologiques en France au premier millénaire av. J.-C. : étalonnage des variations du champ géomagnétique en direction et intensité." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00738129.
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L'objectif de ce travail est l'amélioration des courbes de variation séculaire de la direction (inclinaison I et déclinaison D) et de l'intensité (F) du champ magnétique terrestre en Europe occidentale durant le premier millénaire av. J.-C. 47 fours, foyers et lots de tessons céramiques ont été étudiés pour constituer de nouvelles structures de référence. La datation du moment d'acquisition de l'aimantation a été définie en analysant l'ensemble des informations archéologiques et chronométriques disponibles sur les sites. 39 nouvelles archéodirections ont été obtenues après désaimantations thermique et par champ alternatif. Les 18 archéointensités ont été déterminées par le protocole de Thellier-Thellier et généralement corrigées des effets de l'anisotropie et de la vitesse de refroidissement. Les courbes de variation séculaire françaises, construites par moyenne mobile et par la statistique hiérarchique bayésienne, ont été étendues jusqu'en 1500 av. J.-C. pour la direction et jusqu'en 800 av. J.-C. pour l'intensité. L'inclinaison a une variation non monotone entre 65 et 75° entre 1500 et 0 av. J.-C. Les variations de la déclinaison et de l'intensité sont très fortes avec un maximum en 800 av. J.-C. (30° pour D et 90 µT pour F) et un minimum (-5° pour D et 60µT pour F) en 250 av. J.-C. L'interprétation géomagnétique de la variation séculaire est difficile en raison des lacunes des jeux de données de référence hors Europe. Ces nouvelles courbes plus fiables améliorent la datation archéomagnétique au premier millénaire av. J.-C. et étendent son application à l'âge du Bronze final. Du fait de la forte variation séculaire, le premier âge du Fer est la période la plus propice.
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Fougo, Maria Beatriz Correia Santana e. Rosas. "Determinants of Capital Structure: Differences Between Northern and Southern Europe." Master's thesis, 2015. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/80622.
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Fougo, Maria Beatriz Correia Santana e. Rosas. "Determinants of Capital Structure: Differences Between Northern and Southern Europe." Dissertação, 2015. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/80622.
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Shaw, Leslie Carol. "The articulation of social inequality and faunal resource use in the Preclassic community of Colha, northern Belize." 1991. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9132913.
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This dissertation evaluated the interactional dynamics of emerging social inequality and the economics of basic necessities during the early development of Lowland Maya civilization. Basic necessities, including clothing, shelter, and utilitarian tools, were all affected in some way by the changes in access to and distribution of resources, technology, and information. This study focuses on one specific relationship: that between increasing social inequality and the procurement and distribution of animal resources. This research problem is addressed using faunal remains from the site of Colha in northern Belize. The faunal assemblage (totaling 14,553 bones/bone fragments) was recovered from Preclassic Period (1,000 B.C.-A.D. 250) residential deposits. The 1,250 years represented in the assemblage cover the time when the Maya shifted from small autonomous communities to hierarchically ranked centers, many of which specialized in the production and/or exchange of goods for regional consumption. The faunal data from Colha were evaluated against the changes in social complexity documented for this period. A distinct patterning in the use of faunal resources during the Preclassic was observed. The early settlers of Colha (roughly 1,000-600 B.C.) utilized low-bush terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic species nearly equally. The prominent use of wetland and aquatic resources suggests that wetland agriculture may have been used. The five hundred years that followed saw a gradual shift toward a heavier use of wetland and aquatic resources, probably due to wetter conditions and to the biodegradation caused by land clearing and heavy faunal exploitation. In the Late Preclassic there was a marked change in faunal use, beginning approximately 100 B.C. This includes a heavier reliance on terrestrial species, an increased use of dog for food, and a greater utilization of distant habitats, such as marine and high-forest environments. These changes required modifications in the social aspects of food procurement and distribution, including exchange relationships, and not simply an intensification of past strategies. It is proposed that households could use their elevated status (and accompanying accumulation of wealth and power) to shift from a strategy of direct food procurement to one in which food could be acquired indirectly through exchange and/or tribute.
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Harris, Lucille. "Heterarchy and Hierarchy in the Formation and Dissolution of Complex Hunter-gatherer Communities on the Northern Plateau." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/34034.
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This research explores the changing nature of social organization associated with the growth and breakup of large nucleated hunter-gatherer winter settlements in the Mid-Fraser region of south-central British Columbia, ca. 2000-300 cal. B.P. It uses hierarchy and heterarchy as overarching conceptual frameworks for theorizing and evaluating structures of social and political organization. Regional radiocarbon data were used to examine issues of demography and to evaluate the role of scalar stress in producing social change in these burgeoning communities. In order to explore aspects of economic practice and wealth distribution over time artifacts, fauna, and features from sixteen different housepits from five different village sites near the present-day town of Lillooet, British Columbia were analyzed. Results suggest that the villages formed around 1800 cal. B.P. and attained peak population ca. 1200 cal. B.P. The onset of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly at that time altered resource conditions, resulting in greater reliance on mammalian rather than riverine resources. Increased pressure on these resources led to the incorporation of greater amounts of small bodied mammals after 1000 cal. B.P. Apparent declining numbers of houses within large villages after 1200 cal. B.P. suggest that village abandonment began at this time, with individual families likely settling in dispersed villages. The large villages were totally abandoned by 900-800 cal. B.P. Lack of evidence for wealth differentiation in these contexts suggest that social hierarchy based on control over access to resources never emerged in the large villages and that more egalitarian conditions prevailed. Heterarchical structures that allow for shifting balance of power between bands and individual families is argued to have characterized the shift between population aggregation and dispersal.
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Minet, Nadine. "Corporate social responsibility and employer attractiveness: a cross-country analysis of Northern and Southern European job seekers and young professionals." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/23467.
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This research paper focuses on the controversy whether corporate social responsibility (CSR)
has an influence on employer attractiveness and to what extent the cultural background and
individual character traits can act as influencing factors in this relationship. In a first survey a
sample of 97 respondents have been asked about their general perceptions towards CSR and
their employer choices. A second survey covered 109 participants in an experimental design,
testing for statistical significance of CSR practices when choosing an employer. Finally, it can
be concluded that CSR can have a significant influence on employer attractiveness in northern
and southern Europe and individual character traits can provide an influential factor on the
perception on CSR.