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1
Taylor, W. J., T. Y. Tan und U. Gösele. „Carbon precipitation in silicon: Why is it so difficult?“ Applied Physics Letters 62, Nr. 25 (21.06.1993): 3336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.109063.
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Müller, Timo, G. Kissinger, P. Krottenthaler, C. Seuring, R. Wahlich und Wilfried von Ammon. „Precipitation Enhancement of "so Called" Defect-Free Czochralski Silicon Material“. Solid State Phenomena 108-109 (Dezember 2005): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.108-109.11.
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Thermal treatments to enhance precipitation like RTA, ramp anneal and argon anneal were performed on low oxygen 300 mm wafers without vacancy or interstitial agglomerates (“so called” defect-free material). Best results were achieved using high temperature argon anneal leading to a homogenous BMD and denuded zone formation. Furthermore the getter efficiency was positively tested by intentional Ni-contamination. Concepts to overcome the slip danger like improved support geometries and nitrogen codoping were also evaluated and are seen to be beneficial.
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Sutanto, Ahmad, Anwar Annas, Mohammad Ardha, Taufif Hidayat und Muhammad Rokhis Khomarudin. „AUTOMATION OF DAILY LANDSLIDE POTENTIAL INFORMATION BASED ON REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE IMAGERY USING OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY“. International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) 20, Nr. 1 (30.06.2023): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.ijreses.2023.v20.a3836.
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This automation system automatically generated landslide potential information based on daily precipitation data. This system is essential to replace the previous manual processing system with an automated and integrated system. The results of the developed system are the distribution of areas with landslide potential based on daily precipitation data. The system was built using geographic information systems and web service techniques. This allows the automation process to be performed quickly and accurately. The landslide susceptibility map used is from the National Disaster Management Agency, so the information is more reliable. Himawari-8 is used to determine the potential for extreme precipitation in 10 minutes because this satellite has a very high temporal resolution. The system is already in use and has proven to replace manual processing and is faster. Further development will be more challenging if the system can be connected to the sensors installed on site so that the sensors on site can issue a landslide warning in case of extreme precipitation so that the surrounding communities can respond immediately. Opportunities for future development of the system may also be incorporated into landslide potential prediction based on the precipitation forecast model
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Nowobilska-Majewska, Elwira, Tomasz Kotowski und Piotr Bugajski. „Impact of atmospheric precipitation on the volume of wastewater inflowing to the treatment plant in Nowy Targ“. E3S Web of Conferences 171 (2020): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017101009.
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The study determines the impact of precipitation on the amount of wastewater flowing into the treatment plant in Nowy Targ. The research period covered the years 2016 and 2017, in which the amount of precipitation and average daily wastewater inflows (during the so-called dry period, i.e. days without precipitation and in the so-called wet period, i.e. days with precipitation) were analyzed. The research period was divided into 5 characteristic ranges in terms of the amount of precipitation. It was found that on days with different intensity of precipitation, the amount of rainwater (in the total amount of wastewater flowing into the treatment plant) ranges from 14.2% to 32.5%. Taking into account the absolute values, it was found that the average daily amount of wastewater inflow on days with precipitation was from 14361 to 18248 m3∙d-1 compared to wastewater inflow on days without precipitation (12323 m3∙d-1). The obtained test results should be a signal for sewage network operators for the performance of intensive and effective actions aimed at eliminating illegal connections of drain pipe for rainwater and yard drains to sanitary collectors and the replacement combined sewer system to distribution sewer system in the city of Nowy Targ.
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Jiang, Hongli, Graham Feingold und Armin Sorooshian. „Effect of Aerosol on the Susceptibility and Efficiency of Precipitation in Warm Trade Cumulus Clouds“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, Nr. 11 (01.11.2010): 3525–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3484.1.
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Abstract Large-eddy simulations of warm, trade wind cumulus clouds are conducted for a range of aerosol conditions with a focus on precipitating clouds. Individual clouds are tracked over the course of their lifetimes. Precipitation rate decreases progressively as aerosol increases. For larger, precipitating clouds, the polluted clouds have longer lifetimes because of precipitation suppression. For clean aerosol conditions, there is good agreement between the average model precipitation rate and that calculated based on observed radar reflectivity Z and precipitation rate R relationships. Precipitation rate can be expressed as a power-law function of liquid water path (LWP) and Nd, to reasonable accuracy. The respective powers for LWP and Nd are of similar magnitude compared to those based on observational studies of stratocumulus clouds. The time-integrated precipitation rate represented by a power-law function of LWP, Nd, and cloud lifetime is much more reliably predicted than is R expressed in terms of LWP and Nd alone. The precipitation susceptibility (So = −dlnR/dlnNd) that quantifies the sensitivity of precipitation to changes in Nd depends strongly on LWP and exhibits nonmonotonic behavior with a maximum at intermediate LWP values. The relationship between So and precipitation efficiency is explored and the importance of including dependence on Nd in the latter is highlighted. The results provide trade cumulus cloud population statistics, as well as relationships between microphysical/macrophysical properties and precipitation, that are amenable for use in larger-scale models.
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Nastos, P. T., und C. S. Zerefos. „Cyclic modes of the intra-annual variability of precipitation in Greece“. Advances in Geosciences 25 (09.03.2010): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-25-45-2010.
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Abstract. The application of harmonic analysis to the annual variability of precipitation is the object of this study, so that the modes, which compose the annual variability, be elicited. For this purpose, monthly precipitation totals from 30 meteorological stations of the Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS), for the period 1950–2000, were used. The initial target is to reduce the number of variables and to detect structure in the relationships between the variables. The most commonly used technique for this purpose is the application of Factor Analysis (FA) resulted in five main factors (sub-regions) with common precipitation characteristics, explaining 77% of the total variance. For each sub-region, a representative station is selected for the analyses, mainly, as the station within the sub-region with the highest factor loading. In the process, the Fourier Analysis is applied to the mean monthly precipitation, so that 2 harmonic components are derived, which explain more than 90% of the total variability of each station, and are due to different synoptic and thermodynamic processes associated with Greece's precipitation regime. Finally the calculation of the time of the maximum precipitation, for each harmonic component, gives the spatial distribution of the appearance of the maximum precipitation in the Greek region.
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Juliá, Cristóbal, David A. Rahn und José A. Rutllant. „Assessing the Influence of the MJO on Strong Precipitation Events in Subtropical, Semi-Arid North-Central Chile (30°S)“. Journal of Climate 25, Nr. 20 (07.05.2012): 7003–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00679.1.
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Abstract Annual precipitation in subtropical, semiarid north-central Chile (30°S) during rainy years comprises a few (3–5) strong events in the fall and winter, which are presumably modulated by the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Precipitation from 1979–2009 was recorded daily at three stations along the Elqui Valley. The relationship between the MJO and precipitation is investigated from two perspectives: 1) examining a MJO index (MJOI) based on the actual precipitation events and 2) examining the likelihood of precipitation based on a favorable MJOI. About 80% of the strong precipitation events at the coast in La Serena are related to an active MJO near the central equatorial Pacific. These events are often typified by broad, slow moving synoptic systems in phase with the MJO propagation. Blocking in the far southeast Pacific is associated with precipitation 75% of the time, while deep troughs make up the rest. A relationship between a MJOI and strong rainfall suggests that, though it could be used as a potential diagnostic, the number of cases where there is a favorable MJOI but no precipitation (i.e., false alarms) limits its utility. Additional criteria such as the Southern Oscillation (SO) and Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) phases were used to reject false alarms. Rejecting cases with positive values of the SO index reduced the number of false alarms from 70% to 58%, leaving about two false alarms for every correctly diagnosed event. The AAO index could not discriminate between false alarms and real cases. While a favorable MJOI increases the likelihood of precipitation in the Elqui Valley, false alarms remain problematic.
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Chou, Chia, Chao-An Chen, Pei-Hua Tan und Kuan Ting Chen. „Mechanisms for Global Warming Impacts on Precipitation Frequency and Intensity“. Journal of Climate 25, Nr. 9 (Mai 2012): 3291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00239.1.
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Global warming mechanisms that cause changes in frequency and intensity of precipitation in the tropics are examined in climate model simulations. Under global warming, tropical precipitation tends to be more frequent and intense for heavy precipitation but becomes less frequent and weaker for light precipitation. Changes in precipitation frequency and intensity are both controlled by thermodynamic and dynamic components. The thermodynamic component is induced by changes in atmospheric water vapor, while the dynamic component is associated with changes in vertical motion. A set of equations is derived to estimate both thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to changes in frequency and intensity of precipitation, especially for heavy precipitation. In the thermodynamic contribution, increased water vapor reduces the magnitude of the required vertical motion to generate the same strength of precipitation, so precipitation frequency increases. Increased water vapor also intensifies precipitation due to the enhancement of water vapor availability in the atmosphere. In the dynamic contribution, the more stable atmosphere tends to reduce the frequency and intensity of precipitation, except for the heaviest precipitation. The dynamic component strengthens the heaviest precipitation in most climate model simulations, possibly due to a positive convective feedback.
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Wang, Xi An, Fei Mao, Qi Min Zhang und Jun Lian He. „Study on Paraffin Precipitation for Dalaoba Condensate Gas Reservoir“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (Oktober 2011): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.423.
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High content of paraffin for condensate gas reservoir in Dalaoba and the precipitation of paraffin seriously affect the production and safety to bring about greater economic loss, therefore, it is necessary to develop the study on the precipitation of paraffin,deposition mechanism, variation discipline of phase state, prediction technology as well as the discipline for precipitation of paraffin of shaft.The paper establish the predication method on phase state simulation for paraffin precipitation. In order to better realize the site application, the predicted drawing version on paraffin precipitation of shaft is established to better predict the paraffin precipitation of shaft so as to provide the scientific basis for design on paraffin elimination and prevention on site as well as the construction and reasonable mining of condensate gas reservoir.
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Chou, Chia, und Jien-Yi Tu. „Hemispherical Asymmetry of Tropical Precipitation in ECHAM5/MPI-OM during El Niño and under Global Warming“. Journal of Climate 21, Nr. 6 (15.03.2008): 1309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1928.1.
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Abstract Similarities and differences between El Niño and global warming are examined in hemispherical and zonal tropical precipitation changes of the ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM) simulations. Similarities include hemispherical asymmetry of tropical precipitation changes. This precipitation asymmetry varies with season. In the boreal summer and autumn (winter and spring), positive precipitation anomalies are found over the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere and negative precipitation anomalies are found over the Southern (Northern) Hemisphere. This precipitation asymmetry in both the El Niño and global warming cases is associated with the seasonal migration of the Hadley circulation; however, their causes are different. In El Niño, a meridional moisture gradient between convective and subsidence regions is the fundamental basis for inducing the asymmetry. Over the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation, convection is enhanced by less effective static stability. Over the margins of the ascending branch, convection is suppressed by the import of dry air from the descending branch. In global warming, low-level moisture is enhanced significantly due to warmer tropospheric temperatures. This enhances vertical moisture transport over the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation, so convection is strengthened. Over the descending branch, the mean Hadley circulation tends to transport relatively drier air downward, so convection is reduced.
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Kim, Yeonjoo, und Guiling Wang. „Impact of Vegetation Feedback on the Response of Precipitation to Antecedent Soil Moisture Anomalies over North America“. Journal of Hydrometeorology 8, Nr. 3 (01.06.2007): 534–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm612.1.
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Abstract Previous studies support a positive soil moisture–precipitation feedback over a major fraction of North America; that is, initial soil moisture anomalies lead to precipitation anomalies of the same sign. To investigate how vegetation feedback modifies the sensitivity of precipitation to initial soil moisture conditions over North America, a series of ensemble simulations are carried out using a modified version of the coupled Community Atmosphere Model–Community Land Model (CAM–CLM). The modified CLM includes a predictive vegetation phenology scheme so that the coupled model can represent interactions between soil moisture, vegetation, and precipitation at the seasonal time scale. The focus of this study is on how the impact of vegetation feedback varies with the timing and direction of initial soil moisture anomalies. During summer, wet soil moisture anomalies lead to increase in leaf area index and, consequently, increase in evapotranspiration and surface heating. Such increases tend to favor precipitation. Therefore, under wet summer soil moisture anomalies, the soil moisture–induced precipitation increase is reinforced when predictive phenology is included. That is, the vegetation feedback to precipitation is positive. The response of vegetation to dry soil moisture anomalies in the summer months, however, is not significant due probably to a dry bias in the model, so the resulting vegetation feedback on precipitation is minimal. To soil moisture anomalies in spring, the leaf area index (LAI) response is delayed since LAI is still limited by cold temperature at that time of the year. During the summer following wet spring soil moisture anomalies, vegetation feedback is negative; that is, it tends to suppress the response of precipitation through the depletion of soil moisture by vegetation.
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Choe, Hye-Jeong, Jong Won, Yong-Taek Hyun, Ka Lim und Seog-Young Yoon. „TiFe Precipitation Behavior and its Effect on Strengthening in Solution Heat-Treated Ti-5Al-3.5Fe During Isothermal Aging“. Metals 8, Nr. 11 (26.10.2018): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8110875.
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We investigated the TiFe precipitation behavior of solution heat-treated Ti-5Al-3.5Fe during isothermal aging, quantified the effect of precipitation on strengthening by evaluating the hardness, and compared it to the effect of Ti3Al precipitation in Ti-6Al-4V. TiFe precipitates formed both at grain boundaries (GBs) and within the grain matrices. Phase transformation from the β to α phase also occurred during isothermal aging; this transformation generated lamellar interphase boundaries between the transformed α phase and remaining β phase in prior β grains. These interphase boundaries enabled the formation of in-grain TiFe precipitates by acting as a nucleation site. GB precipitation did not require prior β → α phase transformation to generate nucleation sites (i.e., interphase boundaries), so TiFe precipitation could occur immediately upon isothermal aging. Thus, GB precipitation proceeded more quickly than in-grain precipitation; as a result, precipitates were larger and more spherical at the GBs than in grains. The strengthening behavior exhibited by TiFe precipitation differed obviously from that caused by Ti3Al precipitation in Ti-6Al-4V because of its differing precipitation kinetics and related microstructural evolution.
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Norris, Jesse, Gang Chen und J. David Neelin. „Thermodynamic versus Dynamic Controls on Extreme Precipitation in a Warming Climate from the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble“. Journal of Climate 32, Nr. 4 (Februar 2019): 1025–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0302.1.
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The moisture budget is evaluated as a function of the probability distribution of precipitation for the end of the twentieth century and projected end of the twenty-first century in the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble. For a given precipitation percentile, a conditional moisture budget equation relates precipitation minus evaporation ( P − E) to vertical moisture transport, horizontal moisture advection, and moisture storage. At high percentiles, moisture advection and moisture storage cancel and evaporation is negligible, so that precipitation is approximately equal to vertical moisture transport, and likewise for projected changes. Therefore, projected changes to extreme precipitation are approximately equal to the sum of thermodynamic and dynamic tendencies, representing changes to the vertical profiles of moisture content and mass convergence, respectively. The thermodynamic tendency is uniform across percentiles and regions as an intensification of the hydrological cycle, but the dynamic tendency is more complex. For extreme events, per degree of warming, in the mid-to-high latitudes the dynamic tendency is small, so that precipitation approximately scales by the Clausius–Clapeyron 7% K−1 increase. In the subtropics, a drying tendency originating from dynamics offsets the thermodynamic wetting tendency, with the net effect on precipitation varying among regions. The effect of this dynamic drying decreases with increasing percentile. In the deep tropics, a positive dynamic tendency occurs with magnitude similar to or greater than the positive thermodynamic tendency, resulting in generally a 10%–15% K−1 precipitation increase, and with a >25% K−1 increase over the tropical east Pacific. This reinforcing dynamical tendency increases rapidly for high percentiles.
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Voisin, Nathalie, John C. Schaake und Dennis P. Lettenmaier. „Calibration and Downscaling Methods for Quantitative Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts“. Weather and Forecasting 25, Nr. 6 (01.12.2010): 1603–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010waf2222367.1.
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Abstract Two approaches for downscaling and calibrating error estimates from ensemble precipitation forecasts are evaluated; the two methods are intended to be used to produce flood forecasts based on global weather forecasts in ungauged river basins. The focus of this study is on the ability of the approaches to reproduce observed forecast errors when applied to daily precipitation forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) for a 10-day forecast period. The two approaches are bias correction with spatial disaggregation (BCSD) and an analog technique. Mean forecast errors and skills are evaluated with respect to Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission (TRMM) observations over the Ohio River basin for the period 2002–06 for daily and 5-day accumulations and for 0.25° and 1° spatial resolutions. The Ohio River basin was chosen so that a relatively dense gauge-based observed precipitation dataset could also be used in the evaluation of the two approaches. Neither the BCSD nor the analog approach is able to improve on the forecast prediction skill resulting from a simple spatial interpolation benchmark. However, both approaches improve the forecast reliability, although more so for the analog approach. The BCSD method improves the bias for all forecast amounts (but less so for large amounts), but the downscaled precipitation patterns are unrealistic. The analog approach reduces biases over a wider range of forecast amounts, and the precipitation patterns are more realistic.
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Zhan, Lucheng, Jiansheng Chen, Ling Li und David A. Barry. „Comment on “Origin of water in the Badain Jaran Desert, China: new insight from isotopes” by Wu et al. (2017)“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, Nr. 8 (22.08.2018): 4449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4449-2018.
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Abstract. Precipitation isotope data were used to determine the origin of groundwater in the Badain Jaran Desert (BJD) in the study of Wu et al. (2017). Both precipitation and its isotope composition vary seasonally, so arithmetic averages of precipitation isotope values poorly represent the isotope composition of meteoric water. Their finding that the BJD groundwater is recharged by modern meteoric water from local areas including the southeastern adjacent mountains was based on arithmetic averaging. However, this conclusion is not supported by the corrected mean precipitation isotope values, which are weighted by the precipitation rate. Indeed, the available isotopic evidence shows that modern precipitation on the Qilian Mountains is more likely to be the main source of the groundwater and lake water in the BJD, as found by Chen et al. (2004).
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Setiawan, Adhi, Falenia Firdatul Jannah, Tarikh Azis Ramadani und Tanti Utami Dewi. „Penyisihan Fosfat dan Amonium Pada Air Limbah Menggunakan Presipitasi Struvite Dengan Penambahan Bittern“. Jurnal Pengendalian Pencemaran Lingkungan (JPPL) 4, Nr. 1 (27.03.2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/jppl.v4i1.1185.
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The fertilizer industry generally produces wastewater with relatively high ammonium and phosphate content, so processing is necessary so as not to cause eutrophication effects that harm the environment. Struvite precipitation with bittern media was an alternative method to remove struvite content in wastewater. This study aimed to analyze the effect of pH and molar ratio [Mg2+] : [NH4+] : [PO43-] on the struvite precipitation process in reducing the ammonium and phosphate content in the artificial wastewater of the fertilizer industry and to characterize the struvite obtained from the precipitation process. The precipitation process was conducted in batches with various pH and molar ratios [Mg2+]: [NH4+]: [PO43-]. The variation of pH used is 8−10. The molar ratios used are 1.5 : 1.0 : 1.0 and 3.0 : 1.0 : 1.0. Struvite characterization was conducted using SEM-EDX and XRD methods. The results showed that pH and molar ratio had an effect on the efficiency of removal ammonium and phosphate using struvite precipitation. The best pH value and molar ratio that can be used to remove content of ammonium and phosphate is at pH 9 with a molar ratio of [Mg2+] : [NH4+] : [PO43-] 3.0 : 1.0 : 1.0 which results in the removal efficiency of 86.50% and 99.96% respectively. The morphology of struvite obtained from precipitation is irregular rod-shaped with an average size of 28.53 μm. XRD results have detected peaks indicating the struvite phase.
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Khalighi-Sigaroodi, S., E. Ghaljaee, A. Moghaddam Nia, A. Malekian und F. Zhang. „EVALUATION OF TRMM-3B42V7 AND PERSIANN-CDR DAILY-PRECIPITATION PRODUCTS FOR THE SOUTHERN SLOPES OF ALBORZ MOUNTAINS, IRAN“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (31.10.2019): 1163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-1163-2019.
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Abstract. The density of rain gauges in many regions is lower than standard. Therefore, there are no precise estimates of precipitation in such regions. Today the use of satellite data to overcome this deficiency is increasing day to day. Unfortunately, the results from different satellite products also show a significant difference. Hence, their evaluation and validation are very important. The main objective of this study is to investigate the accuracy of the daily precipitation data of TRMM-3B42 V7 and PERSIANN-CDR satellites under a case study in the southern slopes of Alborz mountains, Iran. For this purpose, satellite precipitation data were compared with ground measured precipitation data of 12 synoptic stations over a 15- year period. The statistical criteria of MAE, RMSE, and Bias were used to assess error and the statistical indices of POD, FAR, and CSI was used to evaluate the recognition rate of occurrence or non-occurrence of precipitation. The results showed that there is a low correlation between satellite precipitation data and ground measured precipitation data, and the lowest and the highest values of correlation coefficient are from 0.228 to 0.402 for TRMM and from 0.047 to 0.427 for PERSIANN, respectively. However, there is a theoretical consensus on other assessment parameters, so that TRMM data is preferable in terms of the amount of data bias and the False Alarm Ratio (FAR) and PERSIANN data is superior in terms of RMSE, POD, and CSI. Also, it seems that in the study region, both of TRMM and PERSIANN have overestimated the number of daily precipitation events, so that the number of daily precipitation events was estimated about 125% and 200% of ground stations by TRMM and PERSIANN, respectively.
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Jung, Eunsil, Bruce A. Albrecht, Armin Sorooshian, Paquita Zuidema und Haflidi H. Jonsson. „Precipitation susceptibility in marine stratocumulus and shallow cumulus from airborne measurements“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, Nr. 17 (14.09.2016): 11395–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11395-2016.
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Abstract. Precipitation tends to decrease as aerosol concentration increases in warm marine boundary layer clouds at fixed liquid water path (LWP). The quantitative nature of this relationship is captured using the precipitation susceptibility (So) metric. Previously published works disagree on the qualitative behavior of So in marine low clouds: So decreases monotonically with increasing LWP or cloud depth (H) in stratocumulus clouds (Sc), while it increases and then decreases in shallow cumulus clouds (Cu). This study uses airborne measurements from four field campaigns on Cu and Sc with similar instrument packages and flight maneuvers to examine if and why So behavior varies as a function of cloud type. The findings show that So increases with H and then decreases in both Sc and Cu. Possible reasons for why these results differ from those in previous studies of Sc are discussed.
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Palerme, C., J. E. Kay, C. Genthon, T. L'Ecuyer, N. B. Wood und C. Claud. „How much snow falls on the Antarctic ice sheet?“ Cryosphere Discussions 8, Nr. 1 (24.02.2014): 1279–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-1279-2014.
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Abstract. Climate models predict Antarctic precipitation to increase during the 21st century, but their present day Antarctic precipitation differs. A fully model-independent climatology of the Antarctic precipitation characteristics, such as snowfall rates and frequency, is needed to assess the models, but was not available so far. Satellite observation of precipitation by active spaceborne sensors has been possible in the polar regions since the launch of CloudSat in 2006. Here we use CloudSat products to build the first multi-year model-independent climatology of Antarctic precipitation. The mean snowfall rate from August 2006 to April 2011 is 171 mm yr−1 over the Antarctic ice sheet north of 82° S. The ECMWF ERA Interim dataset agrees well with the new satellite climatology.
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Corte-Real, J. „Developing daily precipitation scenarios for climate change impact studies in the Guadiana and the Tejo basins“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, Nr. 3 (03.05.2007): 1161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1161-2007.
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Abstract. Hydrological models to evaluate the impacts of climate change in the water resources sector require spatially correlated daily precipitation scenarios as model inputs. This paper presents a practical procedure for developing such precipitation scenarios using multisite stochastic weather models or generators conditional on large-scale daily circulation patterns, based on GCM-simulated future mean sea level pressure (MSLP) fields. The procedure is demonstrated on the basis of HadCM3 and HadAM3H simulations with an example for two river basins in the Iberian Peninsula. Changes in daily precipitation scenarios for the region generated by stochastic models are consistent with large-scale precipitation scenarios from direct GCM outputs; however, more localised characteristics have to be found from downscaled precipitation scenarios rather than from direct GCM outputs. This may imply that possible changes in downscaled precipitation reflect the underlying physics in GCMs, so that downscaled daily precipitation scenarios may be more suitable for impact models than the coarse GCM outputs.
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Crossett, Caitlin C., Alan K. Betts, Lesley-Ann L. Dupigny-Giroux und Arne Bomblies. „Evaluation of Daily Precipitation from the ERA5 Global Reanalysis against GHCN Observations in the Northeastern United States“. Climate 8, Nr. 12 (15.12.2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8120148.
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Precipitation is a primary input for hydrologic, agricultural, and engineering models, so making accurate estimates of it across the landscape is critically important. While the distribution of in-situ measurements of precipitation can lead to challenges in spatial interpolation, gridded precipitation information is designed to produce a full coverage product. In this study, we compare daily precipitation accumulations from the ERA5 Global Reanalysis (hereafter ERA5) and the US Global Historical Climate Network (hereafter GHCN) across the northeastern United States. We find that both the distance from the Atlantic Coast and elevation difference between ERA5 estimates and GHCN observations affect precipitation relationships between the two datasets. ERA5 has less precipitation along the coast than GHCN observations but more precipitation inland. Elevation differences between ERA5 and GHCN observations are positively correlated with precipitation differences. Isolated GHCN stations on mountain peaks, with elevations well above the ERA5 model grid elevation, have much higher precipitation. Summer months (June, July, and August) have slightly less precipitation in ERA5 than GHCN observations, perhaps due to the ERA5 convective parameterization scheme. The heavy precipitation accumulation above the 90th, 95th, and 99th percentile thresholds are very similar for ERA5 and the GHCN. We find that daily precipitation in the ERA5 dataset is comparable to GHCN observations in the northeastern United States and its gridded spatial continuity has advantages over in-situ point precipitation measurements for regional modeling applications.
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Wu, Yanjuan, Shuang-Ye Wu, Jiahong Wen, Felipe Tagle, Ming Xu und Jianguo Tan. „Future Changes in Mean and Extreme Monsoon Precipitation in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Basin, China, in the CMIP5 Models“. Journal of Hydrometeorology 17, Nr. 11 (01.11.2016): 2785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0033.1.
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Abstract In this study, the potential future changes of mean and extreme precipitation in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin (MLYRB), eastern China, are assessed using the models of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Historical model simulations are first compared with observations in order to evaluate model performance. In general, the models simulate the precipitation mean and frequency better than the precipitation intensity and extremes, but still have difficulty capturing precipitation patterns over complex terrains. They tend to overestimate precipitation mean, frequency, and intensity while underestimating the extremes. After correcting for model biases, the spatial variation of mean precipitation projected by the multimodel ensemble mean (MME) is improved, so the MME after the bias correction is used to project changes for the years 2021–50 and 2071–2100 relative to 1971–2000 under two emission scenarios: RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Results show that with global warming, precipitation will become less frequent but more intense over the MLYRB. Relative changes in extremes generally exceed those in mean precipitation. Moreover, increased precipitation extremes are also expected even in places where mean precipitation is projected to decrease in 2021–50. The overall increase in extreme precipitation could potentially lead to more frequent floods in this already flood-prone region.
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Salman, Aseel D., und Osama T. Al-Taai. „Spatiotemporal Distribution for Precipitable Water Vapor and Precipitation Over Iraq during the Period (1979-2019)“. NeuroQuantology 20, Nr. 1 (31.01.2022): 256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.1.nq22265.
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Water vapor plays an important role in transporting sensible heat and latent heat and is important in cloud fashioning, and precipitation fashioning, it’s one of the more important greenhouse gases so it plays an essential role in climate change. To strengthen understanding of climate change, it is necessary to analyze the spatial and temporal PWV and P distribution and variations and association between them. This research aims to calculate Precipitable Water Vapor and Precipitation Conversion Efficiency and spatial and temporal PWV and P distribution and association between them for Iraq for the period (1979-2019). In this research temperature and dew point temperature and precipitation has been downloaded from ECMWF to calculate saturation vapor pressure and actual vapor pressure and mixing ratio and that’s necessary to calculate Precipi table Water Vapor and Precipitation Conversion Efficiency. spatial distribution and temporal variation of monthly and total annual and a seasonal average of PWV and P have been studied for twelve stations covering north, east, west, central and southern (Sulaymaniah, Zakho, Kirkuk, Mosul, Erbil, Khanaqine Baghdad, Rutba, Karbala, Smawa, Nasiryia, Amarah). The results showed that larger Precipitable water vapor does not necessarily correspond to larger PCE, as well as the Precipitable water vapor increases in the station that characterizes high temperature and location near a water source so its increase in south station and decrease in the northeast stations . While precipitation increase in stations that located in mountains region and characterize by low temperature so its increase in Sulaymaniyah, Erbil and Zakho stations. And there is a negative relation between P and PWV.
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Aida, Korjenić, Temimović Emir, Banda Amra und Sivac Amina. „BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLUVIOMETRIC REGIME IN THE UNA RIVER BASIN“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, Nr. 2 (28.02.2018): 234–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i2.2018.1566.
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Intensity of action and frequency of high and low pressure barometric fields of large and medium scale have great influence on dynamics of pluviometric regime. On their action depend characteristics of thermic regime, relative humidity, cloudiness and windiness, which directly affect the precipitation. Concerning that the water balance is difference between the inflow and evaporation, it comes that precipitations do not have just special role, but they are also the most important factor of the Una river regime. Disposition and precipitation structure are the river regime's essential assumptions, so at the same annual height of precipitation, we have more water in rivers in the year with more precipitations during the colder period. Then we have less evaporation so the inflow from the basin is bigger.
The amount and disposition of the precipitation in the Una River basin is analyzed in this paper in order to define the pluviometric regime of this area. Pluviometric regime greatly influences the Una river regime and water balance, what was the reason for this analysis and further hydrological research in the Una River basin.
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Sakai, A., T. Nuimura, K. Fujita, S. Takenaka, H. Nagai und D. Lamsal. „Climate regime of Asian glaciers revealed by GAMDAM Glacier Inventory“. Cryosphere Discussions 8, Nr. 4 (11.07.2014): 3629–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-3629-2014.
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Abstract. Among meteorological elements, precipitation has a large spatial variability and less observation, particularly in High Mountain Asia, although precipitation in mountains is an important parameter for hydrological circulation. We estimated precipitation contributing to glacier mass at median elevation of glaciers, which is presumed to be at equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) so that mass balance is zero at that elevation, by tuning adjustment parameters of precipitation. We also made comparisons between median elevation of glaciers, including the effect of drifting snow and avalanche, and eliminated those local effects. Then, we could obtain median elevation of glaciers depending only on climate to estimate glacier surface precipitation. The calculated precipitation contributing to glacier mass can elucidate that glaciers in the arid High Mountain Asia have very less precipitation, while much precipitation contribute to glacier mass in the Hindu Kush, the Himalayas, and the Hengduan Shan due to not only direct precipitation amount but also avalanche nourishment. We classified glaciers in High Mountain Asia into summer-accumulation type and winter-accumulation type using the summer accumulation ratio, and confirmed that summer-accumulation type glaciers have a higher sensitivity than winter-accumulation type glaciers.
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Rettig, Ralf, Astrid Heckl und Robert F. Singer. „Modeling of Precipitation Kinetics of TCP-Phases in Single Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloys“. Advanced Materials Research 278 (Juli 2011): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.278.180.
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The precipitation of brittle so-called TCP-phases is critical for the application of Re-containing single crystal superalloys. In this work a fully multicomponent precipitation model is presented, which is capable of simulating the precipitation process of the TCP-phases in superalloys considering complex precipitation sequences with several metastable phases. The model is coupled to multicomponent thermodynamic CALPHAD calculations and relies on multicomponent diffusion models based on the TC-API interface of the software DICTRA. The required mobility database has been newly developed and covers all relevant alloying elements of the Ni-base superalloys including rhenium (Re) and ruthenium (Ru). It is well known that adding Ru strongly reduces TCP-phase precipitation. Based on the developed precipitation model, possible mechanisms are investigated to explain this effect and it is concluded that Ru mostly influences the nucleation rate by a combined influence on interface energy, “reverse partitioning” and γ’-phase fraction.
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Margulis, S. A., und D. Entekhabi. „Temporal disaggregation of satellite-derived monthly precipitation estimates and the resulting propagation of error in partitioning of water at the land surface“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 5, Nr. 1 (31.03.2001): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-5-27-2001.
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Abstract. Global estimates of precipitation can now be made using data from a combination of geosynchronous and low earth-orbit satellites. However, revisit patterns of polar-orbiting satellites and the need to sample mixed-clouds scenes from geosynchronous satellites leads to the coarsening of the temporal resolution to the monthly scale. There are prohibitive limitations to the applicability of monthly-scale aggregated precipitation estimates in many hydrological applications. The nonlinear and threshold dependencies of surface hydrological processes on precipitation may cause the hydrological response of the surface to vary considerably based on the intermittent temporal structure of the forcing. Therefore, to make the monthly satellite data useful for hydrological applications (i.e. water balance studies, rainfall-runoff modelling, etc.), it is necessary to disaggregate the monthly precipitation estimates into shorter time intervals so that they may be used in surface hydrology models. In this study, two simple statistical disaggregation schemes are developed for use with monthly precipitation estimates provided by satellites. The two techniques are shown to perform relatively well in introducing a reasonable temporal structure into the disaggregated time series. An ensemble of disaggregated realisations was routed through two land surface models of varying complexity so that the error propagation that takes place over the course of the month could be characterised. Results suggest that one of the proposed disaggregation schemes can be used in hydrological applications without introducing significant error. Keywords: precipitation, temporal disaggregation, hydrological modelling, error propagation
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Yang, Yuguang, Chengyi Zhao, Ming Han, Yike Li und Ruihong Yang. „Temporal Patterns of Shrub Vegetation and Variation with Precipitation in Gurbantunggut Desert, Central Asia“. Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/157245.
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The relationship between shrub vegetation and precipitation is one important component of desert vegetation responses to climate change, but it has not been understood completely because of its complexity and nonlinearity. In this study, we used MODIS NDVI data and precipitation data from 2004 to 2012 to evaluate the relationship between the shrub vegetation and precipitation within Gurbantunggut Desert, Central Asia. Correlation analysis was employed to explore the relationship between NDVI and precipitation within growing season, within cross growing season, and on interannual scale. The results showed that NDVI could be classified into three temporal changing patterns within growing season, and NDVI was significantly correlated with the precipitation integrated by time durations and time lags within growing season; NDVI was significantly correlated with precipitation in the early growing season, but this relationship was not so obvious in the middle or late growing season; and the NDVI variational patterns depended on mean annual precipitation and the distribution of precipitation throughout the year. Precipitation had significant influence on shrub vegetation within Gurbantunggut Desert. Our findings provide basic knowledge for the relationship between precipitation and shrub vegetation, and it is helpful to understand how the desert vegetation responds to climate change in the future.
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Sun, Yue, und Chuanfeng Zhao. „Distinct impacts on precipitation by aerosol radiative effect over three different megacity regions of eastern China“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, Nr. 21 (12.11.2021): 16555–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-16555-2021.
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Abstract. Many studies have investigated the impacts of aerosol on the intensity and amount of precipitation, but few have been done so regarding the impacts of aerosol on the start and peak times of precipitation. Using the high-resolution precipitation, aerosol, and meteorological data in the warm season of June–August from 2015 to 2020, this study investigates the influence of aerosol on the start and peak times of precipitation over three different regions, the North China Plain (NCP), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD). It shows that the period with the highest frequency of precipitation start time, defined as the frequent period (FP) of precipitation start time, is delayed and prolonged by aerosols in NCP, contributing to the similar durations of precipitation in NCP, YRD, and PRD. This study also shows that different types of aerosol (absorbing versus scattering) have caused different influences on the start and peak times of precipitation over the three study regions. The precipitation start time is 3 h advanced in NCP but 2 h delayed in PRD by aerosols during precipitation FP and shows no response to aerosol in YRD. Compared to stratiform precipitation, the convective precipitation is more sensitive to aerosol. The start and peak times of convective precipitation show similar responses to aerosols. This study further shows that the aerosol impacts on precipitation can vary with meteorological conditions. Humidity is beneficial to precipitation, which can advance the precipitation start and peak times and prolong the precipitation duration time. Correspondingly, the impacts of aerosol on start time of precipitation are significant under low humidity or weak low tropospheric stability conditions. The impacts of vertical wind shear (WS) on the start and peak times of precipitation are contrary to that of aerosols, resulting in the fact that WS inhibits the aerosol effects on precipitation.
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Liu, Jun Ping. „Wavelet Feature of Precipitation in Quzhou Jiuhua“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (Oktober 2013): 1286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.1286.
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Wavelet transform can carry on multi-scale and multi-resolution analysis of the signal through arithmetic function such as stretching and translation and so on .In this paper, applying Morlet complex wavelet performed wavelet transform of the month precipitation time sequence of Quzhou Jiuhua station, and analyzed period on different time scales. The future precipitation was analyzed based on main periods. The result showed that month precipitation has multi-scale characteristic and the main periods of month precipitation are 5-month, 11-month and 26-month. The periodic changes on large-scale nest the periodic changes on small-scale. The wavelet analysis can process signal in time frequency domain, which provide references for development and management of water resources.
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Fan, Hanxiao. „Strategies for solving hydrogen precipitation problems in aqueous zinc ion batteries“. Advances in Engineering Technology Research 8, Nr. 1 (27.09.2023): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.8.1.145.2023.
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Aqueous zinc ion batteries have revealed many problems while solving the safety problems of conventional batteries, among which the narrow electrochemical stability window of water causes the battery to be prone to hydrogen precipitation reactions. In this paper, we summarize two strategies to solve the problem. From the electrolyte side, firstly, we use a mixture of salt-in-water electrolyte to lower the starting potential of hydrogen precipitation reaction, so that the hydrogen precipitation reaction can be inhibited. The second strategy is to use intermolecular forces to configure a high concentration electrolyte to change the presence of ions in the solution, thus reducing the free water content and the activity of water to inhibit the hydrogen precipitation reaction.
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Davis, W. E., J. M. Thorp und R. N. Lee. „Variability of SO=4, Total Sulfate, NO−3, and Total Nitrate Scavenging Ratios for the Frontal Boundary Study“. Journal of Applied Meteorology 36, Nr. 6 (01.06.1997): 792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450-36.6.792.
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Abstract Precipitation and air concentration data collected during a U.S. Department of Energy–sponsored Frontal Boundary Study (FBS) were used to calculate scavenging ratios. The precipitation data were collected on a 100 km × 100 km surface grid containing 36 sampling sites, while the air concentration data were collected by aircraft. Radar and rawinsonde data were used to position the aircraft into the air mass feeding the precipitation. The coordination of the aircraft data with surface precipitation data allows the calculation of scavenging ratios. During the study, three out of seven events sampled allowed the calculation of scavenging ratios for SO=4, total sulfate, NO−3, and total nitrate. The 36 precipitation samplers allowed calculation of multiple scavenging ratios to represent an event. From these scavenging ratios, both a geometric mean and a geometric standard deviation of the scavenging ratio were calculated for each event. The geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) scavenging ratio for total sulfate is 6 × 104 (1.1) for 10 October 1989, 10 × 104 (1.5) for 16–17 October 1989, and 4 × 104 (1.3) for 31 October 1989. For SO=4 the scavenging ratios are 10 × 105 (1.1) for 10 October 1989, 4 × 105 (1.5) for 16–17 October 1989, and 3 × 105 (1.3) for 31 October 1989. The scavenging ratio for NO−3 is 3 × 106 (1.2) for 10 October 1989, 20 × 106 (1.4) for 16–17 October 1989, and 0.4 × 106 (1.5) for 31 October 1989. The scavenging ratio for total nitrate is 2 × 106 (1.2) for 10 October 1989, 2 × 106 (1.4) for 16–17 October 1989, and 0.2 × 106 (1.5) for 31 October 1989. The most important finding is the small variation of the numbers within the events as reflected in the geometric standard deviations. These values ranged from 1.1 to 1.5. Based on these results, a single scavenging ratio can be used on a 100 km × 100 km area with a minimum of error. Two other results were found when comparing these scavenging ratios to total precipitation in the sampler. The comparison revealed that the variation in the scavenging ratio increased with decreasing total precipitation. The increase was up to a factor of 2 for less than 5 mm when compared with greater than 5 mm of total precipitation.
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Kawazoe, Sho, und William J. Gutowski. „Regional, Very Heavy Daily Precipitation in NARCCAP Simulations“. Journal of Hydrometeorology 14, Nr. 4 (01.08.2013): 1212–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-068.1.
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Abstract The authors analyze the ability of the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program's ensemble of climate models to simulate very heavy daily precipitation and its supporting processes, comparing simulations that used observation-based boundary conditions with observations. The analysis includes regional climate models and a time-slice global climate model that all used approximately half-degree resolution. Analysis focuses on an upper Mississippi River region for winter (December–February), when it is assumed that resolved synoptic circulation governs precipitation. All models generally reproduce the precipitation-versus-intensity spectrum seen in observations well, with a small tendency toward producing overly strong precipitation at high-intensity thresholds, such as the 95th, 99th, and 99.5th percentiles. Further analysis focuses on precipitation events exceeding the 99.5th percentile that occur simultaneously at several points in the region, yielding so-called “widespread events.” Examination of additional fields shows that the models produce very heavy precipitation events for the same physical conditions seen in the observations.
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Li, Nan, Zhenhui Wang, Xi Chen und Geoffrey Austin. „Studies of General Precipitation Features with TRMM PR Data: An Extensive Overview“. Remote Sensing 11, Nr. 1 (04.01.2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11010080.
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The Precipitation Radar (PR), the first space-borne precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, could observe three-dimensional precipitation in global tropical regions and acquire continuous rainfall information with moderate temporal and high spatial resolutions. TRMM PR had carried out 17 years of observations and ended collecting data in April, 2015. So far, comprehensive and abundant research results related to the application of PR data have been analyzed in the current literature, but overall precipitation features are not yet identified, a gap that this review intends to fill. Studies on comparisons with ground-based radars and rain gauges are first introduced to summarize the reliability of PR observations or estimates. Then, this paper focuses on general precipitation features abstracted from about 130 studies, from 2000 to 2018, regarding lightning analysis, latent heat retrieval, and rainfall observation by PR data. Finally, we describe the existing problems and limitations as well as the future prospects of the space-borne precipitation radar data.
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Martinkova, Marta, und Jan Kysely. „Overview of Observed Clausius-Clapeyron Scaling of Extreme Precipitation in Midlatitudes“. Atmosphere 11, Nr. 8 (25.07.2020): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080786.
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This paper presents an overview of recent observational studies on the Clausius-Clapeyron precipitation-temperature (P-T) scaling in midlatitudes. As the capacity of air to hold moisture increases in connection with increasing temperature, extreme precipitation events may become more abundant and intense. The capacity of air to hold moisture is governed by the Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) relation, approximately 7% per °C. Departures from this, so called super-CC scaling and sub-CC scaling, are consequences of different factors (moisture availability, type of precipitation, annual cycle, the percentile of precipitation intensity and regional weather patterns). Since the moisture availability and enhanced convection were considered as the most important drivers governing the P-T scaling, dew point temperature as a scaling variable is discussed in detail and methods of disaggregation of precipitation events into convective and non-convective are also reviewed.
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Shrestha, Sanjeevan, und Tina Baidar. „Spatial Distribution and Temporal Change of Extreme Precipitation Events on the Koshi Basin of Nepal“. Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 17, Nr. 1 (04.06.2018): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v17i1.23007.
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Climate change, particularly at South Asia region is having a huge impact on precipitation patterns, its intensity and extremeness. Mountainous area is much sensitive to these extreme events, hence having adverse effect on environment as well as people in term of fluctuation in water supply as well as frequent extreme weather events such as flood, landslide etc. So, prediction of extreme precipitation is imperative for proper management. The objective of this study was to assess the spatial distribution and temporal change of extreme precipitation events on Koshi basin of Nepal during 1980-2010. Five indicators (R1day, R5 day, R > 25.4 mm, SDII and CDD) were chosen for 41 meteorological stations to test the extreme events. Inverse distance weighting and kriging interpolation technique was used to interpolate the spatial patterns. Result showed that most extreme precipitation events increased up to mountain regions from low river valley; and then it decreased subsequently up to Himalayan regions (south to north direction). However, there is high value of indices for lowland Terai valley also. Most of the indices have hotspot with higher value at north western and southern part of the study area. For temporal change, most of the extreme precipitation indices showed increasing trend within 30 years’ period. The spatial distribution of temporal change in indices suggests that there is increasing trend in lowland area and decreasing trend in mountainous and Himalayan area. So, adaptive measure should be adopted through proper land use planning, especially at those hotspot areas and their tributaries; to reduce adverse effect of extreme precipitation events.
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Ying, Wang, Wang Chunxia, Zhang Jukui und Wang Chunqing. „The reproductive strategy in a Chloris virgata population in response to precipitation regimes“. Royal Society Open Science 5, Nr. 8 (August 2018): 180607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180607.
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Resource availability influences plant growth and reproduction. Here, a controlled experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the adaptation response of Chloris virgata to different precipitation conditions, and to further predict the reproductive strategy in a population of C. virgata under different precipitation regimes. Three regimes (low, typical and high) of water addition were used to simulate current precipitation patterns. In total 20 individuals for each treatment were analysed to compare tiller number, spike traits, seed traits, the relationship between seed size and seed number, and so on. In addition, the effects of different precipitation regimes on offspring vigour of C. virgata were also studied. Results indicated that tiller number, spike number, seed yield and seed number were unchanged under different water addition regimes, while seed size was about 0.5 mg at typical and high precipitation levels and was higher than that in the low precipitation level. The higher seed mass per spike and spike mass both occurred at typical and high precipitation levels. Significant positive correlations between seed mass and non-seed mass in C. virgata in response to precipitation regimes were largely allometric (size dependent), as was a significant negative correlation between seed size and seed number at low precipitation. The highest germination rates and seedling weights both occurred at typical and high precipitation levels. These findings showed that different precipitation regimes affected reproductive strategy of C. virgata. Chloris virgata will not benefit from low precipitation, while typical and high precipitation will improve seed traits and offspring vigour of this species.
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Zhou, Xinyao, Yongqiang Zhang, Yonghui Yang, Yanmin Yang und Shumin Han. „Evaluation of anomalies in GLDAS-1996 dataset“. Water Science and Technology 67, Nr. 8 (01.04.2013): 1718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.043.
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Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) data are widely used for land-surface flux simulations. Therefore, the simulation accuracy using GLDAS dataset is largely contingent upon the accuracy of the GLDAS dataset. It is found that GLDAS land-surface model simulated runoff exhibits strong anomalies for 1996. These anomalies are investigated by evaluating four GLDAS meteorological forcing data (precipitation, air temperature, downward shortwave radiation and downward longwave radiation) in six large basins across the world (Danube, Mississippi, Yangtze, Congo, Amazon and Murray-Darling basins). Precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) are also compared with GLDAS forcing precipitation data. Large errors and lack of monthly variability in GLDAS-1996 precipitation data are the main sources for the anomalies in the simulated runoff. The impact of the precipitation data on simulated runoff for 1996 is investigated with the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) land-surface model in the Yangtze basin, for which area high-quality local precipitation data are obtained from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA). The CABLE model is driven by GLDAS daily precipitation data and CMA daily precipitation, respectively. The simulated daily and monthly runoffs obtained from CMA data are noticeably better than those obtained from GLDAS data, suggesting that GLDAS-1996 precipitation data are not so reliable for land-surface flux simulations.
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Duong, H. T., A. Sorooshian und G. Feingold. „Investigating potential biases in observed and modeled metrics of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, Nr. 12 (08.12.2010): 29897–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-29897-2010.
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Abstract. This study utilizes large eddy simulation, aircraft measurements, and satellite observations to identify factors that bias the absolute magnitude of metrics of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions for warm clouds. The metrics considered are precipitation susceptibility So, which examines rain rate sensitivity to changes in drop number, and a cloud-precipitation metric, χ, which relates changes in rain rate to those in drop size. While wide ranges in rain rate exist at fixed cloud drop concentration for different cloud liquid water amounts, χ and So are shown to be relatively insensitive to the growth phase of the cloud for large datasets that include data representing the full spectrum of cloud lifetime. Spatial resolution of measurements is shown to influence both the magnitude and liquid water path-dependent behavior of So and χ. Other factors of importance are the choice of how to quantify rain rate, drop size, and the cloud condensation nucleus proxy. Finally, low biases in retrieved aerosol amounts owing to wet scavenging and high biases associated with above-cloud aerosol layers should be accounted for. The paper explores the impact of these effects for model, satellite, and aircraft data.
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Duong, H. T., A. Sorooshian und G. Feingold. „Investigating potential biases in observed and modeled metrics of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, Nr. 9 (03.05.2011): 4027–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4027-2011.
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Abstract. This study utilizes large eddy simulation, aircraft measurements, and satellite observations to identify factors that bias the absolute magnitude of metrics of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions for warm clouds. The metrics considered are precipitation susceptibility So, which examines rain rate sensitivity to changes in drop number, and a cloud-precipitation metric, χ, which relates changes in rain rate to those in drop size. While wide ranges in rain rate exist at fixed cloud drop concentration for different cloud liquid water amounts, χ and So are shown to be relatively insensitive to the growth phase of the cloud for large datasets that include data representing the full spectrum of cloud lifetime. Spatial resolution of measurements is shown to influence the liquid water path-dependent behavior of So and χ. Other factors of importance are the choice of the minimum rain rate threshold, and how to quantify rain rate, drop size, and the cloud condensation nucleus proxy. Finally, low biases in retrieved aerosol amounts owing to wet scavenging and high biases associated with above-cloud aerosol layers should be accounted for. The paper explores the impact of these effects for model, satellite, and aircraft data.
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Rubangi, Rubangi, Arief Hermawan und Donny Avianto. „Prediksi Curah Hujan Wilayah Provinsi Yogyakarta dengan Algoritma Neural Network“. JASIEK (Jurnal Aplikasi Sains, Informasi, Elektronika dan Komputer) 3, Nr. 1 (14.06.2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/jasiek.v3i1.6204.
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Emerging inaccurate information about the rainfall system can affect aspects of life. Inaccurate precipitation forecasting can be problematic, so it is necessary to predict precipitation with a high level of accuracy. Therefore, this study proposes a method with a neural network algorithm to predict rainfall to benefit the community. The data used in this study is daily precipitation from 2016 to 2021 from BMKG. Based on the test results, the data shows that the best neural network (NN) model is obtained from input layer 31, hidden layer 4, training cycle 1500, learning rate 0.01, and momentum 0.9, resulting in an error of 0.828. Based on the results with the smallest error, using the neural network method can be used to predict future precipitation with good accuracy.
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Zhao, Xin, Yue Sun, Chuanfeng Zhao und Huifei Jiang. „Impact of Precipitation with Different Intensity on PM2.5 over Typical Regions of China“. Atmosphere 11, Nr. 9 (26.08.2020): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090906.
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Atmospheric aerosol pollution has significant impacts on human health and economic society. One of the most efficient way to remove the pollutants from the atmosphere is wet deposition. This study selected three typical atmospheric pollution regions in China, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions, as research areas, and used the hourly precipitation and PM2.5 mass concentration data from 2015 to 2017 to investigate the removal impacts of precipitation on PM2.5. The PM2.5 mass concentration difference before and after the hourly precipitation events was used to denote as the impacts of precipitation. Hourly precipitation event was selected so that the time difference between two PM2.5 observations was short enough to limit the PM2.5 change caused by other factors. This study focused on the differences in the removal effect of precipitation on PM2.5 under different precipitation intensities and pollution levels. The results show that both precipitation intensity and aerosol amount affected the removal effect. A negative removal effect existed for both light precipitation and low PM2.5 mass concentration conditions. In contrast, a positive removal effect occurred for both high precipitation and high PM2.5 mass concentration conditions. The removal effect increased with increasing precipitation intensity and PM2.5 mass concentration before precipitation and was consistent with the change trend of wind speed at a height of 100 m. The findings of this study can help understand the mechanism of wet scavenging on air pollution, providing support for air pollution control in future.
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Huang, Yi, Alain Protat, Steven T. Siems und Michael J. Manton. „A-Train Observations of Maritime Midlatitude Storm-Track Cloud Systems: Comparing the Southern Ocean against the North Atlantic“. Journal of Climate 28, Nr. 5 (26.02.2015): 1920–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00169.1.
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Abstract Cloud and precipitation properties of the midlatitude storm-track regions over the Southern Ocean (SO) and North Atlantic (NA) are explored using reanalysis datasets and A-Train observations from 2007 to 2011. In addition to the high-level retrieval products, lower-level observed variables—CloudSat radar reflectivity and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) lidar attenuated backscatter—are directly examined using both contoured frequency by altitude diagrams (CFADs) and contoured frequency by temperature diagrams (CFTDs) to provide direct insight into thermodynamic phase properties. While the wintertime temperature profiles are similar over the two regions, the summertime environment is warmer over the NA. The NA atmosphere is generally moister than the SO, while the SO boundary layer is moister during winter. The results herein suggest that although the two regions exhibit many similarities in the prevalence of boundary layer clouds (BLCs) and frontal systems, notable differences exist. The NA environment exhibits stronger seasonality in thermodynamic structure, cloud, and precipitation properties than the SO. The regional differences of cloud properties are dominated by microphysics in winter and thermodynamics in summer. Glaciated clouds with higher reflectivities are found at warmer temperatures over the NA. BLCs (primarily below 1.5 km) are a predominant component over the SO. The wintertime boundary layer is shallower over the SO. Midlevel clouds consisting of smaller hydrometeors in higher concentration (potentially supercooled liquid water) are more frequently observed over the SO. Cirrus clouds are more prevalent over the NA. Notable differences exist in both the frequencies of thermodynamic phases of precipitation and intensity of warm rain over the two regions.
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Brasika, Ida Bagus Mandhara. „Ensemble Model of Precipitation Change Over Indonesia Caused by El Nino Modoki“. Journal of Marine Research and Technology 4, Nr. 1 (28.02.2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmrt.2021.v04.i01.p10.
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The aim of this research is to understand the impact of El Nino Modoki into Indonesian precipitation and how ensemble models can simulate this changing. Ensemble model has been recognized as a method to improve the quality of model and/or prediction of climate phenomenon. Every model has their own algorithm which causes strength and weakness in many aspects. Ensemble will improve the quality of simulation while reducing the weakness. However, the combination of models for ensembles is differ for each event and/or location. Here we utilize the Squared Error Skill Score (SESS) method to examine each model quality and to compare the ensemble model with the single model. El Nino Modoki is a unique phenomenon. It remains debatable amongst scientists, many features of this phenomenon are unfold. So, it is important to find out how El Nino Modoki has changed precipitation over Indonesia. To verify the changing precipitation, the composite of precipitation on El Nino Modoki Year is divided with the composite of all years. Last, validating ensemble model with Satellite-gauge precipitation dataset. El Nino Modoki decreases precipitation in most of Indonesian regions. The ensemble, while statistically promising, has failed to simulate precipitation in some region.
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Salles, Leandro, Frédéric Satgé, Henrique Roig, Tati Almeida, Diogo Olivetti und Welber Ferreira. „Seasonal Effect on Spatial and Temporal Consistency of the New GPM-Based IMERG-v5 and GSMaP-v7 Satellite Precipitation Estimates in Brazil’s Central Plateau Region“. Water 11, Nr. 4 (31.03.2019): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040668.
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This study assesses the performance of the new Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)-based satellite precipitation estimates (SPEs) datasets in the Brazilian Central Plateau and compares it with the previous Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM)-era datasets. To do so, the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG)-v5 and the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP)-v7 were evaluated at their original 0.1° spatial resolution and for a 0.25° grid for comparison with TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA). The assessment was made on an annual, monthly, and daily basis for both wet and dry seasons. Overall, IMERG presents the best annual and monthly results. In both time steps, IMERG’s precipitation estimations present bias with lower magnitudes and smaller root-mean-square error. However, GSMaP performs slightly better for the daily time step based on categorical and quantitative statistical analysis. Both IMERG and GSMaP estimates are seasonally influenced, with the highest difficulty in estimating precipitation occurring during the dry season. Additionally, the study indicates that GPM-based SPEs products are capable of continuing TRMM-based precipitation monitoring with similar or even better accuracy than obtained previously with the widely used TMPA product.
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Archer, D. R., und H. J. Fowler. „Spatial and temporal variations in precipitation in the Upper Indus Basin, global teleconnections and hydrological implications“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, Nr. 1 (29.02.2004): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-47-2004.
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Abstract. Most of the flow in the River Indus from its upper mountain basin is derived from melting snow and glaciers. Climatic variability and change of both precipitation and energy inputs will, therefore, affect rural livelihoods at both a local and a regional scale through effects on summer runoff in the River Indus. Spatial variation in precipitation has been investigated by correlation and regression analysis of long-period records. There is a strong positive correlation between winter precipitation at stations over the entire region, so that, for practical forecasting of summer runoff in some basins, a single valley-floor precipitation station can be used In contrast, spatial relationships in seasonal precipitation are weaker in summer and sometimes significantly negative between stations north and south of the Himalayan divide. Although analysis of long datasets of precipitation from 1895 shows no significant trend, from 1961–1999 there are statistically significant increases in winter, in summer and in the annual precipitation at several stations. Preliminary analysis has identified a significant positive correlation between the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and winter precipitation in the Karakoram and a negative correlation between NAO and summer rainfall at some stations. Keywords: upper Indus basin, climate change, time series analysis, spatial correlation, teleconnections
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Zhang, Xinru. „CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACTS OF EXTREME PRECIPITATION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE: BASED ON CNKI LITERATURE INVESTIGATION“. Earth Science Malaysia 6, Nr. 2 (2022): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/esmy.02.2022.112.113.
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Extreme precipitation event is one of the most extensive and harmful meteorological disasters in China and even the world. Discussing the research situation of extreme precipitation under the background of climate change can grasp the research status and hot spots in this field from a macro perspective and provide a reference for in-depth understanding of the causes and trends of extreme precipitation. Since 1992, the research on extreme precipitation has been gradually carried out, so this study systematically counts and analyzes the scientific literature from the CNKI database from 1992 to 2022 by bibliometric. It shows that the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events increase in the China monsoon region, and the regional differences are obvious. It also has a great impact on agricultural production and vegetation coverage. In addition, in recent years, scholars have gradually carried out research on the relationship between extreme precipitation and atmospheric circulation, especially the relationship between the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme precipitation and ENSO events, which has become a new research hotspot. It is suggested that future studies should comprehensively analyze various influencing factors, quantitatively analyze the impact of extreme precipitation on agricultural production and vegetation coverage, and put forward corresponding solutions.
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Cheng, Yang, Hongming He, Nannan Cheng und Wenming He. „The Effects of Climate and Anthropogenic Activity on Hydrologic Features in Yanhe River“. Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5297158.
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This paper aims to analyze the effects of precipitation and anthropogenic activity on hydrologic features in Yanhe River so as to provide support for regional water management and evaluation of water and soil conservation measures. Thiessen Polygon was created to calculate mean values of watershed, and Mann-Kendall statistic test and Sen’s slop estimator test were adapted to analyze variation trend and interaction between precipitation, runoff, and sediment discharge. When 1961~1970 was set as reference period (ignoring human effects), the double mass curve quantified the effects of precipitation and anthropogenic activity on runoff and sediment discharge in Yanhe River during 1961~2008. The result showed that the monthly distribution of precipitation, runoff, and sediment discharge was extremely uneven. 78.1% of precipitation, 64.1% of runoff, and 98.6% of sediment discharge occurred in the flood season. Precipitation, runoff, and sediment discharge performed significant downward trends during 1961–2008. Therein, anthropogenic factors contributed 66.7% and 51.1% to sediment discharge reduction during 1971–1994 and 1995–2008, respectively. They contributed 103.8% and 82.9% to runoff reduction during these two periods, respectively.
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Ekström, M., B. Hingray, A. Mezghani und P. D. Jones. „Regional climate model data used within the SWURVE project – 2: addressing uncertainty in regional climate model data for five European case study areas“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, Nr. 3 (27.04.2007): 1085–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1085-2007.
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Abstract. To aid assessments of the impact of climate change on water related activities in the case study regions (CSRs) of the EC-funded project SWURVE, estimates of uncertainty in climate model data need to be developed. This paper compares two methods for estimating uncertainty in annual surface temperature and precipitation for the period 2070–2099. Both combine probability distribution functions for global temperature increase and for scaling variables (i.e. the change in regional temperature/precipitation per degree of global annual average temperature change) to produce a probability distribution for regional temperature and precipitation. The methods differ in terms of the distribution used for the respective probability distribution function. For scaling variables, the first method assumes a uniform distribution, whilst the second method assumes a normal distribution. For the probability distribution function of global annual average temperature change, the first method uses a uniform distribution and the second uses a log-normal approximation to a distribution derived from Wigley and Raper, 2001. Although the methods give somewhat different ranges of change, they agree on how temperature and precipitation in each of the CSRs are likely to change relative to each other. For annual surface temperature, both methods predict increases in all CSRs, although somewhat less so for NW England (5th and 95th percentiles vary between 1.1–1.9°C to 3.8–5.7°C) and about 1.7–3.1°C to 5.3–8.6°C for the others. For precipitation, most probability distributions (except for NW England) show predominantly decreasing precipitation, particularly so for the Iberian CSR (5th and 95th percentiles vary from –29.3 to –44% to –9.6 to –4%).
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Sun, Ying, Susan Solomon, Aiguo Dai und Robert W. Portmann. „How Often Will It Rain?“ Journal of Climate 20, Nr. 19 (01.10.2007): 4801–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4263.1.
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Abstract Daily precipitation data from climate change simulations using the latest generation of coupled climate system models are analyzed for potential future changes in precipitation characteristics. For the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) B1 (a low projection), A1B (a medium projection), and A2 (a high projection) during the twenty-first century, all the models consistently show a shift toward more intense and extreme precipitation for the globe as a whole and over various regions. For both SRES B1 and A2, most models show decreased daily precipitation frequency and all the models show increased daily precipitation intensity. The multimodel averaged percentage increase in the precipitation intensity (2.0% K−1) is larger than the magnitude of the precipitation frequency decrease (−0.7% K−1). However, the shift in precipitation frequency distribution toward extremes results in large increases in very heavy precipitation events (>50 mm day−1), so that for very heavy precipitation, the percentage increase in frequency is much larger than the increase in intensity (31.2% versus 2.4%). The climate model projected increases in daily precipitation intensity are, however, smaller than that based on simple thermodynamics (∼7% K−1). Multimodel ensemble means show that precipitation amount increases during the twenty-first century over high latitudes, as well as over currently wet regions in low- and midlatitudes more than other regions. This increase mostly results from a combination of increased frequency and intensity. Over the dry regions in the subtropics, the precipitation amount generally declines because of decreases in both frequency and intensity. This indicates that wet regions may get wetter and dry regions may become drier mostly because of a simultaneous increase (decrease) of precipitation frequency and intensity.