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1
Lilienfeld, David E. "John Snow: The First Hired Gun?" American Journal of Epidemiology 152, no. 1 (2000): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/152.1.4.
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Prentice, M. L., and R. K. Matthews. "Tertiary ice sheet dynamics: The Snow Gun Hypothesis." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 96, B4 (1991): 6811–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90jb01614.
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3
Sunwall, David A., Marvin A. Speece, and Stephen F. Pekar. "Advances in on-sea-ice seismic reflection methods using an air gun: McMurdo Sound, Antarctica." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 1 (2012): S19—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0127.1.
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During the austral spring of 2008, 48 km of multichannel seismic reflection data were collected on a sea-ice platform east of New Harbor, Southern McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. These seismic data were collected to support the Antarctic Geological Drilling Program whose goal is to recover sedimentary rock cores from the continental margin of Antarctica and to better understand the climatic, cryospheric, and tectonic history of Antarctica. A Generator-Injector air gun, deployed through holes drilled in the sea ice, was used for a seismic source, and reflected energy was recorded on a snow streamer consisting of 60 gimbaled geophones. The Offshore New Harbor seismic system has increased the rate of data acquisition by 53% compared to previous Antarctic air-gun/snow-streamer seismic systems. In addition to conventional on-sea-ice seismic data processing, new processing steps were used to correct problems associated with the use of a Generator-Injector air gun in a sea-ice environment. Source timing errors, caused by miscommunications between the Generator-Injector air gun and air-gun controller, were corrected. Newly discovered bubble-plume static errors and bubble-plume wavelet distortions degraded seismic data quality and are attributed to bubble plumes created by the Generator-Injector air-gun blast. Our investigation shows that these bubble plumes were preserved for at least 40 hours beneath the sea ice and created isolated low-velocity zones. Using finite-element methods, we reproduced static errors and wavelet distortions by incorporating the effects of bubble plumes into the finite-element model. The results of finite-element modeling confirmed our hypothesis that bubble-plume static errors and bubble-plume wavelet distortions were caused by near-surface low-velocity features. Therefore, we incorporated new processing steps which remove bubble-plume effects and improve the quality of final seismic sections.
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Heil, Jamie, Behrouz Mohammadian, Mehdi Sarayloo, Kevin Bruns, and Hossein Sojoudi. "Relationships between Surface Properties and Snow Adhesion and Its Shedding Mechanisms." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (2020): 5407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165407.
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Understanding the mechanisms of snow adhesion to surfaces and its subsequent shedding provides means to search for active and passive methods to mitigate the issues caused by snow accumulation on surfaces. Here, a novel setup is presented to measure the adhesion strength of snow to various surfaces without altering its properties (i.e., liquid water content (LWC) and/or density) during the measurements and to study snow shedding mechanisms. In this setup, a sensor is utilized to ensure constant temperature and liquid water content of snow on test substrates, unlike inclined or centrifugal snow adhesion testing. A snow gun consisting of an internal mixing chamber and ball valves for adjusting air and water flow is designed to form snow with controlled LWC inside a walk-in freezing room with controlled temperatures. We report that snow adheres to surfaces strongly when the LWC is around 20%. We also show that on smooth (i.e., RMS roughness of less than 7.17 μm) and very rough (i.e., RMS roughness of greater than 308.33 μm) surfaces, snow experiences minimal contact with the surface, resulting in low adhesion strength of snow. At the intermediate surface roughness (i.e., RMS of 50 μm with a surface temperature of 0 °C, the contact area between the snow and the surface increases, leading to increased adhesion strength of snow to the substrate. It is also found that an increase in the polar surface energy significantly increases the adhesion strength of wet snow while adhesion strength decreases with an increase in dispersive surface energy. Finally, we show that during shedding, snow experiences complete sliding, compression, or a combination of the two behaviors depending on surface temperature and LWC of the snow. The results of this study suggest pathways for designing surfaces that might reduce snow adhesion strength and facilitate its shedding.
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van der Wel, L. G., H. A. Been, R. S. W. van de Wal, C. J. P. P. Smeets та H. A. J. Meijer. "Constraints on the δ<sup>2</sup>H diffusion rate in firn from field measurements at Summit, Greenland". Cryosphere 9, № 3 (2015): 1089–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1089-2015.
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Abstract. We performed detailed 2H isotope diffusion measurements in the upper 3 m of firn at Summit, Greenland. Using a small snow gun, a thin snow layer was formed from 2H-enriched water over a 6 × 6 m2 area. We followed the diffusion process, quantified as the increase of the δ2H diffusion length, over a 4-year period, by retrieving the layer once per year by drilling a firn core and slicing it into 1 cm layers and measuring the δ2H signal of these layers. We compared our experimental findings to calculations based on the model by Johnsen et al. (2000) and found substantial differences. The diffusion length in our experiments increased much less over the years than in the model. We discuss the possible causes for this discrepancy and conclude that several aspects of the diffusion process in firn are still poorly constrained, in particular the tortuosity.
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van der Wel, L. G., H. A. Been, R. S. W. van de Wal, C. J. P. P. Smeets та H. A. J. Meijer. "Constraints on the δ<sup>2</sup>H diffusion rate in firn from field measurements at Summit, Greenland". Cryosphere Discussions 9, № 1 (2015): 817–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-817-2015.
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Abstract. We performed detailed 2H isotope diffusion measurements in the upper 3 m of firn at Summit, Greenland. Using a small snow gun, a thin snow layer was formed from 2H-enriched water over a 6 m × 6 m area. We followed the diffusion process, quantified as the increase of the δ2H diffusion length, over a four years period, by retrieving the layer once per year by drilling a firn core and slicing it into 1 cm layers and measuring the δ2H-signal of these layers. We compared our experimental findings to calculations based on the model by Johnsen et al. (2000), and found substantial differences. The diffusion length in our experiments increased much less over the years than in the model. We discuss the possible causes for this discrepancy, and conclude that several aspects of the diffusion process in firn are still poorly constrained, in particular the tortuosity.
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De Pablo, M. A., M. Ramos, A. Molina, et al. "Frozen ground and snow cover monitoring in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica: Instrumentation, effects on ground thermal behaviour and future research." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 42, no. 2 (2016): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.2917.
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The study of the thermal behavior of permafrost and active layer on the South Shetland Islands, in the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula (Antarctica), has been our research topic since 1991, especially after 2006 when we established different active layer thickness and ground thermal monitoring sites of the CALM and GTN-P international networks of the International Permafrost Association. Along this period, the snow cover thickness did not change at those sites, but since 2010, we observed an elongation on the snow cover duration, with similar snow onset, but a delay on the snow offset. Due to the important effects of snow cover on the ground thermal behavior, we started in late 2015 a new research project (PERMASNOW) focused on the accurate monitoring of the snow cover (duration, density, snow water equivalent and distribution), from very different approaches, including new instrumentation, pictures analysis and remote sensing on optical and radar bands. Also, this interdisciplinary and international research team intends to compare the snow cover and ground thermal behavior with other monitoring sites in the Eastern Antarctic Peninsula where the snow cover is minimum and remains approximately constant.
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De Pablo, M. A., J. J. Jiménez, M. Ramos, et al. "Frozen ground and snow cover monitoring in Livingston and Deception islands, Antarctica: preliminary results of the 2015-2019 PERMASNOW project." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 46, no. 1 (2020): 187–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.4381.
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Since 2006, our research team has been establishing in the islands of Livingston and Deception, (South Shetland archipelago, Antarctica) several monitoring stations of the active layer thickness within the international network Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM), and the ground thermal regime for the Ground Terrestrial Network-Permafrost (GTN-P). Both networks were developed within the International Permafrost Association (IPA). In the GTN-P stations, in addition to the temperature of the air, soil, and terrain at different depths, the snow thickness is also monitored by snow poles. Since 2006, a delay in the disappearance of the snow layer has been observed, which could explain the variations we observed in the active layer thickness and permafrost temperatures. Therefore, in late 2015 our research group started the PERMASNOW project (2015-2019) to pay attention to the effect of snow cover on ground thermal This project had two different ways to study the snow cover. On the first hand, in early 2017 we deployed new instrumentation, including new time lapse cameras, snow poles with high number of sensors and a complete and complex set of instruments and sensors to configure a snow pack analyzer station providing 32 environmental and snow parameters. We used the data acquired along 2017 and 2018 years with the new instruments, together with the available from all our already existing sensors, to study in detail the snow cover. On the other hand, remote sensing data were used to try to map the snow cover, not only at our monitoring stations but the entire islands in order to map and study the snow cover distribution, as well as to start the way for future permafrost mapping in the entire islands. MODIS-derived surface temperatures and albedo products were used to detect the snow cover and to test the surface temperature. Since cloud presence limited the acquisition of valid observations of MODIS sensor, we also analyzed Terrasar X data to overcome this limitation. Remote sensing data validation required the acquirement of in situ ground-true data, consisting on data from our permanent instruments, as well as ad hoc measurements in the field (snow cover mapping, snow pits, albedo characterization, etc.). Although the project is finished, the data analysis is still ongoing. We present here the different research tasks we are developing as well as the most important results we already obtained about the snow cover. These results confirm how the snow cover duration has been changing in the last years, affecting the ground thermal behavior.
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Ali Umud Aliyev, Ali Umud. "National calendar, some historical days, our traditions and spiritual values." SCIENTIFIC WORK 62, no. 01 (2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/62/37-42.
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It is the people who make the history live, the people is the living history. The ancient inhabitants of the universe, our ancestors, our great ancestors created separate calendars on the basis of their experimental knowledge about the change of the year, month and day. The folk calendar, the lunar calendar, the solar calendar, and the lunar-solar calendar are the meanings that human beings have discovered by studying the mysteries of nature. As a result of man's connection with nature in every field, his observation and comparison, a folk calendar was formed. According to the folk calendar, our ancient ancestors, depending on the movement of celestial bodies, falling leaves from above or below in autumn, the position of clouds in the sky, the redness of the horizon in the morning or evening, the behavior of animals, birds flying close to the ground, weather, rain or snow predicted hurricanes and storms, earthquakes, hot and dry summers, and harsh winters.
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McCartney, M. R., and David J. Smith. "Electron beam induced modifications of SnO2 and SrTiO3." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (1990): 800–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100177131.
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In addition to providing information about the interaction of ionizing radiation with solids, a knowledge of the changes induced in the specimen by the electron beam is important when interpreting high-resolution electron micrographs of surfaces. Beam-induced modifications to the surfaces of several maximally-valent transition-metal oxides (TMO) have been previously reported. It was found that irradiation at 400keV within a high-resolution electron microscope (HREM) caused TiO2, V2O5, Nb2O5, and WO3 to reduce epitaxially to their respective monoxide phases. Because of their ionicity and relatively deep core levels, these materials should be susceptible to electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) of oxygen due to a radiolytic damage mechanism proposed by Knotek and Feibelman (K-F) involving inter-atomic Auger decay of core holes on the metal ions. Reduction of these oxides to the (metallic) monoxide phases within the HREM is consistent with this mechanism. When these oxides were exposed to the extreme current densities available in a 100keV electron microscope equipped with a field emission gun (FEG) they developed pits at the probe position . Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) studies established that they had suffered mass loss and a reduction in the oxygen/metal ratio. HREM imaging occasionally revealed lattice fringes corresponding to the bare metal in the amorphous contrast of these pits.
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Castañeda, L. "Characterization and Study of a Gas Sensor Based on SnO2 Pellets for Differentiation Biodiesel Blends." Sensor Letters 18, no. 6 (2020): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4259.
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SnO2 pellets with surface gold interdigitated electrodes was obtained and used in the differentiation of biodiesel blends. The tin oxide synthesis method was polymeric precursor with further thermal treatment at 500 °C to eliminate organic part, conformed and sintered at three temperatures: 700° (Sn1), 900° (Sn2) and 1100 °C (Sn3). The samples were studied by X-ray Diffraction, FEG-SEM (Field Emission Gun-Scanning Electron Microscopy), Raman spectroscopy and electrical sensing gas measurements. The characterization techniques confirm the phase cassiterite (tetragonal type rutile structure), and particles with aspects almost spherical with particles size among 30 and 90 nm, Raman vibrational modes are characteristic of tin dioxide in rutile phase. The sensorial measurements showed high sensitivity in the tests with mixtures biodiesel/Ethanol allowing to distinguish the blends, but not well distinguished the blend diesel/biodiesel.
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Melton, Joe R., Diana L. Verseghy, Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso, and Stephan Gruber. "Improving permafrost physics in the coupled Canadian Land Surface Scheme (v.3.6.2) and Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (v.2.1) (CLASS-CTEM)." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 10 (2019): 4443–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4443-2019.
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Abstract. The Canadian Land Surface Scheme and Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CLASS-CTEM) together form the land surface component of the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM). Here, we investigate the impact of changes to CLASS-CTEM that are designed to improve the simulation of permafrost physics. Overall, 18 tests were performed, including changing the model configuration (number and depth of ground layers, different soil permeable depth datasets, adding a surface moss layer), and investigating alternative parameterizations of soil hydrology, soil thermal conductivity, and snow properties. To evaluate these changes, CLASS-CTEM outputs were compared to 1570 active layer thickness (ALT) measurements from 97 observation sites that are part of the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P), 105 106 monthly ground temperature observations from 132 GTN-P borehole sites, a blend of five observation-based snow water equivalent (SWE) datasets (Blended-5), remotely sensed albedo, and seasonal discharge for major rivers draining permafrost regions. From the tests performed, the final revised model configuration has more ground layers (increased from 3 to 20) extending to greater depth (from 4.1 to 61.4 m) and uses a new soil permeable depths dataset with a surface layer of moss added. The most beneficial change to the model parameterizations was incorporation of unfrozen water in frozen soils. These changes to CLASS-CTEM cause a small improvement in simulated SWE with little change in surface albedo but greatly improve the model performance at the GTN-P ALT and borehole sites. Compared to the GTN-P observations, the revised CLASS-CTEM ALTs have a weighted mean absolute error (wMAE) of 0.41–0.47 m (depending on configuration), improved from >2.5 m for the original model, while the borehole sites see a consistent improvement in wMAE for most seasons and depths considered, with seasonal wMAE values for the shallow surface layers of the revised model simulation of at most 3.7 ∘C, which is 1.2 ∘C more than the wMAE of the screen-level air temperature used to drive the model as compared to site-level observations (2.5 ∘C). Subgrid heterogeneity estimates were derived from the standard deviation of ALT on the 1 km2 measurement grids at the GTN-P ALT sites, the spread in wMAE in grid cells with multiple GTN-P ALT sites, as well as from 35 boreholes measured within a 1200 km2 region as part of the Slave Province Surficial Materials and Permafrost Study. Given the size of the model grid cells (approximately 2.8∘), subgrid heterogeneity makes it likely difficult to appreciably reduce the wMAE of ALT or borehole temperatures much further.
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Kroisleitner, Christine, Annett Bartsch, and Helena Bergstedt. "Circumpolar patterns of potential mean annual ground temperature based on surface state obtained from microwave satellite data." Cryosphere 12, no. 7 (2018): 2349–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2349-2018.
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Abstract. Gap filling is required for temporally and spatially consistent records of land surface temperature from satellite data due to clouds or snow cover. Land surface state, frozen versus unfrozen conditions, can be, however, captured globally with satellite data obtained by microwave sensors. The number of frozen days per year has been previously proposed to be used for permafrost extent determination. This suggests an underlying relationship between number of frozen days and mean annual ground temperature (MAGT). We tested this hypothesis for the Northern Hemisphere north of 50∘ N using coarse-spatial-resolution microwave satellite data (Metop Advanced SCATterometer – ASCAT – and Special Sensor Microwave Imager – SSM/I; 12.5 and 25 km nominal resolution; 2007–2012), which provide the necessary temporal sampling. The MAGT from GTN-P (Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost) borehole records at the coldest sensor depth was tested for validity in order to build a comprehensive in situ data set for calibration and validation and was eventually applied. Results are discussed with respect to snow water equivalent, soil properties, land cover and permafrost type. The obtained temperature maps were classified for permafrost extent and compared to alternative approaches. An R2 of 0.99 was found for correlation between and MAGT at zero annual amplitude provided in GTN-P metadata and MAGT at the coldest sensor depth. The latter could be obtained with an RMSE of 2.2 ∘C from ASCAT and 2.5 ∘C from SSM/I surface state records using a linear model. The average deviation within the validation period is less than 1 ∘C at locations without glaciers and coastlines within the resolution cell in the case of ASCAT. The exclusion of snow melt days (available for ASCAT) led to better results. This suggests that soil warming under wet snow cover needs to be accounted for in this context. Specifically Scandinavia and western Russia are affected. In addition, MAGT at the coldest sensor depth was overestimated in areas with a certain amount of organic material and in areas of cold permafrost. The derived permafrost extent differed between the used data sets and methods. Deviations are high in central Siberia, for example. We show that microwave-satellite-derived surface state records can provide an estimation of not only permafrost extent but also MAGT without the need for gap filling. This applies specifically to ASCAT. The deviations among the tested data sets, their spatial patterns as well as in relation to environmental conditions, revealed areas which need special attention for modelling of MAGT.
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FUJISAWA, Tadashi, Ryo TAKEDA, Masahiro TODOH, Harukazu TOHYAMA, and Shigeru TADANO. "G0200303 Graphical User Interface for H-Gait and Gait Application for Treadmill Walking and Snow Road Walking." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2015 (2015): _G0200303——_G0200303—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2015._g0200303-.
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Gouttevin, I., M. Lehning, T. Jonas, D. Gustafsson, and M. Mölder. "A two-layer canopy model with thermal inertia for an improved snowpack energy balance below needleleaf forest (model SNOWPACK, version 3.2.1, revision 741)." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 8 (2015): 2379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2379-2015.
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Abstract. A new, two-layer canopy module with thermal inertia as part of the detailed snow model SNOWPACK (version 3.2.1) is presented and evaluated. As a by-product of these new developments, an exhaustive description of the canopy module of the SNOWPACK model is provided, thereby filling a gap in the existing literature. In its current form, the two-layer canopy module is suited for evergreen needleleaf forest, with or without snow cover. It is designed to reproduce the difference in thermal response between leafy and woody canopy elements, and their impact on the underlying snowpack or ground surface energy balance. Given the number of processes resolved, the SNOWPACK model with its enhanced canopy module constitutes a sophisticated physics-based modeling chain of the continuum going from atmosphere to soil through the canopy and snow. Comparisons of modeled sub-canopy thermal radiation to stand-scale observations at an Alpine site (Alptal, Switzerland) demonstrate improvements induced by the new canopy module. Both thermal heat mass and the two-layer canopy formulation contribute to reduce the daily amplitude of the modeled canopy temperature signal, in agreement with observations. Particularly striking is the attenuation of the nighttime drop in canopy temperature, which was a key model bias. We specifically show that a single-layered canopy model is unable to produce this limited temperature drop correctly. The impact of the new parameterizations on the modeled dynamics of the sub-canopy snowpack is analyzed. The new canopy module yields consistent results but the frequent occurrence of mixed-precipitation events at Alptal prevents a conclusive assessment of model performance against snow data. The new model is also successfully tested without specific tuning against measured tree temperature and biomass heat-storage fluxes at the boreal site of Norunda (Sweden). This provides an independent assessment of its physical consistency and stresses the robustness and transferability of the chosen parameterizations. The SNOWPACK code including the new canopy module, is available under Gnu General Public License (GPL) license and upon creation of an account at https://models.slf.ch/.
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Bajpai, Ritu, Abhishek Motayed, Albert V. Davydov, et al. "UV-assisted alcohol sensing using SnO2 functionalized GaN nanowire devices." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 171-172 (August 2012): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.05.018.
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Hung, Shao-Tsu, Chi-Jung Chang, Chin Ching Chen, et al. "SnO2-gated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors based oxygen sensors." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 30, no. 4 (2012): 041214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4736974.
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Elliott, David K., and Robert R. Ilyes. "New Early Devonian pteraspidids (Agnatha, Heterostraci) from Death Valley National Monument, southeastern California." Journal of Paleontology 70, no. 1 (1996): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000023180.
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Two species and genera of pteraspidids (Agnatha, Heterostraci), Blieckaspis priscillae n. gen., and Panamintaspis snowi n. gen. and n. sp., together with two undetermined species, are described from the lower part of the Lippincott Member of the Lost Burro Formation, southeastern California. The sharing of similar faunal elements with the Early Devonian assemblages of the Sevy Dolomite and Water Canyon Formation of Utah and Nevada, respectively, together with stratigraphic constraints on the age of the Death Valley fauna, suggest that these assemblages are age equivalent and have a late Emsian (inversus–serotinus Zones) age. The vertebrate-bearing unit of the Lippincott Member is interpreted as a channel-fill deposit laid down in an estuarine environment with low or fluctuating salinity.
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VARGOVITSH, ROBERT S. "Cave water walker: an extremely troglomorphic Troglaphorura gladiator gen. et sp. nov. (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from Snezhnaya Cave in the Caucasus." Zootaxa 4619, no. 2 (2019): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4619.2.4.
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A new springtail genus and species of the family Onychiuridae, Troglaphorura gladiator gen. et sp. nov., is described from deep Snezhnaya (Snow) Cave System (-1760 m) in the West Caucasus. Postantennal organ with only a single unlobed vesicle, sense organ of third antennal segment with sensory rods of complex structure, foot complex with missing empodia and extremely long thin claws as well as relatively long appendages, primitive dorsal chaetotaxy and presence of 1+1 pseudocelli on the head posterior part are extraordinary characters within the family but diagnostic for new genus and species. Extreme troglomorphy of new species is discussed. It was sampled in epineustonic habitats in bottom part of the cave and represents a genuine example of troglomorphic neustonic and hygropetric collembolan life form—a cave water walker.
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Zhang, Feng, Yitong Ma, and Penelope Greenslade. "New Australian Paronellidae (Collembola) reveal anomalies in existing tribal diagnoses." Invertebrate Systematics 31, no. 4 (2017): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is16073.
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We describe here two new species, Zhuqinia jingwanae, gen. &amp; sp. nov. and Paronellides praefectus, sp. nov., both from Mount Twynam, New South Wales, Australia. The systematic position of Zhuqinia, gen. nov. in relation to other paronellids is not clear because the new genus possesses pointed, heavily striated scales similar to species of Callyntrurini. However, unlike species in that tribe, it lacks dental scales. Instead, Zhuqinia, gen. nov. is more similar to the unscaled genus Paronellides (Cremastocephalini) in other characters (abundant tergal macrochaetae, 2, 2|1, 2, 2, ?, 3 tergal S-chaetae, moderately long mucro with two teeth, etc.) but body scales are absent in all species of Paronellides. Multilocus phylogeny shows Zhuqinia, gen. nov. clustering with Paronellides rather than Callyntrurini or other Cremastocephalini genera. This study provides new information on the relationships between paronellid taxa, and changes the current higher classification of the family, particularly that of the tribes Cremastocephalini and Callyntrurini. As the new genus is known only from two peaks in the Snowy Mountain range, our data emphasise the role of montane areas as refugia for short-range endemic taxa.
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Hung, Shao-Tsu, Chi-Jung Chang, Chien-Hsing Hsu, et al. "SnO2 functionalized AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor for hydrogen sensing applications." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, no. 18 (2012): 13783–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.03.124.
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Zhou, Yawei, Wenwu Xu, Shuliang Lv, et al. "GaN codoping and annealing on the optoelectronic properties of SnO2 thin films." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 732 (January 2018): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.234.
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Early, J. W., L. Masner, I. D. Naumann, and A. D. Austin. "Maamingidae, a new family of proctotrupoid wasp (Insecta : Hymenoptera) from New Zealand." Invertebrate Systematics 15, no. 3 (2001): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it00053.
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The new family Maamingidae is proposed for Maaminga, gen. nov., comprising two species, M. rangi, sp. nov. and M. marrisi, sp. nov., from New Zealand. The delicate and slender M. rangi, sp. nov. is common in forest, particularly kauri forests of the northern part of the North Island. The more robust and stocky M. marrisi, sp. nov., which is polymorphic for wing size (brachyterous and fully winged), appears to be associated with coastal scrub and forest, particularly on offshore islands, but is also found in alpine snow tussock. Maamingidae is nominally placed within the Proctotrupoidea, and is probably related to the Diapriidae and Monomachidae. However, its relationships are unclear, at least in part due to the lack of phylogenetic resolution among the proctotrupoid families and other Proctotrupomorpha sensu Rasnitsyn. The relationships of Maamingidae are briefly discussed in the light of current morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses.
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Sakaluk, Scott, Patricia Bangert, Lars Swanson, and Anne-Katrin Eggert. "Opportunistic Courtship Feeding in Sagebrush Crickets." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 16 (January 1, 1992): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1992.3095.
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The sagebrush cricket, Cyphoderris strepitans is one of only five extant species belonging to an ancient insect lineage, the Haglidae, believed to be ancestral to modern-day crickets and katydids (Orthoptera: Ensifera) (Morris and Gwynne 1978, Vickery 1989). C. strepitans occurs exclusively in mountainous areas of Wyoming and Colorado, where it is found primarily in high-altitude sagebrush meadow habitat. Adults become sexually active in May, shortly after snow melt, and remain active for the next 4-6 weeks. Pair formation is mediated through acoustic signaling by males, which functions to attract sexually receptive females (Snedden and Sakaluk 1992). Copulation is initiated when a receptive female climbs onto the dorsum of a male, at which time he attempts to transfer a spermatophore. During copulation, the female feeds on the male's fleshy hindwings and bodily fluids leaking from the wounds she inflicts, behavior which constitutes a form of courtship feeding (Dodson et al. 1983, Sakaluk et al. 1987, Morris et al. 1989, Sakaluk and Snedden 1990). At the same time, the female is secured by the male's abdominal pinching organ, a device known as a "gin trap" (Morris 1979). The gin trap of a male C. strepitans consists of two pairs of recurved spines, one pair directed anteriorally and the other posteriorally, located on the 10th and 8th tergites, respectively. The spines are brought together, pinching the female's abdomen, as the male's tergites are telescoped inward during his attempts to secure genitalic contact (Morris 1979). Although the gin trap clearly serves a reproductive role, its precise functional significance remains unknown; comparable reproductive structures are not known from any other family of the Orthoptera.
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Adams, LG. "Chionogentias (Gentianaceae), a new generic name for the Australasian 'snow-gentians', and a revision of the Australian species." Australian Systematic Botany 8, no. 5 (1995): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9950935.
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The taxonomic and nomenclatural history of the Australasian snow-gentians (Gentianaceae) is reviewed and includes: (a) the state of its taxonomy in Australia; (b) the current tribal and subtribal context; (c) the status of the infra-generic basionym Oreophylax Endl.; (d) the status of sections Andicola Griseb. and Antarctophila Griseb., and (e) the question of generic relevance of Gentianella Moench, Selatium G.Don, Ulostoma G.Don and Pitygentias Gilg. Past confusion within the Australasian component involving misapplication of the names G. montana G.Forst., G. saxosa GForst. and G. diemensis Griseb. is resolved. The morphology, floral biology and breeding system of the purely Australasian elements are analysed and evidence is presented that justifies their taxonomic segregation as a new genus, Chionogentias L.G.Adams, gen. nov., typified by the New Zealand Chionogentias saxosa (G.Forst.) L.G.Adams. A key to Australian taxa is provided; 14 species and 10 subspecies are recorded for Australia, of which 12 and 8 respectively are newly described. New combinations are made for 27 Australasian species originally described under Gentiana: Chionogentias antarctica (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. antipoda (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. astonii (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. bellidifolia (Hook.f.) L.G.Adams, C. cerina (H0ok.f.) L.G.Adams, C. chathamica (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams, C. concinna (Hook.f.) L.G.Adams, C. cotymbifera (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. diemensis (Griseb.) L.G.Adams, C. divisa (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. filipes (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams, C. gibbsii (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. gracilifolia (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams, C. grisebachii (H0ok.f.) L.G.Adams, C. lilliputiana (C.J.Webb) L.G.Adams, C. lineata (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. matthewsii (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. montana (G.Forst.) L.G.Adams, C. patula (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. pleurogynoides (Griseb.) L.G.Adams, C. saxosa (G.Forst.) L.G.Adams, C. serotina (Cockayne) L.G.Adams, C. spenceri (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. tenuifolia (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. tereticaulis (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. townsonii (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams and C. vernicosa (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams.
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Song, June-O., and Tae-Yeon Seong. "Highly transparent Ag∕SnO2 ohmic contact to p-type GaN for ultraviolet light-emitting diodes." Applied Physics Letters 85, no. 26 (2004): 6374–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1834990.
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Su, S. C., H. Y. Zhang, L. Z. Zhao, M. He, and C. C. Ling. "Band alignment of n-SnO2/p-GaN hetero-junction studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 47, no. 21 (2014): 215102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/47/21/215102.
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Olivero, Eduardo B., and Maria B. Aguirre-Urreta. "A new tube-builder hydractinian, symbiotic with hermit crabs, from the Cretaceous of Antarctica." Journal of Paleontology 68, no. 6 (1994): 1169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002233600003417x.
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An Upper Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian) tube-building hydractinian (Psammoactinia antarctica n. gen. and sp.) from Sanctuary Cliffs, Snow Hill Island, believed to live in association with hermit crabs, is described for the first time from Antarctica. Psammoactinia forms thick, concentric, globular colonies that encrust gastropod shells and extend the shell aperture by forming an open spiral tube. The colony consists of concentric layers with chambers and pillars made of silt and very fine sand grains agglutinated by collophane, which is interpreted as a diagenetic modification of an original chitinous phosphatic material. On the basis of the additional finding of isolated claws of pagurid crabs, assigned to Paguristes sp., the functional analysis of the hydractinian structure, and a comparison with modern and fossil analogous structures it is concluded that the peculiar hydractinian tube is a carcinoecium that housed a symbiotic hermit crab.Paleoenvironmental and paleoecological inferences suggest that the Psammoactinia–Paguristes association is mainly controlled by a fine-grained substrate and by a lack of abundant gastropod shells of different sizes. These factors do not necessarily correlate with absolute water depth, and favorable environments could include either offshore, relatively deep water or shallow restricted depositional settings.
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Adams, LG. "Corrigenda — Chionogentias (Gentianaceae), a new generic name for the Australasian 'snow-gentians', and a revision of the Australian species." Australian Systematic Botany 8, no. 5 (1995): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9950935c.
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The taxonomic and nomenclatural history of the Australasian snow-gentians (Gentianaceae) is reviewed and includes: (a) the state of its taxonomy in Australia; (b) the current tribal and subtribal context; (c) the status of the infra-generic basionym Oreophylax Endl.; (d) the status of sections Andicola Griseb. and Antarctophila Griseb., and (e) the question of generic relevance of Gentianella Moench, Selatium G.Don, Ulostoma G.Don and Pitygentias Gilg. Past confusion within the Australasian component involving misapplication of the names G. montana G.Forst., G. saxosa GForst. and G. diemensis Griseb. is resolved. The morphology, floral biology and breeding system of the purely Australasian elements are analysed and evidence is presented that justifies their taxonomic segregation as a new genus, Chionogentias L.G.Adams, gen. nov., typified by the New Zealand Chionogentias saxosa (G.Forst.) L.G.Adams. A key to Australian taxa is provided; 14 species and 10 subspecies are recorded for Australia, of which 12 and 8 respectively are newly described. New combinations are made for 27 Australasian species originally described under Gentiana: Chionogentias antarctica (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. antipoda (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. astonii (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. bellidifolia (Hook.f.) L.G.Adams, C. cerina (H0ok.f.) L.G.Adams, C. chathamica (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams, C. concinna (Hook.f.) L.G.Adams, C. cotymbifera (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. diemensis (Griseb.) L.G.Adams, C. divisa (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. filipes (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams, C. gibbsii (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. gracilifolia (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams, C. grisebachii (H0ok.f.) L.G.Adams, C. lilliputiana (C.J.Webb) L.G.Adams, C. lineata (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. matthewsii (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. montana (G.Forst.) L.G.Adams, C. patula (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. pleurogynoides (Griseb.) L.G.Adams, C. saxosa (G.Forst.) L.G.Adams, C. serotina (Cockayne) L.G.Adams, C. spenceri (Kirk) L.G.Adams, C. tenuifolia (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. tereticaulis (Petrie) L.G.Adams, C. townsonii (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams and C. vernicosa (Cheeseman) L.G.Adams.
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Burkhart, John F., Felix N. Matt, Sigbjørn Helset, Yisak Sultan Abdella, Ola Skavhaug, and Olga Silantyeva. "Shyft v4.8: a framework for uncertainty assessment and distributed hydrologic modeling for operational hydrology." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 2 (2021): 821–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-821-2021.
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Abstract. This paper presents Shyft, a novel hydrologic modeling software for streamflow forecasting targeted for use in hydropower production environments and research. The software enables rapid development and implementation in operational settings and the capability to perform distributed hydrologic modeling with multiple model and forcing configurations. Multiple models may be built up through the creation of hydrologic algorithms from a library of well-known routines or through the creation of new routines, each defined for processes such as evapotranspiration, snow accumulation and melt, and soil water response. Key to the design of Shyft is an application programming interface (API) that provides access to all components of the framework (including the individual hydrologic routines) via Python, while maintaining high computational performance as the algorithms are implemented in modern C++. The API allows for rapid exploration of different model configurations and selection of an optimal forecast model. Several different methods may be aggregated and composed, allowing direct intercomparison of models and algorithms. In order to provide enterprise-level software, strong focus is given to computational efficiency, code quality, documentation, and test coverage. Shyft is released open-source under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0 and available at https://gitlab.com/shyft-os (last access: 22 November 2020), facilitating effective cooperation between core developers, industry, and research institutions.
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Angehrn, Philipp, Sabina Steiner, and Christophe Lienert. "The Swiss joint information platform for natural hazards." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-12-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Swiss Joint Information Platform for Natural Hazards (GIN) has been realized from 2008 to 2010 as part of the Swiss federal government’s OWARNA project, which aimed at optimizing warning and alerting procedures against natural hazard. The first online-version of the platform went productive in 2011 with the primary goal of providing measured and forecast natural hazard data in form of processed cartographic, graphic and other multimedia products to professional users &amp;ndash; before, during and after natural hazard events. In Switzerland water-, weather-, snow- and earthquake-related hazards are the most relevant ones.</p><p>In 2013, an online survey showed that the platform does not fully meet user expectations, particularly as to user experience and usability of its cartographic, web-based user interface. Revaluation and redesign of the overall platform were necessary in order to improve map legibility, caused by the complexity of data, large data amounts, and high spatial density of online, real-time measurement data locations. A new web design and user interaction concept have been developed in 2014 and eventually put online in June 2017. User acceptance testing by means of surveys and direct user feedback sessions were key factors in this perennial redesign process. The GIN platform now features important novel technical and graphical elements: The starting page is based on a dashboard containing virtual dossiers (Fig. 1), with which users configure their desired information, data, and map bundles individually, or use predefined adaptable views on various existing data sets. In addition, there is a new overall spatial search function to query data parameters. A responsive approach further improves the usability of the platform. The focus of these new features is on multi-views involving maps, diagrams, tables, text products, as well as selected geographical areas on maps, and fast data queries (Fig. 2). Current user feedback suggests that the new GIN platform design is well received, and that it is moving closer to its very goal: online monitoring and management of natural hazard events by enhanced usability, more targeted and higher personalization.</p><p>Several Swiss Cantons (i.e., the political entities in Switzerland below the federation) actively participated, and still participate, in the conceptual GIN platform development process through advisory board meetings and consultations. On the operational level, Cantons actively provide and contribute further natural hazard information and measurement data from their own natural hazard monitoring networks. These additional Cantonal regional-scale data sets help to fill spatial data gaps, where no Federal data is available. GIN thusly integrates natural hazard data from Federal and Cantonal levels (and partly even private level), which adds value to all stakeholders on various political levels involved in natural hazard management (Federal, Cantonal, Regional, Communal crisis committees). Stakeholders not only use GIN’s ample database and cartographic product portfolio to accomplish their early warning and crisis management tasks, but also benefit from seamless, secure and reliable IT-services, provided by the Swiss Federal Government. With the new GIN platform, Switzerland has a powerful, integrative, and comprehensive tool for monitoring and responding to natural hazard events.</p>
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Xue, Xiaoe, Lichun Zhang, Xuewen Geng, et al. "Effect of the AlN interlayer on electroluminescent performance of n-SnO2/p-GaN heterojunction light-emitting diodes." Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 91 (March 2019): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2018.12.015.
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Tsai, Min-Ying, Oliver Bierwagen, and James S. Speck. "Epitaxial Sb-doped SnO2 and Sn-doped In2O3 transparent conducting oxide contacts on GaN-based light emitting diodes." Thin Solid Films 605 (April 2016): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.09.022.
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Oh, Joon-Ho, Tae-Yeon Seong, H. G. Hong, Kyoung-Kook Kim, S. W. Yoon, and J. P. Ahn. "Electrical characteristics of Cu-doped In2O3/Sb-doped SnO2 ohmic contacts for high-performance GaN-based light-emitting diodes." Journal of Electroceramics 27, no. 3-4 (2011): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10832-011-9653-8.
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Rauf, I. A. "Effects of dopant concentration on the microstructure of tin- doped indium oxide thin films." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (1990): 716–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010017671x.
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To understand the electronic conduction mechanism in Sn-doped indium oxide thin films, it is important to study the effect of dopant atoms on the neighbouring indium oxide lattice. Ideally Sn is a substitutional dopant at random indium sites. The difference in valence (Sn4+ replaces In3+) requires that an extra electron is donated to the lattice and thus contributes to the free carrier density. But since Sn is an adjacent member of the same row in the periodic table, the difference in the ionic radius (In3+: 0.218 nm; Sn4+: 0.205 nm) will introduce a strain in the indium oxide lattice. Free carrier electron waves will no longer see a perfect periodic lattice and will be scattered, resulting in the reduction of free carrier mobility, which will lower the electrical conductivity (an undesirable effect in most applications).One of the main objectives of the present investigation is to understand the effects of the strain (produced by difference in the ionic radius) on the microstructure of the indium oxide lattice when the doping level is increased to give high carrier densities. Sn-doped indium oxide thin films were prepared with four different concentrations: 9, 10, 11 and 12 mol. % of SnO2 in the starting material. All the samples were prepared at an oxygen partial pressure of 0.067 Pa and a substrate temperature of 250°C using an Edwards 306 coating unit with an electron gun attachment for heating the crucible. These deposition conditions have been found to give optimum electrical properties in Sn-doped indium oxide films. A JEOL 2000EX transmission electron microscope was used to investigate the specimen microstructure.
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Imada, Yume, and Makoto Kato. "Descriptions of new species of Issikiomartyria (Lepidoptera, Micropterigidae) and a new genus Melinopteryx gen. n. with two new species from Japan." Zoosystematics and Evolution 94, no. 2 (2018): 211–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.13748.
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Micropterigidae is considered to be the sister group of all other extant Lepidoptera. In Japan, 17 species of five genera have been recorded including three endemic genera,IssikiomartyriaHashimoto, 2006,KurokopteryxHashimoto, 2006 andNeomicropteryxIssiki, 1931, all of which are associated with the liverwort genusConocephalumHill. We discovered four new species ofIssikiomartyriafrom snowy regions in Northeastern Japan, and two new species of a new genusMelinopteryxgen. n.from the subalpine zone of the Akaishi Mountain Range. All these new taxa,I.hyperboreasp. n.,I.leptobelossp. n.,I.catapastasp. n.,I.trochossp. n.,M.coruscanssp. n.andM.bilobatasp. n.are also associated withConocephalumliverworts. Furthermore, females ofI.akemiaeHashimoto, 2006 andI.plicataHashimoto, 2006 are described here for the first time. Our extensive surveys revealed that the fine-scale endemism ofIssikiomartyriarestricted to the fragmented area facing the Japan Sea. Keys toIssikiomartyriaspecies based on the adult morphology are provided.
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Lv, Shuliang, Yawei Zhou, Wenwu Xu, et al. "Preparation of p-type GaN-doped SnO2 thin films by e-beam evaporation and their applications in p–n junction." Applied Surface Science 427 (January 2018): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.297.
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Park, Jong-jin, and Kyong-hee Choi. "A Study on the worlds of the works of the Japanese fairy tale writers Miyazawa Kenji and Niimi Nankichi’s fox fairy tale “Snow Crossing” and “Fox Gon”." Korean Journal of Children's Literature Studies 39 (December 31, 2020): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24286/kjcls.2020.12.39.61.
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Juliussen, H., H. H. Christiansen, G. S. Strand, S. Iversen, K. Midttømme, and J. S. Rønning. "NORPERM, the Norwegian Permafrost Database – a TSP NORWAY IPY legacy." Earth System Science Data Discussions 3, no. 1 (2010): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-3-27-2010.
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Abstract. NORPERM – The Norwegian Permafrost Database was developed at the Geological Survey of Norway during the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007–2009 as the main data legacy of the IPY research project Permafrost Observatory Project: A Contribution to the Thermal State of Permafrost in Norway and Svalbard (TSP NORWAY). This paper describes the structural and technical design of NORPERM. NORPERM follows the IPY data policy of open, free, full and timely release of IPY data, and the borehole metadata description follows the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) standard. The ground temperature data infrastructure in Norway and Svalbard is also presented, focussing on the TSP NORWAY permafrost observatory installations in the North Scandinavian Permafrost Observatory and Nordenskiöld Land Permafrost Observatory, as the data providers for NORPERM. Further developments of the database, possibly towards a regional database for the Nordic area, are also discussed. The purpose of NORPERM is to store ground temperature data safely and in a standard format for use in future research. NORPERM stores temperature time series from various depths in boreholes and from the air, snow cover, ground-surface or upper ground layer recorded by miniature temperature data-loggers, and temperature profiles with depth in boreholes obtained by occasional manual logging. It contains all the temperature data from the TSP NORWAY research project, totalling 32 boreholes and 98 sites with miniature temperature data-loggers for continuous monitoring of micrometeorological conditions, and 6 temperature depth profiles obtained by manual borehole logging. The amount of data in the database will gradually increase as data from older, previous projects are added. NORPERM also provides links to near real-time permafrost temperatures obtained by GSM data transfer.
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O’Gorman, José P., Leonardo Salgado, Eduardo B. Olivero, and Sergio A. Marenssi. "Vegasaurus molyi, gen. et sp. nov. (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae), from the Cape Lamb Member (lower maastrichtian) of the Snow Hill Island Formation, Vega Island, Antarctica, and remarks on Wedellian Elasmosauridae." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35, no. 3 (2015): e931285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2014.931285.
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Juliussen, H., H. H. Christiansen, G. S. Strand, S. Iversen, K. Midttømme, and J. S. Rønning. "NORPERM, the Norwegian Permafrost Database – a TSP NORWAY IPY legacy." Earth System Science Data 2, no. 2 (2010): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-235-2010.
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Abstract. NORPERM, the Norwegian Permafrost Database, was developed at the Geological Survey of Norway during the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2009 as the main data legacy of the IPY research project Permafrost Observatory Project: A Contribution to the Thermal State of Permafrost in Norway and Svalbard (TSP NORWAY). Its structural and technical design is described in this paper along with the ground temperature data infrastructure in Norway and Svalbard, focussing on the TSP NORWAY permafrost observatory installations in the North Scandinavian Permafrost Observatory and Nordenskiöld Land Permafrost Observatory, being the primary data providers of NORPERM. Further developments of the database, possibly towards a regional database for the Nordic area, are also discussed. The purpose of NORPERM is to store ground temperature data safely and in a standard format for use in future research. The IPY data policy of open, free, full and timely release of IPY data is followed, and the borehole metadata description follows the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) standard. NORPERM is purely a temperature database, and the data is stored in a relation database management system and made publically available online through a map-based graphical user interface. The datasets include temperature time series from various depths in boreholes and from the air, snow cover, ground-surface or upper ground layer recorded by miniature temperature data-loggers, and temperature profiles with depth in boreholes obtained by occasional manual logging. All the temperature data from the TSP NORWAY research project is included in the database, totalling 32 temperature time series from boreholes, 98 time series of micrometeorological temperature conditions, and 6 temperature depth profiles obtained by manual logging in boreholes. The database content will gradually increase as data from previous and future projects are added. Links to near real-time permafrost temperatures, obtained by GSM data transfer, is also provided through the user interface.
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Leem, Dong-Seok, June-O. Song, Hyun-Gi Hong, J. S. Kwak, Y. Park, and Tae-Yeon Seong. "Low Resistance and Highly Reflective Sb-Doped SnO[sub 2]/Ag Ohmic Contacts to p-Type GaN for Flip-Chip LEDs." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 7, no. 10 (2004): G219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1789853.
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Hong, Hyun-Gi, June-O. Song, Hyunseok Na, Hyunsoo Kim, Kyoung-Kook Kim, and Tae-Yeon Seong. "Formation of Sb-Doped SnO[sub 2] p-Type Ohmic Contact for Near-UV GaN-Based LEDs by a CIO Interlayer." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 10, no. 9 (2007): H254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2748636.
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Lamanauskas, Vincentas, Violeta Šlekienė, and Loreta Ragulienė. "EDUCATIONAL FACEBOOK USAGE CONTEXT: UNIVERSITY TEACHERS AND STUDENTS’ POSITION." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 11, no. 1 (2014): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/14.11.07.
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Social networking website development takes place rapidly and extensively. A fierce competition between different companies creating and supporting networking websites is going on. New ways are sought to attract potential consumers and to support those consumers. SNW usage in various organisations’ activity does not raise any doubts, in fact. In Lithuania e.g., about 40% of inhabitants use social networking websites, and especially Facebook. Two things are obvious – the number of consumers is constantly growing, especially in the youth population and networks give new opportunities for organisations to expand and develop the activity. Thus, a grounded question arises for the Facebook, treating it as an ICT instrument (technology) – how to purposefully and effectively use the possibilities provided by this technology from an educational point of view. Intensive ICT implementation happens to be one of the most important factors in recent decades determining essential changes forming environment and quality of the studies in higher schools. It is likely, that Facebook as a social network might be effectively used in the study process. However, two essential and opposite moments collide here – Facebook as a waste of time and facebook as an effective educational tool. Key words: Facebook, focus group, social networking websites, university studies.
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Tamrakar, Rabindra Man. "Consolidation of Stakeholders' Initiatives to Mitigate Adverse Impacts of Climate Change in Nepalese Context." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 12 (October 31, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v12i0.9067.
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Although Nepal contributes very low emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) compared to the developed nations, it is the fourth most vulnerable country in the world due to the effects of climate change. These effects have already lead to more natural disasters, loss of biodiversity, increase in mountain snow melt, uncertainty in precipitation, shortage of food, water and energy etc. resulting in devastating impacts on the life of people living in both mountain and plain areas. Climate change therefore is the vital issue in the country. Understanding the potential impacts of climate change, Government of Nepal since last two decades has taken significant initiatives in response to the effects of climate change including the participations in international conventions, the approval of Climate Change National Policy 2067 (2010), and establishment of a high level Climate Change Council (CCC) under the chairmanship of the Rt. Hon'ble Prime Minister of Nepal. In addition, The Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (MoEST), being the National Designated Authority (DNA) in Nepal for United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), has executed several programmes and projects related to mitigation and adaptation of climate change effects including Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects and National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). International Nongovernmental Organizations such as UNFCCC, DANIDA, DFID, UNEP, UNDP, UN-HABITAT, World Bank, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Asian Development Bank (ADB) etc. as well have carried out numerous climate change projects and activities in Nepal in conjunction with various government agencies.Studies have revealed that the major sources of GHGs are from the burning of fossil fuel (75%), land use changes (20%), and other sources (5%). It has also been postulated that the effects of climate change can be significantly reduced through the implementation of land use policy and activities. Ministry of Land Reform and Management (MoLRM), Government of Nepal (GoN) is the central agency in Nepal dealing with the formulation and implementation of land related policies and activities in the country. MoLRM has commenced to formulate the National Land Policy and has planned to complete it at the end of fiscal year 069/70. This policy will definitely assist in mitigating the effects of climate change in the country. Another essential policy for the mitigation of the impacts of climate change in the country is National Land Use Policy which was prepared by MoLRM and has been approved by GoN in 2012, but it is yet to be implemented. One of the important policies that it has focussed on for the mitigation of climate change effects is to increase the present forest coverage to 40% of the total area of the country while protecting the government land by forestation and plantation programmes on degraded lands. Nepalese Journal on Geoinformatics -12, 2070 (2013AD): 1-9
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Lamanauskas, Vincentas. "SOCIAL NETWORKING WEBSITES: NEW EDUCATIONAL SPACE." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 9, no. 1 (2012): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/12.9.04.
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Over the latter decade the spread of information communication technologies was going on in various directions. Technological possibilities grew up very significantly (Lamanauskas, 2011). Especially rapid was the development of the internet and technologies related with it. A lot of internet service providers occurred in the market, their number still continues to grow. The internet link methods change - from the ordinary usage of phone line modems (dial - up) to broadband internet technology (DSL) and cable TV internet nets. It can be asserted, that over the mentioned period Web 1.0 internet (static, used for getting information) was changed by Web 2.0 internet (social). The internet diaries, social portals, technologies allowing live communication on the internet (Internet Relay Chat, IRC), talk programme Windows Live Messenger (MSN), ICQ forums and other have occurred and are spreading. With the occurrence of “Skype”, internet telephony acquired a qualitatively new characteristic and practically became a daily routine. Thus, today a consumer can create his profile on the internet, can make friends, communicate in the interest groups and so on. It can be stated, that every human being in his own way contributes to the internet and at the same time to ICT development, in general. It is obvious, that together with technological problems arise social internet problems as well. Social networking websites (SNW) are closely related with economical, psychological, educational, valeological and other aspects. There is a lack of researches based on socio-educational social networking website aspects. It is important to know not only how much time the consumers spend surfing the net, but how much time is allotted for communicating in social networking websites, which of them are the most popular and why, how the respondents evaluate social networking website functions, what in general they know about them, what advantages, disadvantages and threats they discern. Finally, it is important to find out whether usage of social networking websites makes information – communication abilities better in any way. Key words: ICT, educational technologies, social networking websites
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Lamanauskas, Vincentas, Violeta Šlekienė, and Loreta Ragulienė. "POSSIBILITIES OF USING SOCIAL NETWORKING WEBSITES." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 9, no. 2 (2012): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/12.9.06a.
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Over the latter decade a rapid development of information communication technol-ogies has been going on in various directions. Technological possibilities have increased very significantly (Lamanauskas, 2012). The development of internet and technologies related with it has been extremely fast. A lot of internet service providers have appeared in the mar-ket, their number still continues to grow. The internet diaries, social portals, technologies allow-ing live communication on the internet (Internet Relay Chat, IRC), talk programme Windows Live Messenger (MSN), ICQ forums and other have occurred and are spreading. Thus, today a consumer can create his profile on the internet, can make friends, communicate in the inter-est groups and so on. It can be stated, that every human being contributes in his own way to the internet and at the same time to ICT development, in general. It is obvious, that together with technological problems also arise social internet problems. Social networking websites are closely related with economical, psychological, educational, valeological and other aspects. There is a shortage of researches grounding socio-educational social network aspects. Research purpose is to ascertain how Lithuanian university students use social net-working websites, how they value them, what opinion they have about various social net-working websites, what they know about them. The main research questions are: What social networking websites do students know and use most frequently?; What social networking website functions do students use and why?; Do students like social networking websites and why?; What do students know about how social networking websites use published personal and other type of information?; What is students’ attitude to opportunities provided by social networking websites? It has been stated, that the majority of the respondents use the internet a few times a day, besides, more than a half of them visit social networking websites a few times a day as well. Only a small part of the respondents haven‘t created their personal profile in social net-working websites. More than a third of the respondents very favourably value social network-ing websites, they like them. Even those who don‘t like social networking websites, all the same, periodically visit them. It has been asserted, that though the respondents know a lot of social networking websites, the most frequently visited and most popular are three: You Tube, Facebook, Google+. The most important functions are: communication, learning and ex-changing information, texting. It is worrying, that only a small part of the respondents know how social networking websites use published and other type of information. Though SNW is an excellent means of communication, a perfect opportunity for finding out various news, for making friends and so on, students are firmly convinced, that communication in virtual space will never substitute direct people‘s relations. Such their position is valued as positive. On the other hand, it is obvious, that educational social networking potential has rather poor expres-sion in students‘ evaluation and it raises a grounded concern. Key words: social networking websites, survey, university students.
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Swatek, Catherine. "Performance Review: Snow in Midsummer, by Frances Ya-Chu Cowhig. Based on the Classical Chinese Drama The Injustice to Dou E That Moved Heaven and Earth by Guan Hanqing. U. S. Premiere at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, Ashland Oregon, August 2-October 27, 2018." CHINOPERL 37, no. 2 (2018): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01937774.2019.1589665.
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Li, Ailing, Ying Liang, Yi Liu, and Gary VanZant. "Latexin Regulates Stem Cell Numbers Via a NF-êB-Dependent Pathway." Blood 112, no. 11 (2008): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1400.1400.
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Abstract Latexin was first discovered in the developing lateral cortex of the brain and is the only known endogenous carboxypeptidase A (CPA) inhibitor in mammals. Our recent studies have revealed that latexin exerted a novel function in regulating murine hematopoietic stem cell number by repressing stem cell self-renewal and enhancing apoptosis (Liang et al., Nat. Gen.39:178, 2007) . However, the underlying mechanism remains obscure. To test whether latexin acts through its canonical mechanism in hematopoietic cells we used fluorescence immunohistochemistry to reveal that latex and CPA did not co-localize intracellularly. Moreover, in contrast with latexin, an unrelated inhibitor of CPA did not affect hematopoietic stem cell numbers in vivo. Thus, latexin appeared to act through a novel pathway unrelated to the inhibition of CPA. To identify novel intracellular protein partners of latexin, tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag-labeled latexin was overexpressed in FDCP1, a primitive hematopoietic progenitor cell line. Latexin-interacting proteins were isolated from lysates of FDCP1-TAP-latexin and FDCP-1-TAP control by TAP. Purified eluates were screened by mass spectrometry proteomic technologies. Eleven proteins, but not CPA, were identified as latexin-interacting partners by LC-MS analysis. Using Western blots and co-immunoprecipitation we found that latexin interacted with a novel binding partner, ribosome protein S3 (RPS3), a moiety recently found to complex with NF-kB and thus regulate its selective activation of target genes (Wan et al. Cell131:927, 2007). We hypothesized that latexin may compete with NF-kB for binding RPS3 and thus indirectly affect NF-kB-directed gene expression. Thus, in order to determine if NF-kB-responsive genes were differentially regulated in primitive hematopoietic cells in response to latexin modulation, we made use of a mouse model congenic for the latexin locus. We introgressed the high-expressing C57BL/6 latexin allele onto the normally low-expressing DBA/2 genetic background. We then compared the gene expression profiles of Lineage negative, Sca-1 positive, and c-kit positive (LSK) cells isolated from the bone marrow of congenic and DBA/2 background (control) mice using microarrays. A functional cluster of genes known to be regulated proximally by NF-kB and which are related to mechanisms of latexin action--namely apoptosis and cell replication—were differentially expressed in concordance with the latexin allele present. These results are consistent with a model in which latexin impeded RPS3-NF-kB complex formation and subsequently altered NF-kB-mediated gene transcription. Taken together, our findings provide a potential mechanism by which latexin regulates hematopoietic stem cell number via a heretofore unappreciated pathway. Liang Y, M Jensen, B Aronow, H Geiger, G Van Zant. The quantitative trait gene latexin influences the size of the hematopoietic stem cell population in mice. Nature Genetics 39:178–88, 2007. Wan F, DE Anderson, RA Bamitz, A Snow, N Bidere, L Zheng, V Hegde, LT Lam, LM Staudt, D Levens, WA Deutsch, MJ Lenardo. Ribosomal protein S3: a KH domain subunit in NF-kappaB complexes that mediates selective gene regulation. Cell 131:927–39, 2007.
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Koroļova, Jeļena, та Sandra Ūdre. "AIZGAVIEŅS AND МАСЛЕНИЦА ( SHROVETIDE ) IN LATGALE : TRADICIONS OF LATGALIAN AND OLD-BELIEVERS". Via Latgalica, № 5 (31 грудня 2013): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2013.5.1640.
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The collective memory better than the individual memory holds the form (actions, words, formulas, scripts) than the matter (why it’s done). That is also true about aizgavieņs and масленица (Shrovetide), the archaic seasonal-rite feasts celebrated in Latgale. Nevertheless in the survey made by Rēzekne University College within the framework of ESF project “Linguo-Cultural and Socio-Economic Aspects of Territorial Identity in the Development of the Region of Latgale” (tilra.ru.lv) 1308 respondents (out of 1959, including 102 questionnaires in Russian) acknowledged Shrovetide as one of Latgalian identity features. In the list of 466 items (well-known people, places, traditions, realias, fi xed phrases, words etc) it holds 67th place. The aim of the work is to describe in comparative aspect the Latgalian and the Old- Believers’ traditions of the time before fasting, stressing syncretism of pagan, Christian (denominationally different) and ideological elements, using linguo-cultural approach. For the work published and unpublished materials of Latgalian folklore as well as the materials of Daugavpils University expedition about Old Believers and for comparing some materials of ethnographic studies in Pskov district (Мехнецов 2002; Прауст 2009) have been used. For all the Indo-European peoples, as they are agricultural people, the rhythm of life and work depends on the solar cycle; for an archaic human being it is the only system of reference frame. Acts of nature determine the quality of life all the year – the harvest should supply food till the next season. Preparing for the new agricultural season (the end of winter) is archaic New Year in modern understanding (Пропп 1995: 33), for archaic people to whom calendar doesn’t exist. Both at Shrovetide and at New Year’s Eve people read fortune about future spouse and the popular beliefs are very similar. Both Latgalians and Old Believers have popular beliefs connected with land tending at New Year eve fortunetelling, for example: at New Year’s Eve they went to crossroads to sow fl ax and later waited that at dream the future husband would come to tend land for flax. Other position: Масленица is the amount of summer solstice and other spring rituals (Клейн 2004: 312). For Slavic people the fertility of land is closely connected with prosperity and mercifulness of its inhabitants. Ritual food and wine is put for the shades, they are asked to come to fire, and they are asked for forgiveness, the graves are visited. For Catholics this time is not the time of commemorating the dead, so Latgalians encourage the growth of the most important for their culture plant – flax – with ritual actions. Most popular beliefs put down in Latgale are related to riding down a hill in a sledge as far as possible or with a horse travel far from home – so the flax grow as long as those ridings. In Latgale not only traditional sledges, but also ladonkys and skretels are used for riding. Ladonkys is a sleigh cut from ice with a hole for a rope and a groove for sitting, where a blanket is put. Seretels is a stake put in low wet place (to freeze in winter) in autumn to which at Shrovetide a pole is attached so the sleigh could be tied to it and spins round. The parade of disguised develop the topic of fertility in a social context. For Shrovetide a superfluity is typical both in entertainment and in food, but the timeline is strictly kept up. Latgalians prepare mainly meet dishes. They eat nine or twelve times and each time they eat meet. Slavic people celebrate Shrovetide for a week, they taste fat dishes, but they don’t eat meet at that time. The symbol of the Shrovetide menu is a pancake, which is the most ancient flour dish and the dish of Cult of the dead, it symbolizes prosperity and satiety. The Shrovetide menu of Latgalians is also unimaginable without it. Catholic fasting starts exactly at midnight of Ash Wednesday when merry-making and easy- time stops. Old-Believers fasting starts on Monday. Archaic ceremony is getting forms of mass events, since even in the conditions of Soviet ideology beginning since 50s of the 20th century, масленица has been celebrated as a farewell to winter with well-known for children Grandfather Frost (Дед Мороз) and The Snow Maiden(Снегурочка), with singing songs, playing games, horse races and horse- riding. Since 90s of 20th century all national groups living in Latgale have been integrated in the celebration of Shrovetide. In 1995 the public disguise event Daugavpils International Masque Festival has been launched where not only local national groups, but also guests from abroad demonstrate their national traditions. The celebration of Shrovetide has got the forms of mass cultural events emphasising its connection to certain place or specific aim of the initiators, for example: the songfest “Aizgavēnī cīmā braucam” (“In Shrovetide we vent on a visit”) of quires and folk companies in Vabole, the meeting of amateur theatres “Aizgavēņa grīztovōs“ (“In the gin-pole of Shrovetide”) in Līvāni (2011), the meeting of performance companies of Rēzekne Schools “Griešanās Aizgavēnī“ (“Rotation in Shrovetide”), “Aizgavieni” (“Shrovetide”) in Baltinava Secondary School; at the same time the restriction of social tradition as well as professional accomplishment can be traced.