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Rodriguez, Daniel, Tiffanie Goulazian, Andrew A. Strasser, Jennifer O'Loughlin, Erika N. Dugas, Chol Kuoiloi, Brian L. Hitsman und Robert Schnoll. „The Role of the Subjective Importance of Smoking (SIMS) in Cessation and Abstinence“. Journal of Smoking Cessation 14, Nr. 1 (02.04.2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2018.7.
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Introduction: Each year about two thirds of U.S. smokers make a quit attempt. Yet, less than 5% remain abstinent three months post-quit date. One factor that may affect abstinence is negative feelings about the self-associated with being a smoker (disequilibrium), particularly if smoking is important to the sense of self and one is trying to quit.Aims: We evaluated a multivariate structural equation model proposing that smoking's subjective importance to a smoker would influence carbon monoxide verified smoking abstinence at 24 weeks (post-quit date). Further, we assessed whether the relation would be moderated by the smoker's experience of disequilibrium.Methods: Participants were 440 regular smokers taking part in a clinical trial assessing the effectiveness of different durations of nicotine replacement therapy use. Participants completed the subjective importance of smoking survey at baseline and were assessed for carbon monoxide verified seven-day point prevalence abstinence at 24 weeksResults: Using exploratory structural equation modelling, the subjective importance of smoking was associated with point prevalence abstinence at 24 weeks, but only for smokers with high disequilibrium.Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that experiencing negative feelings about being a smoker could motivate smokers to remain abstinent, despite the importance of smoking to the smoker's sense of self.
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Ha, Seunghyuk, und Jang-Han Lee. „Gender Differences of Smoking Stigma on Gender and Smoking Self-identification in Korean Smokers“. Korean Data Analysis Society 25, Nr. 4 (31.08.2023): 1235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2023.25.4.1235.
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This research aimed to investigate the gender difference in Korean smokers’ smoking stigma and the degree of self-identification of their smoking status. Two Implicit Association Tests (IATs) were conducted to provide empirical evidence and compare the smoking stigma and self-identification of male and female smokers. Smoking stigma was measured to evaluate the attitude on smokers’ own gender and the self-identification as a smoker was measured as a perception of their smoking status as a stigmatized feature. As a result, it was found that Korean female smokers tended to attribute smokers with the same gender less favorably than male smokers and identify themselves as smokers more than males do. Additional correlation analysis on each subgroup found that the public stigma of Korean female smokers was correlated to their smoking self-identification, unlike male smokers, suggesting that female smokers were more vulnerable to higher smoking stigma by recognizing their self-identity as a smoker. In accordance with the model of stigma-induced identity threat, the result showed that gender differences in smokers’ stigma might be a risk factor in some cultural contexts which warrants further research in substance dependence.
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Suthamancharri.S, Vaishnavi.S, Kumara Raja, Soundarya.S.P und Sumaiya fathima. „Review on Effects of Passive Smoking“. International Journal of Community Dentistry 11, Nr. 1 (16.05.2023): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56501/intjcommunitydent.v11i1.777.
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Smoking is injurious to health. Mainstream and Side stream smoking both are actively and passively injurious to health. Ill effects of Secondhand smoking are more commonly underrated in the society. Side stream smoking also causes hazardous health effects. Smoking not only affects the smoker, but also affects non-smokers and children. Passive smokers are people exposed to cigarette smoke in two ways : by direct exposure to the smoke of passively burning cigarette and exposure to the smoke breathed out by the smoker. Second-hand smoke is the mixture of direct smoke from burning a cigarette along with the smoke breathed out from the smoker’s lungs. As a result, side stream smoke has higher concentration of some toxic and carcinogenic substances than the mainstream smoke. When exposed to second hand smoke, non-smokers inhale 60-80% of airborne nicotine similar to that absorbed by smokers So this review paper will elaborate about the effects of passive smoking.
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Zhang, Yuhan, Jiayu Wang, Keying Lai, Hankun Bian, Haide Chen und Lingfeng Gao. „Socializing with Smoker and Social Smoking Behavior among Chinese Male Smokers with Low Nicotine Dependence: The Mediating Roles of Belief of Smoking Rationalization and Smoker Identity“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 22 (10.11.2022): 14765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214765.
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Background: Previous studies have shown that socializing with other smokers is an essential trigger for social smoking among smokers with a low nicotine dependence. This study further explored the mediating effects of the belief of smoking rationalization and smoker identity on the relationship between socializing with smokers and social smoking behavior. Methods: A cross-sectional design was conducted. A total of 696 low-nicotine-dependent smokers in China completed questionnaires that assessed socializing with smokers, social smoking behavior, smoker identity, and the belief of smoking rationalization. The mediating roles of the belief of smoking rationalization and smoker identity on the relationship between socializing with smokers and social smoking behavior were assessed by using SPSS 23 and AMOS 23. Results: The belief of smoking rationalization, smoker identity, socializing with smokers, and social smoking behavior were significantly and positively correlated with each other. In addition, this study found an independently mediated role for smoker identity in the relationship with smoker socialization and social smoking behavior, and a sequentially mediated role for smoking rationalization and smoker identity in this relationship. Conclusion: Reducing the belief of smoking rationalization and smoker identity may be conducive to reducing social smoking behavior for low-nicotine-dependent smokers when socializing with other smokers.
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Falomir, Juan Manuel, und Federica Invernizzi. „The role of social influence and smoker identity in resistance to smoking cessation 1This research program was supported by the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Switzerland. We are grateful to Juan Fabra for his help in collecting data.“ Swiss Journal of Psychology 58, Nr. 2 (Juni 1999): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.58.2.73.
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153 secondary school students, all smokers, were either exposed to a strongly anti-smoking message originating from a high status source (persuasive message condition) or not (control condition). A questionnaire then measured a set of variables concerning several aspects of tobacco consumption (i.e., smoker identity, attitude, subjective norm, perceived lack of behavioural control, smoking behaviour, and intention to give up smoking). First, regression analysis shows that the smoker's identity plays a direct and important role in explaining current smoking behaviour and the intention not to smoke, even when other variables are controlled. Second, analyses of variance indicate that smokers with a strong identity as a smoker are defensively motivated when confronting a persuasive attempt - i.e. their perception of friends' support to smoke increases. Finally, partial correlations show that the relationship between smoker identity and intention to give up smoking is mediated by this defensive motivation. Taken together, these results suggest that smoker identity is an important factor in explaining smoker's intention to give up smoking and, when antitobacco campaigns are salient, smoker identity can affect other variables which can reverse antitobacco efforts.
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M, Collict. „Screening and Management of Smoking in Pregnancy“. Open Access Journal of Gynecology 8, Nr. 1 (10.01.2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajg-16000248.
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Smoking in is harmful to both the mother and baby in pregnancy. Smoking cessation is strongly encouraged and needs to be approached in a sensitive manner employing patient centred care. Women should be provided with information about the risks of smoking and referred to smoking cessation services. Referral applies to smokers and ex-smokers who quit in the prior two weeks. Data was collected from smoker or ex-smoker post-natal mothers who delivered at Mater Dei Hospital and was analysed against NICE Public Health guideline (PH26) ‘Smoking: stopping in pregnancy and after childbirth’ published in 2010 and Green-top guideline no.31 ‘The Investigation and Management of the Small-for-Gestational-Age Fetus’ published in 2013. The audit included 50 post-natal smokers or ex-smokers with the majority being either smokers or ex-smokers who stopped as soon as they found out they were pregnant. There was not a single documented referral to smoking cessation services. Only 75% of smokers who smoke 11+ cigarettes daily had serial ultrasounds to monitor for SGA. Foetal outcomes were overall satisfactory with only 12% being admitted to NPICU, 10% of which belonged to mothers still smoking in pregnancy. It is essential that mothers understand the risks of smoking in pregnancy and these should be provided with the necessary information and assistance in smoking cessation. It is not enough to recommend smoking cessation but referrals and constant support should be offered.
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Cong, Chunling, Chris P. Tsokos, James Kepner, Susan Gapstur, Dana Flanders und Eric Jacob. „Statistical Modeling of Lung Cancer: Answering Relative Questions“. International Journal of Biomedical Science 7, Nr. 1 (15.03.2011): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.59566/ijbs.2011.7070.
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The objective of this paper is to perform parametric and nonparametric analysis to address some very important questions concerning lung cancer utilizing real lung cancer data: What is the probabilistic nature of mortality time in ex-smoker lung cancer patients and non-smoker lung cancer patients, for female, male, and the totality of female and male patients? Is there significant difference of mortality time between ex-smoker and non-smoker patients? For ex-smokers, are there any differences with respect to the key variables such as mortality time, cigarettes per day (CPD), and duration of smoking between female and male patients? For non-smokers, can we notice a difference in mortality time between female and male patients? Can we accurately predict mortality time given information on CPD, starting time and quitting time for a specific lung cancer patient who smokes? Thus best fitting probability distributions are identified and their parameters are estimated. Mean mortality times are compared between non-smokers and ex-smokers, female non-smokers and male non-smokers, and female ex-smokers and male ex-smokers. Important entities related to lung cancer mortality time, such as cigarettes per day (CPD), and duration of smoking (DUR), are compared between female and male ex-smoker lung cancer patients. Finally, a model is developed to predict the mortality time of ex-smokers with a high degree of accuracy.
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Romero, Devan R., Kim Pulvers, Taneisha S. Scheuermann und Jasjit S. Ahluwalia. „Psychosocial and Behavioral Characteristics among Subgroups of Nondaily College Student Smokers“. Tobacco Use Insights 7 (Januar 2014): TUI.S13440. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/tui.s13440.
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Nondaily smoking is becoming common in young adults and there appear to be different characteristics associated with past month smoking frequency among nondaily smokers. The present study examines behavioral and psychosocial correlates of smoking among subgroups of nondaily college student smokers ( N = 80; 18–25 years of age) attending a large, public university. Nondaily smokers were categorized based on the frequency of days smoked in the past month and were divided into two subgroups: 1–5 days and 6–29 days. A quarter of nondaily smokers considered themselves as a smoker and significantly more 6–29 nondaily smokers were identified as a smoker and smoked more cigarettes per day (CPD). Almost half (45%) of nondaily smokers have attempted to quit smoking completely and 71% of the 6–29 nondaily smokers reported significantly higher quit attempts. The 6–29 nondaily smokers had significantly higher perceived risk related to smoking. Self-efficacy to abstain from smoking was significantly higher for 1–5 nondaily smokers. These results suggest heterogeneity among subgroups of nondaily college student smokers exists in a number of behavioral and psychosocial factors. Prevention and cessation strategies may be improved by considering frequency of nondaily smoking and targeting subgroups differently.
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Haverić, Anja, Sanin Haverić und Slavka Ibrulj. „Chromosome aberrations frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes in young tobacco smoking and non-smoking people“. Journal of Health Sciences 6, Nr. 2 (04.10.2016): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17532/jhsci.2016.368.
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Introduction: Cigarette smoking is associated with severe health problems, especially cancers. In addition, cigarette smoking causes different genotoxic effects. Chromosome aberrations are one of well-known intermediate end points in carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to compare frequencies of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes between young smokers and non-smokes groups.Methods: The study was conducted with 30 smokers (average age 26.93 years) and 30 non-smokers (average age 26.96 years), and included the analysis of 100 metaphases per each blood sample. Differences in the arithmetic means of determined frequencies of chromosome aberrations were tested by two-tailed t-test for independent samples with the significance level of p < 0.05.Results: The results showed a significant increase in the frequencies of chromatid-type aberrations and total structural chromosome aberrations in smoker group. Frequencies of numerical aberrations did not differ significantly between two groups.Conclusions: This study confirmed genotoxicity of cigarette smoking and provided new evidence about its clastogenic activity.
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Bonilha, Amanda Gimenes, Antonio Ruffino-Netto, Mayara Piani Sicchieri, Jorge Alberto Achcar, Antonio Luiz Rodrigues-Júnior und José Baddini-Martinez. „Correlates of experimentation with smoking and current cigarette consumption among adolescents“. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia 40, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2014): 634–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37132014000600007.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze social characteristics and stress as correlates of cigarette smoking in adolescence. The main intent was to identify elements that distinguish adolescents who had experimented with smoking and did not progress to regular smoking from those who became current smokers. METHODS: Students at 10 high schools in the city of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, completed a questionnaire based on an instrument employed in a similar large-scale study. The students were classified as never-smokers or experimenters. The experimenters were subcategorized as having become current smokers or nonprogressors. Analyses were performed using adjusted logistic models. RESULTS: A total of 2,014 students (mean age, 16.2 ± 1.1 years; females, 53%) completed the questionnaire. We categorized 1,283 students (63.7%) as never-smokers, 244 (12.1%) as current smokers, and 487 (24.2%) as nonprogressors. We found that experimentation with smoking was associated with being held back a grade in school (OR = 1.80), alcohol intake (low/occasional, OR = 8.92; high/regular, OR = 2.64), illicit drug use (OR = 9.32), having a sibling or cousin who smokes (OR = 1.39), having a friend who smokes (OR = 2.08), and high levels of stress (in females only, OR = 1.32). Factors associated with an increased risk of transitioning from experimenter to current smoker were alcohol intake (low/occasional, OR = 3.28; high/regular, OR = 2.16), illicit drug use (OR = 3.61), and having a friend who smokes (OR = 7.20). CONCLUSIONS: Current smoking was associated with a profile of socioeconomic correlates different from that associated with experimentation only. Our data (showing that current smoking was associated with having a friend who smokes, alcohol intake, and illicit drug use) suggest the need for comprehensive approaches to discourage substance use during adolescence.
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Megatsari, Hario, Rita Damayanti, Dian Kusuma, Mursyidul Ibad, Siti Rahayu Nadhiroh, Erni Astutik und Susy Katikana Sebayang. „ANTI-SMOKING MESSAGES VERSUS PRO-SMOKING MESSAGES AMONG INDONESIAN ADOLESCENT SMOKERS“. Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia 12, Nr. 1 (23.06.2024): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jaki.v12i1.2024.86-96.
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Background: Anti-smoking messages (ASM) is a program designed to educate the public about the dangers of tobacco use, aiming to prevent adolescents and young people from smoking cigarettes in any form and to assist smokers in giving up their smoking habit. On the contrary, pro-smoking messages (PSM) is a marketing technique to promote tobacco products. Aims: This study was conducted to describe the exposure to ASM and PSM among Indonesian adolescent smokers (IAS). Methods: This study analyzed secondary data from the 2019 Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) Indonesia. The outcome variable was the respondent's smoking intensity in the last 30 days. The independent variables were the exposure to ASM and PSM in the various below-the-line media. Results: Most IAS were male (93.4%), mostly in secondary school (60.3%) and spent more than IDR 11,000 per week (71.1%). Adolescent smokers were exposed to ASM at a rate of 92.4%. Furthermore, ASM exposure happened to 60.5% of the low-intensity youth smoker group and 39.5% of the high-intensity youth smoker group. Meanwhile, 93% of adolescent smokers were exposed to PSM, with 40.8% in the high-intensity youth smoker group and 59.2% in the low-intensity youth smoker group. Conclusion: The exposure to ASM and PSM in the adolescent smoker group was relatively the same. Keywords: ASM, PSM, prevention, public health, tobacco control, youth
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Lee, Seon Min, Seungwoo Chun und Jin Suk Lee. „The Role of Negative Emotions Pre- and Post-Implementation of Graphic Health Warnings: Longitudinal Evidence from South Korea“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 15 (27.07.2020): 5393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155393.
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This longitudinal study investigated the factors that determine the effectiveness of graphic health warnings (GHWs) by comparing 246 South Korean smoker’s responses before and after the introduction of the country’s new tobacco control policy wherein GHWs were placed on all cigarette packaging. Even though introducing GHWs did not cause immediate changes in smokers’ intention to quit smoking or perception of smoking’s health risk, GHWs eventually motivated smokers to quit smoking when they experienced negative emotional responses to the newly introduced graphic warnings on cigarette packaging. More importantly, this study found that positive changes in smokers’ perceived risk associated with smoking due to the introduction of GHWs mediated a positive relationship between changes in smokers’ negative emotions (NE) from text-only warnings to graphic warnings and changes in their intention to quit smoking during the same period. Based on these results, the authors suggest that, for GHW policy to be more effective in motivating smoking cessation, the warnings need to convey images sufficiently unpleasant to induce negative emotional responses among smokers.
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Wee, Lei Hum, Lion Shahab, Awang Bulgiba und Robert West. „Conflict About Quitting Predicts the Decision to Stop Smoking Gradually or Abruptly: Evidence From Stop Smoking Clinics in Malaysia“. Journal of Smoking Cessation 6, Nr. 1 (01.06.2011): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.6.1.37.
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AbstractBackground: Little is known about the extent to which smokers attending stop-smoking clinics experience conflicting motivations about their quit attempt, whether such conflict can be understood in terms of a single dimension and if this ‘conflict about quitting’ differs from motivation to stop smoking and is associated with a smoker's choice of method to stop smoking (stopping gradually or abruptly). Method: Sociodemographic, smoking and quit attempt characteristics as well as measures relating to conflict about stopping smoking were recorded in a cross-sectional survey of 198 smokers attending five quit smoking clinics in Malaysia. Results: Five measures (having seriously thought about quitting before, being happy about becoming a non-smoker, being strongly motivated to stop, intending to stop smoking completely and believing in stopping for good this time) were loaded onto a single factor that could be labelled ‘conflict about quitting’. The resultant scale had moderate internal reliability (Cronbach's α= .625). Most smokers exhibited conflicting motivations about stopping smoking, with over half (52.0%, 95% CI 45.1–59.1) scoring 2 or higher on the 5-point conflict scale. ‘Conflict about quitting’ was significantly associated with the decision to stop smoking gradually rather than abruptly controlling for other variables (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.05–1.76) and was more strongly associated with the choice of smoking cessation method than motivation to stop smoking. Conclusions: ‘Conflict about quitting’ can be conceptualised as a single dimension and is prevalent among smokers voluntarily attending stop-smoking clinics. The finding that smokers who display greater conflict about quitting are more likely to choose gradual cessation may explain contradictory findings in the literature regarding the effectiveness of different methods of smoking cessation.
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Stewart, Diana W., Janet L. Thomas und Amy L. Copeland. „Perceptions of Social Support Provided to Smokers“. Journal of Smoking Cessation 5, Nr. 1 (01.06.2010): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.5.1.95.
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AbstractIntroduction: Cessation efforts and maintained abstinence in smokers have been associated with social support from others (i.e., ‘support persons’). Characteristics of support persons appear to affect the amount and quality of support provided to adults who smoke. In the present investigation, the relationship between support person characteristics and perceived quality and quantity of smoking-specific support provided was examined. Method: College students (N = 244) were asked to identify an adult who smokes about whom they were concerned. Participants reported demographic and smoking-related information about themselves and their identified smoker and perceptions of positive and negative smoking-specific social support provided. Results: Results indicated significant differences in smoking status (p < .05), such that current and ex-smokers reported providing more negative support than never smokers. Additionally, participants romantically involved with their smokers reported providing more positive (p < .05) support than those in other relationships. Discussion: Findings suggest the importance of relationship in the perception of support provided during the cessation process and highlight the need for future research in this area.
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Ravi, Rojan, Indranil Pal, Saumitra Kumar, Anindita Sinha Babu, Indranil Halder und Suman Roy. „Correlation between Upper Airway and Lower Airway Function in Current Smokers, Never Smokers and Former Smokers“. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 35, Nr. 19 (27.07.2023): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2023/v35i195148.
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Introduction: Smoking is the major risk factor for the development of chronic lung disease and airway malignancy. The development of biomarkers for disease onset and early progression is hindered by the accessibility of the primary tissue in the lungs, so there is a need to evaluate alternative sites for surrogate biomarkers. The harmful effects seen in the lower and distal airways are also mirrored in the nasal epithelium as one airway and one disease.
Objective: To study the correlation between nasal mucosal cytology, mucociliary function, nasal airflow and lung function among the current smokers, never smokers, and former smokers.
Methods: Cross sectional, observational study from a tertiary care hospital.105 subjects were randomly distributed on the basis of smoking pattern into 3 groups, never smoker, current smoker and former smoker. Nasal mucosal cytology and function were assessed by saccharin transit time test (STT), peak nasal inspiratory flow(PNIF) and nasal ciliated cells & goblet cell ratio. The lower airway was assessed by spirometry.
Results: The increase in saccharin transit time was statistically significant (p <.001) in current smokers and former smokers compared to never smokers. The lower mean goblet cell count of the former smoker group was statistically significant when compared to the never smoker and current smoker groups, (p.023) while the change in ciliated cell/ goblet cell ratio remained statistically insignificant. The decrease in FEV1/FVC is statistically significant (p 0.036) in former smokers compared to both never smokers and current smokers.
Conclusion: Nasal mucociliary function is reduced in smokers and this reduction is permanent as cessation of smoking does not improve the mucociliary function.
Lay Summary: The study is focused to find out whether harmful effects seen in the lower and distal airways are also mirrored in the nasal epithelium as one airway and one disease in current smokers, never smokers and former smokers and thus to find out an early predictor of chronic lung disease so that intervention may be initiated to counsel and help the smokers taking part in the study to quit smoking. It was a Cross sectional, observational study from a tertiary care hospital.105 subjects were randomly distributed on the basis of smoking pattern into 3 groups, never smoker, current smoker and former smoker. Nasal mucosal cytology and function were assessed by saccharin transit time test (STT), peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) and nasal ciliated cells & goblet cell ratio (CC/GC). Lower airway was assessed by spirometry.The increase in saccharin transit time is statistically significant (p <.001) in current smoker and former smoker compared to never smoker which implied that nasal mucociliary function is reduced in smokers. The lower mean goblet cell count of the former smoker group was statistically significant when compared to the never smoker and current smoker groups. (p.023) while the changes in ciliated cell and goblet cell ratio remained statistically insignificant. The decrease in FEV1/FVC is statistically significant (p 0.036) in former smokers compared to both never smokers and current smoker which lead us to the conclusion that this reduction is permanent and cessation of smoking does not improve the mucociliary function.
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Ethirajan Nandagopal, Sumithra M und Meenakshi N. „Comparison of Prevalence and Risk Factors in COPD Patients With and Without History of Smoking“. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, Nr. 4 (21.12.2020): 7841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4625.
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A prospective cross-sectional study to compare the prevalence and risk factors in chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) patient with and without a history of smoking. This was an observational study conducted in the department of respiratory medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kancheepuram. A total of 206 patients with COPD, diagnosed as per GOLD criteria were enrolled in the study. Out of 206 COPD patients, 164 (79.61%) were men, and 42 (20.4%) were women and their mean age was 62.88 (± 9.53). The prevalence of COPD patients in smokers/ex-smokers were 125 (60.7%) and 81 (39.3%) in never smokers. There were 75 patients (92.59%) in the never smoker cohort and 72 patients (57.6%) in the ex-smoker/smoker cohort found to have at least one non-smoking risk factor for COPD. Biomass Exposure (39.50%), Passive Smoking (22.22%, P=), Co-existing Asthma (22.22%) were the non-smoking risk factors which were found to be present significantly higher in never smokers than smokers/ex-smokers, and the difference was statistically significant (<0.05). A higher proportion of severe patients were in smokers/ex-smokers than non- smokers (41.6% vs 27. 1%). Patients with moderate disease in both groups were found to be of equal proportion (12% vs 11. 11%). The results of the study reiterate that a significant proportion of COPD patients were never smokers and prevalence of non-smoking risk factors were more common in that population.
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Ethirajan Nandagopal, Sumithra M und Meenakshi N. „Comparison of Prevalence and Risk Factors in COPD Patients With and Without History of Smoking“. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (21.12.2020): 1172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4260.
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A prospective cross-sectional study to compare the prevalence and risk factors in chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) patient with and without a history of smoking. This was an observational study conducted in the department of respiratory medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kancheepuram. A total of 206 patients with COPD, diagnosed as per GOLD criteria were enrolled in the study. Out of 206 COPD patients, 164 (79.61%) were men, and 42 (20.4%) were women and their mean age was 62.88 (± 9.53). The prevalence of COPD patients in smokers/ex-smokers were 125 (60.7%) and 81 (39.3%) in never smokers. There were 75 patients (92.59%) in the never smoker cohort and 72 patients (57.6%) in the ex-smoker/smoker cohort found to have at least one non-smoking risk factor for COPD. Biomass Exposure (39.50%), Passive Smoking (22.22%, P=), Co-existing Asthma (22.22%) were the non-smoking risk factors which were found to be present significantly higher in never smokers than smokers/ex-smokers, and the difference was statistically significant (<0.05). A higher proportion of severe patients were in smokers/ex-smokers than non- smokers (41.6% vs 27. 1%). Patients with moderate disease in both groups were found to be of equal proportion (12% vs 11. 11%). The results of the study reiterate that a significant proportion of COPD patients were never smokers and prevalence of non-smoking risk factors were more common in that population.
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Jang, Won Young, Su Nam Lee, Sung-Ho Her, Donggyu Moon, Keon-Woong Moon, Ki-Dong Yoo, Kyusup Lee et al. „Effect of smoking on clinical outcomes in patients receiving rotational atherectomy in calcified coronary lesions: from the ROCK Registry, South Korea“. Annals of Saudi Medicine 41, Nr. 4 (August 2021): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2021.191.
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BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking and its harmful health effects also increase economic burdens globally. Surprisingly, despite the detrimental health consequences of smoking, some studies have shown better survival among smokers compared with non-smokers, a phenomenon called “smoker's paradox”. However, the impact of smoking status on clinical outcomes in severe calcified coronary artery disease (CAD) patients has yet to be reported. OBJECTIVES: Investigate the impact of smoking on clinical outcomes in calcified CAD receiving rotational atherectomy (RA). DESIGN: Retrospective review of medical records. SETTING: Multicenter registry in South Korea. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This multicenter registry included consecutive patients with calcified CAD who underwent RA at nine tertiary centers in Korea between January 2010 and October 2019. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Target-vessel failure (TVF) which included the composite of cardiac death, target-vessel myocardial infarction (TVMI), and target-vessel revascularization (TVR). SAMPLE SIZE: 583 lesions in 540 patients followed for a median of 16.1 months. RESULTS: Lesions were divided into two groups: non-smokers (n=472, 81.0%) and smokers (n=111, 19.0%). TVF in the smoker group was significantly more frequent than in non-smoker group (log rank P =.016). The inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis also showed that smoking was significantly associated with a higher incidence of the primary outcome (HR: 1.617; 95% CI: 1.127–2.320; P =.009), cardiac death (HR 1.912; 95% CI: 1.105-3.311; P =.021), myocardial infarction (HR: 3.914; 95% CI: 1.884-8.132; P <.001), TVMI (HR: 3.234; 95% CI: 1.130-9.258; P =.029), and TVR (HR: 1.661; 95% CI: 1.043-2.643; P =.032). However, any bleeding was significantly observed less in the smokers. CONCLUSION: Smoking is significantly associated with adverse clinical outcomes in CAD patients requiring RA. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective design. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: None.
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Alkhalaf, Mohammed, Abdullatif Suwyadi, Eissa AlShamakhi, Hassan Oribi, Zain Theyab, Ibrahim Sumayli, Abuobaida Yassin, Abdulwahab Aqeeli und Ahmad Alqassim. „Determinants and Prevalence of Tobacco Smoking among Medical Students at Jazan University, Saudi Arabia“. Journal of Smoking Cessation 2021 (03.02.2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6632379.
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Tobacco smoking has a significant role in health deterioration worldwide; it can lead to many dangerous diseases. Tobacco smoking among medical students is common worldwide, but the prevalence and determinants vary from one community to another. Data from medical students in Saudi Arabia is limited. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and determinants of smoking among medical students at the College of Medicine, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study using a self-administered electronic survey was conducted to estimate tobacco smoking’s prevalence and characteristics among medical students at Jazan University. The survey includes information on the gender, academic year, academic performance, type of tobacco smoking, and age of onset of the participants’ tobacco smoking. Other data, like the prevalence of passive smoking and social factors, were considered, too. The sample size was 354, 51.7% males and 48.3% females, students with a response rate of 38.02%. The prevalence of smoking among medical students was 12.4%, while passive smoking prevalence was 39.9% of all medical students. The research shows that 18.6% of male and 5.9% of female medical students were active smokers. Regarding the type of tobacco, we found that 47% of male smokers used waterpipe, while the percentage among female smokers using waterpipe reached 77.8%. The age of onset of smoking for 34.9% of the smokers was between 18 and 21 years old. The prevalence of smoking is inversely proportional to the GPA. Additionally, 71.1% of the smokers did not have a smoker friend, and only 13.3% of the smokers were motivated to quit. University age is critical for smoking habits, and the smoking cessation rate was low. More campaigns should be done in universities to increase smoking cessation awareness, and smoking cessation clinics should be activated at universities.
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Faruque, Md Omar, Moududur Rahman Khan, Md Mostafizur Rahman und Faruk Ahmed. „Relationship between smoking and antioxidant nutrient status“. British Journal of Nutrition 73, Nr. 4 (April 1995): 625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950064.
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The present study was designed to investigate teh relationship between smoking and antioxidant nutriennt intake and status. Smoker (n44) and non-smoker (n 44) male students attending Dhake University, aged between 22 and 28 years and living in a University Hall of Residence, were selected for the present study. Mean age, body weigh, BMI and blood pressure were similer for both the smokers and non-smokers. Mean energy, protein and fat intakes were similar for both groups. Smokers had lower intakes of dietary viamin C, carotenes and Zn but only the difference in Zn intake was statistically significant. There was no significant difference between smokers and non-smokers for either serum vitamin A (retinol) or vitamin E (α-tocopherol) level. The plasma vitamin C level of smokers was significantly lower than that of non-smokers (P = 0·004). Smokers had significantly lower serum Cu (P = 0·04) and higher seum Zn levels (P = 0·003). Further, a significant dose-response relationship between and vitamin C status was observed. Linear-regression analysis showed a significantly positive correlation between dietary intake and plasma vitamin C values in non-smokers (r 0·50; P = 0·0005). On the country, no such association was observed in smokers. These findings suggest that smoking may cause an imbalance in antioxidant nutrient intake and status.
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Knott, Verner J., und Anne Harr. „Aging, Smoking and Hemispheric EEG Asymmetry“. Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 16, Nr. 4 (1997): 647–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800011016.
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ABSTRACTAs previous research has shown central nicotinic receptors to (a) be asymmetrical, (b) decline with age, and (c) be more abundant in smokers, quantified EEG indices of hemispheric asymmetry were employed to assess whether smoker/non-smoker status affected the aging brain and whether the aging brain demonstrated an altered response to acute smoking/nicotine. Forty healthy volunteers participated, including 20 young (18–39 years) and 20 elderly (64–81 years) adults. Half of the subjects in each age category were lifelong non-smokers and half were cigarette smokers with average smoking histories of 9.3 and 52.0 years for young and elderly respectively. Inter-hemispheric theta and alpha asymmetry indices illustrated greater left hemisphere power (relative to right) in elderly adults, while the reverse trend was seen in young adults. Smokers and non-smokers both showed similar aging trends but differed with respect to their presence in frontal and posterior regions. Intra-hemispheric asymmetry indices, particularly with alpha activity, illustrated a reduced anterior-posterior gradient of power distribution in the elderly. Acute smoking increased slow (delta) and fast (beta) inter-hemispheric indices but only in elderly smokers. Smoking also altered the intra-hemispheric balance of slow wave activity in both age groups of smokers. The results are discussed in relation to normal and pathological aging.
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KARTAL, Zeynep, und Semra KOCATAŞ. „Comparison of Prenatal Attachment Levels in Smoking and Non-Smoking Pregnant Women“. Bağımlılık Dergisi 24, Nr. 4 (29.12.2023): 514–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1265495.
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Objective: This study aimed to compare prenatal attachment levels between smoker and non-smoker pregnant women.
Method: In this comparative-descriptive study, a total of 160 pregnant women (80 smokers-80 non-smokers), who were between 18-35 years of age, had their first pregnancy, were at or above 20 weeks of gestation, and had no chronic health problems or communication problems, among the pregnant women who applied to Family Health Centers for pregnancy follow-up. The data were collected using a Participant Screening Form, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, Prenatal Attachment Inventory.
Results: Although there was no significant difference, it was determined that the attachment scores of non-smokers were higher than those of smokers. A negative correlation was found between nicotine addiction levels and mother-infant attachment levels of pregnant smokers. Bivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the effect of smoking during pregnancy on prenatal mother-infant attachment (Odds Ratio=0.010; p=0.999) was insignificant.
Conclusion: Although the effect of smoking during pregnancy on prenatal attachment was insignificant, it was revealed that the nicotine addiction of pregnant women who smoked during pregnancy reduced prenatal attachment. Strengthening prenatal attachment may be a promising new approach to interventions for smoking cessation during pregnancy. At the same time, not smoking during pregnancy can strengthen prenatal attachment.
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Shoorgashti, R., A. Moshiri und S. Lesan. „Evaluation of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Iranian Smokers and Non-smokers“. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 27, Nr. 4 (April 2024): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_702_23.
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ABSTRACT Background: Tobacco smoking statistics are alarming and the oral mucosa is the first human part of the body that is exposed to the toxic substances of smoking. Aims: Considering the high prevalence rate of tobacco-associated problems in the oral cavity and few studies on the Iranian population regarding the effects of smoking on the oral cavity, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between smoking and oral lesions in the Iranian population. Materials and Methods: Observational study. In this observational study, the oral cavities of 200 participants (smokers = 100 and non-smokers = 100) were examined by a trained dental student under the supervision of an oral and maxillofacial medicine expert, and the presence of coated tongue, leukoedema, leukoplakia, smoker’s palate, smoker’s melanosis, erythroplakia, frictional hyperkeratosis, acute pseudomembranous candidiasis, and erythematous candidiasis were recorded. Xerostomia was evaluated based on participants’ self-reporting through a questionnaire. All data were analyzed using T-test, Chi-square test, odd ratio, 95% confidence interval, Fisher’s exact test, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results: The results of this study showed smoking is significantly associated with an increased risk of coated tongue (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.32-3.54, P = 0.005), smoker’s melanosis (OR: 6.176, 95% CI: 3.28-11.62, P = 0.00002), and frictional hyperkeratosis (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 0.68-2.60, P = 0.005). However, no significant association was observed between smoking and leukoedema (OR: 1, 95% CI: 0.51-1.94, P = 1). None of the participants presented smoker’s palate, erythroplakia, and candidiasis. Conclusions: This study’s results showed that smokers exhibited a greater chance of developing oral lesions compared to non-smokers.
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Shah, BK, AK Nepal, M. Agrawal und AK Sinha. „The effects of cigarette smoking on hemoglobin levels compared between smokers and non-smokers“. Sunsari Technical College Journal 1, Nr. 1 (26.04.2013): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/stcj.v1i1.7985.
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Background: Smoking is one of the global problems causing different disease. Smoking cause variation in different parameters of blood among which hemoglobin is believed to be increased due to smoking. Objective: To compare the effect of cigarette smoking on hemoglobin levels between smokers and non smokers. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Hematology Laboratory, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. Total of 100 sample size which compromised of 50 smokers and 50 non smokers were included the study. Hemoglobin was estimated by Cyanmethemoglobin method. Student ‘t’ test was applied for parametric data and Chi- Square test was applied for categorical data. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean±SD of hemoglobin for smokers was 14.14±1.3 g/dl and for non smokers was 12.37±2.36 g/dl. The awareness about smoking effect in both smokers and non smokers group was not significantly different (p=0.15). Similarly the mean±SD age was 32.78±9.27 years for smokers and 35.68±11.11 years for non smokers, and was not significantly different (p=0.18). Conclusion: The present study showed that the hemoglobin level of smoker group was higher than the non-smoker group. Further substantial studies in large population should be conducted to generalize this findings.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/stcj.v1i1.7985 Sunsari Technical College Journal Vol.1(1) 2012 42-44
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Feliu, Ariadna, Esteve Fernandez, Cristina Martinez und Filippos T. Filippidis. „Are smokers “hardening” or rather “softening”? An ecological and multilevel analysis across 28 European Union countries“. European Respiratory Journal 54, Nr. 3 (20.06.2019): 1900596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00596-2019.
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BackgroundTobacco control policies can reduce smoking prevalence. These measures may be less effective where smoking prevalence has significantly declined, as the remaining smokers have “hardened”. Our aim was to empirically evaluate the “hardening hypothesis” at the population level in the European Union (EU) and explore factors associated with hardcore smoking.MethodsWe conducted two separate analyses in the EU using data on smoking from the Eurobarometer surveys (2009–2017, n=112 745). 1) A panel-data fixed-effects linear regression to investigate changes over time in the percentage of hardcore smokers in relation to standardised smoking prevalence at the country level. 2) A multilevel logistic regression analysis with hardcore (daily smokers, ≥15 cigarettes per day who have not attempted to quit in the last 12 months) or light (<5 cigarettes per day) smoking as the dependent variable and time as the main independent variable, controlling for individual and ecological variables.ResultsWe studied 29 010 current smokers (43.8% hardcore smokers and 14.7% light smokers). The prevalence of hardcore smoking among adult smokers increased by 0.55 (95% CI 0.14–0.96) percentage points per each additional percentage point in the overall smoking prevalence. The odds of being a hardcore smoker increased over time and were higher in middle-aged males and people with financial difficulties, while the odds of being a light smoker significantly declined among females.ConclusionThis study does not support the “hardening hypothesis” in the EU between 2009 and 2017, but suggests a softening of the smoking population. Existing tobacco control policies are likely to be suitable to further decrease smoking prevalence in Europe.
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Paradossi, U., A. De Caterina, F. Dossi, M. Raccis, G. Benedetti, F. Marchi, C. Palmieri und S. Berti. „P140 THE “SMOKER’S PARADOX”: A QUESTION OF SHORTER ISCHEMIC TIME AND YOUNGER AGE. RESULTS FROM A LARGE COHORT OF CONSECUTIVE STEMI PATIENTS TREATED WITH PRIMARY PCI“. European Heart Journal Supplements 25, Supplement_D (Mai 2023): D95—D96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad111.222.
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Abstract Background Smoker’s paradox usually refers to the common observation of a favourable outcome of smoker patients in acute myocardial infarction. The interpretation of this phenomenon is still controversial and not fully explained. We aimed at assessing whether smoking could be associated with mortality in a large cohort of prospectively enrolled patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) referred to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods From April 2006 to December 2018 a population of 2456 STEMI patients treated with primary PCI were prospectively enrolled in the MATRIX registry. Ischemic time, clinical, demographics, angiographic data and 1–year follow–up were collected. Results Among 2546 patients admitted with STEMI 1007 (41%) were current smokers. Smokers were 10 years younger and had lower crude in–hospital and 1–year mortality (1.5% vs 6%, p<0.0001 and 5% vs 11%, p<0.0001), shorter ischemic time (203 [147–299] vs 220 [154–334] minutes, p=0.002) and shorter decision time (60 [30–135] vs 70 [36–170] minutes, p=0.0063). After adjustment for different risk factors using Cox regression model, age [adjHR: 1.11 (95%CI: 1.03 – 1.18) – p<0.01] and ischemic time [adjHR: 1.01 (95%CI: 1.01 – 1.02) – p<0.05] appeared to be the confounder factor of the relationship between smoking and in hospital mortality. Conclusions In our large prospectively–enrolled population the so–called “smoker’s paradox” is explained by the shorter ischemic time and younger age of the smoking population. Our data shows that smokers were admitted to the hospital for STEMI about 10 years before non–smokers, with a premature coronary atherothrombosis that could be the price to pay for smoking. Smokers had non–significant different risk of in–hospital mortality compared to non–smoking.
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Dewi, Fatwa Sari Tetra, Fitrina Kusumaningrum, Lastdes Friday, Fahmi Baiquni, Dhiya Urrahman, Rama Nur Kurniawan und Rendra Widyatama. „Strict and Comprehensive Tobacco Control Policy is Needed: A Qualitative Study Exploring How People Responding a New Policy of Pictorial Health Warning on Cigarette Package in Indonesia“. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, E (21.08.2021): 759–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6792.
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BACKGROUND: Little is known about the process on how smoker and nonsmoker responses to a Pictorial Health Warning (PHW) which is important for policy improvement. AIM: We aim to explore the nature of the reaction and the extent of impact of the PHW implementation on smoking habit in Indonesia. METHODS: We collected the data among adult aged 18+ years in Sleman District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, involving 45 informants in in-depth interviews and 22 informants in four Focus Group Discussions, selected using the maximum variation sampling according to smoking status and area of residence. We discussed with respondents about the meaning of the PHWs, how they felt when seeing the PHWs, how those feelings emerged when seeing the PHWs, and the impact of seeing the PHWs. We analyzed the data using the content analysis. RESULTS: PHWs raised the intended negative emotional response, that wearing out over time. However, for smokers, the disease threat in the message was less obvious than to defeat smoking addiction. Smokers tried to manage their risk of illness themselves. Among non-smokers, they were more confident in being non-smokers. Both smokers and non-smokers thought that Government is half-hearted in controlling the smoking problem. Smokers were grateful, but non-smokers were sorry for this. CONCLUSIONS: The application of PHW threatens smokers but does not make them quit smoking because of the fear of defeating cigarette dependence. For non-smokers, they feel more confident to be a smoker-free. Respondents claim the government is not serious about controlling smoking.
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Harun, H., J. G. Ismail, S. Anwar und I. K. Rupawan. „Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in smokers“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1075, Nr. 1 (01.11.2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1075/1/012018.
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Abstract Smoking is a severe health problem. Smoking has been shown to increase the risk of systemic inflammation. Neutophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is used as a marker of systemic inflammation and monitors prognosis, morbidity, and mortality in many diseases. This study aimed to analyze NLR in smokers. This is an observational analytic study conducted at Tadulako University, Palu. A total of 48 subjects consisted of 24 active smokers and 24 non-smokers. Subjects were given a questionnaire containing a history of the disease, smoking status, and the number of cigarettes consumed per day. Blood samples were also taken for hematological examination. NLR of the subjects was then compared with the appropriate statistical test. The NLR in the smoker’s group was 1.54 ± 0.81 and in the non-smoker’s group 1.87 ± 1.76. This NLR was not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers, with a p-value of 0.578. Most of the smoking subjects are light and moderate smokers, and it is possible that this condition has not been able to cause a significant increase in systemic inflammation.
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Guillory, Jamie, Nadra Lisha, Youn Ok Lee und Pamela M. Ling. „Phantom smoking among young adult bar patrons“. Tobacco Control 26, Nr. 2 (05.04.2016): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052821.
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ObjectiveTo explore the prevalence and sociodemographic makeup of smokers who do not self-identify as smokers (ie, phantom smokers) compared with self-identifying smokers in a sample of bar-going young adults aged 18–30 years to more accurately assess young adult prevalence of smoking and inform cessation message targeting.MethodsCross-sectional surveys of smokers (n=3089) were conducted in randomly selected bars/nightclubs in seven US cities. Logistic regression models assessed associations between phantom smoking (past 30-day smoking and denial of being a smoker), tobacco and alcohol use behaviours (eg, social smoking, nicotine dependence, smoking while drinking, past 30-day alcohol use) and demographics.ResultsCompared with smokers, phantom smokers were more likely to be college graduates (OR=1.43, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.98) and to identify themselves as social smokers (OR=1.60, 95% CI 1.27 to 2.12). Phantom smokers had lower odds of smoking while drinking (OR=0.28, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.32), being nicotine dependent (OR=0.36, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.76) and having quit for at least 1 day in the last year (OR=0.46, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.69) compared with smokers.ConclusionsThis research extends phantom smoking literature on college students to provide a broader picture of phantom smoking among young adults in high-risk contexts and of varying levels of educational attainment. Phantom smokers may be particularly sensitive to social pressures against smoking, suggesting the importance of identifying smoking as a behaviour (rather than identity) in cessation messaging to ensure that phantom smokers are reached.
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Thomas, Janet L., Robyn M. Scherber, Diana W. Stewart, Ian M. Lynam, Christine M. Daley und Jasjit S. Ahluwalia. „Targeting African American Nonsmokers to Motivate Smokers to Quit: A Qualitative Inquiry“. Health Education & Behavior 37, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2010): 680–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198110363881.
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African Americans bear a disproportionate health burden from smoking but are less likely than other populations to engage in cessation treatment. Intervening on adult nonsmokers residing with a smoker might represent an innovative approach to motivate smokers to engage in smoking behavior change. Twelve focus groups were conducted with African American smokers (four groups, n = 27), nonsmokers (four groups, n = 26) and pairs of cohabitating smokers and nonsmokers (four groups, n = 22) to assess attitudes and/or beliefs regarding engaging a nonsmoker in the home in smoking behavior change efforts. Participants ( N = 75) were middle-aged (45.1 ±3.7 years) females (68.0%) with 11.8 ±1.5 years of education. Smokers smoked 14.9 ±11.3 cigarettes per day, made 3.0 ±4.4 quit attempts in the past year, and are interested in receiving cessation assistance from a nonsmoker in their home. African American nonsmokers living with a smoker may be an appropriate target group to motivate smoking behavior change in the smoker. Suggestions for future research considerations are provided.
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Zabrzyński, Jan, Gazi Huri, Maciej Gagat, Łukasz Łapaj, Alper Yataganbaba, Dawid Szwedowski, Mehmet Askin und Łukasz Paczesny. „The Impact of Smoking on Clinical Results Following the Rotator Cuff and Biceps Tendon Complex Arthroscopic Surgery“. Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, Nr. 4 (05.02.2021): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040599.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of smoking and functional outcomes after arthroscopic treatment of complex shoulder injuries: rotator cuff tears (RCTs) with biceps tendon (LHBT) tears. This retrospective case-control study has been conducted on a cohort of patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy between 2015 and 2017 due to complex injury treatment. The outcomes were assessed using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score (ASES), the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Shoulder Score, need for non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) consumption and the visual analog scale (VAS). Complications and changes in smoking status were also noted. A cohort of 59 patients underwent shoulder arthroscopy, due to complex LHBT pathology and RCTs, and were enrolled in the final follow-up examination; with mean duration of 26.03 months. According to smoking status, 27 of patients were classified as smokers, and the remaining 32 were non-smokers. In the examined cohort, 36 patients underwent the LHBT tenotomy and 23 tenodesis. We observed a relationship between smoking status and distribution of various RCTs (p < 0.0001). The mean postoperative ASES and UCLA scores were 80.81 and 30.18 in the smoker’s group and 84.06 and 30.93 in the non-smoker’s group, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in pre/postoperative ASES and postoperative UCLA scores between smokers and non-smokers (p > 0.05). The VAS was significantly lower in the non-smokers’ group (p = 0.0021). Multi-tendon injuries of the shoulder are a serious challenge for surgeons, and to obtain an excellent functional outcome, we need to limit the negative risk factors, including smoking. Furthermore, there is a significant association between smoking and the occurrence of massive rotator cuff tears, and the pain level measured by the VAS. Simultaneous surgical treatment of RC and LHBT lesions in the smoker population allowed us to obtain the functional outcomes approximated to non-smokers in the long-term follow-up. Of course, we cannot assert that smoking is the real cause of all complications, however, we may assume that this is a very important, negative factor in shoulder arthroscopy.
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Lauseker, Michael, Joerg Hasford, Susanne Saussele, Ruediger Hehlmann und Markus Pfirrmann. „Smoking Is a Prognostic Factor for Survival in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia“. Blood 126, Nr. 23 (03.12.2015): 4047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.4047.4047.
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Abstract Introduction Smoking is suspected to be a risk factor for the development of a chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) (Musselmann, Cancer Epidemiol. 2013). However, it is currently not clear whether smoking is also an unfavorable prognostic factor, since the last analyses on this topic have been made in the pre-tyrosine kinase inhibitor era. Thus, our aim was to investigate the impact of smoking in chronic phase CML patients on survival and progression to advanced phases. Methods Out of 1,536 evaluable patients from the German CML study IV, the categorization as "smokers" or "non-smokers" was available for 1,326 patients. 261 patients (20%) were smokers. The median observation time was 7.0 years (range: 0.1 - 11.9 years). Survival times were calculated starting with the date of diagnosis. Patients that were still alive were censored at the date of last observation. For the analysis of progression to accelerated phase or blast crisis, death without prior progression was considered as a competing event. Cox models were estimated to assess the impact of smoking adjusted for the following covariates: sex, prognostic category (EUTOS score), age at diagnosis, comorbidity (using the Charlson Comorbidity index without consideration of age) and type of treatment setting. Additionally, the models were stratified according to randomised treatment. As a sensitivity analysis, the interaction effect between smoking and age was included. Results Smokers and Non-Smokers had significantly different baseline values concerning hemoglobin (median: 12.1 for non-smokers vs. 13.0 for smokers; p<0.001), leukocytes (median: 81.8 vs. 63.8; p<0.001), blasts (median 3 vs. 2; p=0.012), myelocytes (median: 16 vs. 14, p=0.026) and age at diagnosis (median: 54 vs. 46, p<0.001). Smoking was more frequent in males (28%) than in females (16%). Additionally smokers had by tendency a lower education, with only 13% of the patients having a higher degree compared to 25% in non-smokers (p<0.001). Distributions of EUTOS score, comorbidities, spleen size, platelets, basophils and eosinophils were similar for smokers and non-smokers. The 8-year survival probability of a non-smoking patient was 91% (95%-confidence interval (CI): 89-93%), the 8-year probability of a smoker was 86% (95%-CI: 82-91%). In a multivariate model for survival, we found a strong negative effect of smoking, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.94 (95%-CI: 1.3-2.8, p<0.001). Besides smoking, increasing age, male sex, comorbidities and EUTOS high risk were confirmed as poor prognostic factors. As a sensitivity analysis, we included an interaction term between smoking and age. With increasing age, the disadvantage of smoking got lost. While we found a HR of 5.27 (95%-CI: 1.7-15.9, p<0.001) for e.g. a 16-year old smoker compared to a 16 year-old non-smoker, a 80-year old smoker did not have a higher risk than a 80-year old non-smoker. When analyzing the risk for progression to advanced phase, smoking was found to be the only relevant prognostic factor besides EUTOS risk. Smokers had a 2.02-times higher cause-specific hazard of progression (95%-CI: 1.3-3.1, p=0.002) than non-smokers. Molecular response rates were similar between smokers and non-smokers. We did not find significant differences with regard to adverse events. Discussion Smoking is a prognostically unfavorable factor even in the era of TKIs. This result also held in a multivariate setting. We did not find a direct effect of smoking on the TKI treatment, e.g. on molecular remission rates. Higher cumulative incidences of progression to accelerated phase and blast crisis suggest that the lower survival probabilities of smokers are not just the result of smoking-related mortality, e.g. lung and cardiovascular diseases. Smoking is often connected to a lower socioeconomic status and an unhealthy general lifestyle. These variables may contribute to the higher mortality of smokers. Our results suggest that CML patients should be encouraged not to smoke and receive adequate support to quit smoking. Disclosures Saussele: Novartis Pharma: Honoraria, Other: Travel grant, Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria, Other: Travel grant; ARIAD: Honoraria; BMS: Honoraria, Other: Travel grant, Research Funding. Hehlmann:BMS: Consultancy; Novartis Pharma: Research Funding. Pfirrmann:BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria.
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Skinner, Andrew L., Andy Woods, Christopher J. Stone, Ian Penton-Voak und Marcus R. Munafò. „Smoking status and attractiveness among exemplar and prototypical identical twins discordant for smoking“. Royal Society Open Science 4, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2017): 161076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.161076.
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Smoking is associated with negative health of skin and increased signs of facial ageing. We aimed to address two questions about smoking and appearance: (1) does facial appearance alone provide an indication of smoking status, and (2) how does smoking affect the attractiveness of faces? We used faces of identical twins discordant for smoking, and prototypes made by averaging the faces of the twins. In Task 1, we presented exemplar twin sets and same sex prototypes side-by-side and participants ( n = 590) indicated which face was the smoker. Participants were blind to smoking status. In Task 2 a separate sample ( n = 580) indicated which face was more attractive. For the exemplar twin sets, there was inconclusive evidence participants selected the smoking twin as the smoker more often, or selected the non-smoking twin as the more attractive more often. For the prototypes, however, participants clearly selected the smoking prototypes as the smoker more often, and the non-smoking prototypes as the more attractive. Prototypical faces of smokers are judged more attractive and correctly identified as smokers more often than prototypical faces of matched non-smokers. We discuss the possible use of these findings in smoking behaviour change interventions.
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Japuntich, Sandra J., Pallavi Kumar, Jane F. Pendergast, Grelda Yazmin Juarez Caballero, Jennifer L. Malin, Robert B. Wallace, Elizabeth A. Chrischilles, Nancy L. Keating und Elyse R. Park. „Smoking Status and Survival Among a National Cohort of Lung and Colorectal Cancer Patients“. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, Nr. 4 (17.01.2018): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty012.
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Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to explore the association of smoking status and clinically relevant duration of smoking cessation with long-term survival after lung cancer (LC) or colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis. We compared survival of patients with LC and CRC who were never-smokers, long-term, medium-term, and short-term quitters, and current smokers around diagnosis. Methods We studied 5575 patients in Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance (CanCORS), a national, prospective observational cohort study, who provided smoking status information approximately 5 months after LC or CRC diagnosis. Smoking status was categorized as: never-smoker, quit >5 years prior to diagnosis, quit between 1–5 years prior to diagnosis, quit less than 1 year before diagnosis, and current smoker. We examined the relationship between smoking status around diagnosis with mortality using Cox regression models. Results Among participants with LC, never-smokers had lower mortality risk compared with current smokers (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.89). Among participants with CRC, never-smokers had a lower mortality risk as compared to current smokers (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.99). Conclusions Among both LC and CRC patients, current smokers at diagnosis have higher mortality than never-smokers. This effect should be further studied in the context of tumor biology. However, smoking cessation around the time of diagnosis did not affect survival in this sample. Implications The results from our analysis of patients in the CanCORS consortium, a large, geographically diverse cohort, show that both LC and CRC patients who were actively smoking at diagnosis have worse survival as compared to never-smokers. While current smoking is detrimental to survival, cessation upon diagnosis may not mitigate this risk.
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Ayoub, Andrea Cotait, und Márcio Gonçalves Sousa. „Prevalence of smoking in nursing professionals of a cardiovascular hospital“. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 72, suppl 1 (Februar 2019): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0145.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the prevalence of smoking in nursing professionals and to determine the relationship of the habit with clinical and socio-demographic characteristics. Method: nursing professionals of a cardiovascular hospital answered a questionnaire on smoking and dependence degree, socio-demographic characteristics, personal and family background, smoking characteristics, motivational stages, depression, perceived and occupational stress. The relationship between the explanatory variables and smoking was investigated. Results: among 656 participants, 77.6% were non smokers, 12.2% former smokers, and 10.2% smokers. Most were female, with complete high school, Catholic, married, household income between three and five minimum wages, position as nursing assistant, had double shifts, and were responsible for family income. The nicotine dependence of smokers ranged from low to moderate. Conclusion: the study has shown low prevalence of smoking in nursing professionals. Education level, religion, marital status, job position, responsibility for family income, history of depression and alcoholism, chest "wheezing" and other symptoms were significantly associated with being a smoker or former smoker.
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Turan, Alparslan, Edward J. Mascha, Dmitry Roberman, Patricia L. Turner, Jing You, Andrea Kurz, Daniel I. Sessler und Leif Saager. „Smoking and Perioperative Outcomes“. Anesthesiology 114, Nr. 4 (01.04.2011): 837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e318210f560.
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Background Patients are often concerned about the effects of smoking on perioperative risk. However, effective advice may be limited by the paucity of information about smoking and perioperative risk. Thus, our goal was to determine the effect of smoking on 30-day postoperative outcomes in noncardiac surgical patients. Methods We evaluated 635,265 patients from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database; 520,242 patients met our inclusion criteria. Of these patients, 103,795 were current smokers; 82,304 of the current smokers were propensity matched with 82,304 never-smoker controls. Matched current smokers and never-smokers were compared on major and minor composite morbidity outcomes and respective individual outcomes. Results Current smokers were 1.38 (95% CI, 1.11-1.72) times more likely to die than never smokers. Current smokers also had significantly greater odds of pneumonia (odds ratio [OR], 2.09; 95% CI, 1.80-2.43), unplanned intubation (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.58-2.21), and mechanical ventilation (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.31-1.79). Current smokers were significantly more likely to experience a cardiac arrest (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.10-2.25), myocardial infarction (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.11-2.92), and stroke (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.18-2.53). Current smokers also had significantly higher odds of having superficial (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.20-1.42) and deep (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.21-1.68) incisional infections, sepsis (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.15-1.46), organ space infections (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.20-1.60), and septic shock (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.29-1.87). Conclusion Our analysis indicates that smoking is associated with a higher likelihood of 30-day mortality and serious postoperative complications. Quantification of increased likelihood of 30-day mortality and a broad range of serious smoking-related complications may enhance the clinician's ability to motivate smoking cessation in surgical patients.
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Bhatt, Vijaya Raj, Fausto R. Loberiza und Apar Kishor Ganti. „Effect of smoking on survival from non-small cell lung cancer.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, Nr. 15_suppl (20.05.2013): 1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.1570.
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1570 Background: Although a well-established risk factor for lung cancer, the impact of smoking on the survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not well-known. This study evaluated the effects of tobacco exposure on outcomes from NSCLC. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of Veteran’s Affairs Comprehensive Cancer Registry of NSCLC patients diagnosed between 1995 and 2009. Data abstracted included age, gender, family history, stage at diagnosis, histology, tumor grade, smoking history, other exposures, treatment received and overall survival (OS). Smoking status was categorized as never-smoker, past-smoker and current-smoker based on the self-reported history at diagnosis. Multivariate analysis was performed using SAS version 10.2. Results: The study population (n=61,440) comprised predominantly of males (98%), of which Caucasians (81%) formed the majority. The median age at diagnosis within this cohort was 68 years (range: 22-108 years) and median follow-up was 6 months (range: <1 – 161 months). Squamous cell carcinoma (35%) and adenocarcinoma (30%) were the most common histologies. The majority (71%) presented with stage III or IV disease. Positive family history was identified in one-third. Current smokers were diagnosed with NSCLC at a younger age (65 yrs) compared to never-smokers (71 yrs) and past-smokers (72 yrs) (p<0.001). After adjusting for age at diagnosis, grade, histology, family history and treatment, current-smokers (n=34613) [Hazard ratio (HR) 1.059; 95% CI, 1.012-1.108], but not past-smokers (n=23864) (HR 1.008; 95% CI, 0.962-1.056), had worse OS for Stage III and IV NSCLC, compared to never-smokers (n=2963). Smoking status was not prognostic in stage I and II NSCLC. Conclusions: Current smokers were 6 years younger than never-smokers at diagnosis of NSCLC. Although current smoking was associated with worse prognosis, especially in stages III and IV, the impact of smoking status on OS was modest, at least in males. Therefore, primary prevention of smoking cessation is more likely to be meaningful than efforts on smoking cessation after the diagnosis of NSCLC.
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Hines, David, Amelia C. Fretz und Nicole L. Nollen. „Regular and Occasional Smoking by College Students: Personality Attributions of Smokers and Nonsmokers“. Psychological Reports 83, Nr. 3_suppl (Dezember 1998): 1299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1299.
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Recent reports show an increase in smoking among college students and suggest that occasional smoking is now initiated by previously nonsmoking students This study evaluated whether this apparent increase in smoking by students is associated with positive self-images associated with smoking. Regular and occasional smokers rated how smoking “changes the way you feel about yourself” on 18 self-attributes that may be associated with smoking, e.g., from cigarette advertisements. Nonsmokers also rated smokers on the same 18 attributes All three groups rated three attributes in the negative direction with at least a moderate effect size: that being a smoker was less healthy, that smokers were less desirable as a date and that smokers were less attractive while smoking. On only one other attribute regular smokers differed from neutral with at least a moderate effect size: that smoking made them feel less feminine. As hypothesized, the occasional smokers also rated some attributions positively with at least a moderate effect size: that smoking made them feel more daring and more adventurous and did not make them feel like an outcast. The non-smokers rated a number of additional attributes about smokers negatively with at least a moderate effect size: that smokers are less sexy, less feminine less sophisticated, less masculine, and less mature. Thus, the results suggest that smoking shows at best mixed associations with self-attributions of college students who smoke and is viewed negatively by those who do not smoke. Other results suggest that the recent increase in occasional smoking may be related to smoking with friends who smoke and smoking while drinking alcohol.
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Feeney, Sabina, und Brian Hallahan. „Tobacco smoking and mental illness: important considerations“. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 28, Nr. 1 (März 2011): i—v. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700012027.
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Tobacco smoking is a contributory factor in the death of 50% of individuals who are regular or heavy smokers (The Office of Tobacco Control Ireland defines a regular smoker as someone who smokes 11-20 per day and a heavy smoker as someone who smokes 21 or more cigarettes per day). The World Health Organisation (WHO) regards tobacco smoking as the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. In Ireland, approximately 750,000 people smoke tobacco regularly (23.5% of the population) with 7,000 Irish people dying annually from smoking-related causes. Although there are no exact figures for prevalence rates of smoking in individuals with mental illness in Ireland, international studies unequivocally state that the prevalence of smoking is significantly higher in those with mental illness, with greater nicotine intake and increased prevalence of nicotine dependence also reported. Furthermore people with mental illness experience greater withdrawal symptoms and have lower cessation rates when attempting to stop smoking compared to the general population.
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Rivas, Carol, Ratna Sohanpal, Virginia MacNeill, Liz Steed, Elizabeth Edwards, Laurence Antao, Chris Griffiths, Sandra Eldridge, Stephanie Taylor und Robert Walton. „Determining counselling communication strategies associated with successful quits in the National Health Service community pharmacy Stop Smoking programme in East London: a focused ethnography using recorded consultations“. BMJ Open 7, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2017): e015664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015664.
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ObjectivesTo determine communication strategies associated with smoking cessation in the National Health Service community pharmacy Stop Smoking programme.Setting11 community pharmacies in three inner east London boroughs.Participants9 stop smoking advisers and 16 pairs of smokers who either quit or did not quit at 4 weeks, matched on gender, ethnicity, age and smoking intensity.Method1–3 audio-recorded consultations between an adviser and each pair member over 5–6 weeks were analysed using a mixed-method approach. First a content analysis was based on deductive coding drawn from a theme-oriented discourse analysis approach and the Roter Interaction Analysis System. Core themes were identified through this quantification to explore in detail the qualitative differences and similarities between quitters and non-quitters.ResultsQuantitative analysis revealed advisers used a core set of counselling strategies that privileged the ‘voice of medicine’ and often omitted explicit motivational interviewing. Smokers tended to quit when these core strategies were augmented by supportive talk, clear permission for smokers to seek additional support from the adviser between consultations, encouragement for smokers to use willpower. The thematic analysis highlighted the choices made by advisers as to which strategies to adopt and the impacts on smokers. The first theme ‘Negotiating the smoker–adviser relationship’ referred to adviser judgements about the likelihood the smoker would quit. The second theme, ‘Roles of the adviser and smoker in the quit attempt’, focused on advisers’ counselling strategies, while the third theme, ‘Smoker and adviser misalignment on reasons for smoking, relapsing and quitting’, concerned inconsistencies in the implementation of National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training recommendations.DiscussionAdvisers in community pharmacies should use the advantages of their familiarity with smokers to ensure appropriate delivery of patient-centred counselling strategies and reflect on the impact on their counselling of early judgements of smoker success.
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Assari, Shervin. „Diminished Effect of Smoking Intensity on African American and Latino Smokers’ Tobacco Risk Perception“. Journal of Mental Health & Clinical Psychology 5, Nr. 3 (17.07.2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29245/2578-2959/2021/3.1233.
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Background: According to the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs), highly educated African American (AA) and Latino people remain at high risk of tobacco use. One hypothesis suggests that this high risk of tobacco use stems from AA and Latino people remaining unrealistically optimistic, resulting in the risks of tobacco use being discounted. Aims: To better understand the role of cognitive bias as a mechanism behind the high risk of smoking in highly educated minorities, we studied ethnic variation in the association between smoking intensity and perceiving oneself as a smoker among young American adult established current smokers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used baseline data of 2,475 young adults (18-24 years) who were current established smokers. The data came from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH; 2013) study, a nationally representative survey in the US. The independent variable was smoking intensity. The dependent variable was not perceiving oneself as a smoker (probably due to optimistic cognitive bias and discounting the risk). Age, gender, and education were the covariates. Ethnicity was the moderator. Logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. Results: From the total number of 2,475 current smokers, 2106 (85.1%) perceived themselves-as a smoker, and 369 (14.9%) smokers perceived themselves as a non-smoker. A high level of smoking intensity was associated with lower odds of not perceiving oneself as a smoker. Two significant interactions were found between Latino and AA ethnicity and smoking intensity, suggesting that the effect of smoking intensity on perceiving oneself as a smoker is weaker in AAs than Whites and Latinos than non-Latinos. Conclusions:While tobacco use intensity is associated with a lower likelihood of optimistic cognitive bias and not perceiving oneself as a smoker, Latino and AA young adults who smoke many cigarettes a day are more likely than their non-Latino White counterparts with the same smoking risk not to perceive themself as a smoker. This finding suggests a psychological discounting of risk among AA and Latino smokers. Such cognitive bias may help them avoid cognitive dissonance and reduce their own perceived risk of cancer and other fatal conditions from smoking. A cognitive bias may increase the smoking burden of AA and Latino young adults through discounting smoking risk.
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Flora, Meerjady Sabrina, Iqbal Kabir und Monira Akter Moni. „Quitting Attempts in Bangladeshi Male Rural Smokers and Social Correlates“. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 42, Nr. 2 (29.03.2017): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v42i2.31998.
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Smokers lose, on average, about ten years of life, while smokers who quit before age of 35 years have mortality rates similar to those who never smoked. There is lack of support for smokers in their quitting attempt as well as empirical data to design support strategies. This cross sectional study was conducted in 2012 in rural Tangail, to identify the smoking quitting attempts and its correlates in Bangladeshi population. A total of 505 adult rural smokers were enlisted, and interviewed using a pretested questionnaire in Bangla. Pearsons chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were done to find out the association before and after controlling for the effects of other variables. The recruited samples were between the ages of 18 and 80 years with a mean (SD) of 42.62 (13.10) years. About three-fourth of the participants (72.5%) did not have any plan to quit smoking. Only 8.4% tried to quit smoking within last 12 months and 13.6% ever in their smoking life, and 5.2% stopped smoking at least for a month. Intention to quit smoking associated with education (p=0.025), age at starting smoking (p <0.001), type of smokers (p <0.001) and number of smoker friends (p <0.001). Type of smokers (p=0.001) and number of smoker friends (p=0.002) showed influence on quitting attempt. Quit attempt was least common at homes (p <0.001) and workplaces (p <0.001) were there was no smoking restrictions. Only 5% tea stalls and 6% restaurants had partial smoking restrictions. About 60% respondents family and 70% colleagues never tried to influence smokers to smoking. Those who were more frequently told more commonly tried to quit smoking (p<0.001). The study revealed that smoking quitting intention and attempt both are at very low level in rural Bangladeshi males, and social attributes significantly correlated to intention and attempting smoking quit. Family and social support in quitting and restrictions at home and workplace might have role in motivating the smokers to quit smoking. To encourage smoking cessation, counseling service needs to be established and quitting aids should be made available at an affordable cost.
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Gamarel, Kristi E., und Jason W. Mitchell. „Comparisons Between Smoking Patterns Among Sexual Minority Females and Males in Romantic Relationships“. Health Education & Behavior 46, Nr. 1 (04.03.2018): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198118757821.
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Purpose. Several studies have noted sexual minority disparities in tobacco smoking; however, few studies have examined the role of intimate partners in these different smoking behaviors among sexual minority men and women. Furthermore, few studies distinguish between intermittent and daily smokers. Thus, this study sought to examine whether perceptions of their partner’s smoking behaviors were associated with their own smoking behaviors in a sample of sexual minority adults in romantic relationships. Method. In total, 898 participants (413 sexual minority females and 485 sexual minority males) completed a one-time online anonymous survey. Results. Approximately one third of the sample reported smoking, with 21.2% daily smokers and 9.8% intermittent smokers. Multinomial regression results revealed that for both sexual minority females and males having a partner who was a daily or intermittent smoker was associated with an increased odds of being a daily smoker, whereas having a partner who was an intermittent smoker was associated with an increased odds of being an intermittent smoker. Conclusions. These findings provide valuable information on the need to attend to romantic partners and consider tailored programming to account for different smoking patterns and partners’ potential role in reinforcing smoking.
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Moeintaghavi, Amir, Hamid Reza Arab, Seyed Abdol Rahim Rezaee, Hani Naderi, Farid Shiezadeh, Saber Sadeghi und Najme Anvari. „The Effects of Smoking on Expression of IL-12 and IL-1β in Gingival Tissues of Patients with Chronic Periodontitis“. Open Dentistry Journal 11, Nr. 1 (24.11.2017): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601711010595.
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Aim:The purpose of this study was to compare IL-1β and IL-12 gene expression in the gingival tissue of smokers and non-smokers either with healthy periodontium or with chronic periodontitis.Materials and Methods:41 individuals consisting of 21 healthy controls (11 non-smokers and 10 smokers) and 20 chronic periodontitis patients (10 non-smokers and 10 smokers) participated in this study. Samples were collected from papillary regions of targeted areas and cytokines were analyzed using Real Time PCR. Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Witney and Independent T tests were employed for statistical analysis.Results:IL-1β gene expression in gingival tissue of non-smoker group with chronic periodontitis was significantly higher than non-smoker-healthy group (p=0.011). Smoker-chronic periodontitis group showed lower IL-1β gene expression than non-smoker-chronic periodontitis group (p=0.003). IL-12 gene expression was not significantly different between analyzed groups.Conclusion:IL-1β gene expression increases in gingival tissue of non-smoker-chronic periodontitis patients due to inflammatory processes but smoking reduces the expression of this cytokine in diseased periodontal tissues. On the other hand periodontal condition and smoking habits do not seem to affect IL-12 gene expressions in gingival tissues. Authors concluded that reduced levels of IL1 and in some extent IL12 in smoking patients are responsible for higher tissue and bone degenerations and less treatment responses in smokers.
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Lee, Chia Ching, Ivan Weng Keong Tham, Yu Yang Soon und Jeremy Chee Seong Tey. „Effect of smoking on the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, Nr. 15_suppl (20.05.2019): e14109-e14109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e14109.
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e14109 Background: The association between smoking history and benefit from treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) was unclear. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of ICIs in advanced cancers according to smoking status (never-smokers vs ever-smokers). Methods: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing immunotherapy with standard-of-care in the treatment of advanced cancers which reported overall survival (OS) as the outcome, stratified by smoking status. We calculated pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) for OS using random-effect models and assessed the differences in OS between the two estimates (never smoker (vs) ever smoker). using a test of heterogeneity. We also performed prespecified subgroup analyses based on disease site, line of therapy, proportion of never-smokers in the trials and trial conclusion to assess the potential association of oncologic and methodologic factors in effect modification of smoking status with the efficacy of ICIs. Results: We identified ten RCTs on non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck, and urothelial cancers, including 4,245 ever-smokers and 972 never-smokers. The difference in the effects of ICIs on OS between ever-smokers (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.66-0.84) and never-smokers (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.61-1.02) was not statistically significant (interaction P-value = 0.69). There were no significant differences in the effects of ICIs on OS between ever-smokers and never smokers in the pre-specified subgroups. Conclusions: There was no significant association between smoking status and improved survival outcome with ICIs in the treatment of advanced cancers. Smoking status should not be used as a biomarker for guiding treatment with immunotherapy.
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Dreher, Marietta, Barbara A. Schillo, Molly Hull, Valerie Esqueda und Andrea Mowery. „A Case Study for Redesigning Tobacco Cessation Services“. Social Marketing Quarterly 21, Nr. 4 (04.11.2015): 200–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500415614415.
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While many smokers are aware of the dangers of smoking and want to quit, the use of evidence-based cessation services remains low. At the same time, interest in new technologies to support quitting is increasing. This case study presents an initiative that sought to understand the needs of current and former smokers in Minnesota, United States, as part of an effort to redesign tobacco cessation services and engage more smokers in the quitting process. Current and former smokers were recruited to participate in a two-phase formative research study. Phase 1 ( n = 37) used an online bulletin board and a mail-in work group. Phase 2 ( n = 26) used traditional focus groups. Five major themes emerged from the research: (1) smoking is a significant part of a smoker’s identity, (2) a smoker’s readiness to quit varies, (3) many smokers need help in tipping the scale toward quitting, (4) smokers have differences in quitting styles, and (5) smokers seek barrier-free services. These research findings provide key insights that can be used to redesign cessation services to better meet the needs of smokers. Cessation services and promotional messaging should acknowledge the significant role that smoking plays in the identity of smokers, recognize the importance of a smoker’s readiness to quit, and respect differences in quitting styles. Guidelines for redesigning services based on this exploratory research are offered.
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Dal Cin, Sonya, Bryan Gibson, Mark P. Zanna, Roberta Shumate und Geoffrey T. Fong. „Smoking in Movies, Implicit Associations of Smoking With the Self, and Intentions to Smoke“. Psychological Science 18, Nr. 7 (Juli 2007): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01939.x.
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We examined whether identifying with a film character who smokes increases implicit associations of the self with smoking. Undergraduate men were randomly assigned to view film clips in which the male protagonist either smoked or did not smoke. We measured subsequent levels of self-smoking associations using a reaction time task, as well as self-reported beliefs about smoking and smokers. Greater identification with the smoking protagonist predicted stronger implicit associations between the self and smoking (for both smokers and nonsmokers) and increased intention to smoke (among the smokers). Stronger implicit self-smoking associations uniquely predicted increases in smokers' intentions to smoke, over and above the effects of explicit beliefs about smoking. The results provide evidence that exposure to smoking in movies is causally related to changes in smoking-related thoughts, that identification with protagonists is an important feature of narrative influence, and that implicit measures may be useful in predicting deliberative behavior.
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Gu, Dian, Hai-Yen Sung, Carolyn S. Calfee, Yingning Wang, Tingting Yao und Wendy Max. „Smoking-Attributable Health Care Expenditures for US Adults With Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease“. JAMA Network Open 7, Nr. 5 (30.05.2024): e2413869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.13869.
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ImportanceCigarette smoking is a primary risk factor for chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) and is associated with worse symptoms among people with CLRD. It is important to evaluate the economic outcomes of smoking in this population.ObjectiveTo estimate smoking prevalence and cigarette smoking-attributable health care expenditures (SAHEs) for adults with CLRD in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used data from the 2014-2018 and 2020 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) and the 2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The final study population, stratified by age 35 to 64 years and 65 years or older, was extracted from the 2014-2018 NHIS data. The data analysis was performed between February 1 and March 31, 2024.ExposuresCigarette smoking, as classified into 4 categories: current smokers, former smokers who quit less than 15 years ago, former smokers who quit 15 or more years ago, and never smokers.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSmoking-attributable health care expenditures were assessed using a prevalence-based annual cost approach. Econometric models for the association between cigarette smoking and health care utilization were estimated for 4 types of health care services: inpatient care, emergency department visits, physician visits, and home health visits.ResultsIn the 2014-2018 NHIS study sample of 13 017 adults, 7400 (weighted 62.4%) were aged 35 to 64 years, 5617 (weighted 37.6%) were 65 years or older, and 8239 (weighted 61.9%) were female. In 2020, among 11 211 222 adults aged 35 to 64 with CLRD, 3 508 504 (31.3%) were current smokers and 3 496 790 (31.2%) were former smokers. Total SAHEs in 2020 for this age group were $13.6 billion, averaging $2752 per current smoker and $1083 per former smoker. In 2020, 7 561 909 adults aged 65 years or older had CLRD, with 1 451 033 (19.2%) being current smokers and 4 104 904 (54.3%) being former smokers. Total SAHEs in 2020 for the older age group were $5.3 billion, averaging $1704 per current smoker and $682 per former smoker. In sum, SAHEs for adults with CLRD aged 35 years or older amounted to $18.9 billion in 2020.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of adults with CLRD, cigarette smoking was associated with a substantial health care burden. The higher per-person SAHEs for current smokers compared with former smokers suggest potential cost savings of developing targeted smoking cessation interventions for this population.
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Almukhtar, Salwa H., Yassier T. Al-Watar, Khaeria H. Aljebory und Radhwan H. Ibrahim. „Effect of Smoking on Semen Quality of Infertile Men in Mosul City, Iraq“. Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences 3, Nr. 3 (25.12.2013): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36321/kjns.vi20133.2505.
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Objectives: It's known that cigarette smoking affects semen quality. The aim of the present study is to compare the semen of infertile cigarette smokers with infertile non-smokers as well as with healthy men to examine the impact of smoking on the quality of sperm. Methodology: A case-control study was applied in the present study. For the period of 1st January till the 1st April 2011. The semen quality of men with infertility, smokers (n 150) and nonsmokers (n100), were compared with (n 100) healthy- nonsmokers men. Conventional semen analysis was performed and sperm morphology was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Smoker patients were classified as mild (1-10 cigarettes/d), moderate (10 -20 cigarettes/day), or heavy smokers (more 20 cigarettes/d).data was analyze through inferential statistics. Results: The study finding showed that sperm parameters quality in smoker men was approximately lower than nonsmoker men and the cigarette smoking and the dose has significant negative effect on sperm parameters. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that smoking negatively affects male fertility. Recommendation: Smokers should quit smoking for the sense of responsibility for their future generation as tobacco smoke contains numerous mutagenic substances.
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Yoshikawa, Reiko, und Jun Katada. „Effects of active smoking on postoperative outcomes in hospitalised patients undergoing elective surgery: a retrospective analysis of an administrative claims database in Japan“. BMJ Open 9, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2019): e029913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029913.
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ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on prognosis after elective surgeries. Incidence of 30-day postoperative complications was compared between propensity score-matched ‘ever-smoker’ and ‘never-smoker’ cohorts. Thirty-day mortality and medical costs during the hospital stay were also compared.Design and settingA large-scale retrospective study using deidentified administrative claims data obtained from 372 acute care hospitals across Japan using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination system (ie, a flat-fee payment system).ParticipantsInpatients who were hospitalised to undergo elective surgery.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary endpoint of this study was incidence of 30-day postoperative complications. Secondary endpoints were 30-day mortality and total medical costs during hospitalisation. Comparison between ever-smokers and never-smokers was conducted using matched cohorts created by 1:1 propensity score matching.ResultsUsing 561 598 eligible patients, matched ever-smoker and never-smoker cohorts (n=1 55 593 each) were created. Ever-smokers were defined as patients with Brinkman Index ≥1. The percentage of patients who were male was 76.7%, and mean ages for ever-smokers and never-smokers were 65.1±13.8 years old and 66.4±15.3 years old, respectively. The Brinkman Index of the ever-smoker cohort was 677.6±553.4. Smoking was significantly associated with higher risk of 30-day postoperative complications compared with not smoking (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.17, p<0.001). Similarly, smoking was significantly associated with postoperative 30-day mortality, with OR of 1.22 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.39, p=0.002).ConclusionsOur results suggest that smoking could be associated with risk of poor postoperative outcomes. In particular, a history of smoking may increase the risk of 30-day postoperative complications as well as that of 30-day mortality. The results suggest that smoking might have a harmful effect on postoperative outcomes irrespective of types of surgery.