Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Smartwatch face design“

The growth in many countries of the population in need of healthcare and with reduced mobility in many countries shows the demand for the development of assistive technologies to cater for this public, especially when they require home treatment after being discharged from the hospital. To this end, interactive applications on mobile devices are often integrated into intelligent environments. Such environments usually have limited resources, which are not capable of processing great volumes of data and can expend much energy due to devices being in communication to a cloud. Some approaches have tried to minimize these problems by using fog microdatacenter networks to provide high computational capabilities. However, full outsourcing of the data analysis to a microfog can generate a reduced level of accuracy and adaptability. In this work, we propose a healthcare system that uses data offloading to increase performance in an IoT-based microfog, providing resources and improving health monitoring. The main challenge of the proposed system is to provide high data processing with low latency in an environment with limited resources. Therefore, the main contribution of this work is to design an offloading algorithm to ensure resource provision in a microfog and synchronize the complexity of data processing through a healthcare environment architecture. We validated and evaluated the system using two interactive applications of individualized monitoring: (1) recognition of people using images and (2) fall detection using the combination of sensors (accelerometer and gyroscope) on a smartwatch and smartphone. Our system improves by 54% and 15% on the processing time of the user recognition and Fall Decision applications, respectively. In addition, it showed promising results, notably (a) high accuracy in identifying individuals, as well as detecting their mobility; and (b) efficiency when implemented in devices with scarce resources.

Wearable devices and fitness trackers have gained popularity in healthcare and telemedicine as tools to reduce hospitalization costs, improve personalized health management, and monitor patients in remote areas. Smartwatches, particularly, offer continuous monitoring capabilities through step counting, heart rate tracking, and activity monitoring. However, despite being recognized as an emerging technology, the adoption of smartwatches in patient monitoring systems is still at an early stage, with limited studies delving beyond their feasibility. Developing healthcare applications for smartwatches faces challenges such as short battery life, wearable comfort, patient compliance, termination of non-native applications, user interaction difficulties, small touch screens, personalized sensor configuration, and connectivity with other devices. This paper presents a case study on designing an Android smartwatch application for remote monitoring of geriatric patients. It highlights obstacles encountered during app development and offers insights into design decisions and implementation details. The aim is to assist programmers in developing more efficient healthcare applications for wearable systems.

The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the formation of IT centers’ environment, following the trends of decoration in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. As well as, to predict, and determine changes in the methodological basis for the creation of the interior environment of IT centers through design in terms of protecting the population from the coronavirus pandemic. The research methodology is based on the use of methods of generalization and systematization of scientific and theoretical information on environmental design in the context of the spread of coronavirus infection, as well as analysis of domestic and foreign experience in designing the object of study. The scientific novelty of the study is to clarify and systematize the basic techniques and features of interior solutions formation of IT centers in the context of protection against coronavirus infections. Conclusions. An activity office is a flexible workspace that provides employees with a variety of jobs, and they can use this space according to the tasks assigned to them. Trends in the environment design of IT centers in the context of the coronavirus pandemic are actively formed and disseminated among production managers and designers. The main priorities of the design are the safety of workers while maintaining their psychological comfort and efficiency, environmental friendliness, aesthetics, and the use of innovative materials and technologies. We consider the following to be the most effective design techniques: zoning a large room with the help of mobile transparent partitions or individual closed capsules for workers while reducing the size of the work area per person; the use of the method of “hot desking”, in which the space remains open, increases the size of the work area per person, but reduces the number of people who are in the office at the same time; introduction of contactless systems for passing between rooms and calling elevators (use of voice control devices with a speaker; smartphone, smartwatch, face recognition systems); installation of engineering structures for ventilation and disinfection of surfaces, which should be beaten by aesthetic design; application in coverings of walls, ceilings, and floors of rooms, and also surfaces of furniture of materials and technologies of antiviral cleaning. Infection control and safety protocols used during the pandemic are becoming the standard for new projects by designers and architects. Thus, the pandemic marked the beginning of a new era in office interior design.

The workplace environment for nurses is highly stressful, with long working hours (3 or more 12-hour shifts) and a dynamic workload that may induce fatigue. These factors reduce nurses’ efficiency and may contribute to medical errors. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) estimates that in the United States (U.S.) 100,000 deaths are caused by preventable medical errors (Kohn et al., 2002). In the U.S. Intensive Care Units (ICU) alone, 1.7 errors per patient per day are reported (Donchin et al., 1995; Wu et al., 2002). Moreover, it is documented in the literature that stress and fatigue are two important factors that contribute to medical errors in nursing (Wu et al., 2002). Factors that affect nurses’ stress and fatigue in the workplace are also well documented (e.g., Foxall et al., 1990; Sawatzky, 1996; Erlen & Sereika, 1997; Meltzer & Huckabay, 2004; McHugh et al., 2011). In previous studies, Khamisa et al., (2016) conducted a longitudinal study of 277 nurses from four hospitals in South Africa. Findings revealed health workforce wellbeing is not prioritized and mostly lacking with existing policies failing to address psychosocial stressors among nurses. The authors suggested the need for further studies using biomarker assessments and other cellular variables to investigate the health impact of stress, burnout and job satisfaction. In recent years, the advancement in technology has made wearable tools such as smartwatches easily accessible and widely used (Jovanov, 2015). Despite these advances, there are no validated intervention, continuous monitoring systems or tools to mitigate ill effects of stress and fatigue among nurses in critical care areas such as the ICU (Khanade et al., 2017). It is evident in the literature that accurate detection of stress and fatigue levels remains a research gap; one explanation for such gap would be that such tools could potentially be intrusive and interrupt an already complex task of working in a critical care area. In spite of the challenges, a system that provides continuous monitoring and alerts regarding abnormal physiological reactions might help in increasing nurses’ awareness regarding personal responses to their tasks and environment and may contribute to improved patient safety and nurses’ well-being. By making this information visible, these systems may also help nurse managers and administrators to improve work environment practices to reduce stressful tasks and reduce effects of fatigue and stress on their nurses. This current study focus is to address the research gap of accurate detection of stress and fatigue levels. A smart wearable system is being designed to help nurses who experience high levels of stress and workload at work. This paper documents the systematic process of deriving information requirements from two focus groups conducted with delivery care nurses and nurse managers working in various Southeastern Texas hospitals. A focus group was conducted to obtain a more in-depth understanding of nurses’ expectations of a tool that can help with periods of high-stress and fatigue as well as some of the problems nurses face in their daily work life. The second focus group was conducted to inform the design of an information display for nurse managers to monitor the ICU unit’s status in terms of collective stress and fatigue levels. A moderator and two co-moderators led the focus group interviews. Previously formulated questions were presented to the group to guide the discussions. There were 13 questions followed by probing questions to obtain more information or clarification. Questions were organized into four groups to investigate 1) participants’ task/roles, 2) situations where high-levels of stress/fatigue are experienced and their effects on performance, 3) expectation from a tool to help in those instances, and 4) specific expectations from a smart-watch (or supervisory-control) interface. The feedback from participants was documented as FIRs. The FIR method provides a set of design-independent requirements that can be used as objective assessment of needs for displays. Additionally FIRs served to inform the design of a smartwatch-based tool for nurses and supervisory-level interface for nurse managers. While the overall findings from the focus groups are discussed in the paper, the FIRs are out of the scope of this short paper and will be reported elsewhere. The study also sought to determine how the use of technology could assist nurses during the periods of high stress and/or workload.

The COVID-19 pandemic greatly changed many people's daily lives. Because of the temporary closure of gyms and fitness centers, many people started to take group fitness classes online. The abrupt transition to synchronous online exercise brought lots of uncertainty and challenges to fitness instructors and participants. This study aims to understand how people teach and participate in live stream group fitness classes, the challenges they have encountered, and their practices to address these challenges. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 instructors and 14 participants who had experience teaching or taking live stream group fitness classes on Zoom during the pandemic. Our interviews showed that instructors saw teaching online as a new, more cognitively demanding experience than teaching in-person classes; they found limited resources to create a professional workout space, experienced stress and anxiety, had limited information and approaches to give participants feedback, and faced difficulties with rapport building. Participants found it hard to give real-time reactions while exercising far away from their laptops; they receive less customized instructions, and they have difficulty engaging in private chats. Despite the challenges, we envision CMC in exercise is an opportunity for new design and interactions. We propose design recommendations, including using smartwatches to give real-time reactions and smart garments to generate tactile feedback. Health and biometric data can be shared with instructors and other participants during exercise for safety purposes and to create social connections.

Wearable computers engage in percutaneous interactions with human users and revolutionize the way of learning human activities. Due to rising privacy concerns, federated learning has been recently proposed to train wearable data with privacy preservation collaboratively. However, under the state-of-the-art (SOTA) schemes, user profiles on wearable devices of inferior networking conditions are regarded as 'left out'. Such schemes suffer from three fundamental limitations: (1) the widely adopted network-capacity-based client selection leads to biased training; (2) the aggregation has low communication efficiency; (3) users lack convenient channels for providing feedback on wearable devices. Therefore, this paper proposes a Fair and Communication-efficient Federated Learning scheme, namely FCFL. FCFL is a full-stack learning system specifically designed for wearable computers, improving the SOTA performance in terms of communication efficiency, fairness, personalization, and user experience. To this end, we design a technique named ThrowRightAway (TRA) to loose the network capacity constraints. Clients with poor networks are allowed to be selected as participators to improve the representation and guarantee the model's fairness. Remarkably, we propose Movement Aware Federated Learning (MAFL) to aggregate only the model updates with top contributions to the global model for the sake of communication efficiency. Accordingly, we implemented an FCFL-supported prototype as a sports application on smartwatches. Our comprehensive evaluation demonstrated that FCFL is a communication efficient scheme significantly reducing uploaded data by up to 29.77%, with a prominent feature of guaranteeing enhanced fairness up to 65.07%. Also, FCFL achieves robust personalization performance (i.e., 20% improvements of global model accuracy) in the face of packet loss below a certain fraction (10%-30%). A follow-up user survey shows that our FCFL-supported prototypical system on wearable devices significantly reduces users' workload.

Objective: Cuffless blood pressure measurement technologies have attracted significant attention for their potential to transform cardiovascular monitoring. This updated narrative review thoroughly examines the challenges, opportunities, and limitations associated with the implementation of cuffless blood pressure monitoring systems. By summarizing the current state of the art and identifying future directions, this article aims to participate in the debate around cuffless BP measurement while contributing substantial scientific value to this rapidly evolving field. Design and method: The search procedure involved using Google Scholar and PubMed databases. During the initial search, a substantial number of articles unrelated to this literature survey were retrieved. Authors then selected the articles that were relevant for this review on cuffless noninvasive BP measurement. Results: Diverse technologies, including photoplethysmography, tonometry, and ECG waveform analysis, enable cuffless blood pressure measurement and are integrated into devices like smartphones and smartwatches. Signal processing emerges as a critical aspect, dictating the accuracy and reliability of readings. Despite its potential, the integration of cuffless technologies into clinical practice faces obstacles, including the need to address concerns related to accuracy, calibration, and standardization across diverse devices and patient populations. The development of robust algorithms to mitigate artifacts and environmental disturbances is essential for extracting clear physiological signals. Based on extensive research, this review emphasizes the necessity for standardized protocols, validation studies, and regulatory frameworks to ensure the reliability and safety of cuffless blood pressure monitoring devices and their implementation in mainstream medical practice. Interdisciplinary collaborations between engineers, clinicians, and regulatory bodies are crucial to address technical, clinical, and regulatory complexities during implementation. Conclusions: While cuffless blood pressure monitoring holds immense potential to transform cardiovascular care. The resolution of existing challenges and the establishment of rigorous standards are imperative for its seamless incorporation into routine clinical practice. The emergence of these new technologies shifts the paradigm of cardiovascular health management, presenting a new possibility for non-invasive continuous and dynamic monitoring. The concept of cuffless blood pressure measurement is viable and more finely tuned devices are expected to enter the market, which could redefine our understanding of blood pressure and hypertension.

Purpose This paper aims to explore factors affecting young consumers’ purchasing of new smart products under the influence of social media. Design/methodology/approach Twenty semi-structured, face-to-face, in-depth interviews were conducted with young consumers who used new media, and five extended interviews were conducted with popular smartwatch retailers in Macau. Findings The findings reveal that they tend to garner product information from multiple channels of communication. Social media exert the greatest influence. Reliable information, strong branding and interactions with vendors are also influential, although new product pre-announcements may be boring and difficult to understand. Originality/value This study presents new insights into diffusion of innovation theory and provides retailers launching smart products with a better understanding of their target young customers’ purchasing behavior.

Cette thèse porte sur la recherche sur la conception et l'utilisation de micro-visualisations pour l'exploration de données mobiles et pervasives sur des smartwatches et des trackers de fitness. Les gens portent de plus en plus de smartwatches qui peuvent suivre et afficher une grande variété de données. Mon travail est motivé par les avantages potentiels des visualisations de données sur les petits appareils mobiles tels que les brassards de suivi de la condition physique et les smartwatches. Je me concentre sur les situations dans lesquelles les visualisations soutiennent des tâches spécifiques liées aux données sur des smartwatches interactives. Mon principal objectif de recherche dans ce domaine est de comprendre plus largement comment concevoir des visualisations à petite échelle pour les trackers de fitness. Ici, j'explore : (i) les contraintes de conception dans le petit espace par le biais d'un atelier d'idéation ; (ii) le type de visualisations que les gens voient actuellement sur le visage de leur montre ; (iii) une revue de conception et l'espace de conception des visualisations à petite échelle ; (iv) et la lisibilité des micro-visualisations en considérant l'impact de la taille et du rapport d'aspect dans le contexte du suivi du sommeil. Les principaux résultats de la thèse sont, premièrement, un ensemble de besoins de données concernant un contexte d'utilisation touristique dans lequel ces besoins de données ont été satisfaits avec une richesse de conceptions de visualisation dédiées qui vont au-delà de celles couramment vues sur les affichages des montres. Deuxièmement, un affichage prédominant des données de santé et de forme physique, les icônes accompagnant le texte étant le type de représentation le plus fréquent sur les faces actuelles des smartwatchs. Troisièmement, un espace de conception pour les visualisations sur les faces de smartwatch qui met en évidence les considérations les plus importantes pour les nouveaux affichages de données sur les faces de smartwatch et autres petits écrans. Enfin, dans le contexte du suivi du sommeil, nous avons constaté que les gens effectuaient des tâches simples de manière efficace, même avec une visualisation complexe, à la fois sur les écrans de la smartwatch et du bracelet de fitness, mais que les tâches plus complexes bénéficiaient de la taille plus grande de la smartwatch. Dans la thèse, je souligne les opportunités ouvertes importantes pour les futures recherches sur la visualisation des smartwatchs, telles que l'évolutivité (par exemple, plus de données, une taille plus petite et plus de visualisations), le rôle du contexte et du mouvement du porteur, les types d'affichage des smartwatchs et l'interactivité. En résumé, cette thèse contribue à la compréhension des visualisations sur les smartwatches et met en évidence les opportunités ouvertes pour la recherche en visualisation sur les smartwatches
This thesis covers research on how to design and use micro-visualizations for pervasive and mobile data exploration on smartwatches and fitness trackers. People increasingly wear smartwatches that can track and show a wide variety of data. My work is motivated by the potential benefits of data visualizations on small mobile devices such as fitness monitoring armbands and smartwatches. I focus on situations in which visualizations support dedicated data-related tasks on interactive smartwatches. My main research goal in this space is to understand more broadly how to design small-scale visualizations for fitness trackers. Here, I explore: (i) design constraints in the small space through an ideation workshop; (ii) what kind of visualizations people currently see on their watch faces; (iii) a design review and design space of small-scale visualizations; (iv) and readability of micro-visualizations considering the impact of size and aspect ratio in the context of sleep tracking. The main findings of the thesis are, first, a set of data needs concerning a sightseeing usage context in which these data needs were met with a wealth of dedicated visualization designs that go beyond those commonly seen on watch displays. Second, a predominant display of health & fitness data, with icons accompanying the text being the most frequent representation type on current smartwatch faces. Third, a design space for smartwatch face visualizations which highlights the most important considerations for new data displays for smartwatch faces and other small displays. Last, in the context of sleep tracking, we saw that people performed simple tasks effectively, even with complex visualization, on both smartwatch and fitness band displays; but more complex tasks benefited from the larger smartwatch size. Finally, I point out important open opportunities for future smartwatch visualization research, such as scalability (e.g., more data, smaller size, and more visualizations), the role of context and wearer's movement, smartwatch display types, and interactivity. In summary, this thesis contributes to the understanding of visualizations on smartwatches and highlights open opportunities for smartwatch visualization research

Introduction: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and degenerative motor disease of the nervous system. Symptoms are variable, the main one being muscle weakness. Treatment is based on medication and monitoring by a multidisciplinary team to maintain quality of life (QoL) and autonomy. There are barriers, like mobility, and telehealth (TH) can be a possibility of care. Objectives: To identify evidence of the use of TH in patients with ALS to improve symptoms and QoL. Design and settings: Study carried out at Centro Universitario São Camilo. Methodology: Literature review in the PubMed, Lilacs and PEDro, between 2011 and 2021, in Portuguese, English or Spanish, with “ALS”, “telemedicine”, “TH”. Results: Of the 14 studies found, 13 were selected after review. The majority (93%) made use of video and telephone calls for monitoring and new orientations, after face-to-face evaluation; but all showed the possibility of remote assessment, associated or no with technological resources (such apps, accelerometers, smartwatches). 31% of the studies reported indication of TH for respiratory care in critically ill patients. In general, 93% of the papers demonstrated that TH brought benefits in maintaining QoL and improving respiratory parameters. Conclusion: Use of TH in patients with ALS seems to be to viable, safe and beneficial for assessment and monitoring, especially in advanced stages and for respiratory symptoms.