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Filatova, Nataliia. „Smart contracts from the contract law perspective: outlining new regulative strategies“. International Journal of Law and Information Technology 28, Nr. 3 (2020): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaaa015.
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Abstract Smart contracts nowadays start being widely used in various areas of economic and social life. In most cases smart contracts are somehow related to legal contracts: the former may constitute part of a legal contract, an entire contract, or be used to automate a contract performance. Meanwhile, a question whether modern contract law is applicable to smart contracts is rather debatable, since smart contracts initially were designed to rely only on technical rules embedded in blockchain and considered as self-sufficient instruments capable of addressing various issues which may emerge in practice. However, practice has shown that technical regulation does not often cope with the problems one may face when using smart contracts, which confirms the need for legal regulation. Although smart contracts have many technical peculiarities, they do not make application of contract law provisions totally impossible. Thus, what the modern contract law needs is a set of special rules applicable to the practice of smart contracting.
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Sheth, Alpen, und Hemang Subramanian. „Blockchain and contract theory: modeling smart contracts using insurance markets“. Managerial Finance 46, Nr. 6 (29.05.2019): 803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-10-2018-0510.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to model blockchain-based smart contracts specifically for the insurance industry. The authors introduce the concept of smart contracts and further discuss the implementation of a decentralized insurance marketplace, namely Etherisc, using smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain platform. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ three methods in this paper. The first one is a design illustration of a live application, namely, Etherisc. The second one is an economic model using demand–supply and equilibrium economics. The third one is an illustration using principal–agent modeling using constrained optimization. Findings The findings illustrate the following: in the design discussion, the authors demonstrate the architecture of a live Ethereum-based smart contract system. In the economic model, the authors illustrate how decentralized smart contract systems can increase social welfare by shifting demand and supply by reducing transactional costs. In the principal–agent model, the authors show how both the principal and agent are positively benefited by various mechanisms. Originality/value The paper is an original contribution and can be used as a reference model to study insurance or other similar marketplaces and the underlying economic transformations happening therein.
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Valencia-Payan, Cristian, Jos�Fernando Grass-Ram韗ez, Gustavo Ramirez-Gonzalez und Juan Carlos Corrales. „Smart Contract to Traceability of Food Social Selling“. Computers, Materials & Continua 74, Nr. 3 (2023): 4703–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2023.031554.
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Levy, Karen E. C. „Book-Smart, Not Street-Smart: Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts and The Social Workings of Law“. Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 3 (17.02.2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2017.107.
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This paper critiques blockchain-based “smart contracts,” which aim to automatically and securely execute obligations without reliance on a centralized enforcement authority. Though smart contracts do have some features that might serve the goals of social justice and fairness, I suggest that they are based on a thin conception of what law does, and how it does it. Smart contracts focus on the technical form of contract to the exclusion of the social contexts within which contracts operate, and the complex ways in which people use them. In the real world, contractual obligations are enforced through all kinds of social mechanisms other than formal adjudication—and contracts serve many functions that are not explicitly legal in nature, or even designed to be formally enforced. I describe three categories of contracting practices in which people engage (the inclusion of facially unenforceable terms, the inclusion of purposefully underspecified terms, and willful nonenforcement of enforceable terms) to illustrate how contracts actually “work.” The technology of smart contracts neglects the fact that people use contracts as social resources to manage their relations. The inflexibility that they introduce, by design, might short-circuit a number of social uses to which law is routinely put. Therefore, I suggest that attention to the social and relational contexts of contracting are essential considerations for the discussion, development, and deployment of smart contracts.
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Raj, Anu, und Shiva Prakash. „Smart Contract-Based Secure Decentralized Smart Healthcare System“. International Journal of Software Innovation 11, Nr. 1 (01.01.2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.315742.
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Social distancing has been imposed to prevent substantial transmission of the COVID-19 outbreak, which is presently a global public health issue. Medical healthcare providers rely on telemedicine to monitor their patients, particularly those with chronic conditions. However, telemedicine faces many implementation-related risks, including data breaches, access restrictions within the medical community, inaccurate diagnosis, fraud, etc. The authors propose a transparent, tamper-proof, distributed, decentralized smart healthcare system (DSHS) that uses blockchain-based smart contracts. The authors use an immutable modified Merkel tree structure to hold the transaction for viewing contracts on a public blockchain, updating patient health records (PHR), and exchanging PHR to all entities. It is verified by a performance evaluation based on the Ethereum platform. The simulation results show that the proposed system outperforms existing approaches by enhancing transparency, boosting efficiency, and reducing average latency in the system. The proposed system improves the functionality of the SHS environment.
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Kuznetsova, S. S. „Topical issues of the realization and protection of human rights in the practice of smart contract technology application“. Law Enforcement Review 6, Nr. 1 (24.03.2022): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2022.6(1).134-149.
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The subject and the aim of the study. The article analyzes the approach to smart contract technology, which is reflected in the scientific literature and legislation of Russia and foreign countries, formulates the advantages and disadvantages of a smart contract that affect the implementation and protection of certain constitutional rights, including freedom of contract, the right to protect, the right to manage personal data.Methodology. Guided by formal dogmatic and comparative law methods in research, the author formulates approaches to the concept of a smart contract that has been developed in the practice of foreign countries and deduces how each of the approaches affects the implementation of constitutional human rights. The paper notes that the use of a smart contract based on the federal blockchain does not allow the full implementation of such rights as freedom of contract, the right to self-defense, and the right to manage personal data. In addition, the transnational nature of smart contracts usage, their pseudonymity and failure to unified concept of legal regulation create obstacles to the effective implementation of the right to judicial protection.The main results. The practice of legal regulation of smart contracts in foreign countries, aimed at minimizing the negative consequences of the use of technology is considered. Some countries follow to the concept of recognizing a smart contract as a form of contract (Italy, United States, Republic of Belarus) and a way of guaranteeing fulfilment of obligations (China, Italy, Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation). The second concept is considered as being the most restrictive for digital progress from one side but being able to guarantee protection of human rights such as right to judicial protection or freedom of contract. The first concept which shows smart contract being a type of contract carries additional risks associated with conclusion of a treaty - inconsistency of the smart contract with the actual will of the parties. The third concept considered smart contract as a type of contract is accepted in the Republic of Malta. The Republic of Malta regulated procedure of voluntary certification for smart contracts that allow to eliminate such threats as violation of human rights and the use of smart contracts for criminal purposes. The experience of legal regulation of smart contracts in the Republic of Malta is recognized as reasonable and effective, however, it is concluded that certification will achieve its goals only if it will be implemented in the legal system of wide range of the countries.Conclusions. It is concluded that despite the fact that the smart contract technology has high potential for its implementation in various fields of social and economic life, the effective implementation of smart contract technology in various spheres of society requires the formation of general legal principles for their application, the definition of areas in which the use of smart contracts is prohibited, as well as the development of international standards for their safe execution.
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Peixoto Barbosa, Leonardo. „Blockchain Smart Contracts: A Socio-Legal Approach“. European Business Law Review 32, Issue 2 (01.04.2021): 251–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2021010.
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Smart contracts are computer protocols that self-enforce encoded terms. They arguably allow for individual freedom and increased sovereignty from inconveniences. The enthusiasm goes as far as foreseeing that smart contracts will make contractual legal oversight obsolete. However, whereas contract law theory evolved to acknowledge the importance of flexibility and relationality, smart contracts activists defend the opposite direction, arguing for contractual rigidness and denial of social norms supporting complex transactions. This paper departs from this paradox to argue that (i) smart contracts based on existing technology are unlikely to thrive in complex contractual settings, and (ii) contextual analysis is important for LawTech’s propositions. Smart contracts, blockchain, system’s theory, social norms, transaction cost, flexibility, relationality, trust, co-operation, contractual governance
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Mat Rahim, Siti Rohaya, Zam Zuriyati Mohamad, Juliana Abu Bakar, Farhana Hanim Mohsin und Norhayati Md Isa. „Artificial Intelligence, Smart Contract and Islamic Finance“. Asian Social Science 14, Nr. 2 (29.01.2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n2p145.
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This study examines the two important aspect of latest technology issues in Islamic finance that related to artificial intelligence (AI) and smart contract. AI refers to the ability of machines to understand, think, and learn in a similar way to human beings, indicating the possibility of using computers to simulate human intelligence. Smart contract is a computer code running on top of a block-chain containing a set of rules under which the parties to that smart contract agree to interact with each other. The main objectives of this article are to evaluate the operations of AI and smart contract, to make comparison between the operations of AI and smart contract. This article concludes that AI and smart contract will have a huge impact in future for Islamic Finance industry.
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ERMAKOVA, IRINA VIKTOROVNA. „SMART CONTRACT: CONCEPT, LEGAL REGULATION, ASPECTS OF CONSUMER PROTECTION“. Gaps in Russian Legislation 14, Nr. 4 (28.07.2021): 236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2072-3164-2021-14-4-236-247.
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The subject of the research is legal norms aimed at regulating by law relations in the field of concluding and executing smart contracts, including issues of protecting the rights of the parties to such contracts, including consumers. The object of the research is social relations arising in the process of creating, concluding and executing of smart contracts. Particular attention is paid to the theoretical and practical aspects of the definition of the concept of “smart contract” and its essence, as well as its legal status. In addition, the article considers approaches to defining the essence of institutions that are closely related to the category of “smart contract”, such as “cryptocurrency”, “digital ruble”, “mining”. The aspects of the protection of fundamental rights of the parties involved in the considered legal relationship, including consumers, are also analyzed. Examples of court decisions regarding the corresponding category of cases are given. The novelty of the research lies in determining the current approaches in relation to the essence, concept and legal status of smart contracts, including the current position of law enforcement practice in relation to this issue. In addition, the novelty of the study lies in considering the practical aspects of the conclusion and execution of smart contracts, including, indicating examples of blockchain platforms on the basis of which smart contracts can function. Ultimately, the study led to the development by the author of some proposals in order to improve the relevant legislation. In particular, the author proposed to consolidate at the legislative level the legal definition of the concept of “smart contract”, indicating the appropriate wording.
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Truntsevsky, Yuriy, und Vyacheslav Sevalnev. „Smart contract: from definition to certainty“. Legal Issues in the Digital Age 1, Nr. 1 (04.05.2021): 100–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2021.1.100.122.
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The purpose of the present article is to gain an understanding of the opportunities and difficulties created by the introduction and development of the practice of network (smart) contracts. Our research methodology is based on a holistic set of principles and methods of scholarly analysis employed by modern legal science. It uses a dialectical method involving both general approaches (structural system method, formal logical method, analysis and synthesis of individual elements, individual features of concepts, abstraction, generalization, etc.) and particular methods (legal technical, systematic, comparative, historical, and grammatical methods, method of the unity of theory and practice, etc.). We analyze the views of lawyers and other specialists from Russia and abroad, legislative innovations in the field of digital technologies, the practice of blockchain-based smart contracts, and the main risks (whether legal, technological, operational, or criminogenic) of smart contracts for economic activities with a study of their causes. In the present-day situation, it is necessary to move from the legal definition of the smart contract and its legal and technological characteristics, advantages and disadvantages to the implementation of startups in a wide range of areas, especially business, public regulation, and social relations. Scholarly and information support for such processes will contribute to the development of industry, public administration and digital technology applications to improve the life of individual citizens and society as a whole. The introduction of smart contracts does not require the adoption of new laws or regulations. Instead, one should adapt and, possibly, modify existing legal principles at the legislative and judicial levels to pave the way for the use of smart contracts and other new technologies. The system of contract law provides a sufficient framework for regulating transactions without the introduction of any new legal categories. We propose approaches to the legal definition of the smart contract and identify a set of problems that must be solved at the legislative and technical legal levels in order to implement smart contracts effectively in different spheres of life.
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Sangoleye, Fisayo, Nafis Irtija und Eirini Eleni Tsiropoulou. „Smart Energy Harvesting for Internet of Things Networks“. Sensors 21, Nr. 8 (13.04.2021): 2755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082755.
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In this article, we address the problem of prolonging the battery life of Internet of Things (IoT) nodes by introducing a smart energy harvesting framework for IoT networks supported by femtocell access points (FAPs) based on the principles of Contract Theory and Reinforcement Learning. Initially, the IoT nodes’ social and physical characteristics are identified and captured through the concept of IoT node types. Then, Contract Theory is adopted to capture the interactions among the FAPs, who provide personalized rewards, i.e., charging power, to the IoT nodes to incentivize them to invest their effort, i.e., transmission power, to report their data to the FAPs. The IoT nodes’ and FAPs’ contract-theoretic utility functions are formulated, following the network economic concept of the involved entities’ personalized profit. A contract-theoretic optimization problem is introduced to determine the optimal personalized contracts among each IoT node connected to a FAP, i.e., a pair of transmission and charging power, aiming to jointly guarantee the optimal satisfaction of all the involved entities in the examined IoT system. An artificial intelligent framework based on reinforcement learning is introduced to support the IoT nodes’ autonomous association to the most beneficial FAP in terms of long-term gained rewards. Finally, a detailed simulation and comparative results are presented to show the pure operation performance of the proposed framework, as well as its drawbacks and benefits, compared to other approaches. Our findings show that the personalized contracts offered to the IoT nodes outperform by a factor of four compared to an agnostic type approach in terms of the achieved IoT system’s social welfare.
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Karmaza, Oleksandra. „CONCEPTS AND CONTENTS OF "ELECTRONIC CONTRACT" AND "DIGITAL CONTRACT": THEIR RELATIONSHIP IN THE PRIVATE LAW OF UKRAINE“. Modern scientific journal 4, Nr. 2 (2024): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36994/2786-9008-2024-4-4.
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The article analyzes the content of the concepts "electronic contract" and "digital contract" used in the private law of Ukraine. The preliminary scientific research in the part of legislative regulation of contractual relations with the use of information and communicationsystems was also continued. The author's classification of contracts, the subject of which is a digital thing or digital services, has been improved. A scientific and practical analysis of the norms of the laws of Ukraine "On electronic commerce", "On digital content and digital services" regarding the conclusion of contracts using information and communication systems was carried out. It was concluded that the norms regarding the conclusion and validity of a civil contract apply to private relations, as well as public relations. A scientific and practical analysis of the features of an electronic contract, a digital contract, as well as a smart contract (smart agreements, smart contracts) as types of civil law contracts is offered. Scientific studies related to the provisions of the draft Law on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act, AI Act), which is being discussed by the member states of the European Union, regarding the regulation of contractual relations with the help of artificial intelligence systems, have been continued. The methodological basis of the study is the philosophical and legal basis of knowledge of social phenomena, in particular those related to the protection and protection of the rights of individuals in contract law. In particular, dialectical, systemic-structural, normative-logical, sociological, comparative-legal methods of cognition are applied. The results of the research can be used in further scientific articles, in the educational process, etc.
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Zhou, Ziqi. „Legal Conditions in the Field of Digital Assets and Feasibility Analysis of the Application of Blockchain Technology: the Support and Limitations of the Field in the Macro Background“. Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (06.11.2022): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2361.
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With the development of blockchain technology and digital assets, the problem pages of digital assets at the legal level are becoming more and more prominent. This article will start with smart contracts and combine the case of Shenzhen Ethereum to analyze the legal issues based on blockchain technology and digital assets. The current status of conservation and its possible future development directions are analyzed. This article will specifically discuss the issue of contract law regulation of smart contracts from the perspective of legal system construction, as well as the compatibility between smart contracts and current contract law. Finally, the following conclusions are drawn: Firstly, consciously accepting the law needs to adapt to social changes and accepting the fact that the law needs to be adjusted. Secondly, at the operational level, the use of technology must comply with. Thirdly, at the research level, relevant legal research must be done, and legal scholars must have inter-professional knowledge and capabilities.
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Singh, Vishal, Varun Kajrekar, Harshad Deshmukh, Sushant Garudkar und Prof K. S. Hangargi. „FUNDAID: A Smart-Contract Based Decentralized Autonomous Organization for Philanthropy“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, Nr. 4 (30.04.2023): 2514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50730.
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Abstract: Crowd funding has come to a popular form of collaborative backing, in which small donations or investments, made by groups of people, support the development of new systems in exchange for free products or different types of recognition. Social network spots, in this paper, we present Fundaid, a block chain-grounded decentralized platform that combines social relations with crowdfunding mechanisms, allowing any user to raise finances while getting popular in the social network. Being erected over the ethereal block chain, Fundaid is structured as a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) that fosters crowdfunding without the intervention of any central authority, and recognizes the active part of benefactors, enabling them to support artists or systems, while making gains
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Yutia, Syifa Nurgaida, Rana Zaini Fathiana und Siti Zahrotul Fajriyah. „Blockchain-based Smart Contract for Decentralized Marketplace“. JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 6, Nr. 2-2 (20.08.2022): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.6.2-2.1121.
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The advance of information technology has a growing influence on one of the most popular social trends: online shopping. The rising popularity of online shopping among the general public, as indicated by the growth in the number of online purchasers each year, has prompted business owners to pursue online ventures. The marketplace is intrinsically tied to online buying activity that connects merchants and customers, allowing customers to search for various goods and services from various providers. However, service failures are vulnerable to centralized market systems that emerge frequently. When the company's services to customers fail to satisfy consumer expectations. A breakdown in purchasing and selling essential services, including product delivery and customer support, is referred to as service failure. As a result, not only does this harm confidence, but it may also cause clients to migrate to an alternative marketplace. The marketplace's competitiveness is based on consumer confidence. The decentralized marketplace can address this security concern. A decentralized marketplace is meant to build a system that does not require the confidence of a third party using blockchain technology and smart contracts that can record all transactions clearly and consistently, allowing them to serve as a single point of truth between distrusting entities. The findings largely support the feasibility of Ethereum Smart Contracts to construct a decentralized marketplace. However, there are some places where further study and development are needed.
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DeCusatis, Casimer, Brian Gormanly, John Iacino, Reed Percelay, Alex Pingue und Justin Valdez. „Cybersecurity Test Bed for Smart Contracts“. Cryptography 7, Nr. 1 (10.03.2023): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography7010015.
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Blockchain, smart contracts, and related concepts have emerged in recent years as a promising technology for cryptocurrency, NFTs, and other areas. However, there are still many security issues that must be addressed as these technologies evolve. This paper reviews some of the leading social engineering attacks on smart contracts, as well as several vulnerabilities which result from insecure code development. A smart contract test bed is constructed using Solidity and a Metamask wallet to evaluate vulnerabilities such as insecure arithmetic, denial of service, and re-entrancy attacks. Cross-chain vulnerabilities and potential vulnerabilities resulting from layer 2 side-chain processing were also investigated. Mitigation best practices are proposed based on the experimental results.
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Krokhina, Yulia, und Vladimir Svechnikov. „Smart contract as a civil law way of disposing of digital rights: problems of theoretical substantiation and practical application“. Legal Science and Practice: Journal of Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2022, Nr. 3 (07.10.2022): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36511/2078-5356-2022-3-60-65.
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Complex socio-economic processes are simultaneously taking place in Russian society: the economy is adapting to external economic challenges and, due to the COVID-19 epidemic, many aspects of social life are being transferred online. As a result, there is a transformation of all types of entrepreneurial activity, oriented both to the end consumer and to another legal entity (B2B transactions). The digitalization of commerce objectively requires an effective legal response to the procedures for concluding and executing contracts. A feature of the Russian legal system for regulating digital assets can be considered the impossibility of concluding direct transactions, bypassing a specialized information platform.
The article discusses the features of smart contracts as a civil law way of disposing of digital rights. The activity of an information platform operator or a market maker as an intermediary is analyzed. Their positive and negative impact on the digital asset market is shown.
The conclusion is substantiated that the disposal of digital rights through the use of a smart contract cannot be identified with all other classical contractual structures. Smart contracts, including those that are made using blockchain and Ethereum technology, are legally different from the electronic form of a civil law contract. Despite the obvious advantages of a smart contract as a way to manage digital assets, in the absence of legal regulation, significant business risks arise that require a prompt and effective legislative solution
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Karmaza, Oleksandra. „Conclusion of civil contracts using information and communication systems“. Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, Nr. 64 (15.01.2024): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.64.94-104.
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The article analyzes the legislative regulation of contractual relations using information and communication systems. The author’s classification of contracts, the subject of which is a digital thing or digital services, is proposed. The norms of the laws of Ukraine «On electronic commerce», «On digital content and digital services» in the part of concluding contracts with the use of information and communication systems were studied. It has been proven that the provision on the civil contract permeates both the sphere of private relations and the sphere of public relations, which are regulated by the norms of national legislation. The author’s analysis of the features of an electronic contract, a smart contract (smart agreements, smart contracts) as a type of civil contract is provided. It is proposed to legislatively determine the general principles of concluding, acting and terminating smart contracts (agreements) using blockchain technologies, taking into account the development of market relations and international experience. The general provisions of the draft Law on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act, AI Act), which is being discussed by the member states of the European Union, in terms of the regulation of contractual relations with the help of artificial intelligence systems, have been analyzed. The methodological basis of the research is the philosophical and legal basis of knowledge of social phenomena, in particular those related to the protection and protection of the rights of individuals in contractual law. In particular, dialectical, systemic-structural, normative-logical, sociological, comparative-legal methods of cognition are applied. Based on the results of the research, it is proposed to improve the norms of the civil legislation of Ukraine. The results of the research can be used in further scientific articles, in the educational process, as well as by the subjects of the legislative initiative.
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БЕРЕЗИНА, Елена Александровна. „USING A SMART CONTRACT AS A LEGAL TECHNOLOGY: NATIONAL AND FOREIGN LEGISLATIVE PRACTICE“. Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 17, Nr. 1(63) (31.03.2021): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2021.1.7.
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The modern period of development of society and the state is characterized by digitalization of all spheres of social life. One of the tools used in the process of digitization of law is a smart contract, which is considered as a program code intended for functioning in an information system and used as a form of fixing a set of obligations between the parties, as well as a method for automated fulfillment of these obligations. The purpose of the study is a comparative law analysis of the practice of legislating the concept of «smart contract» in legal acts of different states and the justification for considering the use of smart contract as a legal technology. The methods: the author uses general scientific methods (system, historical, formal-logical), specific scientific methods (mathematical, linguistic) and special-legal methods (comparative law, legal forecasting, interpretation of law). The results: the study concludes that the use of a smart contract could be considered as a special type of law enforcement technology representing an activity aimed at implementing the subjective rights and legal obligations of legal entities, carried out using self-executing program code that exists in the digital environment, which allows, first, to record and transmit certain legal information (in this case, a smart contract is considered as a type of written contract form), as well as to automate the fulfillment of obligations when certain conditions are met (in this case, a smart contract is understood as an automated technical method for fulfilling obligations).
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Langaliya, Vishalkumar, und Jaypalsinh A. Gohil Gohil. „A Comparative and Comprehensive Analysis of Smart Contract Enabled Blockchain Applications“. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 9, Nr. 9 (30.09.2021): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v9i9.5489.
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Blockchain is a disruptive innovation that is already reshaping corporate, social, and political connections, as well as any other form of value exchange. Again, this isn't simply a shift; it's a fast-moving phenomenon that has already begun. Top financial institutions and a large number of businesses have begun to investigate blockchain in order to cut transaction costs, speed up transaction times, reduce fraud risk, and eliminate the need for middlemen or intermediate services. Blockchain is believed to be the component that completes the Internet puzzle and makes it more open, more accessible, and more reliable. In this article, we first introduced the blockchain technology and smart contracts and their merits and demerits. Second, we present a comparative and comprehensive analysis of smart contract-enabled blockchain applications. Toward the end, we discussed the future development trends of smart contract enabled blockchain applications. This document is intended to serve as a guide and resource for future research initiatives.
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Shkolnyi, Vladyslav. „«Reasonable contracts» (smart contracts) as a new challenge for law in the conditions of globalization“. Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Pravo 12, Nr. 21 (2021): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3047-2021-12-21-51-57.
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The article defines the theoretical and legal content of the category of "reasonable contracts", outlines the concepts and basic forms of implementation of contractual obligations without enforcement. Based on the modern global paradigm of legal development, smart contracts are defined as contracts that are technologically secured in such a way that allows the parties to guarantee bilateral performance of contractual obligations without recourse to enforcement means, including judicial protection of violated right. It is noted that such a definition requires inclusion in the current civil and economic legislation, taking into account the actual existence in public relations of such contracts in the form of vending machines and other technically possible practical forms and models, as well as taking into account the real possibility of reducing the hypothetical costs of the parties to the contract for judicial consideration of the case. It is determined that in the context of modern social processes, self-help is not a fundamentally new phenomenon, since people regularly act independently before referring to the official legal system. So, over the past few years, a group of innovators have begun to develop computer technologies that have led to the emergence of a fundamentally new area of legal regulation in contract law, such as so-called "reasonable contracts" or smart contracts. From a teleological point of view, their purpose is to allow the parties to such a contract to ensure that they have reached an agreement to increase the cost of any violation by an appropriate amount. Smart contracts are defined as agreements in which conditions are executed automatically, usually using computers. Such contracts are intended to ensure execution without going to court. Automation ensures productivity by eliminating the human factor from contract execution. One example of a smart contract is a vending machine. If the machine is working properly and money is inserted into the machine, this will automatically execute the purchase and sale agreement. It is noted that such a contract does not create any legal problems if the machine will issue soda or coffee, but legal issues arise if the machine can issue, for example, narcotic drugs. So, there is a problematic question of the legality and expediency of legislative prohibition of such automatic means due to the theoretical possibility of their use for illegal purposes, or, conversely, their legalization and normalization by the requirements of current civil legislation.
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Fitri Sari, Riri, Asri Ilmananda und Daniela Romano. „Social Trust-based Blockchain-enabled Social Media News Verification System“. JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science 27, Nr. 9 (28.09.2021): 979–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jucs.68692.
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In the current digital era, information exchanges can be done easily through the Internet and social media. However, the actual truth of the news on social media platforms is hard to prove, and social media platforms are susceptible to the spreading of hoaxes. As a remedy, Blockchain technology can be used to ensure the reliability of shared information and can create a trusted communications environment. In this study, we propose a social media news spreading model by adapting an epidemic methodology and a scale-free network. A Blockchain-based news verification system is implemented to identify the credibility of the news and its sources. The effectiveness of the model is investigated by utilizing agent-based modelling using NetLogo software. In the simulations, fake news with a truth level of 20% are assigned a low News Credibility Indicator (NCI ± -0.637) value for all of the different network dimensions. Moreover, the Producer Reputation Credit is also decreased (PRC ± 0.213) so that the trust factor value is reduced. Our epidemic approach for news verification has also been implemented using Ethereum Smart Contract and several tools such as React with Solidity, IPFS, Web3.js, and Metamask. By showing the measurements of the credibility indicator and reputation credit to the user during the news dissemination process, this proposed smart contract can effectively limit user behaviour in spreading fake news and improve the content quality on social media.
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Mira Ustanti und Wulan Alif Qurani. „ANALISIS TRANSAKSI JUAL BELI PRODUK SMART HAFIZ PRESPEKTIF FIQIH MUAMALAH (STUDI KASUS PADA PT. TIGARAKSA SATRIA BLOKAGUNG BANYUWANGI)“. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Darussalam 5, Nr. 1 (15.03.2024): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30739/jesdar.v5i1.3022.
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The objectives of this research are: 1) To analyze buying and selling transactions for Smart Hafiz products at PT. Tigaraksa Satria Blokagung Banyuwangi. 2) To analyze buying and selling transactions for smart Hafiz products from the perspective of muamalah fiqh at PT. Tigaraksa Satria Blokagung Banyuwangi muamalah fiqh perspective. This research uses a qualitative research method with a case study approach. The results of this research are 1) practice of buying and selling transactions for smart Hafiz products at PT. Tigaraksa Satria uses the following system: First, cash by direct payment and filling in the buyer data form clearly and validly. Second, installments with payment within a period of 5 months provided that the buyer is someone who is known and can be trusted. Third, social gathering, namely buyers are allowed to choose to participate in social gathering according to their wishes for 3, 5 or 10 months. 2) The system used in buying and selling transactions for Smart Hafiz products at PT. Tigaraksa Satria falls under the criteria of a bai’ or sale and purchase contract, a muajjal/Bai’ Bitsaman Ajil contract, a qardh (debt) contract according to the perspective of muamalah fiqh.
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Nicolescu, Razvan. „Emerging regimes of value in distributed autonomous systems“. Ubiquity: The Journal of Pervasive Media 6, Nr. 1 (01.11.2019): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ubiq_00009_1.
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Abstract This position article brings together perspectives from social sciences, computer science and economy to interrogate the emerging meanings of value produced by Distributed Autonomous Organizations (DAO). We explore this process in the context of the wider political economy enabled by Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) and Smart Contracts (SC). The article then questions the ways in which the current implementations of DAO reflect the various regimes of value and the emergent possibilities to rethink the social contract.
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Nagornykh, D. Yu. „Blockchain and Smart-Contracts in terms of Economics“. World of Economics and Management 21, Nr. 3 (24.10.2021): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0429-2021-21-3-107-119.
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In this paper the author’s interpretation of essence and applicability of smart-contracts in economics. Examples are given along with critical view on wrong statements, found in publications on examined topic. Repeating of certain theses from similar papers won’t be redundant, because it will help to observe the topic from different point of view. In general, author gives positive valuation of applicability of smart-contracts technology in economics (both, financial and real sector, despite of some obvious inherent disadvantages of current implementation in Ethereum. In author’s opinion, integration of smartcontracts and blockchain with IoT can give synergetic effect and consider real cyber-social interaction. Certain value to this paper is added by author’s practical experience of coding and adopting smart-contracts. Smart-contracts are mentioned by Bank of Russia with implementation of CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency) concept in the form of digital rubble and receive additional significance in current trend of dematerialization and virtualization of money. In paper essential terms and author’s point to ability to change contract terms after deploy are given.
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Ikram, LEBHAR, DADDA Afaf und EZZINE Latifa. „A Smarter Way to Procure: Exploring the Use of Smart Contracts“. International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, Nr. 4 (30.09.2023): 1296–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i4.2244.
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Purpose:This article delves into the transformative potential of smart contracts in revolutionizing procurement within supply chain management, with a special focus on the healthcare industry. In line with the challenges posed by complex procurement processes, the study explores how self-executing digital contracts can enhance efficiency, security, and transparency. Theoretical framework:The article is grounded in the concept of smart contracts and their applications in procurement, serving as a bridge between emerging technology and supply chain management innovation. It draws upon an extensive body of literature and research related to smart contracts, supply chain management, and technology adoption. The study is designed to build upon this theoretical foundation, using two comprehensive case studies to provide real-world insights and practical applications. These case studies, situated within the healthcare industry, serve as tangible examples of how the theoretical concepts surrounding smart contracts manifest in actual procurement processes. Design/methodology/approach:To investigate the application of smart contracts in healthcare procurement, we employed a qualitative research approach. This encompassed an extensive literature review of academic papers, industry reports, and relevant articles, uncovering the unique advantages and challenges in procurement & supply chain management. Building upon these findings, we developed a groundbreaking smart contract-based procurement system, presented through sequence diagrams. To validate our solution, we implemented and rigorously tested it within a real-world Ethereum environment. Findings:Our research reveals that integrating smart contracts into procurement processes results in streamlined operations, diminished reliance on intermediaries, and heightened transparency and traceability. Moreover, the proposed solution showcases significant potential for enhancing procurement efficiency in the healthcare sector. Research, Practical & Social Implications: These findings present valuable insights with far-reaching implications and hold substantial implications for stakeholders. Healthcare organizations can harness smart contracts to optimize their procurement procedures, yielding improved efficiency, transparency, and security. In a rapidly digitalizing landscape, our research empowers companies to maintain their competitive edge while delivering enhanced value to partners and customers. Originality/value:This article contributes significantly to the existing literature by offering a comprehensive examination of smart contract integration within procurement function, set within the broader context of supply chain management. It introduces a pioneering solution and provides a validated methodology, paving the way for in-depth exploration of smart contracts' impact on diverse stakeholders across healthcare supply chains
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Satriojati, Bima. „Pelindungan Konsumen Atas Perjanjian Jual Beli Melalui Smart Contract Dalam Perdagangan Elektronik Melalui Sosial Media“. Justicia Sains: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 9, Nr. 2 (30.11.2024): 362–76. https://doi.org/10.24967/jcs.v9i2.3163.
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As consequence of developing technology, sell and purchase transactions can be carried out boldly by utilizing the available platforms. Currently, buying and selling in electronic commerce is not only done on marketplace platforms, but also on social media platforms. Apart from that, sell and purchase transaction, which is basically an agreement, is currently developing with the implementation of smart contracts. The implementation of smart contracts in buying and selling transactions via social media raises attention to the position of buyers who generally often do not benefit because of the irregularity between sellers and buyers. Therefore, there are numerous aspects of consumer protection that must be considered, such as advertising of product, standard clauses, and use of personal data
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Soualhi, Younes, und Abdulmajid Obaid Hasan Saleh. „العقود الذكيّة وآفاق تطبيقها في المصرفية الا جتماعية: رؤية فقهية مقاصدية SMART CONTRACTS AND THE PROSPECTS FOR THEIR APPLICATION IN SOCIAL BANKING: A MAQASID JURISPRUDENTIAL VISION“. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law 12, Nr. 2 (31.08.2024): 490–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol12no2.599.
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This research paper aims to explore aspects of smart contract technology in Islamic finance, focusing on its legitimacy, objectives, and potential applications in Islamic social finance. This study relies on comparative qualitative analysis methodology and revolves around discussing the nature of smart contracts, the challenges related to their formulation and implementation, regulatory frameworks, and the cryptocurrencies used within them. The study presents proposed models for utilizing smart contracts in Islamic social finance and uses comparisons between different experiences to provide in-depth insights.This article also presents proposed models for leveraging smart contracts in Islamic social finance, using a comparative qualitative analysis approach. The study underscores the significance of integrating new innovations to maintain leadership in finance, as Islamic finance seeks to integrate its principles with Sharia-compliant systems and develop products that combine technological excellence with Sharia compliance. This study provides important findings and valuable recommendations for integrating smart contracts into Islamic social finance, contributing to enhancing innovations and developing advanced financial tools that effectively meet market needs while complying with Sharia principles. ملخص البحث هذه الورقة البحثية تهدف إلى استكشاف جوانب تقنية العقود الذكية في المالية الإسلامية، مركزة على شرعيتها، وأهدافها، واستخداماتها المحتملة في التمويل الاجتماعي الإسلامي. يتمحور منهج الدراسة حول مناقشة طبيعة العقود الذكية، والمشكلات المتعلقة بصياغتها وتنفيذها، والأطر التنظيمية لها، والعملات المشفرة المستخدمة ضمنها. كما يقدم الورق نماذج مقترحة للاستفادة من العقود الذكية في التمويل الاجتماعي الإسلامي، باستخدام منهج تحليلي نوعي مقارن. وتبرز أهمية الدراسة في الحاجة الملحة إلى اعتماد الابتكارات الجديدة للحفاظ على الريادة في المالية، حيث تسعى المالية الإسلامية لدمج مبادئها مع الأنظمة المتوافقة مع الشريعة وتطوير منتجات تجمع بين التميز التكنولوجي والامتثال الشرعي. الدراسة تأتي بنتائج مهمة وتوصيات قيمة لدمج العقود الذكية في التمويل الاجتماعي الإسلامي، مما يسهم في تعزيز الابتكارات وتطوير أدوات مالية متقدمة تلبي احتياجات السوق بشكل أكثر فعالية وامتثالًا للشريعة.
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Liu, Dianting, und Dong Liang. „A Blockchain Approach of Model Architecture for Crowdsourcing Design Services under the Context of Social Manufacturing“. Machines 11, Nr. 1 (05.01.2023): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11010069.
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Crowdsourcing design is generally monitored by the platform. However, the traditional crowdsourcing platforms face problems such as centralization, lack of credibility and vulnerability to single point of failure. Under the context of social manufacturing, how to address these potential issues has both research and substantial value. In this paper, we introduce decentralized blockchain technology for crowdsourcing service systems and propose a method to manage and control the process of crowdsourcing design services. We depict complex crowdsourcing logic by smart contract. The process of crowdsourcing design is not dependent on any third party. It is decentralized, tamper-proof, traceable and protects the privacy of users to a certain extent. We implement this crowdsourcing design system on a specific blockchain test network to experiment and test its functionalities. Experiment results show the feasibility and usability of our crowdsourcing design system. In the future, we will further improve the algorithmic logic of smart contracts so that they can run stably and securely in a complex node network environment.
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Zhao, Tong, und Qiaoming Hou. „The Development Strategy of Dual-Channel Supply Chain of Smart Elderly Care Service from the Perspective of Time Perception“. Complexity 2024 (27.02.2024): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/4957463.
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The development of smart elderly industry is an inevitable way to cope with the aging of the population. This research takes the smart elderly care service supply chain as the object, combines the social emotional choice theory for the first time, and uses the time perception to refine the elderly care demand into future-orientation demand and present-orientation demand. This paper analyzes the coordination effect of suppliers’ efforts to meet the needs of the elderly under the two conditions of no contract and benefit-sharing contract on the dual-channel supply chain of smart elderly care services. The results show that the benefit-sharing contract is more conducive to maximizing the profit of the supply chain, and the segmentation of elderly demand is conducive to giving full play to the advantages of dual-channel differentiated services, which is conducive to forming a win-win situation of improving the service efficiency of the smart elderly service supply chain and increasing the happiness index of elderly users. The main contributions of this paper are: Using geriatric behavioral psychology to analyze the motivation of the elderly and designing the service effort level index considering the needs of the elderly. Match online and offline channels with personalized services to give full play to the “smart” effect. Based on the game method of Hotelling and Stackelberg, the coordination and optimization of the smart elderly care services dual-channel supply chain, considering the needs of the elderly are realized. This is of great research significance for maximizing the benefits of the smart elderly service supply chain and promoting the development of the smart elderly industry.
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Zenin, S. S., D. L. Kuteynikov, O. A. Izhaev und I. M. Yapryntsev. „Law Making in the Conditions of Algorithmization of Law“. Lex Russica, Nr. 7 (23.07.2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.164.7.097-104.
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The paper is devoted to the study of law and computer algorithms as tools regulating social and technical processes. The purpose of this work is to study the possibilities of using computer code to regulate public relations, as well as the impact of this process on traditional legislative procedures.The paper puts forward the thesis that computer code regulating technical processes can be used to a certain extent in the legal sphere of activity. To use computer code in law making, it is necessary to define the scope of legal regulation, develop an appropriate programming language and adopt a system of internal and external code audit measures that will ensure transparency, legality of the code and, as a result, public confidence in the adopted normative legal acts.One example is smart contracts used in certain areas. The authors have studied various approaches to the definition of the term "smart contract" and formulated an integrative definition of this concept. When using a smart contract in the legal sphere, this term should be understood as a legally binding contract drawn up in the form of computer code and supported by appropriate legal remedies.In this paper, the authors investigate the possible consequences of using computer code in law making and propose a number of additional measures (requirements) to the procedure for adopting regulatory legal acts. The authors summarize that law is to a certain extent an algorithm, which means that the same methods can be used to regulate public relations that are used in the technical sphere to fix the sequence of various operations.
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Kontos, Christos, Theodor Panagiotakopoulos und Achilles Kameas. „Applications of Blockchain and Smart Contracts to Address Challenges of Cooperative, Connected, and Automated Mobility“. Sensors 24, Nr. 19 (27.09.2024): 6273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24196273.
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Population growth and environmental burden have turned the efforts of cities globally toward smarter and greener mobility. Cooperative and Connected Automated Mobility (CCAM) serves as a concept with the power and potential to help achieve these goals building on technological fields like Internet of Things, computer vision, and distributed computing. However, its implementation is hindered by various challenges covering technical parameters such as performance and reliability in tandem with other issues, such as safety, accountability, and trust. To overcome these issues, new distributed and decentralized approaches like blockchain and smart contracts are needed. This paper identifies a comprehensive inventory of CCAM challenges including technical, social, and ethical challenges. It then describes the most prominent methodologies using blockchain and smart contracts to address them. A comparative analysis of the findings follows, to draw useful conclusions and discuss future directions in CCAM and relevant blockchain applications. The paper contributes to intelligent transportation systems’ research by offering an integrated view of the difficulties in substantiating CCAM and providing insights on the most popular blockchain and smart contract technologies that tackle them.
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ermakova, irina viktorovna. „Impact of networkization of the economy upon changes in the provisions of competition law (on the example of blockchain and smart contracts in the area of advertising and intellectual property law)“. Юридические исследования, Nr. 9 (September 2020): 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2020.9.34183.
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The subject of this research is the legal norms that regulate legal relations in the context of application of blockchain technology and smart contracts based on it in the area of online advertising and intellectual property. The object of this research is the social relations emerging in the indicated spheres. Analysis is conducted on the concepts and characteristics of blockchain technology and smart contracts. The author also reviews some controversial theoretical and practical issues, such as terminology, legal nature of blockchain, smart contracts, and related concepts. Examples are provided of the currently existing blockchain platforms and services premised on them. The novelty of the conducted research consists in focusing on the relevant problems that emerge in the conditions of network economy in such spheres as online advertising and intellectual property. On the example of blockchain platforms functioning in the indicated spheres, the author reveals the problems the can be resolved using such technologies. The author also underlines certain practical difficulties that arise in the process of application of blockchain and smart contracts, particularly associated with the absence of legal definition of a number of concepts. The examples of corresponding court decisions are provided. A proposal is made on the need for consolidation on the legislative level of definitions of such concepts as “blockchain”, “smart contract”, “cryptocurrency”, and “token”.
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Atiyah, Ghassan Adhab, Nazura Abdul Manap, Ahmed Ismael Ibrahim und Abdur Rahman. „Legitimacy of Smart Contracts from the Perspective of Islamic Law: A Case Study of Blockchain Transactions“. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 9, Nr. 1 (30.05.2024): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v9i1.8726.
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Blockchain smart contracts is a digital program based on the blockchain design that accommodates certain data stored in their internal logic. The decentralized nature of this technology prevents unauthorized access. This technology require the use of cryptocurrencies to be effectively utilized as a medium of exchange. While cryptocurrencies have received wide recognition as an improvement to modern business transactions. However, in the Muslim communities, Muslim scholars have divergent views on the permissibility and prohibition of cryptocurrencies on certain grounds. Islamic law is characterized by outstanding flexibility that enables it to keep pace with the development of time and place, and gives it the validity to interact to address emerging issues that stand in people's way. This study aims to examine blockhain smart contracts, how they work, the religious ruling surrounding its permissibility. As well as the consensus of Muslim Scholars on its usage by Muslim communities. The study adopts qualitative doctrinal, library based or normative judicial research to analyze blockchain smart contracts and their suitability and compatibility with Islamic law. By examining the law from the perspective of social reality, the researchers qualitatively analyzed the concept of Smart contracts within the boundaries of law and its application under Islamic law. Delving into deductive reasoning and conclusions based on consensus of scholars. This study found that blockchain smart contracts falls within the permissibility principle, The Maliki school sale on credit and negotiations under the ijtihadi perspective. This research suggests the need for further study to shed light on this new type of contract to support its acceptability among Muslim communities.
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Маркова, Е. С., О. Н. Митрофанова und А. Д. Конов. „Prospects for the use of smart contracts in russia“. Вестник МИРБИС, Nr. 2(38) (26.07.2024): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25634/mirbis.2024.2.15.
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Данная статья посвящена вопросам современной технологии смарт-контрактов. Дана оценка влияния смарт-контрактов на бизнес-среду. Проанализирована популярная блокчейн- платформа для разработки и внедрения смарт-контрактов. Рассмотрены основные возможности и особенности смарт-контрактов, успешно проведен анализ технологии, предложены варианты по решению проблем после анализа. Входе исследования авторы приходят к выводу о том, что, развивая смарт-контракты и применяя их в практике, будут снижаться затраты, повышаться эффективность, увеличиваться прозрачность в управлении, что указывает на возможность преобразования деловой России. Важно подчеркнуть, что для реализации этого потенциала, необходимо пройти путь, соединяя нормативно-правовую базу, технологические возможности и преодолевая социальные барьеры, и поможет создать новые возможности для участия в экономической деятельности. This article is devoted to the issues of modern smart contract technology. An assessment of the impact of smart contracts on the business environment is given. The popular blockchain platform for the development and implementation of smart contracts is analyzed. The main features and features of smart contracts are considered, the technology has been successfully analyzed, and options for solving problems after analysis are proposed. Based on the study, the authors conclude that by developing smart contracts and applying them in practice, costs will decrease, efficiency will increase, and transparency in management will increase, which indicates the possibility of transforming business Russia. It is important to emphasize that in order to realize this potential, it is necessary to go through a path connecting the regulatory framework, technological capabilities and overcoming social barriers, and will help create new opportunities for participation in economic activities.
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Peng, Xiangzhen, Xin Zhang, Xiaoyi Wang, Haisheng Li, Jiping Xu, Zhiyao Zhao und Yanhong Wang. „Research on the Cross-Chain Model of Rice Supply Chain Supervision Based on Parallel Blockchain and Smart Contracts“. Foods 11, Nr. 9 (27.04.2022): 1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091269.
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Rice is one of the three major staple foods in the world, and the quality and safety of rice are related to the development of human beings. The new crown epidemic, pesticide residues, insect pests, and heavy metal pollution have a certain security impact on the food supply chain. The rice supply chain is characterized by a long life cycle; complex roles in the main links; many types of hazards; and multidimensional, multisource, and heterogeneous information. To strengthen the rice supply chain’s supervision ability under the epidemic situation, a supervision cross-chain model suitable for the complicated data of the rice supply chain based on parallel blockchain theory and smart contract technology was built. Firstly, the data collected in the rice supply chain and different types of data stored in different parallel blockchains were analyzed. Secondly, based on data analysis, a collection/supervision cross-chain mechanism based on “hash lock + smart contract + relay chain”, a concurrency mechanism based on the K-means algorithm and a Bloom filter, and a consensus mechanism suitable for multichain consensus named the Supervision Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (SPBFT) were proposed. Furthermore, a cross-chain model of rice supply chain supervision was constructed. Finally, theoretical verification and simulation experiments were used to analyze the operation process, safety, cross-chain efficiency, and scalability of the model. The results showed that the application of parallel blockchains and smart contracts to supervision of rice supply chain information improved the convenience and security of information interaction between various links in the rice supply chain, the storage cost of supply chain data and the high latency of interaction was reduced, and the refined management of the rice supply chain data and personnel was realized. This research applied new information technology to the coordination and resource sharing of the food supply chain, and provides ideas for the digital transformation of the food industry.
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Radojević, Bojan, Lazar Lazić und Marija Cimbaljević. „Rescaling smart destinations: The growing importance of smart geospatial services during and after COVID-19 pandemic“. Geographica Pannonica 24, Nr. 3 (2020): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gp24-28009.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed numerous, lasting adverse effects on the global tourism industry. At the same time, it exposed the competitive advantages that existing smart tourism infrastructure could provide for addressing urgent health issues and providing meaningful smart services. This paper initially provides examples of smart geospatial services based on COVID-19 pandemic-related data, such as algorithms for measuring social distancing through CCTV and proximity contract tracing protocols and applications. Indeed, smart destinations, as an evolutionary step of smart cities, very quickly became a practical and research framework in various other disciplines, from leisure and service-oriented to technical and geospatial domains. However, various technologies employed and interests of different stockholders create a constant need for rescaling of smart data to facilitate their usability in providing optimized smart tourism services. One of the pressing concerns is the functional alignment of geospatial data with tourism-related data. Thus, we aim to pinpoint the growing importance of smart geospatial services, by pointing to the main downturn of the current smart destination issue with geospatial data resolutions, and, by building upon the relations of the geospatial layer of data with the tourism-specific layer. To this end, we pinpoint two further research directions - reinvestigating spatial and temporal resolution as a core of data smartness and the need for contextual (tourism-oriented) scaling of smart technology. This could be of keen interest in post-pandemic tourism, where smart geospatial services will be of pressing concern, but also it still an issue to be resolved in further smart destination development.
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Li, Kai, Shixuan Guan und Darren Lee. „Towards Understanding and Characterizing the Arbitrage Bot Scam In the Wild“. Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 7, Nr. 3 (07.12.2023): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3626783.
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This paper presents the first comprehensive analysis of an emerging cryptocurrency scam named "arbitrage bot" disseminated on online social networks. The scam revolves around Decentralized Exchanges (DEX) arbitrage and aims to lure victims into executing a so-called "bot contract" to steal funds from them. To entice victims and convince them of this scheme, we found that scammers have flocked to publish YouTube videos to demonstrate plausible profits and provide detailed instructions and links to the bot contract. To collect the scam at a large scale, we developed a fully automated scam detection system namedCryptoScamHunter, which continuously collects YouTube videos and automatically detects scams. Meanwhile,CryptoScamHunter can download the source code of the bot contract from the provided links and extract the associated scam cryptocurrency address. Through deployingCryptoScamHunter from Jun. 2022 to Jun. 2023, we have detected 10,442 arbitrage bot scam videos published from thousands of YouTube accounts. Our analysis reveals that different strategies have been utilized in spreading the scam, including crafting popular accounts, registering spam accounts, and using obfuscation tricks to hide the real scam address in the bot contracts. Moreover, from the scam videos we have collected over 800 malicious bot contracts with source code and extracted 354 scam addresses. By further expanding the scam addresses with a similar contract matching technique, we have obtained a total of 1,697 scam addresses. Through tracing the transactions of all scam addresses on the Ethereum mainnet and Binance Smart Chain, we reveal that over 25,000 victims have fallen prey to this scam, resulting in a financial loss of up to 15 million USD. Overall, our work sheds light on the dissemination tactics and censorship evasion strategies adopted in the arbitrage bot scam, as well as on the scale and impact of such a scam on online social networks and blockchain platforms, emphasizing the urgent need for effective detection and prevention mechanisms against such fraudulent activity.
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Li, Kai, Shixuan Guan und Darren Lee. „Towards Understanding and Characterizing the Arbitrage Bot Scam In the Wild“. ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 52, Nr. 1 (11.06.2024): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3673660.3655088.
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This paper presents the first comprehensive analysis of an emerging cryptocurrency scam named "arbitrage bot" disseminated on online social networks. The scam revolves around Decentralized Exchanges (DEX) arbitrage and aims to lure victims into executing a so-called "bot contract" to steal funds from them. To entice victims and convince them of this scheme, we found that scammers have flocked to publish YouTube videos to demonstrate plausible profits and provide detailed instructions and links to the bot contract. To collect the scam at a large scale, we developed a fully automated scam detection system named CryptoScamHunter, which continuously collects YouTube videos and automatically detects scams. Meanwhile, CryptoScamHunter can download the source code of the bot contract from the provided links and extract the associated scam cryptocurrency address. Through deploying CryptoScamHunter from Jun. 2022 to Jun. 2023, we have detected 10,442 arbitrage bot scam videos published from thousands of YouTube accounts. Our analysis reveals that different strategies have been utilized in spreading the scam, including crafting popular accounts, registering spam accounts, and using obfuscation tricks to hide the real scam address in the bot contracts. Moreover, from the scam videos we have collected over 800 malicious bot contracts with source code and extracted 354 scam addresses. By further expanding the scam addresses with a similar contract matching technique, we have obtained a total of 1,697 scam addresses. Through tracing the transactions of all scam addresses on the Ethereum mainnet and Binance Smart Chain, we reveal that over 25,000 victims have fallen prey to this scam, resulting in a financial loss of up to 15 million USD. Our work sheds light on the dissemination tactics and censorship evasion strategies adopted in the arbitrage bot scam, as well as on the scale and impact of such a scam on online social networks and blockchain platforms, emphasizing the urgent need for effective detection and prevention mechanisms against such fraudulent activity.
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Anikeev, Semyon. „On the Technologies of Decentralized Social Networks“. Obshchestvo i ekonomika, Nr. 9 (2023): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020736760027685-2.
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The article analyzes modern centralized social networks, taking into account the existing shortcomings. A methodical approach to the development of a multiplatform decentralized social network using an interplanetary file system is proposed. Besides, a decentralized social network, an Ethereum smart contract, and a module for interacting with the interplanetary file system have been developed, a solution for the client side had been designed, a database and a local server have been configured. The ways to increase the speed of loading content are analyzed. To develop the client part of a decentralized social network, several popular frameworks have been proposed. Adapted life cycle models have been investigated, that is, ways to describe the stages of software development, depending on the characteristics of a particular project. Given the specifics of developing a multi-platform decentralized social network using IPFS, Agile is supposed to be the most appropriate life cycle model. An algorithm is proposed to calculate the computational and capacitive complexity of the system being developed. The calculation takes into account the main functions of the system components.
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ZOZULYAK, Olga I., Oksana S. OLIINYK, Liliana V. SISHCHUK, Nataliia A. SLIPENCHUK und Yuliia I. PARUTA. „Actual Issues of Treaty Law in CIS Countries“. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10, Nr. 7 (31.12.2019): 2207. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v10.7(45).35.
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The development of social relations requires changes in various spheres of human activity and, accordingly, in the relations between the state and society, between the state and the individual. In addition, one of the effective regulators of these relations is a treaty, which can be used in various spheres. To date, the science has not developed a unified view of the contract, and its issues are discussed by representatives of various scientific fields, with the contract being studied as a legal fact, agreement, legal relationship, document and in this regard is defined differently. Moreover, contractual relationship is in constant flux and suffer from changes caused by various factors of legal validity. Therefore, treaty law and the rules governing contractual obligations are given a great deal of attention during improving the process of reforming civil law and ensuring its further effective implementation in the CIS. Within the framework of the conducted research and comparative analysis of the legal bases and practice of application in the sphere of treaty law, the author has formulated grounded positions on the outlined and topical issues, which are as follows: (1) the peculiarities of the use of terminology in the context of the problem of interpretation of contract terms are revealed; (2) identified problems that arise during the termination of treaties in the CIS; (3) the influence of innovative technologies and globalization and the nature of contractual relations in the territory of the CIS countries are established; (4) approaches to ‘smart-contracts’ and a public contract are disclosed; (5) the discussion approaches to understanding the concept of ‘freedom of contract’ are analyzed; 6) a conditional list of the most pressing issues of contract law that arises in the CIS are formed.
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Irawan, Bambang, Muhammad Wahyu Sabiqudin, Nizirwan Anwar und Budi Tjahjono. „Leveraging Blockchain-based Smart Contracts to Develope Trustworthy Customer Agreements“. International Journal of Science, Technology & Management 4, Nr. 4 (31.07.2023): 1081–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v4i4.907.
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The With the advancement of computer, electronic, and telecommunications technology, there has been a significant change in the world of applications, which makes it easier for humans to carry out various activities, both at work and in interacting on social media.CV. Albahritech faces the challenge of not having a quick and easy office equipment maintenance application. This limitation can have a negative impact on company operations. Currently, the maintenance process still relies on communication via WhatsApp or phone, which causes customer appointments to be missed or forgotten due to the large number of calls for customer maintenance services that cannot be fulfilled. In addition, transactions and visit reports are not properly recorded, which can cause customers to experience delays in getting treatment services or even cause customers to look for other treatment services.The currently designed application uses a blockchain-like decentralized network model, known as a DApp. This DApp has several important features that utilize blockchain technology[1], including the ability to make payments using cryptocurrencies such as Ether and the feature to record service lists for customers. In this application, smart contracts are used to create a mechanism of trust and automation in agreements or deals between the parties involved. This ensures that agreements and transactions made within the app are transparent, secure, and without the need for a third party. In addition, the app also uses IPFS for customer data storage. IPFS is a peer-to-peer file distribution system that serves to store and distribute data on the interne[2]t. The use of IPFS in this application enables distributed and decentralized data storage, thereby improving data security and reliability.
Keywords: Helpdesk, Ticketing, Blockchain, Smart Contract,IPFS.
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Khan, Nosheen, und Anum Tariq. „Role of Psychological Contract Violation between Employee Expediency and Exploitative Leadership“. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences 4, Nr. 4 (30.12.2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55737/qjss.268722239.
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Previous studies rarely examined the antecedents of employee expediency(EE) with interactive effect of exploitative leadership(EL) with mediating role of psychological contract violation(PCV) in banking sector of developing country like Pakistan. Based on social cognitive theory, this study tried to fill the research gap by investigating the direct relationship between EE and EL and also checked the mediating role of PCV between the relationship of EL and EE. To validate this relationship, 400 employees who were working in different banks of Punjab, Pakistan were investigated through survey questionnaire. The smart PLS 4.0 was used to measure the relationship and test the hypothesis in which structured equation modeling played a vital role in checking the relationship between variables. The results showed that EL directly effect on EE. This study also found that PCV mediates the relationship between EL and EE. This study enhances the literature and body of knowledge in HRM and OB. Finally, this study helps managers to understand the employees, co-operate and support them in order to get good performance from them and to improve the overall performance of organization.
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Gulyamov, Said. „Application of Computational Law and Artificial Intelligence Methods for Sharia Compliance Analysis of E-Waste Management Systems Based on Blockchain“. Suhuf 36, Nr. 1 (24.05.2024): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/suhuf.v36i1.4447.
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This paper aims to 1) develop a methodology using computational law and blockchain technology to ensure Sharia compliance in e-waste management systems; 2) propose a conceptual model for a Sharia blockchain platform enabling compliance monitoring and verification; and 3) formulate recommendations to facilitate real-world implementation. The study employs a conceptual approach using inductive analysis of Sharia principles, deductive reasoning, and systems modeling to formulate design requirements and components for a blockchain platform that can enable transparent, tamper-proof monitoring and control of e-waste handling in accordance with Islamic law. Firstly, analysis reveals five key criteria for Sharia compliance in e-waste management and how blockchain, smart contracts, and AI can address these. A comprehensive compliance assurance methodology leveraging these technologies is proposed. Secondly, a conceptual model is delineated for a multipurpose Sharia blockchain platform encompassing consensus, cryptography, smart contract rule engines, and AI analytics. Thirdly, recommendations are synthesized covering technological, regulatory, economic, infrastructure, and social factors needed to enable real-world implementation. This pioneering research bridges Sharia law, sustainability, and emerging technologies to offer culturally attuned e-waste management solutions. The methodology, conceptual models, and practical framework devised inform development of next-generation systems for values-aligned compliance assurance, with potential impact extending beyond the realm of e-waste contexts.
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Huang, Zhaoxiong, Zhenhao Li, Chun Sing Lai, Zhuoli Zhao, Xiaomei Wu, Xuecong Li, Ning Tong und Loi Lei Lai. „A Novel Power Market Mechanism Based on Blockchain for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations“. Electronics 10, Nr. 3 (27.01.2021): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030307.
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This work presents a novel blockchain-based energy trading mechanism for electric vehicles consisting of day-ahead and real-time markets. In the day-ahead market, electric vehicle users submit their bidding price to participate in the double auction mechanism. Subsequently, the smart match mechanism will be conducted by the charging system operator, to meet both personal interests and social benefits. After clearing the trading result, the charging system operator uploads the trading contract made in the day-ahead market to the blockchain. In the real-time market, the charging system operator checks the trading status and submits the updated trading results to the blockchain. This mechanism encourages participants in the double auction to pursue higher interests, in addition to rationally utilize the energy unmatched in the auction and to achieve the improvement of social welfare. Case studies are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. For buyers and sellers who successfully participate in the day-ahead market, the total profit increase for buyer and seller are 22.79% and 53.54%, respectively, as compared to without energy trading. With consideration of social welfare in the smart match mechanism, the peak load reduces from 182 to 146.5 kW, which is a 19.5% improvement.
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Saidel, Judith. „Smart Partnership in Contracting: Thriving in a Period of Intense Policy Uncertainty“. Nonprofit Policy Forum 8, Nr. 2 (26.09.2017): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npf-2017-0002.
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AbstractThe smart partnership framework introduced in this article is derived from extensive, on-site interviews with nonprofit and public contract managers conducted in several grounded research projects between 2011 and 2015 and from the research literature on contracting. The framework demonstrates the continuing explanatory power of resource dependence theory that disentangles the formidable influence of the public policy environment on organizational action. It is intended to provide a coherent guide for practice by enabling nonprofit managers in the social services field to navigate the current intense environmental uncertainty in which cross-sector contracting relationships between government agencies and nonprofit organizations are embedded. By providing an accessible way to understand an extraordinarily complex set of inter-organizational dynamics, the model offers a research-based definition and clear visualization of what it means to be a smart partner. It highlights the necessity of understanding the norms, expectations, structures, processes, and culture within which sector counterpart contract managers operate. Fundamental to the range of managerial strategies that the framework calls for is the need explicitly to attend to relationship building, to patterns of variation in relationships over time, and to their probable consequences. The integrative model consists of three inter-related organizational competencies and a number of secondary competencies. Competency 1: understand the dynamic nature of contracting relationships; secondary competencies: recognize predictable variations in relationships; comprehend the importance of multiple institutional logics. Competency 2: develop and sustain capacity for strategic adaptation; secondary competencies: build external and internal learning capacity; discern power shifts in inter-organizational relationships; maintain capability for strategic repositioning. Competency 3: participate proactively in shaping policy change; secondary competencies: attend to relationship development and nurturance; build trust and credibility.
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Thombare, Shreyas. „Multipurposed Intelligent ID Card for Social Distancing & Safety Emergency alert systems“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, Nr. 11 (30.11.2021): 1361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39021.
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Abstract: This proposed invention is related with multipurpose device which is intelligent id card provided to the employee will help track and trace by connecting to the respective corporate server network. This server acts as a central intelligence and provides a dashboard that will help set up and get data and insights. These constantly monitor the smart cards and transmit their position to the central system. Many important multi-tasking tasks can be performed using this smart ID card which has the ability to provide real-time location information and also automatically identify if the person is where they should be. Accidents, such as a person walking into a danger zone, can be easily reported. In the event of a fire, you can quickly find the total people count along with the latest positions. The crowding of places such as offices, shops, workplaces, bathrooms, canteens, etc. it can be reported in real-time in order to avoid any infections. The temperature measurement alone is useless if the readings are not associated with the employee and are recorded to analyses trends. The proposed ID card will keep track of the number of times the employee has washed their hands. If not, a social notification will be raised. With real-time monitoring, you can easily provide daily attendance data to HR for payroll calculation and contract work invoice review. The employee's Bluetooth tag will help track time spent within the authorized area and will sound an alarm if the person enters a danger zone, all in real-time. The employee tag will allow the employee to send an SOS signal in case of any danger or panic situation. It will not be necessary to keep an attendance register. The tag will automatically record the time of entry and exit. A body sensor attached to the ID card will detect if the card is moved away from the body and kept aside. Hence, there is no possibility of cheating. The battery inside the card would last 5 to 10 years. IP 65, therefore resistant to water and rain. No maintenance is required. Keywords: Covid-19 study, Safety Device, Health Tracking, Social distancing, smart id.
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Patmanathan, Pvheanushaa, Kavitha Arunasalam, Kahyahthri Suppiah und Dhamayanthi Arumugam. „The effectiveness of blockchain technology in preventing financial cybercrime“. E3S Web of Conferences 389 (2023): 07022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338907022.
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The primary objective of this research is to study the effectiveness of blockchain technology in preventing financial cybercrime. In this research, the researcher intends to know the effectiveness of blockchain technology in preventing financial cybercrime, the white-collar crime which is growing drastically globally. The researcher uses the primary method to collect the data. In this study, four different variables that influence financial cybercrime significantly are immutability, smart contract, distributed ledger technology and consensus algorithm. The data was collected from the targeted respondents which are accountants, IT experts and human resources. Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS) is being utilized to evaluate the relationship between the four variables which able to influence financial cybercrime. A total of 70 survey questionnaires were delivered to the targeted respondents via a convenience sampling strategy. Responses from 70 participants were entered into SPSS one by one to generate descriptive and inferential statistics. Financial cybercrime is positively correlated with immutability, smart contract, distributed ledger technology and consensus algorithms. As a result, the analysis of the collected data for this research rejects the null hypothesis, while supporting the alternative hypothesis. The conclusion that can derive from this research is that users and organizations should be aware of the financial cybercrime risks that take place around them and the importance to have vital tools that are not vulnerable to malicious attacks. This research creates awareness for users and companies on the usage of blockchain to prevent financial cybercrime.
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Koomson, Samuel, Abigail Opoku Mensah und Eric Koomson. „Unmet expectations and job involvement among doctors: does individual conscientiousness play a mitigating role?“ British Journal of Healthcare Management 28, Nr. 12 (02.12.2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2020.0026.
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Background/Aims Doctors are responsible for leading the care of patients. This study analysed the moderating role of individual conscientiousness on the relationship between psychological contract breach and levels of job involvement among medical doctors working in Ghana. A psychological contract breach occurs when an organisation does not deliver on their expected obligations to an employee, whether these expectations are written or unwritten. Methods All 251 doctors working in the upper east and upper west regions of Ghana were invited to participate, of which 214 doctors responded. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires, with 15 statements relating to psychological contract breach, 10 statements relating to job involvement and four statements relating to individual conscientiousness. Respondents rated their agreement to the statements on a 7-point Likert scale (1=least agreement; 7=strongest agreement). Participant demographics were also collected. Relationships between the data for each section were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 24) and the Smart PLS 2.0M.3. Results Psychological contract breach was found to have a significant negative relationship with job involvement (P<0.05). Conscientiousness had a moderating effect on this relationship, meaning that doctors who were more conscientious were less likely to reduce their job involvement when a psychological contract breach occurred. Conclusions When a psychological contract breach occurs, doctors who have a conscientious personality trait are likely to continue showing high levels of job involvement. This implies that doctors who are naturally hardworking, organised, disciplined and highly motivated are more likely to persevere with psychological and emotional commitment to their role, but this may make them more vulnerable to mistreatment (whether intentional or not) by their employer.
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Miori, Virginia M., und Richard T. Herschel. „Exploring Big Data Footprints and Ethics“. International Journal of Business Intelligence Research 10, Nr. 2 (Juli 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbir.2019070101.
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Big Data is collected via engagement in online activity and undergraduate students tend to be particularly heavy users of digital media. This article explores their online activity to assess their participation and usage patterns as well as their ethical perspectives. The research finds that these students have a somewhat substantial Big Data footprint since they actively engage in social media, use smart devices, shop online, use streaming services, and employ digital tools. Social connectedness necessitates the potential for their privacy being compromised and the findings suggest that introverts are more concerned about this issue then extroverts are. However, people of both types are concerned about conveying a positive image online. The majority of those surveyed primarily identified with the values expressed by the Utilitarian and Kantian ethical perspectives and less so with those expressed by Social Contract Theory and Virtue Ethics. However, study participants did not consistently ground their moral values in any one of these ethical theories.