Zeitschriftenartikel: „Sludge drainage“

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Dharmappa, H. B., A. Hasia und P. Hagare. „Water treatment plant residuals management“. Water Science and Technology 35, Nr. 8 (01.04.1997): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0296.

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Water treatment plants produce enormous amounts of sludge. Due to increased environmental concern, recently, there is considerable amount of pressure on the water authorities for the safe disposal of the sludge. Currently, the most acceptable form of disposal is sanitary landfilling, which requires sludge to be dewatered to 20-40% of solids. One of the most commonly used dewatering techniques is sand drying beds. This process is popular because of its reliability, ease of use and low cost. However, one of the basic concerns with this process is the requirement of a large area of land. This could be overcome by chemical conditioning of the sludge, which can accelerate the dewatering rate substantially. At this stage, however, there are no guidelines for the design of the sand drying beds for treating chemically conditioned sludges. This study is conducted to investigate the design and performance of sand drying beds for treating chemically conditioned water treatment plant (WTP) sludge. Experiments are conducted using laboratory scale sand drainage columns. The results indicate that the drainage rates, after adding polymer, increased by 9 times for clarifier sludge and 20-25 times for filter backwash sludge. Thus, the land area requirement for sand drainage bed can be drastically reduced through polymer addition. Optimal dose of polymer is found to be between 3 and 6 kg/t of dry solids, with dilute sludges requiring high dosages. The cake solids concentration increased from 3 to 12% as the polymer dose increased from 0 to 16 kg/t of dry solids. The variation of drainage rates and cake solids with solids/hydraulic loading rates are found to vary depending on the type of sludges and polymers. The filtrate quality is found to be independent of polymer dose and solids loading rates.

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Zhang, Jiesheng, Yongzheng Qi, Xue Zhang, Guofu Zhang, Hang Yang und Firdawus Nattabi. „Experimental investigation of sludge dewatering for single- and double-drainage conditions with a vacuum negative pressure load at the bottom“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 6 (28.06.2021): e0253806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253806.

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The moisture content of municipal sludge is relatively high, which increases the cost of sludge transportation and treatment. To reduce the volume of the sludge, sludge dewatering is needed. This paper proposes the theory of sludge dewatering and facilitates efficient and economical technology of sludge dewatering. Sludge dewatering tests were carried out by using homemade rapid sludge dewatering devices. There were two groups of tests with single- and double-drainage conditions, and all test runs were loaded with a negative vacuum pressure at the bottom. During the experiments, the vacuum degree and the pore water pressure in the sludge were monitored in real time. After the experiments, the data were compared and analyzed. At the initial stage, the sludge dewatering extent and the sludge dewatering velocity for double-drainage conditions were much higher than those for single-drainage conditions. The vacuum occurring for single-drainage conditions lagged behind that for double-drainage conditions in the sludge. The value of vacuum degree for single-drainage conditions was lower than that for double-drainage conditions, and the vacuum attenuation for single-drainage conditions was considerable. The excess pore water pressure for double-drainage conditions dissipated faster than that for single-drainage conditions in the sludge. The pore water pressure for single-drainage conditions at the top and middle of the sludge layer first increased and then decreased in the early loading stage, resembling the Mandel effect. Overall, with a vacuum negative pressure load at the bottom, the sludge dewatering efficiency for double-drainage conditions was much higher than that for single-drainage conditions. This study provides an experimental and theoretical basis for engineering applications in the sludge treatment industry.

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Gazbar, S., J. M. Abadie und F. Colin. „Combined action of electro-osmotic drainage and mechanical compression on sludge dewatering“. Water Science and Technology 30, Nr. 8 (01.10.1994): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0404.

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The efficiency of the implemented industrial means of sludge dewatering, at the present time, is not sufficient. Therefore, research of new techniques of advanced dewatering is necessary. Electro-osmotic drainage, notably used to consolidate soils, has recently been used to dewater sludges. In this work, a laboratory cell has been constructed. It permits one to superimpose a mechanical pressure adjustable to 7 kg/cm2 to the electro-osmotic drainage. The application of an electrical field decreases the specific resistance of sludges to filtration with variable factor, which can result from both the electrical conductivity and the charge of the particles. However, in thickening, it enables organic sludges to reach very high solids concentration when compared to their dewatering by filtration under high mechanical pressure. The energy consumption does not seem to be an important constraint in sludge dewatering with this technique.

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Wu, Yajun, Binjie Song, Yitian Lu, Qingyang Deng und Guang Chen. „Experimental Study on the Influencing Factors of Treatment of Landfill Sludge Using Vacuum Preloading with the Fenton Reagent“. Geofluids 2021 (16.06.2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9962141.

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At present, there is a lack of necessary technical parameters for sludge vacuum reinforcement. To explore the effects of the drain board type on sludge vacuum reinforcement, the Fenton reagent was used to pretreat the landfill sludge in a sludge landfill area in Shanghai, and then, vacuum preloading contrast tests of different prefabricated vertical drainage types were carried out. During the test, the discharge and settlement of sludge were recorded. After the test, the moisture content, shear strength, and appearance of PVD were measured and analysed. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the optimum ratio of H2O2 and Fe2+ is 2 for the landfill sludge; (2) the total displacement and accumulated settlement of the test group with integral prefabricated vertical drainage are 1.7 times and 1.2 times those of the separate prefabricated vertical drainage, respectively; (3) the type of prefabricated vertical drainage has no effect on the distribution of water content and shear strength; and (4) when the sludge is vacuum strengthened, the integral prefabricated vertical drainage should be preferred.

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Feilin, Hao, und Shen Mingwei. „Design, simulation, and laboratory test of a single sludge drainage pipe for wastewater treatment sedimentation tank“. Water Science and Technology 82, Nr. 5 (21.08.2020): 905–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.397.

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Abstract This study develops a novel design scheme based on engineering fluid mechanics for the single-pipe-type sludge drainage mechanism of sedimentation tanks in the wastewater treatment industry. A laboratory-scale clarifier is fabricated for experimental verification. Sludge drainage ratio and suspended solids (SS) of inflow are selected as two factors for laboratory experiments, and SS values are measured to evaluate the performance of the sludge drainage pipe. Experiment data show that the designed single sludge drainage pipe can successfully achieve the supposed task with a coefficient of variation (CV) of SS less than 8.5%. The variation scope of CV from 1.5% to 8.3% suggests that the sludge drainage performance is relatively steady. Nine sets of 3D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations, which is based on the inhomogeneous Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase model, were conducted for a comprehensive exploration and assessment. Results reveal noticeable deviations of the characteristics of the fluid in the outermost orifice of the sludge drainage pipe from the designed value. Although the fluid velocity through each orifice is matched with the designed values, the mass flowrate differs with a maximum of four times the designed value and a standard deviation of 0.4 of hole among the nine simulations. This study also suggests some considerations in the design process and routine operation of the single-pipe-type sludge drainage system.

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Martel, C. James, und Carl J. Diener. „Pilot-scale studies of sludge dewatering in a freezing bed“. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, Nr. 4 (01.08.1991): 681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-083.

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In 1986, a pilot-scale sludge freezing bed was constructed at the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.A. This bed was operated for the next three years using both anaerobically and aerobically digested sludges. Results indicate that both sludges were effectively dewatered by this process. The maximum depth of sludge frozen during this study was 1.14 m. The final solid contents were 39.3% and 24.5% for anaerobically digested and aerobically digested sludges respectively. The quality of the meltwater from the bed was similar to raw wastewater. The actual depth of sludge frozen and thawed in the bed during each year of operation was very close to that predicted by design models. Operational experience demonstrated the importance of a sand layer at the bottom of the bed for adequate drainage. Also, odors developed when the meltwater was allowed to accumulate in the bed. Odors were not a problem when the meltwater was drained away as quickly as it formed. Both sludges were easily removed with a front-end loader. Key words: sludge freezing bed, freeze–thaw conditioning, freeze–thaw separation, sludge dewatering, freezing bed.

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Sukati, Bonokwakhe Hezekiel, Pieter Christiaan De Jager, John George Annandale und Philip Dale Tanner. „The Hazardous Status of High Density Sludge from Acid Mine Drainage Neutralization“. Sustainability 10, Nr. 11 (13.11.2018): 4185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114185.

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Classification of waste is an essential part of waste management to limit potential environmental pollution; however, global systems vary. The objective was to understand the waste classification of high density sludge (HDS) from acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment, according to selected global systems. Three sludges from two limestone treatment plants, and three others from a limestone and lime treatment plant from the Mpumalanga coalfields of the Republic of South Africa (RSA) were evaluated. Systems for the RSA, Australia, Canada, China, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) were considered. The USEPA system rated all six sludges non-hazardous, Canadian and Chinese systems allocated a hazardous status to one sludge from the limestone treatment plants based on Ni solubility. The RSA system considered two of the sludges from limestone treatment plants to be higher risk materials than did the other countries. This was due mainly to the RSA system’s inclusion of Mn and use of appreciably lower minimum soluble levels for As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Se. None’s use of lime resulted in higher soluble Mn. Minimum leachable concentration thresholds for Cd, Hg, Pb, As, and Se in the RSA system were below method detection limits for Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) extracts, making the guidelines impractical, and revision is advised. Considering all the systems, the probability that the HDS from the coalfields of Mpumalanga, South Africa will be classified as hazardous waste increases if the material is only subjected to limestone treatment because of Ni solubility.

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Kowalczyk, Anna, und Tadeusz Piecuch. „Sludge dewatering in a decanter centrifuge aided by cationic flocculant Praestol 855BS and essential oil of waste orange peels“. Archives of Environmental Protection 42, Nr. 1 (01.03.2016): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2016-0001.

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Abstract In the study the comparative analysis of test results of drainage of municipal wastewater sludge was conducted with the use of flocculant Praestol 855BS and the mixture of flocculant Praestol 855BS 50% + orange essential oil 50%, as the reagents supporting this process. It was also attempted to reduce unpleasant smells exuding from the drained sludge. The process of drainage of municipal wastewater sludge was conducted in the laboratory setting centrifuge of MPW-350 type. The variable independent parameters were centrifugation time, centrifugation speed, dosage of flocculant Praestol 855BS as well as dosage of mixture in the proportion of flocculant Praestol 855BS (50%) + orange essential oil (50%). The following parameters were subject to assessment: water content in the sludge, dry mass content in the reflux as well as time of maintenance of the oil’s smell in the sludge. The conducted tests demonstrated that the orange essential oil has an impact on drop in resultant quality parameters of the drainage process of municipal wastewater sludge. Batching of the orange essential oil has an impact on considerable reduction of odours exuding from drained wastewater sludge, and thus on improvement of work conditions connected with operation of centrifugal separators. Bearing in mind both the efficient drainage process of wastewater sludge as well as simultaneous reduction of unpleasant smells exuding from the sludge during this process it is assumed and recommended to simultaneously apply both reagents, that is flocculant Praestol 855BS (50%) and orange essential oil, also in the volume of 50%.

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Christensen, Morten Lykkegaard, Rasmus Rosenlund Petersen und Lars Bjerg Jørgensen. „Simulation of sludge dewatering on belt filters“. Water Science and Technology 61, Nr. 12 (01.06.2010): 3162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.218.

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A mathematical model for belt filters was developed to determine optimum load rate and belt speed during drainage of flocculated biological sludge. Numerical simulations were performed for belt filters with and without plows, and the model fit experimental data well. Experiments showed that highly compressible cakes were formed during drainage, which was important. Due to cake compression, the final sludge dry matter content increased with load rates as long as the drainage time was sufficiently long. The dry matter content could be increased by stacking the cake at the end of the process. An optimum load rate was found. At high load rates, the drainage time was too short and the dry matter content decreased with load due to high cake resistance. The resistance could be lowered by mixing cake and suspension during the process.

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Moiambo, Osvaldo, Filipa Ferreira und José Matos. „Modelação da drenagem em leitos de secagem de lamas“. Águas e Resíduos, Nr. 5 (19.12.2019): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22181/aer.2019.0501.

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Marklund, S. „Dewatering of Drying Beds–Combined Biological-Chemical Sludge Behaviour“. Water Science and Technology 28, Nr. 10 (01.11.1993): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0206.

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Aerobically digested sludge from a small wastewater treatment plant was dewatered on five sand drying pilot beds and four small drainage beds. The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment with constant air humidity and temperature. A total of between 147 and 263 kg of a combined biological-chemical sludge was used on each of the sand drying beds. Initial sludge total solids (TS) content was 4.6 - 5.5%. Sludge drainage was completed within 28 days, and the thinner sludge layers were drained within 16 days. The sludge evaporation phase, prior to equilibrium with air moisture, lasted a maximum of 84 days and resulted in a final TS content of 88 - 92%. The drying time to achieve 30% TS was 35-50 days, depending on initial sludge thickness. Sludge cracking behaviour or rate did not control the drying rate at less than 30% TS.

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Zheng, Ai Rong, und Ai Jun Zhuge. „Laboratory Test Study on Rapid Chemical Deposition of Fresh Dredger Fill“. Advanced Materials Research 803 (September 2013): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.803.118.

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After hydraulic reclamation of the dredger fill, as the deposition of surface sludge requires a relatively long time, the consolidation treatment cannot be immediately performed until the sludge-water separation is completed and the separated water is drained. The laboratory test makes a research on the effects of chemical agents and drainage condition on the sludge deposition process. The research shows that the early-stage deposition velocity of sludge is increased obviously and the sludge-water separation time is shortened after water hydrophobing agents and polymeric flocculants are added. However, the later-stage deposition velocity is slow and the deposition strength is low. Thus, certain drainage conditions are required to increase the later-stage deposition velocity and deposition strength of sludge.

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McLaren, R. G., L. M. Clucas, M. D. Taylor und T. Hendry. „Leaching of macronutrients and metals from undisturbed soils treated with metal-spiked sewage sludge. 1. Leaching of macronutrients“. Soil Research 41, Nr. 3 (2003): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02092.

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The extent of macronutrient leaching from soils treated with sewage sludge has been examined using large undisturbed soil lysimeters of 5 different New Zealand soils (2 pasture and 3 forest soils). Nutrient leaching from the soils was monitored continuously over a period of 3 years following a single application of sewage sludge. Application of sewage sludge resulted in increased concentrations and total amounts of SO42–, NO3–, Ca, Mg, Na, and K in drainage leachates, but had little effect on Cl– and dissolved organic carbon concentrations. The quality of the analytical data in the study (several hundred individual analyses) was confirmed by the excellent charge balance between the main anions and cations in the leachates. The peaking of some cation and anion concentrations well before 1 pore volume of water had passed through the lysimeters indicated that macropore flow could be an important process facilitating nutrient leaching. However, the extent of anion and cation leaching varied greatly between soils and appeared dependent on a number of soil properties and other factors. For example, the amount of drainage and the presence of growing plants clearly had a marked effect on the extent of macronutrient leaching, as did the way in which the sludge was applied to the soil. Sulfur (as SO42–) was the dominant anion and Na+ the dominant cation leached, but concentrations of both these nutrients in the sludge used for this study were higher than would normally be expected in New Zealand sludges. The effect of sludge application on Mg2+ leaching was particularly interesting, in that the high Ca : Mg ratio of the sludge appeared to promote the leaching of native Mg from the soil.

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Shestopalov, Oleksii, Oleksandr Briankin, Nadegda Rykusova, Oksana Hetta, Valentina Raiko und Musii Tseitlin. „OPTIMIZATION OF FLOCCULAR CLEANING AND DRAINAGE OF THIN DISPERSED SLUDGES“. EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 3 (11.05.2020): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2020.001239.

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The efficiency of solid phase retention and dehydration of finely dispersed products of a coal processing plant and a metallurgical enterprise on the module for cleaning and dewatering sludge is investigated. A technique for selecting the operating parameters of equipment based on the determination of the strength criterion of flocs is proposed. A methodology for technological tests has been developed to control the flocculation process and optimize the flow of flocculant depending on the concentration of the solid phase. Industrial tests on the module for wastewater treatment and sludge dewatering using flocculants proved the effectiveness of the developed methodology. It is shown that the conditions for conducting tests on flocculation should correspond to the operating conditions of the circuit apparatus for cleaning and dewatering sludge. These conditions include sludge performance, sludge flow rate in the cross section of pipes and apparatuses, and the flow time from the flocculator to the centrifuge. During the testing of the Module, the solids retention efficiency of 97–99 % was achieved with the strength criteria of flocs in front of a centrifuge of 2–2.5 mm/s. The conditions for the high efficiency of the apparatus chain are the optimization of the aggregation process itself. It is revealed that for the formation of strong flocs it is necessary to regulate the concentration of the solid phase. For coal sludge, the concentration of the solid phase before the flocculant is fed must be maintained no higher than 50–60 g/l, and for gas treatment sludge – no higher than 20–25 g/l. Correction of the concentration of sludge before the flocculator is possible by diluting it with clarified water to the optimum concentration for aggregation. It is found that the moisture content of the sediment and the efficiency of the retention of the solid phase depend on the strength criterion of the flocs. Therefore, the optimization of the flocculant flow rate is possible by controlling and the residual floccule deposition rate after mechanical action in front of the dewatering equipment. The flocculant flow rate must be adjusted depending on the concentration of the solid phase in the sludge to achieve the desired criterion for the strength of the flocs

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REEFER, GARY B., und WILLIAM A. SACK. „IRON RECOVERY FROM NEUTRALIZED ACID MINE DRAINAGE SLUDGE†“. Chemical Engineering Communications 35, Nr. 1-6 (Mai 1985): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448508911235.

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McDonald, Danny M., John A. Webb und Jeff Taylor. „Chemical Stability of Acid Rock Drainage Treatment Sludge and Implications for Sludge Management“. Environmental Science & Technology 40, Nr. 6 (März 2006): 1984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0515194.

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Nielsen, Steen. „Sludge treatment reed bed facilities – organic load and operation problems“. Water Science and Technology 63, Nr. 5 (01.03.2011): 941–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.273.

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The dewatering of the sludge with loss on ignition between 50 and 65% will have a maximal drainage on the order of 0.008–0.020 L/s/m2. Dewatering of the sludge with loss of ignition higher than 65% of dry solids will have a maximal drainage on the order of only 0.001–0.004 L/s/m2, approximately five to 10 times lower. It can be seen that there is a tendency for the achievable dewatering result to increase with the decrease of loss on ignition or fat in the feed sludge. The correlation shows that if the loss of ignition is higher than 65% of dry solids in the feed sludge the dewatering results in approximately 10% dry solid or lower in the sludge residue, and in approximately 5% dry solid or lower in the sludge residue if the fat concentration is above 10,000 mg/kg ds in the feed sludge. In systems treating sludge with high contents of fat (15,000–30,000 mg/kg ds) and oil (2,300–7,000 mg/kg ds) and if the loss of ignition is higher than 65% (between 65–76%) the dewatering efficiencies only achieve 5–15% dry solid in the sludge residue. In systems treating sludge with low contents of fat (4,000–8,000 mg/kg ds) and oil (50–2,000 mg/kg ds) and with loss on ignition between 50–65% contents of organic solids the dewatering efficiencies achieve 20–37% dry solid in the sludge residue.

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Misselbrook, T. H., M. A. Shepherd und B. F. Pain. „Sewage sludge applications to grassland: influence of sludge type, time and method of application on nitrate leaching and herbage yield“. Journal of Agricultural Science 126, Nr. 3 (Mai 1996): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600074906.

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SUMMARYSewage sludge applications were made to two freely draining grassland sites of contrasting rainfall in SW England in 1991/92 and 1992/93. Applications were made in autumn, winter and spring (following first silage cut), with raw sludge applied by injection and digested sludge both as a surface application and injection at application rates of 140 m3/ha and 125 m3/ha for raw and digested sludge respectively. A tine-only treatment and an untreated control were also included. Nitrate leaching was measured following autumn and winter applications using porous ceramic cups. Average NO3--N concentrations in drainage water exceeded the EC limit for potable water of ll·3 mg/l following autumn injection of digested sludge at one site for both years. Average concentrations in drainage water for all other sludge treatments were below this limit. Up to 24, 11 and 6% of the applied total N was leached from injected digested, surface-applied digested and injected raw sludge respectively. Autumn applications resulted in greater leaching losses than winter application. Leaching losses were greater from digested than from raw sludge when both were applied by deep injection. Injection of digested sludge as compared to surface application exacerbated nitrate leaching losses. Herbage yields and N recoveries were better from later sludge applications, with the exception of injection treatments, where spring sludge injection during a prolonged dry period resulted in yield reductions as compared to autumn injection.

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Wang, Jun, Wenjie Shi, Wenqing Wu, Feiyu Liu, Hongtao Fu, Yuanqiang Cai, Jun Hai, Xiuqing Hu und Xiaoxiao Zhu. „Influence of composite flocculant FeCl3–APAM on vacuum drainage of river-dredged sludge“. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56, Nr. 6 (Juni 2019): 868–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0268.

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Sludge is an inevitable product of river dredging and is characterized by a high water content, high fluidity, and high heavy metal content. Its treatment requires consideration of the economic and environmental implications. In this study, a composite flocculant comprising anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) and FeCl3 was used in combination with vacuum preloading to conduct indoor tests on the treatment of dredged sludge. The monitored parameters included the water drainage rate and sludge settlement, and the water content and shear strength after testing. The addition of the composite flocculant was found to effectively enhance the flocculation of the soil and increase the soil particle size, resulting in accelerated water drainage, thus improving the treatment effect and the solidification of the contained heavy metals. The treatment was found to be optimized by an APAM:FeCl3 ratio of 1:5 in the composite flocculant, under which the moisture content of the sludge was reduced from 140% to 50%, and the solidification rate of the heavy metals exceeded 88%.

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Dominiak, Dominik, Morten Lykkegaard Christensen, Kristian Keiding und Per Halkjær Nielsen. „Sludge quality aspects of full-scale reed bed drainage“. Water Research 45, Nr. 19 (Dezember 2011): 6453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.045.

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Park, C., S. W. Hermanowicz und D. Jolis. „A novel technique for evaluating foam dynamics in anaerobic digesters“. Water Science and Technology 67, Nr. 11 (01.06.2013): 2595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.160.

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Foaming in anaerobic digesters has severe impacts on process efficiency and operational costs. In this study, we present an experimental method to determine foam behaviour and stability for various foaming solutions. This novel technique measured foam conductivity at different heights along a foam column allowing changes in foam composition to be monitored in time. We analysed foam stability which is primarily dependent on the foam drainage velocity, a quantity that can be determined from forced drainage experiments. The drainage velocity increased in the presence of anaerobic digester sludge, compared to simple surfactant foam. We proposed a new understanding of the effect of sludge particles on the foam stability. Both physical properties (foam physical constant, β) of foam and bubble surface interactions by applying stable and unstable foam in addition of surfactants are also evaluated and discussed.

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SHEPHERD, M. A., und P. J. WITHERS. „Phosphorus leaching from liquid digested sewage sludge applied to sandy soils“. Journal of Agricultural Science 136, Nr. 4 (Juni 2001): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859601008875.

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The aim of the experiment was to determine the importance of liquid digested sewage sludge (‘sewage sludge’) as a source of phosphorus leaching from sandy soils in the UK. The sewage sludge was applied to uncropped loamy sand and sandy loam monolith lysimeters (1·2 m deep) annually for 3 years. The application rate was sufficient to supply approximately 60 kg P/ha annually. An application equivalent to four times this amount was also applied to two other loamy sand lysimeters to test the effects of excessive amounts. Total P (TP), total dissolved P (TDP) and molybdate-reactive P (MRP) concentrations were measured in the drainage water and were compared with leaching from untreated control soils.After two sewage sludge applications, Olsen's extractable P content of the topsoil had increased: a P surplus of c. 100 kg/ha was required to raise the topsoil concentration by 5 mg/kg. Sewage sludge applications at the lower rate did not increase P concentrations in the drainage. Phosphorus concentrations were generally small and were, as an average of both soil types and nil and lower rate sludge applications, 12, 20 and 34 μg/l for MRP, TDP and TP respectively. Phosphorus leaching losses from the higher rate (excessively large sewage sludge applications) were more variable but not significantly (P > 0·05) different from the other treatments. Average concentrations were 9, 23 and 50 μg/l for MRP, TDP and TP respectively. Leaching from sludge biosolid applications at operational rates to sandy soils moderately well supplied with P is not a major P loss pathway.

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Deng, Xin Nan, Yu Bo Cui, Wei Gao und Rui Chen. „Characteristics of Sludge Moisture Content Variation in Sludge Drying Reed Beds“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (Juni 2015): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.515.

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Sludge moisture content was investigated at different stages during the test. Pilot-scale sludge drying bed and sludge drying reed beds had the same size of 3 m×1 m×1.3 m, and the bed height consisted of a 65 cm media layer and a 65 cm extra height. The media layer is filled with slag (20 cm), gravel (20 cm), coarse sand (5 cm) and quartz sand (24.5 cm) from the bottom in turn. Unit 1 was a conventional sludge drying bed, unit 2 was a sludge drying reed bed. Unit 1 and unit 2 had ventilation pipes which were mounted on the drainage pipes. Unit 3 was a sludge drying reed bed without ventilation pipe. The waste activated sludge was feed into the three units periodically during the experiment. The experiment investigated the sludge moisture content. At the end of the operation, the sludge moisture content in three units decreased by 18.52%, 22.37%, and 20.68%, respectively. It was found that the dewatering effect of the sludge drying reed bed was better than the conventional drying bed. The effect of plant growth on sludge dewatering is greater than the ventilation, but the difference was not significant.

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Зубова, О. В., und В. В. Силецкий. „Improving the technology of construction of a longitudinal drainage system“. Известия СПбЛТА, Nr. 233 (29.12.2020): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2020.233.166-176.

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Приведены результаты исследований продольного водоотвода лесных дорог в Ленинградской области. Целью данного исследования является разработка мероприятий по улучшению работы боковых канав лесных дорог. Проведенное исследование показало, что отсутствие содержания продольного водоотвода негативно сказывается не только на земляном полотне, но также оказывает разрушительное воздействие и на лесную дорогу в целом. Предложен альтернативный материал - шламогрунт для использования в строительстве продольного водоотвода, а также альтернативный способ возведения канавы с использованием шламогрунта. Применение предложенной технологии и материала позволит повысить долговечность конструкции за счет прочных монолитных кристаллических структур, образующихся в ходе взаимодействия нефелинового шлама и грунтов местного залегания. There’re presented results of studies of the longitudinal drainage of forest roads in the Leningrad region. The purpose of this study is to develop measures to improve the operation of side ditches of forest roads. The study showed that the lack of maintenance of the longitudinal drainage system has a negative impact not only on theroadbed, but also has a devastating effect on the forest road as a whole. An alternative material is proposed - a mixture of sludge and soil for use in the construction of a longitudinal drainage system, as well as an alternative method for constructing a ditch using a mixture of sludge and soil. The use of the proposed technology and material will increase the durability of the structure due to strong monolithic crystal structures formed during the interaction of nepheline sludge and local soils.

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Зубова, О. В., und В. В. Силецкий. „Improving the technology of construction of a longitudinal drainage system“. Известия СПбЛТА, Nr. 233 (29.12.2020): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2020.233.166-176.

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Приведены результаты исследований продольного водоотвода лесных дорог в Ленинградской области. Целью данного исследования является разработка мероприятий по улучшению работы боковых канав лесных дорог. Проведенное исследование показало, что отсутствие содержания продольного водоотвода негативно сказывается не только на земляном полотне, но также оказывает разрушительное воздействие и на лесную дорогу в целом. Предложен альтернативный материал - шламогрунт для использования в строительстве продольного водоотвода, а также альтернативный способ возведения канавы с использованием шламогрунта. Применение предложенной технологии и материала позволит повысить долговечность конструкции за счет прочных монолитных кристаллических структур, образующихся в ходе взаимодействия нефелинового шлама и грунтов местного залегания. There’re presented results of studies of the longitudinal drainage of forest roads in the Leningrad region. The purpose of this study is to develop measures to improve the operation of side ditches of forest roads. The study showed that the lack of maintenance of the longitudinal drainage system has a negative impact not only on theroadbed, but also has a devastating effect on the forest road as a whole. An alternative material is proposed - a mixture of sludge and soil for use in the construction of a longitudinal drainage system, as well as an alternative method for constructing a ditch using a mixture of sludge and soil. The use of the proposed technology and material will increase the durability of the structure due to strong monolithic crystal structures formed during the interaction of nepheline sludge and local soils.

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Zinck, Janice. „DISPOSAL, REPROCESSING AND REUSE OPTIONS FOR ACIDIC DRAINAGE TREATMENT SLUDGE“. Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 2006, Nr. 2 (30.06.2006): 2604–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr06022604.

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Cheong, Youngwook, Choonoh Lee, Joonhak Lee und Sanghyun Cho. „Evaluation of Factors Affecting Sludge Volume in Mine Drainage Neutralization“. Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers 56, Nr. 6 (01.12.2019): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2019.56.6.567.

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ROBERTSON, K., R. GAUVIN, S. R. RAO und J. FINCH. „IDENTIFYING REFRACTORY NICKEL IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE LIME TREATMENT SLUDGE“. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 45, Nr. 1 (Januar 2006): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.2006.45.1.95.

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Amanda, N., und S. S. Moersidik. „Characterization of Sludge Generated from Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Plants“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1351 (November 2019): 012113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1351/1/012113.

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Dempsey, Brian A., und Byong-Hun Jeon. „Characteristics of sludge produced from passive treatment of mine drainage“. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 1, Nr. 1 (Februar 2001): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/geochem.1.1.89.

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Yu, Dae-Hyun, Jihoon Park, Yong-Hoon Lee, Jang-Hown Lee und Seon-Hong Kang. „Effect of municipal sludge from drainage facility on foul smell“. Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater 28, Nr. 3 (15.06.2014): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11001/jksww.2014.28.3.315.

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Hunt, Patrick G., Terry A. Matheny, Kyoung S. Ro, Kenneth C. Stone und Matias B. Vanotti. „Denitrification of agricultural drainage line water via immobilized denitrification sludge“. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 43, Nr. 9 (11.06.2008): 1077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934520802060084.

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Bai, Fan Yi, Hai Yun Song, Lei Cao und Bao Wei Zhang. „The Research of the River Silt as Road Subgrade Filling Materials in Big City“. Advanced Materials Research 1088 (Februar 2015): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.626.

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Based on the comprehensive treatment project of Dagu Drainage River, this paper proposes the reutilizationof river sludge in roadbed filling to realize their recycling and harmless treatment and presents the first domestic classification standard of sludge utilization in accordance with relative state road and environment standards. The author carried out indoor tests and field construction tests of material performance after mixing sludge with lime, powder of building debris and lime slag respectively. These tests showed that all performance indexes of the sludge mixings meet the requirement of road specification, the limits of relative state standards and test requirements for heavy metals content and Extraction toxicity (ET).

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Heal, K. V., und C. A. Salt. „Treatment of acidic metal-rich drainage from reclaimed ironstone mine spoil“. Water Science and Technology 39, Nr. 12 (01.06.1999): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0540.

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Ironstone mine spoil leaves a legacy of land contamination and diffuse water pollution with acidic, metal-rich drainage. Reclamation for woodland may exacerbate water pollution due to spoil amendment and disturbance. Constructed wetland systems (CWS) are increasingly used for treating acid mine drainage but their performance is poorly understood. A combined approach was used to reclaim the Benhar ironstone spoil heap in Central Scotland. Trees have been planted in spoil treated with dried pelleted sewage sludge, limestone and peat. Spoil drainage (pH 2.7, 247 mg l−1 total Fe) passes through a CWS. Spoil throughflow, surface water chemistry and CWS performance were monitored for 12 months after reclamation. Acidity, Fe, Mn and Al concentrations declined in throughflow after reclamation, although this effect was not uniform. Soluble reactive P has been mobilised from the sewage sludge in residual areas of spoil acidity, but losses of other nutrients were short-lived. The CWS removes on average 33 % and 20–40% of acidity and metal inputs but removal rates decrease in winter. Spoil reclamation has been successful in enabling vegetation establishment but has also increased Fe and Mn concentration in surface drainage from the site, even after passage through the CWS.

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Mackie, Allison L., und Margaret E. Walsh. „Bench-scale comparison of conventional and high rate clarification treatment processes for acid mine drainage“. Water Quality Research Journal 50, Nr. 3 (05.03.2015): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2015.048.

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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is characterized as having low pH and high concentrations of sulfate and dissolved metals. This study compared treated water quality and sludge properties of three process technologies for AMD: conventional sedimentation, high density sludge (HDS), and ballasted flocculation. All three processes were found to be capable of removing regulated metals to concentrations below current Canadian discharge guidelines. However, ballasted flocculation was the only technology found to be able to meet the more stringent federal guidelines proposed for future implementation under the Fisheries' Act's Metal Mining Effluent Regulations. Specifically, arsenic and zinc concentrations in AMD treated by the conventional and HDS processes were above proposed future guidelines of 0.10 and 0.25 mg/L, respectively, while lead, copper, and nickel all met respective guidelines. Concentrations of all regulated contaminants were below proposed guidelines when treated by ballasted flocculation. The HDS process was found to produce a significantly more concentrated sludge than conventional sedimentation (i.e., higher solids content (19 ± 1% versus 7 ± 4% wet solids) and lower sludge volume index (SVI; 8.4 ± 0.8 versus 230 ± 20 mL/g)).

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Kowalczyk, Mariusz, und Tomasz Kamizela. „Artificial Neural Networks in Modeling of Dewaterability of Sewage Sludge“. Energies 14, Nr. 6 (11.03.2021): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061552.

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Mechanical dewatering is a key process in the management of sewage sludge. However, the drainage efficiency depends on a number of factors, from the type and dose of the conditioning agent to the parameters of the drainage device. The selection of appropriate methods and parameters of conditioning and dewatering of sewage sludge is the task of laboratory work. This work can be accelerated through the use of artificial neural network (ANNs). The paper discusses the possibilities of using ANNs in predicting the dewatering efficiency of physically conditioned sludge. The input variables were only four parameters characterizing the conditioning methods and the dewatering method by centrifugation. These were the dose of the sludge skeleton builders (cement, gypsum, fly ash, and liquid glass), sonication parameters (sonication amplitude and time), and relative centrifugal force. Dewatering efficiency parameters such as sludge hydration and separation factor were output variables. Due to the nature of the research problem, two nonlinear networks were selected: a multilayer perceptron and a radial neural network. Based on the results of the prediction of artificial neural networks, it was found that these networks can be used to forecast the effectiveness of municipal sludge dewatering. The prediction error did not exceed 1.0% of the real value. ANN can therefore be useful in optimizing the dewatering process. In the case of the conducted research, it was the optimization of the sludge dewatering efficiency as a function of the type and parameters of conditioning factors. Therefore, it is possible to predict the dewatering efficiency of sludge that has not been tested in the laboratory, for example, with the use of other doses of physical conditioner. However, the condition for correct prediction and optimization was the use of a large dataset in the neural network training process.

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da Silva, E. M., D. M. Morita, A. C. M. Lima und L. Girard Teixeira. „Manufacturing ceramic bricks with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) sludge from a water treatment plant“. Water Science and Technology 71, Nr. 11 (20.03.2015): 1638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.132.

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The objective of this research work is to assess the viability of manufacturing ceramic bricks with sludge from a water treatment plant (WTP) for use in real-world applications. Sludge was collected from settling tanks at the Bolonha WTP, which is located in Belém, capital of the state of Pará, Brazil. After dewatering in drainage beds, sludge was added to the clay at a local brickworks at different mass percentages (7.6, 9.0, 11.7, 13.9 and 23.5%). Laboratory tests were performed on the bricks to assess their resistance to compression, water absorption, dimensions and visual aspects. Percentages of 7.6, 9.0, 11.7 and 13.9% (w/w) of WTP sludge presented good results in terms of resistance, which indicates that technically, ceramic bricks can be produced by incorporating up to 13.9% of WTP sludge.

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Wett, B., W. Becker und K. Ingerle. „Sludge management regulations and their applicability in mountainous regions“. Water Science and Technology 46, Nr. 10 (01.11.2002): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0361.

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The Commission of the European Communities (CEC) is just working out a new directive in order to regulate the agricultural reuse of sewage sludge. This new regulation will also effect a “special case” - sludge usage in a mountainous environment - which will be discussed in this paper. Three reuse sites at small wastewater treatment plants of mountain refuges at altitudes more than 2,000 m a.s.l. are investigated. Applied sludge, soil and drainage flow from lysimeters are analysed. Concerning heavy metal concentrations domestic sewage sludge from these sites differs significantly from municipal sludge. A comparison with background concentrations reveals that no relevant accumulative pollution of the soil is possible. An increase of coliform bacteria of maximum two orders of magnitude is preserved during the long winter period and indicates a limited hygienic risk.

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Alfaya, Elena, Olalla Iglesias, Marta Pazos und Maria Angeles Sanromán. „Environmental application of an industrial waste as catalyst for the electro-Fenton-like treatment of organic pollutants“. RSC Advances 5, Nr. 19 (2015): 14416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra15934a.

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The application of acid mine drainage sludge (AMDS), an industrial waste with high metal content, as catalyst for the electro-Fenton-like technology on the treatment of organic polluted effluents has been investigated.

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Bratby, J. R., und W. A. Ambrose. „Design and control of flotation thickeners“. Water Science and Technology 31, Nr. 3-4 (01.02.1995): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0534.

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Process variables influencing clarification and thickening by dissolved air flotation are summarized. Operational adjustments to full-scale thickeners are usually limited to the speed and periodicity of the float scrapers which, in turn, directly influence the effective drainage time of liquid from the floating sludge mass. Expressions are derived which relate float solids concentration and total float depth to the effective drainage time. Design and operation charts are derived from the equations. Results obtained from the City of Philadelphia Northeast WWTP are used to demonstrate the validity of the derived expressions. The enhanced thickening characteristics obtained when water treatment plant sludge was discharged to the WWTP is demonstrated. Polymer addition had only a slight beneficial effect. Use of the charts for operational control is demonstrated by means of an example.

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Ha, Tran Duc, und Tran Thuy Anh. „Evaluation of the quality of drainage sludge in To Lich River basin and the proposal of suitable management solutions“. Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 12, Nr. 3 (30.04.2018): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2018-12(3)-11.

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This study aims to examine the characteristics and to assess the hazardous level as well as the reusability of sewage sludge and river sediment from To Lich River (TLR) basin, which is the largest wastewater catchment in Hanoi. Sludge samples were collected from six manholes along Tran Binh Trong (TBT) and Thai Ha (TH) sewers in rainy and dry seasons. Sediment samples were collected from seven sites near principal wastewater and storm water discharging points along TLR upstream in dry season. Parameters, such as pH, humidity, total ash, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in sewage sludge were examined. Trace metals in TLR sediment, e.g. arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) were analyzed. The results of sludge and sediment analysis were then compared with national environmental regulations for hazards and aquatic life preservation, and land use purposes, including QCVN 43:2012/BTNMT, QCVN 50:2013/BTNMT, QCVN 03-MT: 2015/BTNMT. The majority of examined parameters of sewage sludge, except ash content, are higher in dry seasons than in rainy seasons. Regarding hazardous level, all the investigated heavy metals in sewage sludge in dry and rainy seasons, respectively, as followings: 644 and 598 mg.kg-1 Zn, 146.5 and 127.3 mg.kg-1 Cu, 71.2 and 69.5 mg.kg-1 Pb, and 1.51 and 1.46 mg.kg-1 Cd, are below the legislated thresholds, thus, can be considered as nontoxic. Reusability of sewage sludge, however, should be considered since Zn exceeded permissible values for all of land use purposes. The concentration of As (0.659 mg.kg-1), Hg (0.03 mg.kg-1), Pb (4.07 mg.kg-1), Zn (81.3 mg.kg-1), and Cd (0.078 mg.kg-1) meets national standards on hazardous waste, and sludge from water treatment process, as well as to protect aquatic life and to be reused in anthropogenic activities. However, Cr concentration (157 mg.kg-1) is above those legislated thresholds, thus, unsuitable to be reused as land or fertilizer. With high concentration of several trace metals and humidity, drainage sludge from TLR basins should be treated to improve its reusability. Article history: Received 20 March 2018, Revised 05 April 2018, Accepted 27 April 2018

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Fayziev, Khamidkhon, Takhirjon Sultanov und Elyor Toshmatov. „Methods for calculating the balance during the period of draw-off, drainage of sludge collector cells and construction of secondary embankment dams“. E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 03048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403048.

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An industrial waste-phosphogypsum-is formed in the production of phosphorus mineral fertilizers. As is well-known, the issues of processing and utilization of phosphogypsum on an industrial scale remain unsolved. Consequently, production waste generated at chemical plants is stored in various types of storage tanks. The currently used hydraulic storage method provides for the supply of waste in the form of a slurry into the hydraulic dump cells, their sequential dehydration in the dump, and the subsequent development of a part of the stored waste for the construction of secondary dams. However, due to the low water-release properties of phosphogypsum, it is impossible to ensure its dehydration to the required degree, in large volumes, and the required period. Therefore, various designs of watertight diaphragms and drainage devices are provided in the sludge collector to accelerate the process of dehydration of the phosphogypsum strata. The balance of the sludge collector should be assessed in two periods: the initial period when the sludge collector cells are filled, bounded by the primary dam, and the subsequent period when the reservoir is built up by erecting secondary dams from the stored material. In the initial period, the operating mode of the sludge collector is divided into two stages: in the first stage, a pond is formed above the layer of sludge with a certain predetermined depth; in the second stage, this depth of water in the pond is kept constant by the spillways. The second build-up period is preceded by a period of cell preparation, namely: the draw-off of the pond and drainage of the cell to a moisture content suitable for the dam filling and normal operation of the mechanisms used in the construction of dams. This article presents the results of filtration studies in sludge collectors with an impermeable screen (made of polymer film, asphalt-polymer concrete, etc.) above the screen drainage system. The calculating methods for the determination of filtration parameters in the second period of operation are described: when the pulp supply stops, and a pond of clarified water with a depth of H0 is drawn off.

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Jafaripour, A., N. A. Rowson und G. S. Ghataora. „Utilisation of residue gas sludge (BOS sludge) for removal of heavy metals from acid mine drainage (AMD)“. International Journal of Mineral Processing 144 (November 2015): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2015.10.002.

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Markovic, Radmila, Masahiko Bessho, Nobuyuki Masuda, Zoran Stevanovic, Dragana Bozic, Tatjana Apostolovski Trujic und Vojka Gardic. „New Approach of Metals Removal from Acid Mine Drainage“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 17 (27.08.2020): 5925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175925.

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The possibility of metal removal from the real acid mine drainage (AMD) in the area of copper ore mines in the southeast Serbia, was investigated through a combination of neutralization and adsorption methods. This approach of metal removal from AMD includes a two-step neutralization method in the first phase, aiming to separate metals as sludge. The results of laboratory test revealed that more than 99 mass % of Fe is removed up to pH 4 and more than 99 mass % of Cu up to pH 7. Based on the results obtained in laboratory conditions, a test on a semi industrial plant was carried out. The two-step neutralization separately removed Fe and Cu at pH 4 and 7, respectively. Especially, the obtained sludge at pH 7 included 1.24 mass % of Cu, much higher than usual Cu ore. Chitosan was applied for dissolved Mn removal from treated AMD. After 24 h incubation, 70 mass % of Mn is removed from the treated AMD at pH 7.4. Mn concentration was reduced from approx. 35 mg L−1 to 5 mg L−1. These results have indicated that a combination of neutralization and adsorption methods could be used effectively for metal removal from real AMD.

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Dormoy, T., B. Tisserand und L. Herremans. „Impact of the volume of rain water on the operating constraints for a treatment plant“. Water Science and Technology 39, Nr. 2 (01.01.1999): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0108.

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The new regulations require an increased amount of treatment of stormwater and a reduction of pollution loads discharged into the natural surroundings to be considered. Drainage systems therefore and particularly wastewater treatment plants should be sized correctly to cope with these peaks. Using a simulation software of wastewater treatment plant with activated sludge, such as SIMBAD, enables us to check that planned structures are appropriate in relation to the effluent quality requirements laid down, and to fix the most appropriate operating procedures. Operating constraints on a plant for treating stormwater are not negligible. It is advisable to allow for increased sludge production, O2 requirements and also sludge quality (fermentability).

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Zhang, Qing, Xuemei Lv, Chongzhi Wei, Wenxing Lu, Jiarui Wang, Zedong Zhou, Guohua Chang, Tianpeng Gao und Huyuan Zhang. „Microbial Community Structure Diversity in the Dewatered Sludge from 4 Different Waste Water Treatment Plants used for CSRB in Colder Season“. E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 04063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019404063.

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Compacted Sludge Reducing Barrier (CSRB) was tested to be a feasible barrier for Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) from tailings in case the ground water contamination. Because of its double function (encapsuling and reducing), the microbial community structure diversity in the sludge played a key role. In this paper, we researched the correlation between heavy metals and microbial structure diversity in the dewatered sludge from 4 different sewage treatment process plants in Lanzhou city, a developing area of northwest China, in the colder season. The results indicated that the microbial community structure diversity differed and were unique among the different sewage plants; their correlation with heavy metals was also unique independently.

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Murdock, D. J., J. R. W. Fox und J. G. Bensley. „Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage by the High Density Sludge Process“. Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1994, Nr. 1 (1994): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr94010241.

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Steffen, Friedrich, Ron Janzon und Bodo Saake. „Enzymatic treatment of deinking sludge – effect on fibre and drainage properties“. Environmental Technology 39, Nr. 21 (22.08.2017): 2810–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1365948.

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Ko, Myoung-Soo, Ju-Yong Kim, Jin-Soo Lee, Ju-In Ko und Kyoung-Woong Kim. „Arsenic immobilization in water and soil using acid mine drainage sludge“. Applied Geochemistry 35 (August 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.05.008.

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Olivier, J., J. Vaxelaire und P. Ginisty. „Gravity drainage of activated sludge: from laboratory experiments to industrial process“. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 79, Nr. 5 (07.04.2004): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.977.

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