Dissertationen: „Slaughter houses“

1

Au, Fung-yee Belinda. „A study of the privatization of the Urban Council abattoirs“. [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1376231X.

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Chan, Ming-yan. „Sheung Shui abattoir“. Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25949469.

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Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995.
Includes special study report entitled: Odour pollutant emissions control methodologies: for an abattoir and other applications. Includes bibliographical references.

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Yiu, Wing-chun. „Waste management in Hong Kong abattoirs /“. Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18735496.

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4

Riekert, Sydney Peter. „The influence of slaughter on blood composition in cattle“. Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20118.

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In this study the effects of blood sampling, transportation and slaughter on certain blood variables (sodium, potasium, chloride, glucose, lactates, lipids, proteins, colloidal osmotic pressure, cortisol, ACTH, T3, TSH, osmolality etc.) of cattle were investigated. The experimental animals, crossbreed (Brahman, Afrikander and Hereford) heifers and oxen obtained from Kanhym Estates, Middelburg, were unaccustomed to handling. One group of animals was subjected to the stress of sampling with restraint, a second group was sampled with restraint after transportation and a third group had blood taken after slaughter at the Kanhym abattoir at Balfour. Control blood samples were obtained from Friesland dairy cows accustomed to handling and blood sampling and from crossbreed oxen unaware of the sampling procedure. Both control and experiment groups were studied in the same season. (April and May, 1984). Results were analysed and compared statistically. The blood cortisol, ACTH, lactates and glucose were significantly higher in the experimental groups than in the control group. Cortisol and ACTH values were significantly higher, and the lactate and glucose values significantly lower in the group subjected to the stress of sampling with restraint than in the other two experimental groups. Therefore, if the variables measured are an assessment of stress and change because of stress, then the animals investigated experienced stress. In addition, cattle unaccustomed to handling perceive the slaughtering process as less stressful than blood sampling in a crush (based on cortisol and ACTH results).

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Sadler, Ian 1943. „Strategic operations and logistics planning of Australian meatworks“. Monash University, Faculty of Business and Economics, 1999. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8083.

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6

Falepau, David F., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University und Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture. „Factors associated with the occurrence of Ecchymosis (Blood splash) in fallow deer (Dama dama)“. THESIS_FEMA_ARD_Falepau_D.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/181.

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This thesis describes experimental work conducted to define factors associated with the occurrence of ecchymosis (blood splash) in fallow deer, and discusses facets of the Australian venison processing sector with respect to its capacity to improve the quality of venison. Data was collected on 1804 deer slaughtered experimentally (n equals 494) or at commercial works (n equals 1310) in a range of different slaughter systems. The study showed that a number of factors contribute to the expression of ecchymosis in the carcases of slaughtered deer, and the tailoring of slaughter procedures to suit particular slaughter systems is likely to reduce the extent to which ecchymosis occurs.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Au, Fung-yee Belinda, und 區鳳儀. „A study of the privatization of the Urban Council abattoirs“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964394.

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8

Khewu-Mokati, N. P. D. „The use of animals by African people (Blacks) : an ethical perspective“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52584.

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Thesis (MPhil)-- Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This ethical case study of public slaughter has indicated that there is an urgent need to address the issue of public slaughter, because it has resulted in animosity and polarisation between black and white people living in the Goldfields. Black people feel that their rights are violated, and they are not protected by the government because they encounter problems when practising their rituals. White people feel that the government is not protecting them from the health hazards caused by black people. The ultimate aim of the study is to contribute to and amplify the existing body of knowledge with regard to the extent of the problem experienced by people in the Goldfields, its impact in their every day lives and to propose guidelines that will help when regulations governing environmental issues are drawn. In order to accomplish these aims the following objectives should be realised by this study: • South Africa is a multi-racial country so a uniting policy is needed. • Each culture is unique and it has a special value, so no culture must be marginalised. • The old policy needs to be revised and amendments made. • Identify the actual causes of these problems. Are they racist driven or are they driven by genuine health concerns? This ethical study also indicates that the following are central values that should inform decision-making: • Health. • Respect and tolerance. • Communication. • Participation. Transparency. • Commitment. Based on the findings from the research conducted it is clear that both clashing parties (black and white people) need to live in peace at the ultimate end although their description of peaceful life differs, so the following recommendations are made as to how to address and alleviate problems caused by public slaughter. • A formal meeting must be convened to discuss this critical issue. • Drafted proposals must be produced. • The proposals must be debated. • The proposal must be adopted. • The existing bylaws must be changed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie gevallestudie in etiek oor slagtery in die openbaar is bevind dat daar 'n dringende behoefte bestaan om die probleem van slagtery in die openbaar aan te spreek, veralomdat dit in die verlede reeds tot spanning en polarisasie tussen swart en wit groepe in die Goudveld aanleiding gegee het. Swartmense voel dat hulle regte aangetas word en dat hulle nie genoegsaam deur die owerheid beskerm word om hulle rituele uit te voer nie. Witmense voel weer dat die owerheid hulle nie beskerm teen gesondheidsgevare wat geskep word deur swartmense nie. Die uiteindelike doel van hierdie ondersoek is om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die uitbouing van bestaande kennis oor die omvang van die probleem wat mense in die Goudveld ondervind met slagtery in die openbaar, wat die impak daarvan is op die alledaagse lewens van mense, en om voorstelle aan die hand te doen wat gebruik kan word wanneer regulasies opgestel word oor omgewingskwessies soos hierdie. Om hierdie oogmerke te bereik sal die volgende punte in hierdie studie aandag ontvang: • Suid-Afrika is 'n veelrassige land, so 'n beleid word benodig wat mense verenig. • Elke kultuur is uniek en het 'n besondere waarde, dus geen kultuur mag gemarginaliseer word nie. • Die bestaande beleid moet hersien en aangepas word. • Die werklike oorsake van die probleme moet geïdentifiseer word. Is hulle rassisties van aard, of gebaseer op werklike gesondheidsoorweginge ? In hierdie etiese studie is ook vasgestel dat die volgende kern-waardes die proses van besluitneming behoort te beïnvloed: • Gesondheid. • Respek en verdraagsaamheid. • Kommunikasie. • Deelname. • Deursigtigheid. • Verbintenis ("commitment"). Vanuit die bevindinge van die navorsing is dit duidelik dat albei die botsende partye (swart- en witmense) uiteindelik in vrede met mekaar moet saamleef, alhoewel hulle omskrywings van 'n vreedsame lewe verskil van mekaar. Gevolglik is die volgende aanbevelings gemaak om die probleem van slagtery in die openbaar aan te spreek: • 'n Formele byeenkoms moet saamgeroep word om die kritiese probleem te bespreek. • Skriftelike voorstelle moet vir so 'n byeenkoms opgestel word. • Die voorstelle moet bespreek word. • 'n Voorstel moet aanvaar word. • Die bestaande regulasies moet verander word.

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Yiu, Wing-chun, und 姚榮春. „Waste management in Hong Kong abattoirs“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125391X.

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10

Kurup, Rajendra G. „An experimental research on application of sub-surface flow constructed wetlands for meat processing industry effluent treatment and nutrient removal /“. Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070717.142408.

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Forsberg, Gunnel. „Industriomvandling och könsstruktur fallstudier på fyra lokala arbetsmarknader /“. Uppsala : Kulturgeografiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet, 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/19979418.html.

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12

Bhiya, Clovis Solomon. „The effect of different slaughter age regimes on the primary and secondary production parameters of Ostriches (Struthio Camelus Domesticus) and the economic consequences of different slaughter ages“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/837.

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The South African ostrich industry is presently characterised by a drastic decline in the slaughter price of slaughter birds, due to the drop in the price of meat as well as leather. As a result, the economic viability of ostrich farming is severely hampered by these developments, and many generally accepted industry practices have to be reviewed. Among the practices under review is the possibility of slaughtering ostriches at an earlier age than the traditional slaughter age of 12 - 14 months, in order to minimise feed costs and the incidence of damage to the skin. However, little information is available on the effect of the slaughter age on the yield and quality of the economically important end-products. The effect of slaughter age on production and the economic viability of a commercially intensive ostrich production system was consequently evaluated in a completely randomised experimental design involving two batches (n= 81 and n= 94) of ostriches. The experiments took place at Kromme Rhee experimental farm of the Elsenburg Research Centre near Stellenbosch. The birds were subject to experimental treatment at the age of 4 months (n= 81, from May 2004 to March 2005) and 6 months (n= 94, from August 2004 to August 2005) respectively. The ostriches were randomly divided into 10 groups of between 16 and 20 birds per group. Standard production practices, as applied in an intensive ostrich production unit, were implemented. Clean drinking water and self-mixed grower diet (min 15 percent crude protein, 0.68 percent lysine and 11.4 MJ ME per kg feed) and finisher diet (min 14 percent crude protein, 0.55 percent lysine and 9.8 MJ ME per kg feed) were provided ad libitum to the birds. Birds were slaughtered at the ages of 8.5, 10.5, 12.5, 14.5, and 16.5 months respectively. Data on feed intake and yields of cold carcass, crust skin size, skin grade and total feathers was recorded for birds slaughtered at the respective ages. Data was analysed according to the analysis of variances. Values for meat yield, skin size yield and feed intake were predicted by regression analysis based on experimental values. Industry figures and norms were used as proxy for other production inputs and costs. A gross margin type analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of different slaughter ages on the profitability of each production system. There was a positive correlation between age and feed intake (r2= 0.40), slaughter weight (r2= 0.97), cold carcass yield (r2= 0.48), skin surface area (r2= 0.39), skin grade (r2= 0.19) and total yield of feathers (r2= 0.29). The dry skin grade showed deterioration as slaughter age was prolonged. Highly significant differences (P< 0.01) in slaughter weight, cold carcass yield, skin surface area, dry skin grade and total feathers were detected at the different slaughter ages. There were no significant differences (P> 0.05) with respect to gender for slaughter weight, skin surface area and dry skin grade within the different age groups. Males had significantly higher (P< 0.05) cold carcass yield and total feather yield than their female counterparts. From this study it can be concluded that an increase in slaughter age significantly increases feed intake, slaughter weight, cold carcass yield, and skin surface area. It is also clear that an increase in slaughter age can be detrimental to dry skin grade. The relative income contribution of the three main products (skin: meat: feathers) occurred in a ratio of 47:53:0, 52:47:1, 47:50:3, 44:51:5, 39:56:5 at the respective slaughter ages. Total income revealed an increase of 26 percent from 8.5 to 10.5 months slaughtering, an increase of 4 percent between 10.5 and 12.5 months, and an increase of 11 percent between 12.5 and 14.5 months. The income dropped by 0.3 percent between 14.5 and 16.5 months slaughtering. Total costs increased with slaughter age, particularly feed costs which showed an increase (at a decreasing rate) between the different slaughter ages. The margin above specified cost per bird was the highest for birds slaughtered at the age of 10.5 months. The margin above cost showed a steady decline as birds were slaughtered at higher ages. Slaughtering at 16.5 months revealed a negative margin. To compare the effect of differences in time span on different slaughter age regimes, margin above costs for each system over 5 years were discounted to a present value. In this study, with current feed costs and income from end products, slaughtering at 10.5 months revealed the highest present value for the margin above cost. Furthermore, slaughtering at 16.5 months revealed a negative present value on the margin above cost after 5 years. Financial viability calculations are relevant and valid for data obtained in this case study. Financial viability is however case-specific and may vary between producers, depending on their individual management practices, production systems and cost structures. Results from this study may be of significant value to managerial decision-making in the ostrich industry.

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Lau, Chi-yung. „Need assessment for relocation of Cheung Sha Wan Abattoir /“. [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13357803.

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Chan, Pui-sim Joyce. „An analysis of agenda-setting regional/central slaughtering scheme in Hong Kong /“. Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36519121.

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15

Falepau, David Fa'a. „Factors associated with the occurrence of ecchymosis (blood splash) in fallow deer (dama dama) /“. [Richmond, N.S.W.] : Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030328.151026/index.html.

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16

Kannan, Aditi. „Validation of a 2% lactic acid antimicrobial rinse as an alternative to chlorine for mobile poultry slaughter operations“. Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2009/a_kannan_042409.pdf.

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17

Delport, Riëtte. „An investigation into the occurrence of major abscess causing bacteria at the law meat exporting abattoir in the Northern Cape province of South Africa“. Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/249.

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The main objectives of this study can be divided into four categories: a) The determination of the presence of abscesses in carcasses. b) The determination whether the abscesses are area bound. c) The determination of the causative bacteria which is responsible for abscess formation. d) The determination of the economic impact due to carcass rejections and trimmings. The research area consists of the biggest part of the Northern Cape province, which can further be divided into three main production areas, namely Groblershoop, Gordonia and Hantam. The Groblershoop area includes Groblershoop and the surrounding districts. The Gordonia area includes Upington and the Kalahari. The Hantam area includes Calvinia, Springbok and the other districts bordering the areas. All the carcasses were slaughtered at an export abattoir, namely LAW, which is situated in Groblershoop. The Upington veterinary laboratory bacteriologically cultured the abscess material and the results were processed and noted. The following results were prominent: a) It was determined that abscesses did occur in carcasses. b) It was determined that in the Hantam main production area the prevalence of abscesses is the highest, although the slaughter numbers are the lowest. c) It was determined that the bacterium that was responsible for most of the abscesses was Escherichia coli. d) It was determined that the total occurrence of bacteria did not have a significant economic impact, because there were not many carcass rejections due to abscesses. The economic impact, however, of the value of the total rejections, might become a problem.

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Chulayo, Amanda Yucca. „Effects of pre-slaughter sheep handling and animal-related factors on creatine kinase levels and physico-chemical attributes of mutton“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/433.

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Effects of pre-slaughter sheep handling and animal-related factors on Creatine Kinase levels and physico-chemical attributes of mutton By Chulayo Amanda Yucca The objective of the study was to determine the effects of pre-slaughter sheep handling and animal-related factors on Creatine kinase (CK) levels and physico-chemical characteristics of mutton from South African sheep breeds. One hundred and seventy-three castrated male sheep from four breeds (15 Dormer, 46 South African Mutton Merino, 77 Dorper and 35 Blackhead Persian) were used. The animals were grouped according to age categories. The grouping was as follows: Group 1 (6 ≤ 8 months), Group 2 (9 ≤ 12 months) and Group 3 (13 ≤ 16 months). Blood samples for CK determination were collected at exanguination using disposable vacutainer tubes. Representative samples of the Muscularis longissimuss thoracis et. lumborum (LTL) muscle were taken for the determination of ultimate pH (pHu), colour (L*-lightness, b*- redness and a*- yellowness), thawing and cooking losses and meat tenderness. Significant (P<0.01) breed effects were observed on CK levels with Dormer having the highest CK values. Significant linear relationships were observed between pre-slaughter condition and CK levels. There were positive correlations between colour coordinates L* and b* (r =+0.22) and between a* and b* (r =+0.63). Cooking loss and Warner Braztler Shear Force (WBSF) values were positively correlated (r =+0.29). The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a significant variance for CK and between physico-chemical characteristics of mutton. There were no relationships between CK levels and physico-chemical characteristics of mutton. Significant breed and age effects on pHu, L, a*, b*, thaw %, CL and WBSF of mutton were observed. iv It was concluded that, pre-slaughter conditions affect CK levels and physico-chemical characteristics of mutton. However, there were no relationships between CK levels and physico-chemical characteristics of mutton.

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Ndlovu, Thulile. „Parasite prevalence, nutritionally-related blood metabolites and pre-slaughter stress response in Nguni, Bonsmara and Angus steers raised on veld“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/73.

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The effects of month on body weight, body condition scores, internal parasite prevalence and on nutritionally related blood metabolites were studied in Angus, Bonsmara and Nguni steers raised on sweet veld. Pre-slaughter stress was also determined using catecholamines, cortisol, dopamine, packed cell volume and serum creatinine levels. The blood chemical constituents evaluated included glucose, cholesterol, total protein, creatinine, urea, globulin, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatinine kinase (CK). The Nguni steers maintained their body condition throughout the study period whereas Angus steers had the least body condition scores. Parasite levels were high during the rainy season and low during the dry season. The predominant internal parasites were Haemonchus (39.3 percent), Trichostrongylus (37.8 percent), Cooperia pectinita (25.5 percent), Fasciola gigantica (16.3 percent) and Ostertagia ostertagi (11.2 percent). The Nguni had the least parasite infestation levels and had high PCV levels. Nguni had higher levels of cholesterol and glucose (2.86 and 4mmol/l, respectively) than the other two breeds. Nguni and Bonsmara steers had higher (P<0.05) mineral levels. There were significant breed and month differences for glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, calcium, albumin, phosphorus, albumin-globulin ratio and ALP levels. Bonsmara was more susceptible to transport and pre-slaughter stress as it had the highest (P<0.05) levels of adrenalin (10.8nmol/mol), noradrenalin (9.7nmol/mol) and dopamine (14.8nmol/mol) levels, whereas the Nguni had the least levels of adrenalin (6.5nmol/mol), noradrenalin (4.6nmol/mol) and dopamine (4nmol/mol) levels. In conclusion, Nguni steers were better adapted to the local environmental conditions

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Nzolo, Jama. „Effect of pre-slaughter stress of pigs on the levels of cortisol, creatine kinase and their subsequent relationship with pork quality“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021287.

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The study was conducted to determine the effect of pre-slaughter stress of pigs on the levels of cortisol, creatine kinase (CK) and their subsequent relationship with pork quality. From our knowledge, there is paucity of information on transportation, lairage duration and sex effects on saliva cortisol and its relation with serum cortisol, urine cortisol and other meat quality traits. Stage one of the study assessed the effect of sex and time to slaughter (transport and lairage duration) on the levels of cortisol and CK in crossbred pigs. The second stage of the study evaluated the effect of sex and lairage duration on pork quality. The trials comprised of 60 22-weeks old commercial crossbred pigs [(30 boars vs. 30 gilts) with an average body weight of 76.9kg for gilts and 78.3kg for boars. Thirty pigs (15 Boars vs. 15 Gilts) were slaughtered on arrival after a 120km road journey and the other 30, after travelling the same road and distance, were slaughtered after having been in the lairage for 20 hours. Saliva samples were obtained during three time periods: between 07:00-10:00 on the day before the journey, on arrival at the abattoir and after lairage. Levels of cortisol in serum and urine and CK in serum samples collected at slaughter were determined. The samples (saliva and serum) were centrifuged at 20oC for 10 min at 3550 x g and stored at -20oC in separate vials until analysis. Pork quality was assessed using muscle pH, colour, thawing and cooking losses and Warner-Bratzler Shear Force. Correlations between cortisol levels in saliva, serum and urine and meat quality were assessed. The effect of sex and time to slaughter on saliva cortisol was significant. Statistical analysis showed significant interaction of sex by time to slaughter on serum cortisol. It was only the effect of sex that demonstrated higher (P <0.05) serum creatine kinase levels in gilts. Likewise, urine cortisol was influenced (P <0.05) only by time to slaughter. Saliva cortisol after transportation (r = 0.52) was correlated (P <0.05) with urine cortisol. The study suggests that there are greater responses of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis following time to slaughter (transport and lairage duration) between gilts and boars. This can be used in measuring cortisol in saliva, serum and urine, and serum creatine kinase to determine stress levels in pigs. Besides the lightness (L*) colour value which was significantly lower (P <0.05) in meat from gilts than from boars, the results of this study showed no interaction or individual effect (sex or lairage duration) on pH and other colour measurements. Meat cooking loss was affected (P <0.05) by gender x lairage interaction. Effect of lairage duration (as an individual effect) on the measured meat quality traits was not significant (P <0.05). Correlation analysis showed significant (P <0.05) negative relation between baseline saliva cortisol (r = -0.40) and the pork L* value. Saliva cortisol after lairage duration (r = -0.38 and r = 0.38) was correlated (P <0.05) with pH45 and pork a* value, respectively. Serum cortisol (r = -0.35) was negatively correlated (P <0.05) with pH45. Moreover, there were negative correlations (P <0.05) between saliva cortisol after transportation (r = -0.35), saliva cortisol after lairage duration (r = -0.44), serum cortisol (r = -0.40) and meat cooking loss. The study suggests that cortisol in saliva and serum can be used to determine effect of time to slaughter (transport and lairage duration) on meat quality traits from gilts and boars. Keywords: Boars; gilts; saliva cortisol; serum cortisol; serum creatine kinase; urine cortisol.

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Shange, Nompumelelo. „Contamination of game carcasses during harvesting and slaughter operations at a South African abattoir“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98112.

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Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The consumption of game meat and its by-products is increasing locally and internationally. The increase in consumption requires research that is focused on the microbiological quality of game meat. The harvesting and slaughter process of springbok carcasses revealed the presence of bacterial contamination. Swab samples taken after skinning portrayed a presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterobacteriaceae. Springbok carcasses swabbed after chilling indicated aerobic bacteria, Clostridium spp. and lactic acid bacteria. In contrast, swab samples taken at the evisceration’s incision area tend to be lower in counts when compared to swab samples taken after skinning and after chilling. Bacterial contamination was linked to poor hygienic practices during the harvesting and slaughter process. Results showed a need for the investigation of the slaughter process. To evaluate the slaughter process’s impact on the microbial quality of game carcasses, black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) carcasses were sampled throughout the slaughter process. Before skinning, aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and E. coli were enumerated from hide samples, counts ranged from 0.92 to 7.84 log cfu/g. after skinning, bacterial counts ranged from 0.93 to 6.12 log cfu/g and further decreased after chilling. Clostridium spp. counts increased after skinning, however, statistical analysis detected no significant differences between counts. Salmonella spp. was not detected. The results indicate that bacterial contamination does occur during the slaughter process. Hygienic status during the production of game meat products was also determined. Bacterial counts from raw game meat ranged from 2.37 to 5.37 log cfu/g. Counts as high as 6.16 log cfu/g were enumerated from retail products. Aerobic plate counts (APC) from ≤ 2.62 log cfu/cm2 to ≤ 6.3log cfu/cm2 were enumerated from surfaces, hands and equipment during production. Results highlighted the inefficiency of cleaning procedures and revealed that contaminated meat can allow for bacterial contamination. To determine if muscle pH influences colour stability and microbial spoilage of game meat, normal (n=6) and dark, firm and dry (DFD) (n=6) black wildebeest Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscles were studied. pH affected colour, as initial (day 0) L*,a*,b*,C* and Hab values from Normal pH samples were significantly higher than values reported for DFD samples. Initial APC and Enterobacteriaceae counts from samples with Normal pH were not significantly different from counts reported for DFD samples. Initial contamination was linked to the harvesting and slaughter process. Further refrigeration (5±1ºC) for 12 days in an aerobic environment and analyses of samples every third day revealed that pH did not affect lightness and brownness as L* and b* values for DFD samples did not significantly differ overtime, the same trend was seen for samples with Normal pH. Normal pH samples showed a significant increase in a* and C* values until day 12, whilst Hab values decreased until the 12th day. The same trend was seen for a* and C* values for DFD samples until the 9th day as on the 12th day values increased. Similarly, Hab values for DFD samples decreased until the 9th day, then increased on the 12th day. Using the microbial spoilage limit of 6 log cfu/g, it was seen that DFD meat reached this limit earlier than samples with Normal pH. Overall, the study provides baseline information on the microbiological quality of game meat harvested in South Africa and slaughtered at a South African abattoir.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die plaaslike en internasionale verbruik van wildsvleis en wildsvleisprodukte is aan’t toeneem. Hierdie toename in verbuik vereis navorsing wat gefokus is op die mikrobiese kwaliteit van wildsvleis. Die oes-en slagproses van springbok karkasse het die teenwoordigheid van bakteriese kontaminasie aan die lig gebring. Monsters geneem met ŉ depper na afslag van karkasse het ŉ teenwoordigheid van Escherichia coli (E. coli) getoon. Springbok karkasse wat getoets is na verkoeling het hoë vlakke van die aërobiese bakterium Clostridium spp. en van melksuurbakterieë getoon. In teenstelling hiermee is getalle laer rondom die ontweidings insnyding. Bakteriese kontaminasie was gekoppel aan swak higiëne gedurende die oes- en slagproses. Hierdie resultate het ŉ ondersoek van die slagproses aangemoedig. Om die impak van die slagproses op die mikrobiese kwaliteit van wildskarkasse te evalueer, is monsters regdeur geneem van swartwildebees (Connochaetes gnou). Getalle van aërobiese bakterieë, Enterobacteriaceae, en E. coli was bepaal op vel monsters voor afslag; getalle het gewissel tussen 0.92 en 7.84 log cve/g. Getalle van bakterieë na afslag het gewissel tussen 0.93 en 6.12 log cfu/g, en het verder afgeneem na verkoeling. Clostridum spp. het toegeneem na afslag, maar statistiese analises het geen beduidende verskille getoon nie. Monsters het negatief getoets vir Salmonella spp. Die resultate toon aan dat bakteriese kontaminasie wel plaasvind gedurende die slagproses. Die higiëniese status gedurende die produksie van wildsvleis is ook vasgestel. Bakteriegetalle van rou wildsvleis het gewissel tussen 2.37 log cve/g en 5.37 log cve/g. Getalle van handelsprodukte het getalle getoon van soveel as 6.16 log cve/g. Aërobiese plaat telling tussen ≤2.62 cve/cm2 en ≤ 6.3log cve/cm2 is vasgestel vanaf oppervlakte, hande en toerusting gedurende produksie. Resultate beklemtoon die ondoeltreffendheid van skoonmaakprosedures en wys dat aangetaste vleis bakteriese kontaminasie kan toelaat. Om te bepaal of die kleurstabiliteit en mikrobiese bederf van wildsvleis geaffekteer word deur spiere se pH, is normale (n=6) en donker, ferm, en droë (DFD) (n=6) Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) spiere van die swartwildebees bestudeer. Kleur was geaffekteer deur vleis pH, siende dat die aanvanklike waardes (dag 0) vir L*, a*, b*, C* en Hab aansienlik hoër was vir monsters met normale pH as DFD monsters. Aanvanklike getalle van aërobiese plaat telling en Enterobacteriaceae telling van monsters met Normale pH het nie beduidend verskil van DFD monsters nie. Aanvanklike besmetting was gekoppel aan die oes- en slagproses. Verdere verkoeling (5±1ºC) vir 12 dae in ŉ aërobiese omgewing en analise van monsters wys dat pH nie ligtheid en bruinheid affekteer nie; waardes vir L* en b* vir DFD monsters het nie beduidend verskil oor tyd nie. Dieselfde geld vir monsters met Normale pH. Monsters met Normale pH het ŉ beduidende toename in a* en C* getoon tot en met dag 12, terwyl waardes vir Hab afgeneem het tot en met dag 12. Dieselfde patroon is waargeneem by waardes vir a* en C* vir DFD monsters tot en met dag 9, terwyl dit toegeneem het op die 12de dag. Soortgelyk het Hab waardes vir DFD monsters afgeneem tot n met dag 9, en toegeneem op die 12de dag. Dit is ook gevind dat DFD vleis die limiet vir mikrobiese bederf (6 log cve/g) vroeër bereik as monsters met Normale pH. Die studie voorsien basis inligting oor die mikrobiese kwaliteit van wildsvleis wat geoes is in Suid Afrika, en geslag is by Suid Afrikaanse slagpale.

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Lau, Chi-yung, und 劉智勇. „Need assessment for relocation of Cheung Sha Wan Abattoir“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258013.

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Grogan, Shawn Patrick. „Endocrine alteration of meat quality and gene expression in rats and deer /“. [Richmond, N.S.W.] : CSIRO Animal Production : School of Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030527.110306/index.html.

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陳明昕 und Ming-yan Chan. „Sheung Shui abattoir“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31982256.

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Caldereiro, Gisele Maria Brod. „Caracterização da digestão de resíduos agroindustriais em biodigestor de fluxo contínuo operado em escala real“. Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1277.

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Os abatedouros e frigoríficos caracterizam-se por agroindústrias potencialmente poluidoras devido a carga orgânica componente dos efluentes líquidos e resíduos sólidos gerados em seu processo. Para a minimização do impacto ambiental gerado por estes empreendimentos faz-se necessária a implementação de processos de tratamento que possibilitem a redução da carga orgânica, a transformação de resíduos em produtos de valor agregado e o aproveitamento energético. A implementação de biodigestores para o tratamento dos resíduos sólidos e efluentes líquidos gerados nos frigoríficos de suínos é uma opção interessante, haja visto o processo de digestão anaeróbia que compõe o sistema e os benefícios possíveis com sua aplicação. Neste intuito, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação de um digestor anaeróbio de fluxo contínuo, em escala real, utilizado para o tratamento dos resíduos sólidos e efluentes líquidos oriundos do processo. Para isto procedeu-se a caracterização físico-química dos substratos de alimentação do biodigestor bem como do afluente e efluente do sistema, além da realização de análises com o intuito de avaliar as características do biofertilizante e do biogás originados no processo. Os resultados demonstraram que o substrato de alimentação do biodigestor é composto por diversas origens e, cada qual, possui características físico- químicas específicas e diferenciadas porém, quando unificadas, propiciam o desenvolvimento de um ambiente suscetível ao desempenho da digestão anaeróbia. Avaliando a eficiência do sistema em geral, considerando os valores obtidos nas análises do afluente e efluente do mesmo, observou-se que alguns parâmetros apresentam eficiência enquanto, outros, resultaram em aumento de concentração. Este fato pode ter sido desencadeado por fatores externos ao sistema. Quanto ao biofertilizante oriundo do biodigestor, foi caracterizado como resíduo sólido não inerte sendo possível, com algumas restrições, a sua aplicação em solo. O biogás, por sua vez, apresentou concentrações interessantes de metano, sendo, portanto, passível de utilização em diversos processos industriais.
Slaughterhouses are potentially polluting agricultural industries due to the organic load present in the wastewater and solid waste generated in the process. To minimize the environmental impact generated by this type of activity, it is necessary to provide a treatment processes that enables the reduction of the organic matter present in slaughterhouse waste, transforms waste into value-added products and exploits energy use efficiently. The implementation of biodigesters to treat solid waste and wastewater generated in slaughterhouses is an interesting option, given the anaerobic digestion process that makes up the system and the possible benefits it provides. Therefore, the present study evaluated the efficiency of an anaerobic continuous flow digester, in real scale, used for the treatment of solid waste and liquid effluents from the process. In order to do so, physicochemical characterization of the digester feed substrates, as well as, characterization of the influent and effluent of the system were performed. In addition, analyzes were executed to evaluate the characteristics of the bio-fertilizer and biogas originating in the process. The results showed that the digester feed substrate is composed of various origins and, each has a specific and distinct physicochemical characteristic, but when these different characteristics are combined they favor the development of an environment prone to the performance of the anaerobic digestion. By assessing the overall system efficiency, while considering the values obtained for the influent and effluent analysis, some parameters were considered efficient, whereas others result in the increase of concentration. This may have been triggered by factors which are external to the system. The bio-fertilizer originating from the digester was characterized as non-inert solid waste, which might require certain restrictions in its application in soil. Biogas, in turn, presented interesting methane concentration and is therefore likely to be used in various industrial processes.

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Silva, Rodrigo Costa da. „Caracterização genotípica de amaostras de Toxoplasma gondii isoladas de ovinos de abatedouro /“. Botucatu, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106029.

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Orientador: Helio Langoni
Banca: Antonio Carlos Paes
Banca: Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
Banca: Lisiane de Almeida Martins
Banca: Luiz Fernando Pita Gondim
Resumo: Toxoplasma gondii é um parasito de grande importância no contexto de produção animal e saúde pública, sendo importante patógeno oportunista em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Este estudo objetivou determinar a soroprevalência de toxoplasmose em ovinos de abatedouros do estado de São Paulo, e a variabilidade genotípica dos isolamentos obtidos. A presença de anticorpos para T. gondii foi pesquisada em 602 amostras de soro pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), aglutinação direta modificada (MAT), com antígeno fixado pelo metanol (AM) e formalina (AF). Bioensaio em camundongos e pesquisa do DNA do parasito pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) do gene 529 pares de bases (pb), repetitivo 300 vezes no genoma do parasito, foi realizado com cérebro, pulmão e músculo ("pool" de diafragma e coração) dos ovinos soropositivos. Das amostras positivas à PCR realizou-se a genotipagem pelas técnicas de multilocus-, nested-PCR e polimorfismo de comprimento dos fragmentos de restrição (RFLP-PCR) em 12 loci (SAG1, 5'SAG2, 3'SAG2, alt-SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico, CS3), adicionado de ROP18Del e ROP18UPS, além da confirmação do parasito pelo locus 18S rRNA, diferenciando de Hammondia hammondi, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, S. moulei, S. miescheriana, S. hominis, S. capracanis e S. tenella. 66/602 (11,0%) amostras de soro foram positivas para algum teste sorológico, com maior sensibilidade da MAT-AF, utilizado como teste de triagem. Amostras teciduais de 20/66 (30,3%) animais foram positivas ao isolamento, sendo detectados cistos em 12, taquizoítos em quatro e somente sorologia positiva em outras quatro. Detectouse o DNA do parasito em amostras de 22/66 (33,3%) animais. O genótipo completo foi obtido em somente 13/22 (59,1%). Dez genótipos diferentes foram identificados, sendo seis novos genótipos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite with high importance to the animal production and public health, being important opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients. This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in ovines in slaughterhouses from State of de São Paulo, and the genotypic variability of the obtained isolates. T. gondii antibodies were researched in 602 serum samples by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and modified agglutination test (MAT), with methanol- (AM) and formalin-fixed antigen (AF). Bioassay in mice and the research of DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of gene 529 base pairs (bp), 300 times repetitive in parasite genome, was assayed with brain, lung and muscle ("pool" of diaphragm and heart) from seropositive ovines. Genotyping of the PCR positive samples was performed by multilocus-, nested-PCR and restriction fragment lenght polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) in 12 loci (SAG1, 5'SAG2, 3'SAG2, alt-SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico and CS3), added of ROP18Del and ROP18UPS, beyond the confirmation by 18S rRNA locus, to differentiate Hammondia hammondi, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, S. moulei, S. miescheriana, S. hominis, S. capracanis and S. tenella. 66/602 (11.0%) serum samples were positive to, at least, one serological test with high sensitivity to MAT-AF, used as screening test. Tissue samples of 20/66 (30.3%) animals were positive to the isolation, being detected cysts in 12, tachyzoites in four and in other four only positive result to the serology. DNA of the parasite was detected in samples of 22/66 (33.3%) animals. The complete genotype was detected in only 13/22 (59.1%). Ten different genotypes were identified, with six new genotypes. Two samples presented type II, isolated from Polwarth (Ideal) breed, bred extensively in Santana do Livramento and Uruguaiana, RS. Two other samples, from... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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Martinez, Julio Alberto. „INFLUENCE OF ALUMINUM ION ON THE ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF A POULTRY SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER“. MSSTATE, 2003. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07212003-094518/.

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The influence of Al 3+ on the anaerobic treatment of a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater was studied in this work. The soluble COD (SCOD), volatile acid (VA) concentrations, and methane yield values were measured and compared for zero, 15, and 40 ppm Al 3+ runs. Methane yields of 55.4, 144.2, and 215.4 ml CH4/g. COD for zero, 15, and 40 ppm Al 3+ concentrations, respectively, were observed. Furthermore, SCOD and VAs were not detectable in the reactor that was seeded with 40 ppm Al 3+. It was concluded that inhibitory effects of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) on aceticlastic methanogens were reduced by aluminum ion. This conclusion was also corroborated by a new mathematical model for estimating the Monod parameters developed in this work. The main characteristic of this new model is that estimated parameters must satisfy some restrictions, which provides consistency for the estimated parameters.

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Au, Yeung Man-bun Francis, und 歐陽文彬. „An examination of policy entrepreneur using the case study central slaughtering policy“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46779334.

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Mills, Edward G. „The process of automating the sealing of the anus and urinary tract of bovines“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1994. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36240/1/36240_Mills_1994.pdf.

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This thesis deals with automating the process of separating and sealing the rectum in bovines. In particular, it analyses those designs that have been trialled during the course of automation. Following a summary of the most successful of these designs, the final chapter outlines the benefits of automating this process to the meat producing industry of Australia and makes recommendations for future research. In achieving these tasks, chapters are devoted to the four specific processes of locating, separating, sealing and cutting the anus. These processes were automated and the various designs subsequently trialled at CSIRO Meat Research Laboratory, Cannon Hill, Brisbane during the period August 1990 to March 1994. The scope of the project does not include an analysis of the costs and benefits of the process.

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Soares, Taíssa Cook Siqueira [UNESP]. „Ocorrência, sorotipagem e rsistência antimicrobiana de Streptococcus suis em funcionários e ambente de abatedouro de sínos“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123291.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O presente estudo teve por objetivos determinar a ocorrência de Streptococcus suis em funcionários (portadores sadios) e ambiente de abatedouros com SIF do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, descrever a distribuição dos diferentes tipos do agente e o perfil de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos das linhagens isoladas, bem como pesquisar os fatores de risco associados à ocorrência do patógeno. Suabes de tonsilas de 139 funcionários e 261 suabes ambientais foram coletados para detecção de S. suis e seus tipos através das técnicas de monoplex e multiplex PCR, respectivamente. Não houve detecção de funcionários portadores sadios. S. suis foi isolado de 27,03% das amostras coletadas no abatedouro A; 17,31% no abatedouro B; 15,31% no abatedouro C; e 36,36% no abatedouro D. Diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05) foi observada para as ocorrências de S. suis entre os abatedouros e entre as áreas de risco baixo, médio e alto da etapa de matança no abatedouro A. Os tipos 4 (20,00%), 5 (20,00%), 12 (20,00%) e 29 (20,00%) foram os mais frequentes seguidos pelos tipos 21 (10,00%) e 31 (10,00%). Os antimicrobianos mais eficazes foram amoxicilina com clavulanato (100,00%), doxiciclina (100,00%), ceftiofur (93,75%), ampicilina (81,25%) e cefalexina (75,00%). Multirresistência foi observada em 100,00% das linhagens isoladas. Os abatedouros e as diferentes áreas da etapa de matança podem ser fatores de risco para a ocorrência de S. suis, consequentemente, para infecção humana pelo patógeno. No entanto, é importante ressaltar que todos os funcionários estão expostos à infecção. O presente trabalho é o primeiro estudo epidemiológico realizado no Brasil acerca dos fatores de risco associados à ocorrência de S. suis envolvendo grande número de indivíduos pertencentes ao principal grupo de risco
The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of Streptococcus suis in employees (healthy carriers) and environment of swine slaughterhouses with federal inspection service of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, to describe the distribution of the different types of the agent and the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolated strains, as well as to research the risk factors associated with the occurrence of the pathogen. Tonsillar swabs of 139 employees and 261 environmental swabs were collected for detection of S. suis and its types by monoplex and multiplex PCR, respectively. There was no detection of healthy carriers employees. S. suis was isolated from 27.03% of the samples collected at slaughterhouse A; 17.31% at slaughterhouse B; 15.31% at slaughterhouse C; and 36.36% at slaughterhouse D. Significant statistical differences (p<0.05) were observed for the occurrence of S. suis among slaughterhouses and among areas of low, medium and high risk of the slaughterhouse A. The types 4 (20.00%), 5 (20.00%), 12 (20.00%) and 29 (20.00%) were the most frequent followed by types 21 (10.00%) and 31 (10.00%). The most effective antimicrobials were amoxicillin-clavulanate (100.00%), doxycycline (100.00%), ceftiofur (93.75%), ampicillin (81.25%) and cephalexin (75.00%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 100.00% of the isolates. The slaughterhouses and the different areas of the pig slaughtering may be risk factors for the occurrence of S. suis and, consequently, for human infection. However, it is noteworthy that all employees are exposed to S. suis infection. This project is the first epidemiological study in Brazil about the risk factors associated with the occurrence of S. suis involving a large numbers of individuals belonging to the main risk group
FAPESP: 2011/50787-1

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Yuen, Sin-yiu Florence, und 袁善瑤. „A review of treatment technologies for the environmental management ofabattoir waste“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255711.

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Njoya, Mahomet. „Reactor reconfiguration for enhanced performance of a down-flow expanded granular bed reactor (Degbr) for poultry slaughterhouse treatment“. Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2599.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
The poultry industry is one of the largest industries in the South African agricultural sector. To sustain their various operations, this industry utilises a large quantity of potable water to process slaughtered birds in order to satisfy hygiene and sanitation requirements in processing facilities. Thus, the consumption of potable water during poultry slaughterhouse operations results in the production of high-strength poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW), which is laden with a variety of pollutants, including fats, oil and grease (FOG), carcass debris, feathers and organic matter, including proteins, that should be removed from the wastewater, or at least reduced in concentration, prior to the PSW being discharged into the environment. This is to avoid and/or minimise levies and non-compliance penalties from monitoring institutions in charge of controlling the quality of effluents in the area from which the PSW was collected for this study. Furthermore, the option of treating and recycling the PSW to address the current issue of water scarcity in the Western Cape (South Africa), and to minimise possible harmful effects on the environment, will reduce the overreliance on slaughterhouses in the region on potable/drinking water, thus also lessening running costs associated with water procurement for operations. Various technologies, involving physical, chemical or biological processes, have been evaluated for the treatment of PSW, with this study focusing on anaerobic treatment (part of the biological treatment) of PSW, using a high-rate anaerobic bioreactor system (HRABs), which provides for low production of sludge, the production of biogas as a source of energy and the provision of high performance in terms of organic matter removal. Moreover, HRABs are cheaper, when compared to other aerobic treatment technologies. However, numerous potential challenges were encountered when using HRABs, such as low production of biogas due to gas entrapment, head losses across the granular bed, sludge washout in upflow HRABs, uneven wastewater distribution, and thus poor dispersion of the organic matter, which impacts on the adequacy of treatment, poor release of toxic substances contained in the entrapped biogas (NH3 or H2S), clogging of the underdrain system for down-flow HRABs, or the formation of dead zones within the granular bed, resulting in short-circuiting.

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Soares, Taíssa Cook Siqueira. „Ocorrência, sorotipagem e rsistência antimicrobiana de Streptococcus suis em funcionários e ambente de abatedouro de sínos /“. Botucatu, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123291.

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Orientador: Antonio Carlos Paes
Banca: Jane Megid
Banca: Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
Banca: Sandra de Moraes Gimenes Bosco
Banca: Rogério Giuffrida
Resumo: O presente estudo teve por objetivos determinar a ocorrência de Streptococcus suis em funcionários (portadores sadios) e ambiente de abatedouros com SIF do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, descrever a distribuição dos diferentes tipos do agente e o perfil de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos das linhagens isoladas, bem como pesquisar os fatores de risco associados à ocorrência do patógeno. Suabes de tonsilas de 139 funcionários e 261 suabes ambientais foram coletados para detecção de S. suis e seus tipos através das técnicas de monoplex e multiplex PCR, respectivamente. Não houve detecção de funcionários portadores sadios. S. suis foi isolado de 27,03% das amostras coletadas no abatedouro A; 17,31% no abatedouro B; 15,31% no abatedouro C; e 36,36% no abatedouro D. Diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05) foi observada para as ocorrências de S. suis entre os abatedouros e entre as áreas de risco baixo, médio e alto da etapa de matança no abatedouro A. Os tipos 4 (20,00%), 5 (20,00%), 12 (20,00%) e 29 (20,00%) foram os mais frequentes seguidos pelos tipos 21 (10,00%) e 31 (10,00%). Os antimicrobianos mais eficazes foram amoxicilina com clavulanato (100,00%), doxiciclina (100,00%), ceftiofur (93,75%), ampicilina (81,25%) e cefalexina (75,00%). Multirresistência foi observada em 100,00% das linhagens isoladas. Os abatedouros e as diferentes áreas da etapa de matança podem ser fatores de risco para a ocorrência de S. suis, consequentemente, para infecção humana pelo patógeno. No entanto, é importante ressaltar que todos os funcionários estão expostos à infecção. O presente trabalho é o primeiro estudo epidemiológico realizado no Brasil acerca dos fatores de risco associados à ocorrência de S. suis envolvendo grande número de indivíduos pertencentes ao principal grupo de risco
Abstract: The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of Streptococcus suis in employees (healthy carriers) and environment of swine slaughterhouses with federal inspection service of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, to describe the distribution of the different types of the agent and the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolated strains, as well as to research the risk factors associated with the occurrence of the pathogen. Tonsillar swabs of 139 employees and 261 environmental swabs were collected for detection of S. suis and its types by monoplex and multiplex PCR, respectively. There was no detection of healthy carriers employees. S. suis was isolated from 27.03% of the samples collected at slaughterhouse A; 17.31% at slaughterhouse B; 15.31% at slaughterhouse C; and 36.36% at slaughterhouse D. Significant statistical differences (p<0.05) were observed for the occurrence of S. suis among slaughterhouses and among areas of low, medium and high risk of the slaughterhouse A. The types 4 (20.00%), 5 (20.00%), 12 (20.00%) and 29 (20.00%) were the most frequent followed by types 21 (10.00%) and 31 (10.00%). The most effective antimicrobials were amoxicillin-clavulanate (100.00%), doxycycline (100.00%), ceftiofur (93.75%), ampicillin (81.25%) and cephalexin (75.00%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 100.00% of the isolates. The slaughterhouses and the different areas of the pig slaughtering may be risk factors for the occurrence of S. suis and, consequently, for human infection. However, it is noteworthy that all employees are exposed to S. suis infection. This project is the first epidemiological study in Brazil about the risk factors associated with the occurrence of S. suis involving a large numbers of individuals belonging to the main risk group
Doutor

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Njisane, Yonela Zifikile. „Farm to abattoir conditions and their subsequent effects on behavioural and physiological changes and the quality of beef from extensively-reared Nguni and non-descript steers“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3143.

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The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of farm to abattoir environmental conditions and their subsequent effects on behavioural and physiological responses, as well as the quality of meat from Nguni (NG) and non-descript (ND) beef steers reared extensively on natural pastures. The forty 16 – 19 months old steers (20 ND and 20 NG) used in the current study were grouped together, medically treated, allowed three weeks acclimatizing period and were used in this trial over a four-month period. The weather and periodical variations influence on time budgets and body weights of these steers were determined. Furthermore, the effects of on-farm successive handling on behavioural scores and physiological responses of the same steers were determined. Later in the trial, some pre-slaughter effects on response-behaviour, bleed-out times and selected blood physiological responses were determined. Finally, the effect of genotype, muscle type, lairage duration, slaughter order and stress responsiveness on pH24, temperature, colour (L*, a*, b*, C, HA), thawing (TL) and cooking (CL) losses and Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) of the meat harvested from the same steers were determined. The daily time budgets of steers in natural pastures changed with temperature, humidity, observation week and time of the day. The grazing behaviour was observed throughout the observation days (> 37 percent); though it was reduced (26.9±2.64 percent) on days with higher temperatures and low humidity. Higher proportions of drinking (1.5±1.04 percent) and standing (20.8±4.63 percent) behaviours prolonged in such weather conditions, which were mostly during midday. The avoidance-related behaviour of the steers during handling varies, with the steers showing more avoidance and aggression in other weeks than some. These variations could however be traced back to the events of that particular day/time of handling. Only Weighing Box (WBS) and stepping (SS) scores differed (P<0.05) with genotype; with more calm NG steers (> 40 percent) and not kicking than the ND steers that were more vocal (20–60 percent) and kicking (> 5 percent). In addition, the weekly behavioural responses were reflected (P<0.05) in the measured cortisol, glucose and lactate. However, regardless of the prominent negative behaviour seen over time, the levels of the measured blood constituents continued to drop. Furthermore, steers of different genotypes displayed similar (P>0.05) response to the identical pre-slaughter conditions they were exposed to. However, steers that were Transport Group 1 (TG1) showed more avoidance (63.2 percent) pre-slaughter than those in TG2 (23.9 percent). Furthermore, all the steers that were in slaughter Group 2 (SG2) showed less avoidance behaviour than those in other groups. Vocalization was observed only for ND steers (5 percent), in TG1 and SG2. Some connections between the observed pre-slaughter activities and some behavioural and physiological changes of these steers were established; with TG1 and SG1 steers showing higher cortisol (140±14.50 and 175.9±17.24 nmol/L, respectively) and lactate (12.4±0.83 and 13.5±1.12 mmolL) levels than the other groups. Lastly, the muscle type, genotype, lairage duration, slaughter order and stress responsiveness have an effect on some meat quality characteristics of the two genotypes; with the L. dorsi muscle having highest WBSF (38.0±1.35N) than the Superficial pectoral muscle (Brisket muscle) (30.7±1.35N). Additionally, steers lairaged for a shorter time produced a L. dorsi with higher WBSF (41.6±2.34N) and a Brisket with lower TL (2.7±0.24 percent). It can therefore be concluded that the conditions and activities at the farm, during transportation, lairaging and slaughter at the abattoir have an influence on some behavioural and physiological changes and the quality of beef harvested from the Nguni and non-descript steers that were extensively-reared in natural pastures. However, the relationship patterns between these different conditions are not clear.

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Basitere, Moses. „Performance evaluation of an up- and down-flow anaerobic reactor for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater in South Africa“. Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2632.

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Thesis (DTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
The process of anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally sustainable technologies to treat wastewater in the agricultural sector. In South Africa, in some industries in the agricultural sector, such as the poultry industry in particular, slaughterhouses have the highest consumption of potable water, culminating in the production of a large quantity of high strength wastewater. This high consumption of potable water has become a concern in South Africa due to water scarcity and reduced rainfall attributed to global warming, including weather changes. Furthermore, the generation of a large volume of wastewater poses environmental pollution concerns. The wastewater from poultry slaughterhouses can be quite easily treated to a suitable quality for reuse, using various bioreactor systems that utilise low cost anaerobic digestion processes. However, as this wastewater contains a high quantity of biodegradable organic matter – with the primary pollutants being proteins, blood, fats, oil and grease (FOG) – selecting a suitable anaerobic reactor configuration (up-flow vs down-flow) plays an important role in achieving high reactor performance. In this study, both the up-flow, (i.e. Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Reactor) and the down-flow (i.e. Static Granular Static Granular Bed Reactor), were studied to quantitatively determine their performance in treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. Firstly, the feasibility of treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater with an up-flow Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Reactor (EGSB) coupled with anoxic and aerobic bioreactors was investigated at an HRT of 7 (168 hr), 4 (96 hr) and 3 (72 hr) days using organic loading rates of 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 gCOD/L.day. The averaged tCOD removal for the EGSB reactor was 40%, 57% and 55%, respectively, at the various OLRs and HRTs investigated. The overall tCOD removal of the system (EGSB-anoxic/aerobic) at high OLR of 1.0 gCOD/L.day was increased to 65%. The redundant performance of the up-flow EGSB reactor was attributed to the periodical sludge washout experienced during its operation due to high FOG and TSS concentrations in the influent. Due to the periodic sludge washout, the reactor required continuous re-inoculation resulting in the EGSB being operated for a short period (i.e. 26 days). As a result of such system deficiency, it was recommended that to improve the performance of the up-flow EGSB reactor in treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater, a pre-treatment system – such as a Dissolved Air Floatation system (DAFs) or a FOG skimmer – is required to reduce the FOG and total suspended solids (TSS) load prior to the wastewater fed to the EGSB. This will minimise system failure and the need for a continuous re-inoculation of the system (see Appendix C for improved operation strategy of the EGSB reactor). Furthermore, a system redesign was recommended, thus the use of the SGBR. Secondly, after the EGSB system evaluation, the performance of a down-flow system (i.e. SGBR) for the new design, the following were deemed appropriate for improved system (SGBR) design: 1) reduced HRT for high wastewater treatment through-put rates; 2) the ability to adequately treat the wastewater with higher organic loading rates; and 3) reduction of the plant footprint by using a membrane filtration system (i.e. a single process unit) to effectively reduce process requirements needed for the anoxic/aerobic bioreactors (i.e. n=2 process unit) used with the EGSB. Similarly, for large-scale operations, it is advisable to have a backwash system to adequately handle declogging processes (i.e. these systems modifications were evaluated in the SGBR). The SGBR, coupled with an ultra-filtration (UF) membrane system, was then investigated for treating the poultry slaughterhouse wastewater at an HRT of 55 hrs and 40 hrs, including average OLRs of 1.01 and 3.14 gCOD/L.day, respectively. The average maximum performance of the SGBR in terms of tCOD, TSS and FOG removal was > 90% at the OLRs and HRTs investigated. The UF membrane system used as a post-treatment system further yielded a system performance improvement for tCOD, TSS and FOG of 64%, 88% and 60%, respectively. The overall performance of the combined system (SGBR and UF membrane system) in terms of tCOD, TSS and FOG removal was 98%, 99.8% and 92.4%, respectively. The highest performance for the down-flow SGBR was attributed to its ability to retain granulated sludge in the reactor while maximizing the digestion of the organic matter fed into the reactor, even at higher OLRs. Furthermore, for effective declogging, the implementation of a periodic backwash system to effectively remove dispersed fine sludge particles in the underdrain and excessive suspended solids entrapment was observed to ease the system operational deficiencies.

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Mukandi, Melody. „Modelling of a bioflocculant supported dissolved air flotation system for fats oil and grease laden wastewater pretreatment“. Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2637.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
In the recent past, the poultry industry in South Africa has grown due to an increased demand of poultry products as a result of population growth and improved living standards. Furthermore, this has led to poultry slaughterhouses generating high strength wastewater which is laden with a high concentration of organic and inorganic pollutants from the slaughtering process and sanitation of equipment and facilities. As a result, South Africa has promulgated restrictions and a set of quality standards for effluent discharged into the environment to minimize ecological degradation and human health impact. Hence, there is a need for improved Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater (PSW) pre-treatment prior to either discharge into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) or on-site secondary treatment processes such as anaerobic digesters. Additionally, amongst the pre-treatment methods for Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) laden wastewater, flotation remains the most popular with Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) system being the most applied. However, modelling and optimization of a biological DAF system has never been attempted before in particular for a bioflocculant supported DAF (BioDAF) for PSW pre-treatment. Process modelling and optimization involves process adjustment to optimize influential parameters. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to develop an empirical model of a BioDAF for pre-treatment of PSW, for which a bioflocculant producer including production conditions, flocculant type and its floc formation mechanism, were identified. Twenty-one (n = 21) microbial strains were isolated from the PSW and their flocculation activity using kaolin clay suspension (4g/L) was quantified, with a mutated Escherichia coli (mE.coli) [accession number LT906474.1], having the highest flocculation activity even in limited nutrient conditions; hence, it was used for further analysis in other experiments. Furthermore, the optimum conditions for bioflocculant production achieved using RSM were pH of 6.5 and 36°C conditions which induced instantaneous bioflocculant production with the highest flocculation activity. The bioflocculant produced by the mE.coli showed the presence of carboxyl/amine, alkyne and hydroxyl functional groups, which was indicative that the bioflocculant contained both polysaccharides and some amino acids.

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Rinquest, Zainab. „Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment using a static granular bed reactor (Sgbr) coupled with a hybrid sidestream membrane bioreactor“. Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2638.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
An increase in the demand for poultry products coupled with the potable water shortages currently experienced in South Africa (SA), attributed to climate change among other factors, makes it crucial for SA to develop water conservation strategies to minimize potable water consumption by water-intensive industries, such as the poultry industry. The development of innovative wastewater treatment processes is therefore paramount in attempting to counteract the large quantity of wastewater generated as well as to manage the environmental health concerns arising from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) discharge into the environment. Moreover, increasing wastewater treatment costs and the implementation of increasingly stringent government legislation to mitigate environmental pollution whilst minimizing fresh water source contamination, requires that wastewater such as PSW, be adequately treated prior to discharge. This study, investigated the feasibility of treating PSW from a poultry slaughterhouse to: 1) a water quality standard compliant with industrial wastewater discharge standards and 2) for possible re-use purposes. The performance of a lab-scale PSW treatment system consisting of an anaerobic static granular bed reactor (SGBR) followed by single stage nitrificationdenitrification (SSND) bioreactor and sidestream ultrafiltration membrane module (ufMM) post-treatment systems, were evaluated, with the objective being to: assess the treatment efficiency of the individual treatment systems namely; the SGBR, SSND bioreactor, and ufMM, under varying operational conditions, as well as to determine the performance of the overall designed PSW treatment system. The down-flow SGBR (2 L) was used to reduce the organic matter (COD, BOD5, and FOG) and total suspended solids (TSS) in the PSW. Anaerobic granules from a full-scale mesophilic anaerobic reactor treating brewery wastewater were used to inoculate the SGBR, and the PSW used as feed was obtained from a local poultry slaughterhouse (Western Cape, South Africa). The SGBR was operated continuously at mesophilic temperature (35-37 °C) without pH modification and under varying HRTs (24, 36, 48, 55, and 96 h) and OLRs (0.73 to 12.49 g COD/Lday), for a period of 138 days. The optimization of the SGBR, with regard to a suitable HRT and OLR, was determined using response surface methodology (RSM) and Design Expert® 10.0.3 statistical software. Periodic backwashing of the SGBR system was performed using stored effluent, i.e. treated PSW.

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Njisane, Yonela Zifikile. „Avoidance-related behaviour, bleeding times and the quality of meat from sheep slaughtered at a commercial and a municipal abattoir“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1004195.

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The objective of the study was to determine the avoidance-related behaviour, bleeding times and the quality of meat from sheep of different gender, breed (Dorper, Merino, and their crosses) and age groups, slaughtered at a commercial and municipal abattoir. Castrates and ewes of different age groups (1= <10months, 2= 11-12months, and 3= >12months) and breeds were used. From the commercial abattoir, 90 castrates and 110 ewes were used, while 66 castrates and 19 ewes were obtained from the municipal abattoir. Meat samples were obtained to determine meat colour, ultimate pH, temperature, cooking loss and tenderness. Correlations between bleeding times and meat quality variables were also determined. The two abattoirs differed in terms of technology and the procedures used, and this brought about different response behaviours in sheep at slaughter, bleeding times at exsanguination and the quality of meat produced. Animal-related factors (breed, gender and age classes) had no effect on the avoidance-related behaviour of sheep slaughtered at the commercial abattoir, while these factors affected those sheep slaughtered at the municipal abattoir. These factors also had an effect on the quality of meat produced at both abattoirs. Gender and weight of the animals had effects on the bleeding times at exsanguination at both abattoirs. Bleeding times did no correlate with any of the meat quality variables, but correlations among meat quality variables were observed. Avoidance-related behaviour, bleeding times, and the quality of mutton from sheep slaughtered at a commercial and a municipal abattoir was affected by breed, age, and gender.

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Chan, Pui-sim Joyce, und 陳佩嬋. „An analysis of agenda-setting: regional/central slaughtering scheme in Hong Kong“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36519121.

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Weschenfelder, Francielle Zancanaro. „Abatedouros de frango da microrregião de Pato Branco: características organizacionais, inovação tecnológica e uso da água sob a perspectiva do modelo de produção mais limpa“. Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/885.

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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar os abatedouros de frango da microrregião de Pato Branco, analisando as interfaces de suas características organizacionais, de inovação tecnológica e uso da água, considerando o modelo de gestão ambiental de Produção Mais Limpa. Para seu desenvolvimento, adotou-se a metodologia de análise multicasos, com abordagem predominantemente qualitativa. Como instrumentos de coleta de dados em campo foram utilizados questionários semiestruturados aplicados na forma de entrevista, compostos por questões abertas e fechadas, além de observações. Os questionários foram formulados a partir da adaptação de perguntas do Questionário de Pesquisa e Inovação – PINTEC 2011. Os resultados indicam que o setor é composto por empresas de médio-grande porte, de formação Ltda, S/A e Cooperativa. Tais empresas processam em média 12.051 toneladas de carne de frango ao mês na forma de produto in natura (carcaça inteira) e de valor agregado (cortes, miúdos e embutidos) destinando 61% de sua produção para o mercado interno e 39% para o externo. Analisando o período de 2010 a 2012 foi observado que duas das três empresas apresentaram atividades de inovação tecnológica em produtos e processos (TPP), sendo que uma focou mais em produtos e a outra mais em processos, apresentando características de inovação tanto incrementais como radicais nas atividades desenvolvidas. Analisando as inovações TPP, constata-se que estão diretamente relacionadas ao uso da água e a minimização e reciclagem de resíduos, sendo elas inovações no aproveitamento da gordura abdominal; à aquisição de máquinas e equipamentos para a automatização e/ou ampliação dos processos de automatização; a modificações no layout para melhor captação de resíduos; a práticas de controle da água (travas e estranguladores de registro e hidrômetro; bicos aspersores; reuso da água); e ao aproveitamento total dos resíduos orgânicos resultantes do processo produtivo. Essas ações tiveram como retorno para as organizações: a minimização de efluente gerado; a redução no uso da água no processo produtivo; e uma maior margem de lucro na reciclagem dos resíduos para fabricação de farinha e óleo do que com sua revenda a terceiros. Pode-se concluir que os abatedouros de frango da microrregião de Pato Branco conseguiram incorporar as premissas do modelo de Produção Mais Limpa às práticas de uso da água e de inovação tecnológica, conciliando ganhos econômicos com benefícios ambientais.
This study aims to characterize the chicken slaughterhouses of Pato Branco microregion, analyzing the interfaces of their organizational characteristics, technological innovation and use of water, considering the environmental model of Cleaner Production. For its development, it was adopted the methodology of multicase analysis with a predominantly qualitative approach. As tools for collecting data in the field, semi structured questionnaires consisting of open and closed questions were applied by interview, as well as observations. The questionnaires were formulated based on the adaptation of questions from the Research and Innovation Questionnaire - PINTEC 2011. The results indicate that the sector is composed of medium- large - sized companies, formed by limited-liability company, corporation and a cooperative. Such companies processed on average 12,051 tonnes of chicken per month, being processed in natura meat (whole carcass) and value added products (cuts, offals and processed mixed meat) allocating 61 % of its production to domestic market and 39 % for foreign market. Looking at the period from 2010 to 2012 was observed that two of the three companies showed technological innovation activities in product and process (TPP), one focusing on products while the other focusing on processes, presenting both incremental and radical features of innovation to the performed activities. Analyzing the TPP innovations, some are directly related to water use and minimizing and recycling waste, being these innovations in the use of abdominal fat, the acquisition of machinery and equipment for automation and/or expansion of automation processes, changes in layout for better capturing of waste; practices in water control (locks and registration chokes and hydrometer; sprinkle nozzles, water reuse) and the total use of organic waste resulting from the production process. These actions had as a return for organizations: minimization of generated effluent, reduction in water use in the production process; higher profit margin in the recycling of waste for the manufacture of flour and oil to resale to third parties. It can be concluded that the chicken slaughterhouses of Pato Branco microregion succeeded to incorporate the assumptions of the Cleaner Production model to practices of water use and technological innovation concealing economic gains to environmental benefits.

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Fayemi, Peter Olutope. „Perceptions on ante-mortem welfare, quantitation of pain and pregnancy biomarkers, muscular fibre architecture and quality of Dohne Merino offal“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007573.

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Sheep farming is practiced extensively in South Africa for its significant contributions to the livestock, wool and meat industries. The sheep farming sector in the country has approximately 13,800 farmers with commercial and communal sheep farmers making up 58 percent and 42 percent of the entire work force (Directorate of Agricultural Information Services, 2008). An estimate of 28.8 million sheep and flock size ranging between ≤ 50 and ≥ 1800 exist in various South African provinces. Although the national herd size is unevenly distributed provincially most of the herds are found in the Eastern Cape (30 percent) followed by the Northern Cape (25 percent), Free State (20 percent) and the Western Cape (11 percent) respectively (Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2011). Over twenty indigenous and locally developed sheep breeds are managed where about 69 percent of the land area is available for their grazing nation-wide (Campher et al., 1998; Palmer and Ainslie, 2006). Common among the indigenous breeds are the Afrikaner, Blackhead Persian, Blackhead Speckled Persian, Blinkhaar Ronderib, Damara, Karakul, Namaqua Afrikaner, Pedi, Redhead Persian, Redhead Speckled, Swazi and Zulu. The locally developed breeds include Dorper, Van Rooy and Merinos. The local breeds developed from Merinos consist of the Afrino, Dormer, Dohne Merino and South African mutton Merino (Hammond, 2000; Pranisha, 2004; Hinton, 2006; Sorma et al., 2012). All these sheep breeds are best suited for providing by-products such as wool, meat, hide, milk or a combination of products (Dave and Meadowcroft, 1996; Jensen, 2009). The indigenous and locally developed sheep were bred to meet the growing demand for its by-products (Peters et al., 2010). Expectedly, sheep farmers therefore, make use of the products from these sheep as a means of livelihood and sustenance of a viable local society (Cloete and Olivier, 2010).

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Chulayo, Amanda Yucca. „The effects of distance travelled, lairage duration and animal-related factors on pre-slaughter stress indicators, carcass characteristics, nanostructure and technological properties of beef“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021275.

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The main objective of the current study was to determine the effect of distance travelled (DT), lairage duration (LDhr) and animal-related factors (animal class, breed, sex) on pre-slaughter stress indicators, carcass characteristics, nanostructure and technological properties of beef. The study was conducted in an Eastern Cape abattoir under the Buffalo City District Municipality. Six genotypes of cattle (Beefmaster, Bonsmara, Brahman, Holstein-Friesian, Non-descript and Nguni) brought for slaughter at the abattoir on different days were used in the study. Slaughter weight (SWT), warm and cold carcass weight (WCW and CCW), fatness and conformation of each animal were measured and recorded. Representative samples of blood plasma and meat quality from the Muscularis thoracis et lumborum (LTL) were collected at slaughter and 24 hours after slaughter, respectively. Heat shock proteins 70kDa (HSPA1A), glucose (GLU), cortisol (CORT), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined from the blood plasma. The representative LTL muscle was used to determine ultimate pH (pHu), lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), meat temperature (Tm), Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) and histological structure of beef. There were significant effects of distance on pHu, Tm, a*, b*, TL%, CK and LDH. Pearson correlations were observed between distance travelled (DT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ultimate pH (pHu), colour coordinates (L*, a* and b*) and Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the 1st (pHu), 2nd (Tm) and 3rd (L*) principal components were the critical meat quality attributes. Positive relationships between carcass weights and beef quality characteristics for bovine cattle where the cumulative percentage of the first six principal component`s (PC`s) (SWT, WCW, CCW, DP, pHu and Tm contributed to 93.4 % of the total variance. Significant correlation coefficients between DT (r = 0.15), LDhr (r = 0.29), Ta (r = -0.52), Tm (r = 0.26), L* (r = 0.33), a* (r = 0.32) and WBSF (r = -0.49) were observed. Meat from Brahman (BR), Non-descript (ND) and Nguni (NG) cows had visible skeletal muscle fibres which were thin and long indicating improved tenderness of beef. Exposing animals to longer hours of transportation did not only reduce glucose levels but also increased the expression of HSPA1A and levels of cortisol. The CK and LDH were not related to beef quality. Therefore, CK and LDH can be used as indicators of animal welfare in slaughter cattle but cannot be used to predict the quality of meat. Bulls were the heaviest, although heifers had the highest dressing percentage than cows. Furthermore, the nanostructure of beef indicated that heifers had the best muscle fibres, sarcomere length and visible intercalated discs. The observed nanostructures of Nguni genotype are an indication of tender meat. Beef from heifers of Nguni had visible and tender meat with traces of intramuscular fat while males had shorter sarcomere length and tougher meat.

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Dlangamandla, Cynthia. „Bioflocculant dissolved air flotation system for the reduction of suspended solids-lipids-Proteinaceous matter from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater“. Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2485.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) contains organic matter that can be degraded by microorganisms. Such matter can further be used by the microbial community as a nutrient source for growth. Moreover, this type of wastewater also contains a high quantity of particulate matter, lipids and proteins, including antimicrobial compounds such as triclosan (TCS) and trichlorocarbanilide (TCC) used during cleaning and sanitising of processing facilities. Lipids and particulate matter lead to clogging of pipes and fouling of diffusers in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To overcome this problem, a pre-treatment system such as a dissolved air flotation system (DAFs) in which synthetic flocculants are used, is commonly used prior to the biological treatment of the wastewater. Synthetic flocculants add to the environmental burden associated with the use of synthetic compounds, particularly when these compounds are used in WWTPs. This study focused on the reduction of suspended solids, lipids and proteinaceous matter using a bioflocculant- supported DAF for the treatment of PSW.

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Nyamakwere, Faith. „Microbiological analyses of beef slaughtering process and meat safety knowledge of handlers at selected high and low thoughput abattoirs“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2238.

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The objective of the study was to evaluate meat hygiene practices among meat handlers and microbiological analysis of beef carcasses, slaughtermen hands, equipment and water from low throughput (LTA) and high throughput (HTA) abattoirs in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. In stage one of the study, the level of knowledge, practices and attitudes towards meat safety and personal hygiene of slaughtermen were assessed. Forty workers directly involve in beef cattle slaughtering process were surveyed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, it contained questions on some of the most important meat safety cues such as knowledge, attitudes, personal hygiene and handling practices. Cross tabulation and Chi-square Test of Association were performed to examine the relationships between the demographic information and the knowledge regarding meat safety using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Overall, a significant adherence to basic hygiene practices and a satisfactory level of knowledge were observed. Workers from a HTA yielded comparatively better statistically significant scores. Moreover, knowledge and practices of respondents were significantly associated (P<0.05) due to educational level and professional training. The second stage of the study involved evaluating the level to which cattle carcass, equipment, slaughtermen hands and water were contaminated with Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella, Escherichia coli and aerobic colony counts (ACC) at different stages during the slaughter process (skinning, evisceration, carcass slitting, inspection, washing and packing). Cattle carcasses were sampled at four sites (rump, neck, flank and brisket) from a LTA (n= 240) and HTA (n= 384) abattoirs. Using conventional biochemical tests, HTA yielded significantly (P<0.05) higher ACC (5.2 log CFU/cm2), E. coli (2.6 log CFU/cm2) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.9 log CFU/cm2) carcass mean scores than LTA after skinning and evisceration. Specific abattoir hygiene differences were noted from washed and chilled carcasses. Salmonella was not detected across all sampled slaughter process stages. In addition, the equipment had bacterial load ranging from 10 to 4 CFU/cm2 for LTA, whereas in HTA this was found to be 7 to 3 CFU/cm2. The bacterial counts for slaughtermen hands were estimated to be 15 to 8 CFU/cm2 in HTA and 10 to 5 CFU/cm2 in LTA. Overall, slaughtermen hands and equipment in the dirty area (skinning and evisceration) yielded more bacterial counts compared to those in the clean area (slitting, inspection, washing and packing) from both abattoirs. For all the sampled carcasses, equipment and slaughtermen hands, HTA yielded comparatively higher (P<0.05) bacterial counts than the LTA. Although the results showed a significant adherence to basic hygiene practices, some aspects such as routine medical examination, health certificates and professional training of slaughtermen still need to be improved. Therefore, these findings show that slaughtermen, equipment and water can be sources of contamination during the slaughter process.

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Oguttu, James Wabwire. „Antimicrobial drug resistance of enteric bacteria from broilers fed antimicrobial growth enhancers and exposed poultry abattoir workers“. Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07162008-133245/.

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Cê, Elton Rodrigo. „Influência das etapas do processo de abate de suínos na prevalência de patógenos e níveis de microrganismos indicadores de qualidade e higiene“. Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1665.

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O processo de abate de suínos envolve diversas operações que podem influenciar a qualidade microbiológica das carcaças. Sendo assim, a compreensão do processo de abate sobre os aspectos microbiológicos é necessário para a implementação e avaliação de pontos críticos de controle. O controle microbiológico do processo de abate deve envolver a determinação da prevalência de patógenos e dos níveis de microrganismos indicadores de qualidade e higiene. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a influência das etapas de abate sobre os níveis microbiológicos das carcaças. Adicionalmente, avaliar se existe correlação entre a presença de patógenos (Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes) e microrganismos indicadores (aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e Enterobacteriaceae). Uma alta soroprevalência de Salmonella foi encontrada nos suínos ao início do abate (57,49 %). Enquanto a prevalência de Salmonella nas carcaças na etapa inicial do abate foi de 26,67 % e na etapa final de 1,11 %. L. monocytogenes somente foi detectada após as etapas de lavagem final e resfriamento, com uma prevalência de 21,11 e 8,89 %, respectivamente. Os níveis de aeróbios mesófilos, Enterobacteriaceae, coliformes totais e Escherichia coli no início do processo de abate foram de 4,25 ± 0,37; 1,25 ± 0,38; 1,10 ± 0,35 e 0,86 ± 0,36 log UFC/cm2, respectivamente. Já no final do processo os níveis foram menores variando entre 0,16 a 2,70 log UFC/cm2. A etapa que resultou na maior redução microbiana foi a escaldagem. A depiladeira é uma etapa crítica, onde os níveis de contaminação aumentaram significativamente em relação ao início do processo (p < 0,05). A evisceração não se mostrou uma etapa crítica sobre o aumento dos níveis microbianos. Contrariamente, a etapa de lavagem final, apresentou um aumento significativo (p < 0,05) sobre os níveis de aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais, E. coli e enterobactérias (0,30; 0,36; 0,27 e 0,42 log UFC/cm2, respectivamente), Salmonella spp. e L. monocytogenes. O resfriamento das carcaças contribui significativamente para a redução dos níveis microbiológicos, trazendo-os para níveis inferiores a todas as etapas do processo, exceto para a etapa de escaldagem. Dos quatro grupos de indicadores avaliados, nenhum apresentou correlação com a presença de Salmonella spp. e L. monocytogenes (p <0,05). Os resultados obtidos indicam a existência de etapas da cadeia de produção que se apresentam como críticas do ponto de vista sanitário, o que implica na necessidade de implementação de ações no processo para reduzir os níveis microbiológicos.
The pig slaughter process involve different steps that can influence the microbiological quality of carcasses. At this, the understanding of the slaughter process on the microbiological aspects is necessary for the implementation and evaluation of critical control points. The microbiological control of the slaughter process should involve the evaluation of pathogens prevalence and levels of quality and hygiene indicator microorganisms. This study aimed at investigating the influence of steps slaughter process on the microbiological levels of pig carcasses, and evaluate if there is correlation between pathogens (Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes) and indicators (aerobic mesophilic counts, total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae) microorganisms. A high Salmonella soroprevalence in pigs were founded before the slaughter (57.49 %). While the Salmonella prevalence in carcasses at the initial stage of the slaughter was 26.67 % and in the final stage 1.11 %, L. monocytogenes was detected only in the final washing and cooling steps, with a prevalence of 21.11 and 8.89 %, respectively. The aerobic mesophilic counts, Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms and E. coli levels in initial steps of slaughter process were 4.25 ± 0.37; 1.25 ± 0.38; 1.10 ± 0.35 and 0.86 ± 0.36, respectively. At the end of slaughter process the results were lower (ranging from 0.16 at 2.70 log CFU/cm2). The step that most reduced microbiological levels was the scalding. The dehairing was a critical step that led to a significant increase of microorganisms levels in the process (p < 0.05). The evisceration not proved to be a critical step on the increase of microbial levels, differently of the final washing, which showed significant increases (p < 0.05) over the levels of aerobic counts, total coliforms, E. coli and enterobacterias (0.30; 0.36; 0.27 and 0.42 log respectively) and Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes. The chilling contributes significantly to the reduction of microbiological levels of carcasses, bringing them to levels below the all process stages, with the exception of scalding. No correlation between the hygiene indicator microorganisms used and presence of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were obtained (p < 0.05). The results show that steps in the process are critical to the sanitary profile, which implies the need to implement actions in the process to reducing the microbiological levels.

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Souza, Anderson Carneiro de. „Consumo de ?gua e de energia: uma an?lise sob a ?tica do licenciamento ambiental na ind?stria de abate de animais do estado da Bahia“. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2015. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/232.

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Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-10-08T22:34:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o PPGECEA - Versao Final.pdf: 1221901 bytes, checksum: e87ef19103280149b784bab62da0ced2 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-08T22:34:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o PPGECEA - Versao Final.pdf: 1221901 bytes, checksum: e87ef19103280149b784bab62da0ced2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29
Brazil is nowadays one of the largest producers and exporters of meat in the world. Despite this positive result, the environmental impacts which were caused by those production activities need to be analyzed. Thus, this paper aimed to evaluate the consumption of water and energy, informed in the environmental licensing processes in Bahia, spent for animal slaughtering activity. For that, data from 13 slaughterhouses and 12 refrigerators recorded in INEMA, from 2006 up to 2012 were used. The results have showed that 75% of the industries that slaughter cattle have high rates of water consumption, with average scores of 1.663 L/animal in slaughterhouses and 1,216 L/animal in cold storage chamber, reaching this figure to 100% in pig slaughtering industries, with an average consumption of 1,093 L/animal in slaughterhouses and 1,125 L/animal in refrigerating chambers. In chicken slaughtering, the average water consumption was 16 L/animal in slaughterhouses and 18 L/animal in cold storage chamber, compatible to benchmark data in the industry. In the energy aspect, it was not possible to quantify the total consumption due to the absence of electricity consumption data. Related to thermal energy, both cattle slaughter industries, which consume on average 241.9 kWh/animal, such as chicken slaughter, with an average consumption of 1.8 kWh/animal in slaughterhouses and 1.6 kWh/animal in refrigerators, they have showed high values, emphasizing the lack of data from that nature for the pigs slaughtering. The absence of such data indicates that this approach is not yet part of the Environmental Agency initiatives and that the concept of eco-efficiency is also not incorporated in the analysis of environmental licensing.
O Brasil atualmente ? um dos maiores produtores e exportadores de carne no mundo. Apesar deste enfoque positivo, agrega-se a esta atividade impactos ambientais que necessitam ser analisados. Neste sentido, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o consumo de ?gua e de energia informados nos processos de licenciamento ambiental do estado da Bahia para a atividade de abate de animais. Para isso, utilizou-se de dados de 13 abatedouros e 12 frigor?ficos protocolados no INEMA no per?odo de 2006 a 2012. Os resultados indicaram que 75% das ind?strias que abatem bovinos possuem altos ?ndices de consumo de ?gua, com resultados m?dios de 1.663 L/animal nos abatedouros e de 1.216 L/animal nos frigor?ficos, chegando esse ?ndice a 100% nas ind?strias de abate de su?nos, com consumo m?dio de 1.093 L/animal nos abatedouros e 1.125 L/animal nos frigor?ficos. No abate de frango, o consumo m?dio de ?gua foi de 16 L/animal nos abatedouros e 18 L/animal nos frigor?ficos, compat?vel com dados de benchmark do setor. No aspecto energia n?o foi poss?vel quantificar o consumo total devido ? inexist?ncia de dados de consumo de energia el?trica. Quanto ? energia t?rmica, tanto as ind?strias de abate de bovinos, consumindo em m?dia 241,9 kWh/animal, como a de frango, com consumo m?dio de 1,8 kWh/animal nos abatedouros e 1,6 kWh/animal nos frigor?ficos, apresentaram valores elevados, ressaltando-se a falta de dados desta natureza no abate de su?nos. A inexist?ncia tais dados indica que esse tipo de abordagem ainda n?o ? uma iniciativa do ?rg?o Ambiental e que o conceito de ecoefici?ncia n?o est? incorporado nas an?lises do licenciamento ambiental.

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Dvojatzki, Pricila. „Identificação e avaliação de projetos de investimentos para redução dos índices de condenações de frangos de corte“. Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2649.

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CAPES
O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e avaliar Projetos de Investimentos (PI) prioritários sobre as causas de condenações de frangos de corte e, para isto, a pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases. Na primeira, uma revisão sistemática da literatura atual (2010 a 2016) sobre o ponto de vista do bem-estar animal e seus impactos na produtividade. Na segunda fase, foram propostas matrizes de perdas produtivas e econômico-financeiras e matrizes de causas e ações corretivas para as condenações da Portaria 210. A etapa de revisão mostrou que o bem-estar animal ainda faz parte de agenda obrigatória na pesquisa acadêmica e que, embora existam meios para a prevenção e minimização das condenações, as empresas carecem de ferramentas para a gestão destas perdas, bem como a necessidade de adequações, seja nos aspectos legais quanto na execução das atividades de rotina dos produtores e nos abatedouros, uma vez que alguns consumidores mostram-se dispostos a pagar a mais pela carne de animais provenientes de estabelecimentos que prezam pelo bem-estar animal. A pesquisa aplicada, ocorreu perfazendo-se de dados disponíveis em trabalhos já publicados, porém, com finalidades distintas à proposta original. Nesta etapa propôs-se a análise de viabilidade econômico-financeira com uso da Metodologia Multi-índice Ampliada (MMIA) como forma de avaliar um projeto voltado a capacitação de colaboradores envolvidos na criação, apanha, transporte e abate de frangos, um exemplo explicativo de uso das matrizes propostas e redução de perdas. Os principais resultados encontrados foram em relação às dimensões retorno, riscos e limites de elasticidade, no qual todas apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, estimando-se um retorno líquido de R$ 221.875,46 com índice Lucro-Benefício de R$ 13,04. Na dimensão risco estima-se o retorno do investimento no 4° mês (payback), com retorno de 6,67% em cada período (payback/N). Além das dimensões retorno e risco, o projeto apresentou folgas de elasticidade, comprovando que o PI não é sensível, o que possibilita variações em seus indicadores. Com isso, conclui-se que os impactos do não atendimento do bem-estar animal na cadeia avícola ainda é um importante tópico a ser estudado e analisado, fornecendo bases para pesquisas acadêmicas, empresas e legislações e a MMIA se mostrou como uma ferramenta fundamental na avaliação de projetos de investimento, uma vez que seus indicadores abrangem todos os aspectos econômico-financeiros.
The aim of this work was to identify and evaluate priority investment projects on the causes of condemnation of broiler chickens and, for that, the research was divided into two phases. In the first, a systematic review of current literature (2010-2016) from the point of view of animal welfare and its impact on productivity. In the second phase, matrices for production and economic-financial losses were proposed, as well as matrices of causes and corrective actions to condemnations of Decree 210. The review stage has shown that animal welfare is still part of mandatory schedule in academic research and that while there are means for the prevention and minimization of condemnations, companies lack the tools to manage these losses, as well as the need of adequacy to legal aspects referring to the execution of routine activities of producers and slaughterhouses, as consumers are willing to pay more for meat from establishments that are concerned about animal welfare. The applied research was based on data available in works already published, but with different goals from the original proposal. In this stage the economic-financial feasibility analysis was proposed using the Multi-Indexed Expanded Methodology as a way to evaluate a project aimed at training employees involved in the management of live birds, an explanatory example of the use of the proposed matrices and the reduction of losses. The main results were in relation to the return, risk and elasticity limits, in which all presented satisfactory results, estimating a net return of R$ 221,875.46 with an Index Benefit-Cost of R$ 13.04. In the risk dimension, it is estimated the return of investment on the 4th month (payback), with a return of 6.67% in each period (payback/N). In addition to the return and risk dimensions, the project presented high elasticity gaps, proving that the IP is not sensitive, which allows variations on its indicators. Therefore, it is concluded that the impacts of non-attendance on animal welfare in the poultry chain is still an important topic to be studied and analyzed, providing basis for academic research, business and legislation, and MMIA has proved to be a fundamental tool on the evaluation of investment projects, since their indicators cover all economic and financial aspects.

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Mapfumo, Lizwell. „Time budgets, blood urea content, total protein and body condition scores as adaptive responses to seasonal dynamics by breeding Nguni cows and heifers reared on a sweetveld“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015738.

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The objective of this study was to determine time budgets, blood urea content, total protein and body condition score as adaptive responses to seasonal dynamics by breeding Nguni cows and heifers reared on a sweetveld. Twenty four clinically healthy Nguni cows and heifers were selected for the study. The animals were grouped according to their parities namely: Parity 1 (n=5), Parity 2 (n=5), Parity 3-6 (old cows) (n=9) and in-calf heifers (n=5). Two separate experiments were conducted and running concurrently. In the first experiment time budgets (time spent walking, grazing, lying down, drinking water and browsing) of the cows and heifers were monitored for two consecutive days once a month, while in the second experiment blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein once a month during weighing. Body condition scores were also determined during weighing times. Heifers maintained significantly (p0.05) of both blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (7.5±0.39 mmol/l) and TP (80.7±1.19 g/l) in November. All the animals had the least BUN levels in January (1.93±0.18 mmol/l) while the highest total protein (TP) (82.1±1.08 g/l) was recorded in February. All the animals showed distinct (p0.05) in most behavioural attributes in the cool-wet season. Heifers spent significantly (p0.05) body condition scores, amount of time spent browsing and drinking water. On the other hand, heifers (14.7±1.50%) and first parity cows (13.9±1.50%) traded-off most (p<0,05) of their time walking during the cool-dry season. Similarly heifers spent more time browsing (6.4±0.62%) forage plants (p<0.05) than all the cows during the cool-wet season. Grazing (r = 0.17) and standing (r = -0.18) were correlated (p<0.05) with all the behavioural attributes measured in this environment. It was concluded that seasonal dynamics in trade-off behaviour through time budgeting, maintenance of BUN and TP were necessary for the Nguni cows and heifers to maintain their body condition scores within a narrow range throughout the four seasons.

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Hlasa, Mahali Amelia. „The characterisation of noise levels in various throughput abattoirs during the slaughtering of different species“. Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/68.

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Thesis (M. Tech.) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2006
Occupational noise affects industries in many countries around the world, and there is strong evidence from previous research linking it to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). More than 30 million workers in the United States of America alone were exposed to hazardous noise at the workplace before 1998. In South Africa, workers are not supposed to be exposed to a noise rating limit at or above 85dB(A). Abattoir employees are subjected to high noise levels when compared to the occupational noise rating limit of 85dB(A). Noise is generated from various mechanised and manual processes and activities in the abattoir during the slaughter of different animal species. Noise sources include conveyers, circular saws, air conditioners and pumps, pneumatic and other mechanical equipment. The aim of this study was to characterise noise exposure in different grades of abattoirs during the slaughter of cattle and sheep. The grading of abattoirs was previously done according to Grade A-E. Grade A-C is now referred to as high throughput abattoirs while Grade D and E are referred to as low throughput abattoirs. Personal and environmental noise exposure levels of workers in Grade A, C and D abattoirs in the Free State were therefore investigated. Noise measurements were done in accordance with the methods stipulated in the South African National Standards (SANS) Code of Practice 10083. Environmental and personal sampling were conducted with a calibrated Type 1 Quest integrated sound level meter (ISLM) and a Quest noise dosimeter respectively. Calibration was checked before and after taking measurements to ensure reliability and validity of results. The average noise exposure level in the high throughput abattoirs was above the recommended standard of 85dB(A). In the low throughput abattoirs the noise exposure levels were below this level. There were no statistically significant differences between the noise exposure levels during the slaughter of different species (P>0.05), or between Grade A and Grade C (P>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) however between Grade A and Grade D noise exposure levels. The results indicate that workers in Grade A and C abattoirs are exposed to unacceptable noise levels. Further research is recommended to include all categories of abattoirs and to determine the impact of noise exposure on the worker’s hearing in order to develop strategies to protect employees from the effects of excessive exposure to noise.

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