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1
Djang, Rebecca W. Similarity inheritance: A new model of inheritance for spreadsheet VPLs. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Dept. of Computer Science, 1998.
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2
Djang, Rebecca. Similarity inheritance: A model of inheritance for declarative visual programming languages. [Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Dept. of Computer Science, 1999.
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3
Jaschinski, Alfred. On the application of similarity laws to a scaled railway bogie model. Koln, Germany: DLR, 1990.
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4
Tree models of similarity and association. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1996.
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5
Corter, James. Tree Models of Similarity and Association. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc., 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412986380.
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6
Similarity and dimensional methods in mechanics. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1992.
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7
Simulation and similarity: Using models to understand the world. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
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8
Vengayil, Padmaraj. Similarity relations of wind waves in finite depth. Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1988.
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9
Bekbasarov, Isabay. Study of the process of driving piles and dies on models. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1074097.
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The monograph presents the results of experimental and theoretical studies conducted using models of driven piles and tape dies. The influence of the cross-section size, length, shape of the trunk and the lower end of the piles on their submergability, energy intensity of driving and load-bearing capacity was evaluated. The design and technological features of new types of piles are considered. A method for determining the load-bearing capacity of a pile model based on the results of dynamic tests has been developed. Similarity conditions and formulas are presented that provide modeling of the pile driving process in the laboratory. The influence of the shape of the tape dies on their submersibility, energy consumption of the driving and the bearing capacity of the foundations arranged in the vyshtampovannyh pits was evaluated. The method of determining the load-bearing capacity of a belt Foundation model based on the results of pit vyshtampovyvaniya is described. Recommendations on the choice of optimal parameters of piles and foundations, arranged in vystupovani pits. Recommended for researchers, specialists of design and construction organizations, doctoral students, postgraduates, undergraduates and students of construction and water management specialties.
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Hulland, John. Comparing models of consideration and choice: Taking advantage of perceived similarity. London, Canada: Western Business School, University of Western Ontario, 1994.
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Baker, W. E. Similarity methods in engineering dynamics: Theory and practice of scale modeling. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991.
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12
Illert, Christopher Roy. Foundations of theoretical conchology: From self-similarity in non-conservative mechanics. Palm Harbor, FL: Hadronic Press, 1992.
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13
Yudaev, Vasiliy. Hydraulics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/996354.
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The textbook corresponds to the general education programs of the general courses "Hydraulics" and "Fluid Mechanics". The basic physical properties of liquids, gases, and their mixtures, including the quantum nature of viscosity in a liquid, are described; the laws of hydrostatics, their observation in natural phenomena, and their application in engineering are described. The fundamentals of the kinematics and dynamics of an incompressible fluid are given; original examples of the application of the Bernoulli equation are given. The modes of fluid motion are supplemented by the features of the transient flow mode at high local resistances. The basics of flow similarity are shown. Laminar and turbulent modes of motion in pipes are described, and the classification of flows from a creeping current to four types of hypersonic flow around the body is given. The coefficients of nonuniformity of momentum and kinetic energy for several flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are calculated. Examples of solving problems of transient flows by hydraulic methods are given. Local hydraulic resistances, their use in measuring equipment and industry, hydraulic shock, polytropic flow of gas in the pipe and its outflow from the tank are considered. The characteristics of different types of pumps, their advantages and disadvantages, and ways of adjustment are described. A brief biography of the scientists mentioned in the textbook is given, and their contribution to the development of the theory of hydroaeromechanics is shown. The four appendices can be used as a reference to the main text, as well as a subject index. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions who study full-time, part-time, evening, distance learning forms of technological and mechanical specialties belonging to the group "Food Technology".
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Efremov, German. Modeling of chemical and technological processes. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1090526.
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In an accessible form, the textbook presents the theoretical foundations of physical and mathematical modeling; considers the modeling of mass, heat and momentum transfer processes, the relationship and analogy between them; studies the theory of similarity, its application in modeling, models of the structure of flows in apparatuses. Experimental-statistical and experimental-analytical modeling methods are also described, which include "black box" methods, planning passive, active full and fractional factor experiments, and adjusting models based on the results of the experiment. At the same time, modeling of chemical reactors, methods of optimization of chemical-technological processes, their selection, comparison and application examples are considered. Examples of modeling and optimization of processes in chemical, petrochemical and biotechnology on a computer in Excel and MathCAD environments are given. The appendices provide the basics of working in the MathCAD environment and elements of matrix algebra. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for bachelors who are trained for the chemical, petrochemical, food, textile and light industries. It can be useful for specialists and undergraduates, as well as for scientists, engineers and postgraduates dealing with the problem under consideration.
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Chemodurov, Vladimir, und Ella Litvinova. Physical and mathematical modeling of building systems. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014191.
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Physical and mathematical modeling is widely used in scientific research. This is due to the fact that field experiments on real construction sites are often impossible to organize for various reasons. The material included in the textbook is a summary of the authors ' experience in the field of system analysis. In the first section, the regularities of physical modeling of the functioning of objects based on the similarity and dimension theorems are considered. The second section presents modern models and methods for choosing optimal solutions: linear, nonlinear, stochastic, and statistical. The third section deals with experimental methods of system optimization based on the theory of experimental planning. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of training 08.04.01 "Construction", and graduate students of higher educational institutions. It will be useful for specialists in the field of mathematical methods for the study of complex systems and their applications.
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Djang, Rebecca. Similarity inheritance: A model of inheritance for declarative visual programming languages. 1998.
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Nosofsky, Robert M., und Thomas J. Palmeri. An Exemplar-Based Random-Walk Model of Categorization and Recognition. Herausgegeben von Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend und Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.7.
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In this chapter, we provide a review of a process-oriented mathematical model of categorization known as the exemplar-based random-walk (EBRW) model (Nosofsky & Palmeri, 1997a). The EBRW model is a member of the class of exemplar models. According to such models, people represent categories by storing individual exemplars of the categories in memory, and classify objects on the basis of their similarity to the stored exemplars. The EBRW model combines ideas ranging from the fields of choice and similarity, to the development of automaticity, to response-time models of evidence accumulation and decision-making. This integrated model explains relations between categorization and other fundamental cognitive processes, including individual-object identification, the development of expertise in tasks of skilled performance, and old-new recognition memory. Furthermore, it provides an account of how categorization and recognition decision-making unfold through time. We also provide comparisons with some other process models of categorization.
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Weisberg, Michael. Modeling. Herausgegeben von Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler und John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.26.
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This article focuses on the methodology of modeling and how it can be applied to philosophical questions. It looks at various traditional views of modeling and defends the idea that modeling is a form of surrogate reasoning involving two distinct steps: indirect representation of a target system using a model and analysis of that model. The article considers different accounts of model/target representational relations, defending an account of similarity. It concludes by presenting several examples of the use of models in philosophy, suggestions for philosophers new to modeling, and an assessment of the relationship between thought experiments and models.
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Morrison, Margaret. Models and Theories. Herausgegeben von Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.32.
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This chapter discusses the relation between models and theories as characterized by the syntactic and semantic views, as well as how that relation is understood in the more scientifically oriented or practice-based accounts of models. It also addresses epistemic issues concerning the model-world relationship and the importance of representation and explanation in assessing how abstract models deliver concrete information. The chapter claims that similarity and isomorphism, construed as general criteria, are often insufficient to characterize the way models relate to their target systems. Although no general theory of modeling can address these issues in a systematic way it is still possible to provide an in-depth philosophical analyses of how the abstraction and idealization present in models can nevertheless tell us important things about the physical world.
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Dunsmoor, Joseph E., und Rony Paz. Generalization of Learned Fear. Herausgegeben von Israel Liberzon und Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0004.
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Autonomic hyperarousal and avoidance in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be triggered by a host of stimuli or situations that bear some similarity or association to the trauma event. As these triggers are often encountered in safe environments removed from the original trauma, this overgeneralization of fear and anxiety is a burden that can interfere with daily life. Recent efforts to understand the neurobiology of PTSD have relied on laboratory models of Pavlovian fear conditioning and extinction. This chapter reviews studies of fear generalization in animals and humans, which provide a valuable model to conceptualize the excessive fear generalization characteristic of PTSD.
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Weisberg, Michael. Simulation and Similarity: Using Models to Understand the World. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2015.
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1941-, Zalewski Romuald I., Krygowski Tadeusz Marek und Shorter John 1926-, Hrsg. Similarity models in organic chemistry, biochemistry, and related fields. Amsterdam: New York, 1991.
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Boudreau, Joseph F., und Eric S. Swanson. Quantum spin systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0022.
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The quantum mechanical underpinnings of magnetism are explored via the Heisenberg model of antiferromagnetism. The Lanczos algorithm is developed and applied to obtain ground state properties of the anisotropic antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin chain. In particular, the phase diagram for the system magnetization is determined. A quantum Monte Carlo method that is appropriate for discrete systems is also presented. The method leverages the similarity between the Schrödinger equation and the diffusion equation to compute energy levels. The formalism necessary to compute ground state matrix elements is also developed. Finally, the method is tested with an application to the spin chain.
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Gray, Erik. Love and Poetry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198752974.003.0002.
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This chapter considers the relation between love and poetry by examining different theories of each. It begins with Horace’s Art of Poetry and Ovid’s Art of Love, which give very similar accounts of their respective subjects. Both phenomena are said to involve a counterpointing of contradictory forces: impulse and artistry, spontaneity and deliberate craft. The parallel persists in the work of thinkers across different periods. Thus the Romantics of the early nineteenth century describe a similar balance; both poetry and love, in their accounts, consist of a two-stage process in which momentary inspiration is followed and fulfilled by self-conscious reflection. These dualities find their ultimate model in Plato, who describes love as an effect of simultaneous recognition and disorientation. The same dichotomy is fundamental to poetry, notably through poetry’s use of meter, with its reliance on pattern and variation, and metaphor, with its emphasis on both similarity and difference.
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Escudier, Marcel. Units of measurement, dimensions, and dimensional analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0003.
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In this chapter the crucial role of units and dimensions in the analysis of any problem involving physical quantities is explained. The International System of Units (SI) is introduced. The major advantage of collecting the physical quantities, which are included in either a theoretical analysis or an experiment, into non-dimensional groups is shown to be a reduction in the number of quantities which need to be considered separately. This process, known as dimensional analysis, is based upon the principle of dimensional homogeneity. Buckingham’s Π theorem is introduced as a method for determining the number of non-dimensional groups (the Π’s) corresponding with a set of dimensional quantities and their dimensions. A systematic and simple procedure for identifying these groups is the sequential elimination of dimensions. The scale-up from a model to a geometrically similar full-size version is shown to require dynamic similarity. The definitions and names of the non-dimensional groups most frequently encountered in fluid mechanics have been introduced and their physical significance explained.
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Kumpfer, Karol L., und Cátia Magalhães. Prevention as Treatment. Herausgegeben von Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.22.
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This chapter reviews the application of treatment methods in prevention, with an emphasis on family-based substance abuse, delinquency, and child maltreatment. The goal of prevention is to increase resilience in high-risk children. Considerable overlap exists between evidence-based prevention and treatment interventions, including their etiological and intervention theories, cognitive behavioral change methods and outcome objectives. Also included is the Institute of Medicinespectrum of treatment disorders, a review of prevention and treatment intervention theories, and methods used to design effective family interventions, with an emphasis on family systems, social ecology and resilience theories including the author’s Transactional Framework of Resilience model and the Strengthening Families Program. Lastly, this chapter covers the applications of clinical techniques to improve resilience characteristics and processes and places evidence-based prevention programs methods within this framework and details their similarity to treatment. Digital technology (e.g., DVDs, Web, smart phones, television, etc.) is recommended to reduce intervention costs and “go-to-scale” to have a greater public health impact in promoting resilience in children.
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Glennan, Stuart. Models, Mechanisms, and How Explanations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779711.003.0003.
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This chapter argues that models are the central means by which scientists represent phenomena and the mechanisms responsible for them. Extending work by Giere and Weisberg, it offers a general account of models, which emphasizes that models are constructed for particular purposes and are related to their targets by similarity relations. Different goals will lead to different models, so that a given target has many models. It then identifies the features that distinguish mechanistic models from other models, and shows how these models are used in explanation. Abstraction and idealization are essential to the modeling process, and the chapter shows how these features allow scientists to provide general representations of heterogeneous mechanisms.
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van der Weide, Roy, und Ambar Narayan. China and the United States: Different economic models but similarly low levels of socioeconomic mobility. UNU-WIDER, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2019/757-6.
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Buchman, Tim, und Michael Sterling. Staffing models in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0002.
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Three decades ago a critical care provider surplus was forecast. Projections changed at the turn of the century when the Committee on Manpower of Pulmonary and Critical Care Societies (COMPACCS) report was issued. Demographers, statisticians, and clinicians used population, patient, hospital, and provider data to forecast that the supply for critical care physicians would not keep pace with demand, and that the shortfall would be around 22% by 2020, climbing to 35% by 2030. In 2006, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) similarly forecast a significant shortage of intensivists by 2020. All signs suggest that the COMPACCS prediction is correct. This chapter describes and discusses three novel strategies by which intensivist expertise can be leveraged to provide care for a larger group of critically-ill patients. The three strategies include the use of hospitalists, engagement of affiliate providers (nurse practitioners and physician assistants with advanced critical care competencies), and investment in tele- ICU services. These strategies are complementary and can be combined to provide models tailored to local needs and resources.
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Klesges, Lisa M. Cancer Prevention and Public Health Promotion. Herausgegeben von David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton und Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0008.
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In this chapter, four case studies offer practical examples of implementation approaches that can accelerate evidence-based cancer prevention. The applied knowledge from the cases adds to the understanding that culture, context, politics, and partnership are key elements in driving health improvement, and although not always well understood or easily measured, they are a reminder that cancer prevention and care delivery exist within a complex system. In considering transformations in health care, moving from a linear and deconstructed model of delivery to consider complex adaptive models that could drive better outcomes was key to improved outcomes. Similarly, understanding context and complexity is a key consideration for implementing cancer prevention and control interventions into existing multisector social systems, be they health care, community, or statewide systems.
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Allsen, Thomas T. Pre-modern Empires. Herausgegeben von Jerry H. Bentley. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0021.
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Empire is regularly defined as a political unit of large extent controlling a number of territories and peoples under a single sovereign authority. Of the three criteria, only one, sovereign authority, is quantified. In the early sixteenth century, maritime Europe, starting on its own path to empire, encountered large imperial regimes across the globe — the Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Ming, Aztec, and Inca — each of which had an identifiable genealogy and model. To a meaningful degree, global political history is simply the oscillation between universal empires and multi-state systems. In their expansive modes, empires destroyed and created states and were similarly productive in decline, devolving back into smaller polities, some entirely new and others merely refashioned. Standard imperial policies had profound cultural consequences. Population transfers, garrisons, and colonies produced close encounters, while secure lines of communications and interest in things foreign produced long-distance exchange.
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Aijmer, Karin. Modality and Mood in Functional Linguistic Approaches. Herausgegeben von Jan Nuyts und Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.22.
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The chapter deals with functional approaches to mood and modality. The focus is on Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) associated with Halliday’s writings, Dik’s Functional Grammar (FG), and the mainly American functional school of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG). The positions taken by these schools can be described as “structuralist-functionalist” in that they propose models relating form to function. It is shown that a layered representation in some form is required to account for the role of mood and modality. Halliday’s interpersonal grammar has been further developed under the heading of Appraisal. It is typical of this and related theories that it emphasizes the similarity between modality and other types of attitudes which can be expressed by language.
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Guadagno, Rosanna E. Compliance. Herausgegeben von Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams und Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.4.
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This chapter reviews the literature on compliance, a type of social influence that occurs when a person changes their behavior in response to a direct request. Specifically, I review research on compliance organized by the six classic principles of social influence (Cialdini, 2009)—reciprocity, commitment and consistency, authority, social validation or social proof, and liking and similarity, and examine how they are used to change peoples’ behaviors. Furthermore, this chapter reviews the mechanisms that underlie these principles, particularly mindlessness. Finally, this chapter concludes by examining whether this framework for understanding compliance applies to the new realm of social influence—social media—and calls for more research on the effectiveness of the principles of influence when the mode of interpersonal interaction is software based rather than in person.
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Szczepaniak-Gillece, Jocelyn. The Optical Vacuum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190689353.001.0001.
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Between the 1920s and the 1960s, American mainstream cinematic architecture underwent a seismic shift. From the massive urban movie palace to the intimate streamlined theater, movie theaters became “neutralized” spaces for calibrated, immersive watching. Leading this charge was New York architect Benjamin Schlanger, a fiery polemicist whose designs and essays reshaped how movies were watched. This book examines the impact of Schlanger’s work in the context of changing patterns of spectatorship; his theaters and writing propose that the essence of film viewing lies not only in the text, but in the spaces where movies are shown. As such, this study insists that changing models of cinephilia are determined by physical structure: from the decorations of the palace to the black box of the contemporary auditorium, variations in movie theater design are icons for how twentieth-century viewing has similarly transformed. And by looking backward into cinema’s architectural history, 1970s screen theory becomes clearer as a historical in addition to a theoretical model; the emergence of the apparatus can be found in the immersive powers of the neutralized movie theater. In this book, exhibition practice takes its place as a force that propels spectatorship through time. Ultimately, space and viewing are revealed to be intertwined and mutually constitutive phenomena through which spectatorship’s discourses are all the more clearly seen.
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Levine, Michael S., Elizabeth A. Wang, Jane Y. Chen, Carlos Cepeda und Véronique M. André. Altered Neuronal Circuitry. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199929146.003.0010.
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In mouse models of Huntington’s disease (HD), synaptic alterations in the cerebral cortex and striatum are present before overt behavioral symptoms and cell death. Similarly, in HD patients, it is now widely accepted that early deficits can occur in the absence of neural atrophy or overt motor symptoms. In addition, hyperkinetic movements seen in early stages are followed by hypokinesis in the late stages, indicating that different processes may be affected. In mouse models, such behavioral alterations parallel complex biphasic changes in glutamate-mediated excitatory, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission and dopamine modulation in medium spiny neurons of the striatum as well as in cortical pyramidal neurons. The progressive electrophysiologic changes in synaptic communication that occur with disease stage in the cortical and basal ganglia circuits of HD mouse models strongly indicate that therapeutic interventions and strategies in human HD must be targeted to different mechanisms in each stage and to specific subclasses of neurons.
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González, Gabriela. Struggling against Jaime Crow. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199914142.003.0007.
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This chapter looks at how the Americanization agenda of LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens) worked in tandem with a long-standing tradition of transborder gente decente politics to shape the organization’s civil rights project. Like the Idars and Munguias, LULACkers sought to eradicate racist practices to allow economic and political empowerment. Similarly, they followed the model of respectability by striving to socially and culturally uplift la raza. For LULAC, redeeming la raza initially meant focusing on the plight of US-born Mexicans whose claims to citizenship facilitated struggles for rights within the American political and judicial systems. But even as they worked within the nation’s institutions, these ethnic American leaders continued to strategically employ transnational approaches that dovetailed with the hemispheric geopolitics of the 1930s and 1940s.
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Konstan, David. Comedy and the Athenian Ideal. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748472.003.0006.
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New Comedy was a Panhellenic phenomenon. It may be that a performance in Athens was still the acme of a comic playwright’s career, but Athens was no longer the exclusive venue of the genre. Yet Athens, or an idealized version of Athens, remained the setting or backdrop for New Comedy, whatever its provenance or intended audience. New Comedy was thus an important vehicle for the dissemination of the Athenian polis model throughout the Hellenistic world, and it was a factor in what has been termed ‘the great convergence’. The role of New Comedy in projecting an idealized image of the city-state may be compared to that of Hollywood movies in conveying a similarly romanticized, but not altogether false, conception of American democracy to populations around the world.
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Tambe, Ashwini, und Millie Thayer, Hrsg. Transnational Feminist Itineraries. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478021735.
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Transnational Feminist Itineraries brings together scholars and activists from multiple continents to demonstrate the ongoing importance of transnational feminist theory in challenging neoliberal globalization and the rise of authoritarian nationalisms around the world. The contributors illuminate transnational feminism's unique constellation of elements: its specific mode of thinking across scales, its historical understanding of identity categories, and its expansive imagining of solidarity based on difference rather than similarity. Contesting the idea that transnational feminism works in opposition to other approaches—especially intersectional and decolonial feminisms—this volume instead argues for their complementarity. Throughout, the contributors call for reaching across social, ideological, and geographical boundaries to better confront the growing reach of nationalism, authoritarianism, and religious and economic fundamentalism. Contributors. Mary Bernstein, Isabel Maria Cortesão Casimiro, Rafael de la Dehesa, Carmen L. Diaz Alba, Inderpal Grewal, Cricket Keating, Amy Lind, Laura L. Lovett, Kathryn Moeller, Nancy A. Naples, Jennifer C. Nash, Amrita Pande, Srila Roy, Cara K. Snyder, Ashwini Tambe, Millie Thayer, Catarina Casimiro Trindade
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Jacobsen, Dean, und Olivier Dangles. Energy flow and species interactions at the edge. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736868.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 elucidates the relationships between the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems at high altitude through the description of material cycles and food webs. Following the landscape continuum model, material cycling is profoundly influenced by the physical structure of the waterscape (e.g. vegetation cover); as a result a great diversity of energetic pathways characterize high altitude waterscapes, along an autotrophy–heterotrophy gradient. Similarly, high altitude aquatic food webs embrace a great diversity of trophic compartments, feeding strategies, and processes (trophic cascades and terrestrial subsidiarity) that are profoundly shaped by environmental harshness. Harsh conditions also generate stress gradients along which the strength and direction of species interactions (from competition to facilitation) and their functional role (e.g. as ecosystem engineers) are modified. The resulting structural and functional changes affect in turn species coexistence and trigger potential ecosystem shifts.
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Reinarz, Jonathan. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252034947.003.0008.
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This concluding chapter looks back to Alain Corbin's seminal work, The Foul and the Fragrant, in discussing the strides made in smell studies since its publication. At the same time it returns to the themes already laid out in the previous chapters. When it first appeared some three decades ago, Corbin's study filled an important gap in our understanding of past senses. Not surprisingly, other studies followed. Most of these similarly employ a binary model when considering smells, particularly when addressing the urban industrial environment. Because of this, much research into the history of smell comprises studies of extremes, documenting primarily pleasant scents and pungent odors. The chapter calls for further scholarship on the sense of smell, noting current gaps in the field, as despite its progress in recent years olfaction still continues to be overshadowed by other senses.
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López, Marissa K. Racial Immanence. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479807727.001.0001.
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Racial Immanence is about how and why artists use the body in contemporary Chicanx cultural production. The book explores disease, disability, abjection, and sense experience in Chicanx visual, verbal, and performing arts from the late 1980s to the early 1990s in order to ask whether it is possible to think of race as something other than a human quality. This attention to the body is a way to push back against two distinct modes of identity politics: first, the desire for art to perform or embody an idealized abstraction of oppositional ethnicity; and second, the neoliberal commodification of identity in the service of better managing difference and dissent. While these two modes seem mutually exclusive, the resistance the artists in Racial Immanence exert toward both suggests a core similarity. By contrast, the cultural objects examined in the book assert human bodies as processes, as agents of change in the world rather than as objects to be known and managed. Within Chicanx cultural production the author locates an articulation of bodily philosophies that challenge the subject/object dualism leading to a global politics of dominance and submission. Instead, she argues, Chicanx cultural production fosters networks of connection that deepen human attachment to the material world, a phenomenon the author terms “racial immanence” that creates the possibility of progressive social change.
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St John, Taylor. Conversion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789918.003.0008.
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This chapter analyzes the purposes that American officials ascribe to investor–state arbitration in their investment treaties, using internal documents from all pre-NAFTA American investment treaty negotiations. Officials drafting the initial US model treaty in the late 1970s saw ISDS as a narrow tool to protect investment, but a decade later, it was reimagined as a way to lock in domestic liberalization reforms in former Soviet or Latin American states. Similarly, the American investment treaty program was not intended to facilitate outward investments, but rhetoric has changed: in the early 1990s, additional investment was implied to treaty partners, before and after these years officials noted that treaties and ISDS do not necessarily lead to additional investment. Finally, while access to arbitration became a pillar of American policy, at first investor access to ICSID caused the State Department frustration and endangered US strategic interests.
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Corcoran, Andrew W., und Jakob Hohwy. Allostasis, interoception, and the free energy principle: Feeling our way forward. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0015.
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Interoceptive processing is commonly understood in terms of the monitoring and representation of the body’s current physiological (i.e. homeostatic) status, with aversive sensory experiences encoding some impending threat to tissue viability. However, claims that homeostasis fails to fully account for the sophisticated regulatory dynamics observed in complex organisms have led some theorists to incorporate predictive (i.e. allostatic) regulatory mechanisms within broader accounts of interoceptive processing. Critically, these frameworks invoke diverse—and potentially mutually inconsistent—interpretations of the role allostasis plays in the scheme of biological regulation. This chapter argues in favor of a moderate, reconciliatory position in which homeostasis and allostasis are conceived as equally vital (but functionally distinct) modes of physiological control. It explores the implications of this interpretation for free energy-based accounts of interoceptive inference, advocating a similarly complementary (and hierarchical) view of homeostatic and allostatic processing.
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Marmarosh, Cheri L., und Michelle Wallace. Attachment as Moderator Variable in Counseling and Psychotherapy with Adults. Herausgegeben von Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.16.
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This chapter reviews John Bowlby’s attachment theory and examines how client attachments influence individual, couple, and group therapy treatments. Bowlby (1988) specifically emphasized how the individual counseling relationship provides a new secure attachment experience for clients that offers them the opportunity to internalize more positive working models of themselves and others. Similarly, in couple counseling, therapy challenges automatic negative expectations that hinder intimacy, and it facilitates each partner in becoming a secure base for the other. Group therapy, like the other modalities, encourages members to examine their internal representations of themselves and others in the group, and the group becomes a secure base from which to examine automatic thoughts and emotions that often hinder intimacy. The chapter includes an extensive review of the empirical work applying attachment theory to these three therapeutic modalities, and it concludes by addressing future research and clinical implications.
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Pladek, Birttany. Poetics of Palliation. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786942210.001.0001.
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In the past twenty years, health humanists and scholars of literature and medicine have drawn on Romantic ideas to argue that literature can cure spiritual ills by making sufferers feel whole again. But this model oversimplifies the relationship between literature and pain, perpetuating a distorted picture of how Romantic writers thought literature addressed suffering. The Poetics of Palliation documents how writers like William Wordsworth and Mary Shelley developed more complex, palliative forms of literary medicine: therapies that stressed literature’s manifold relationship to pain and its power to sustain, comfort, and challenge even when cure was not possible. The book charts how Romantic writers developed these palliative poetics in conversation with their medical milieu. British medical ethics was first codified during the Romantic period. Its major writers, John Gregory and Thomas Percival, endorsed a palliative mandate to compensate for doctors’ limited curative powers. Similarly, Romantic writers sought palliative approaches when their work failed to achieve starker curative goals. The startling diversity of their results illustrates how palliation offers a more comprehensive metric for literary therapy than the curative traditions we have inherited from Romanticism.
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Bantman, Constance. Terrorism and Its Policing. Herausgegeben von Paul Knepper und Anja Johansen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352333.013.39.
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Between its emergence in the 1870s and the beginning of the First World War, public perception of the anarchist movement and the theoretical and legal frameworks used to comprehend and control it underwent a dual process of criminalization and internationalization. The use of terrorism by anarchists was pivotal to these evolutions, as was its reception by alarmed populations and governments faced with unprecedented forms of political violence. Anarchism became increasingly identified as a political crime sanctioned by extensive laws at the national level and, at the internal level, by comprehensive protocols and extradition and deportation measures. These changes affected most European nations and the Americas similarly, making anarchism a clear instance of the globalization of militant politics. The “battle against international anarchism” was also a catalyst in the development of an international criminal system, as it accelerated the exchange of policing models and techniques.
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David, Scorey, Geddes Richard und Harris Chris. Part III Dispute Resolution Under the Bermuda Form, 17 Team Assembly. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754404.003.0017.
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This chapter is primarily intended as a practical guide to the assembly of a legal team to handle a Bermuda Form arbitration. As discussed in earlier chapters, the paradigm arbitration pursuant to Article VI.N of the Form XL004, or a similar form, is one in which the underlying facts have generally arisen because of liabilities incurred in the United States, the law governing the Bermuda Form policy is that of New York, and that takes place in London pursuant to the English Arbitration Act 1996. But within the ‘usual’ model, the nature of the disputes often differs. For example, a case may turn on detailed argument as to the proper construction of the policy; it may involve heavily contested facts as to the gravamina of the underlying causes of action; due to the nature of the Bermuda Form, the underlying facts can involve one incident or a multiplicity of individual accidents; similarly, a typical claim may be concerned with property damage or personal injury claims where medical issues are in dispute. Each possible permutation of legal and factual issues may give rise to the need for different sets of legal skills.
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Williams, Gareth D. Physical Form and Textual Meaning in the Aldine Book. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190272296.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 begins with the early 1490s rise of the Aldine Press at Venice and De Aetna’s place in relation to Aldo Manuzio’s print experimentation through the 1501 introduction of his libelli portatiles (“portable little books”). The interaction between theme and typographic form in De Aetna, between Pietro’s Etna adventure and the novelty of Manuzio’s own print venture, unites author and printer in a mutually reinforcing mode of self-display and aesthetic alignment. Bernardo Bembo complicates this vision of type form as a physical picturing of Pietro in particular – unless Bernardo is seen to be similarly pictured, father like son, in a distinctive familial sharing of print script. Bernardo was demonstrably interested in the interplay between textual form and content explored earlier in Chapter 5 and demonstrated in the chapter’s end by appeal to Petrarch, and also to a portrait that Bernardo possibly commissioned: Leonardo da Vinci’s Ginevra de’ Benci.
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Yaniv, Bracha. Ceremonial Synagogue Textiles. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764180.001.0001.
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Richly illustrated and meticulously documented, this is the first comprehensive survey of synagogue textiles to be available in English. The book records their evolution from ancient times to the present. It contains a systematic consideration of the mantle, the wrapper, the Torah scroll binder, and the Torah ark curtain and valance, and considers the cultural factors that inspired the evolution of these different items and their motifs. Fabrics, techniques, and modes of production are described in detail; the inscriptions marking the circumstances of donation are similarly subjected to close analysis. Fully annotated plates demonstrate the richness of the styles and traditions in use in different parts of the Jewish diaspora, drawing attention to regional customs. Throughout, emphasis is placed on presenting and explaining all relevant aspects of the Jewish cultural heritage. The concluding section contains transcriptions, translations, and annotations of some 180 inscriptions recording the circumstances in which items were donated, providing a valuable survey of customs of dedication. The volume is an invaluable reference work for the scholarly community, museum curators, and others interested in the Jewish cultural heritage.
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Reich, Arie, und Hans-W. Micklitz, Hrsg. The Impact of the European Court of Justice on Neighbouring Countries. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855934.001.0001.
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This book explores the impact of the judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) outside the borders of the EU on the legal systems of countries in the European neighbourhood. Considering that ‘export’ of some of the acquis communautaire to neighbouring countries appears to be an EU policy objective, and that legal approximation provisions are included in all of the EU’s agreements with these countries, one must ask whether this objective applies also to EU case law, or only to written laws and regulations. If actual harmonization of rules and standards is desired, the rules must be interpreted and implemented similarly to how this is done in the EU. And where CJEU judgments are cited and followed in neighbouring countries, what are the factors bringing about such influence? Is it a result of these international obligations of legal approximation, or are other, more unilateral and spontaneous modes of influence of CJEU judgments at work, such as territorial extension or the ‘Brussels Effect’? We have brought together scholars from the countries involved who have each explored, documented, and analysed the extent of citing of CJEU judgments in their respective country and assessed what influence such judgments have had on their legal systems. The contributions cover the legal systems of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Russia, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, and Ukraine, and also the Eurasian Economic Union. There are also chapters on the modes of external influence of the CJEU, and on how the CJEU uses external sources.