Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Silk weaving industry“

With regard to the meaning and evolution of "Hangzhou Silk", the author uses the documentary research methodology to trim and verify from three aspects of industry name, product name and brand name respectively, attempting to find out the source of "Hangzhou Silk" from historical documents. Research shows that, as the industry name being called as "Hangzhou satin industry" or "Hangzhou silk weaving industry", it was generally called as the "Hangzhou Silk and Satin Industry” after the combination of Hangzhou Silk Reeling Industry Association and Hangzhou Silk Weaving Industry Association until 1952. As the product name being called as "Hangzhou silk” or “Hangzhou satin", it was called as “Hangzhou silk “after the China liberation. As the brand name, it referred to the specific silk products of Hangzhou region in particular after being awarded of protection as Chinese national geographical mark product since September 2011.

The development of the Sengkang silk weaving SME industry in Wajo District has experienced ups and downs due to the ability of its resources and the ability to produce quality products but technological limitations that have an impact on increasing the competitiveness of the Sengkang silk weaving SME industry in the global market. From this, the objectives of this research are (1) To find out and analyze the quality of leadership resources on the competitiveness of Sengkang silk weaving SMEs, (2) To find out and analyze product quality on the competitiveness of Sengkang silk weaving UKM, and (3) To analyze the quality of leadership resources and product quality simultaneously on Sengkang silk weaving SMEs.The research sample of 30 respondents from a total population of 152 SMEs using a minimum sample of 15 questionnaire statements. The analytical method uses Multiple Linear Regression with the help of SPSS 22.0 application. Hypothesis test results in this study: (1) There is a positive and significant relationship between the quality of leadership resources on competitiveness, (2) There is a positive and significant relationship between product quality on competitiveness, (3) Product quality as the most dominant variable influencing on the competitiveness of Sengkang silk weaving SMEs.

AbstractIndonesia silk craft industry just one of national products that very high in local contain. Transformations of Carat silk craft industry, start from Ins-tory of sericulture, silk cocoom'ng process, weaving, andfinishing. Producing silk craft is a lengthy process and demands constant close attention. Development of Garut silk weaving industry today entering the stage to production coexistency and the third generaton management .AbstrakKriya sutera Indonesia merupakan produk nasional yang memiliki kandungan lokal yang tinggi. Perkembangan kria tenun sutera Garut, terkait dari sejarah kegiatan seri kultur kokon suterapenenunan hingga penyelesaian akhir (finishing) telah terjadisejumlah transformasi, balk transformasi pelaku usaha, alat, bahan, hingga proses yang dilakukannya. Untuk menghasilkan kriya sutera, memerlukan proses yang panjang dan perhatian pelaku secara erat. Perkembangan tenun sutera Garut pada saat ini memasuki tahap mempertahanan eksistensi produksi dan pengelolaan oleh generasi ketiga.

The emergence of the jacquard loom in the early 19th century was one of the most important mechanical inventions among the technological innovations of the French silk weaving industry. Since then, France continuously optimized and improve jacquard loom, resulting in many technological changes. Based on the technical principle of different types of jacquard looms in France in the 19th century, and by referring to literature and conducting field visits to France and other places, our study systematically analyzed and summarized the technological changes of jacquard in French silk weaving in the 19th century. These changes mainly included the modification of crochet shape, direction and thickness of placement, the change of the shape and material of pattern card, the size and arrangement of its holes, and the addition of harness cord and shaft monture, so as to promote the continuous, rapid and steady progress of the whole silk weaving industry.

The article analyses the sociotechnical system of the silk weaving industry in the Bishnupur region of West Bengal through a detailed description of processes and interactions between important technical elements and the human agents within a richly structured environment of silk cloth production. It shows that the various processes of silk cloth production and marketing constitute an ensemble of economic inequalities, skill differentiation and differences in power and prestige. Different groups restructure the hierarchy by participating in the network of silk cloth production in which raw materials are converted into stable or viable products. The article thus provides an overview of how capitalist development is shaping the lives and livelihoods of silk weaving artisans in West Bengal.

As the old idiom “men’s farming and women’s weaving” lays out an original picture of a traditional Chinese family organization, the silk weaving industry in China has experienced a long history and formed a well-rounded, stabilized technical system. Since the modern times, with the introduction and application of new looms, raw materials and advanced techniques, Chinese silk industry has gradually completed modernization. This article, based on historical materials and comparative analysis, aims to explore the co-evolution of science, technology and social structure by analyzing the technological and social changes in the modern silk industry. It has been found that essentially stakeholders in either the upstream or downstream value chain of the industry will all influence how such business is shaped, and at the same time, be affected by the result of product and process innovation. This might result in the business prospect where small family based farmers tend to be reluctant to the technological changes in order to protect their own business interests locally.

Silk, the "Queen of Textiles" is an inseparable part of Indian culture and tradition over thousands of year. The internal high market demand makes India, the largest silk consuming country as no ritual is completed here without it, and the second largest silk producing country of the world with more than 18% to the world’s silk production. Being an agro-based industry, this sector includes both agricultural and industrial aspects and thus refers to the work started from mulberry cultivation, silk worm rearing, and obtaining silk up to the making of finished silk product. Indian climate is appropriate for the production of all the varieties of silk called Mulberry, Tasar, Muga and Eri and among these Mulberry silk is the most renowned and popular form of silk. This industry helps in shaping the economic destiny of the rural people especially for the overpopulated rural economy based country like India as it mainly depends on human power and helps in poverty alleviation whereas, being retreated from the developed countries because of the increasing labour cost. It is appropriate for both marginal and small scale land holders because of its low investment and high assured return at regular interval. In West Bengal, Silk industry plays a significant economic role by providing employment over 1.2lakhs rural families round the year (Seri States Profile, 2019). The district Murshidabad of West Bengal is well equipped in both the production and weaving of mulberry silk and so as a matter of fact the silk industry of the state mainly goes by the name of ‘Murshidabad Silk’ as the silk weaving belts are confined around this district. This paper intends to analyse the importance of silk as a remunerative cash crop of Murshidabad.

Sengkang silk weaving has stagnated in production due to the dynamics of similar product invasion at lower prices and related to fashion tastes that are constantly changing, and product diversification efforts as a marketing strategy have also been adopted. But the results are less encouraging. Learn from this experience and research has been carried out regarding various blockages that are factors. So try concentric diversification strategic efforts to overcome these problems in the form of dummy-analog in the form of studies in this study. This study aims to conduct a review related to these strategic steps. It is hoped that direction will be obtained so that the Sengkang silk industry can survive the onslaught in the free market era (MEA). The method used is data collection, assessment modeling and system development, and evaluation of finished products.

Purpose of the study: The present paper attempts to trace the development of the weaving industry in Sualkuchi in the Kamrup district of Assam and tries to understand the organizational structure of the Sualkuchi weaving Industry. The paper also tries to identify the avenues of silk products and their marketing. Methodology: In the present research work, an exploratory research design has been adopted. For the primary data, the respondents were selected using purposive sampling and were administered with an interview schedule. Secondary data are collected from Government reports, books, journals and so on. Main Findings: The products produced are mainly used for commercial purposes only. As the handloom industry of Sualkuchi is not thoroughly organized and marketing agencies are diverse, the majority of the weavers rely on middlemen to sell their finished products. A sense of professionalism among the weavers and artisans, creation of facilities for easy and quick marketing of hand-woven products is necessary. The unusual sudden price rise in yarn brings untold misery to the industry in the area as production is against advance orders at a predetermined price. There is a need to innovate designs to capture the global market. Applications: This research work can be used by students, academicians, policymakers and also government agencies for the upliftment and development of small scale industries. Novelty/Originality: The study provides new insight into the problem which might help in formulating policies and programs for the development of this industry, which is technically not always possible. Sociological insights must be made to the existing program for development.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the entrepreneurship perception and business developmental strategy of silk business in Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach The study subject was the silk industry located in Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The study population was 544 silk weavers running the business of silk weaving. The study sample consisted of 235 respondents. To prove the hypothesis stated by the author, the canvas business model analysis method was used to identify entrepreneurship perception, and SWOT (strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis was conducted to understand the potential of the strategy of weaving business development in Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Findings Business model canvas (BMC) is a complex business model that becomes simple through a canvas approach, drawing a sheet of the canvas containing a map of nine elements (box), allowing businessmen to identify the business potential. The nine elements of the canvas that should be understood and considered for running a business are customer segment, value proportion, channel, customer relationship, revenue steam, key resource, key activities, key partnership and cost structure. To improve farmers’ entrepreneurship perception, it would be nice for the weavers who run the silk business should constantly consider the nine elements of BMCso that in running their businesses, they can understand different considerations and create a progressive and developing silk industry. Originality/value This research is about merger two concept of business development in entrepreneurship to increase revenues, with the location of study as originality (no previous research for this relationship): Auditor in Wajo regency South Sulawesi Province in Indonesia. Based on the background stated above, this study aims to analyze entrepreneurship perception and silk industry developmental strategy in Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia.

Sericulture is an important agro industry in Indian economy. Reeling sector is a vital component of sericulture linking the agriculture based activity of cocoon production with the industrial activity of fabric production. Reeling converts the cocoons into raw silk yam. Karnataka contributes about 63% of the silk production of the country and therefore the present study is focused on the silk reeling industry of Karnataka. Silk reeling sector, though provides a vital transformation, appear to be the weakest link owing to its innumerable problems and the limited value addition that takes place. Problems are associated with raw material availability, working capital constraints, marketing and quality related aspects. Reeling sector is input dependent activity and its operations are influenced heavily by three factors viz., cocoon quality, cocoon price and cocoon supply. However, there has not been adequate thrust on quality due to the absence of quality based price fixation. Absence of quality based pricing has been a major deterrent factor in the pursuit for quality improvement. The seasonality associated with cocoon quality, cocoon supply and price as also the raw silk price almost always determine the fate of reeling activity. Being aware of the limited research done in respect of Indian silk industry, an elaborate literature review in the area of economics and management aspects of the silk industry in general and silk reeling operations in particular, was made. Studies on the economics of reeling operations done in the past indicate negative net revenue for the reeling units. However, if the reeling industry has survived over the years, it cannot be in spite of the loss. The industry has to breakeven over a period of time to consolidate the gains, however meagre. So, it is worthwhile to study the economics of silk reeling industry over a sufficient period of time, that is enough to include a cycle of seasonality, be it with respect to cocoon quality, cocoon availability, cocoon price, raw silk demand or raw silk price. In addition, if the element of uncertainties at varying points of time is included to study their effect on reeling economics, it makes the study more meaningful. It may be noted that, the variations in cocoon price over a period of time are dictated by the seasonality with respect to cocoon supply and demand. With regard to the variations in cocoon price at a given point of time (within a season), price differential between the cocoon lots appears to be largely due to its quality. A study of the inter relationship between cocoon quality, its quantity and price as also raw silk price is important. It is therefore felt that, the relationship between the cost of cocoons, cocoon quality and its productivity, when built into the determination of reeling economics, the analysis will be more realistic. A study of a typical reeling unit, to unearth the intricacies of operations and decision-making in the light of the volatile situation in the industry forms a pre requisite for a clear understanding of its functioning. Since reeling activity is highly input dependent, ignoring the aspects of the input market dynamics would not yield a holistic perspective of the operations. If one has to study and understand the market dynamics, the attributes of the commodity transacted should be clearly known. The commodity in question here is cocoon. The quality of cocoons does not have a unique expression, either to consider as a variable for studying the relationships in the market or as an input into the production process or as a yardstick for commercial transactions. The thesis thus deals with three major aspects of silk reeling industry in Karnataka, relating to the quality of raw material, dynamics of market transactions and analysis of the day to day operations of a typical silk reeling unit. There are around five quality parameters used for testing the quality of cocoons and each of them has a certain dimension of importance in defining the quality of cocoons. The procedures followed in Japan and China are not readily adaptable for Indian conditions. Therefore, an attempt has been made to develop a unique measure of cocoon quality under Indian conditions both from the point of view of appropriateness of representation as also the ease of determination commercially. In view of the importance of shell ratio 9c (SR%) and defective cocoon % (DC%) in representing the quality of cocoons, these two quality parameters are used for fixing the cocoon quality index. The statistical technique chosen for developing the Cocoon Quality Index (CQI) is discriminant analysis. Data on SR% and DC9c in respect of a sample of around 40,000 lots of multibi cocoons spanning a period of two years were collected for the analysis. The objective was to group the cocoons into low, medium and high quality in addition to arriving at a discriminant function to represent the quality index from SR% and DC% as independent variables. The analysis has contributed in establishing an index for assessing and grading the quality of, both mutibi and bivoltine cocoons in the Indian context. The study has also brought to focus the fact that, SR% and DC% adequately represent the quality of cocoons. As an extension of the objective, the commercial application of CQI as a means of price fixation mechanism in the cocoon markets has been illustrated. An analysis of the quality of cocoon lots presently being transacted in Karnataka has been made. The study of the market dynamics focused first on estimation of the relationship between cocoon price and its quality and supply (quantity) and then establishment of the causal relationship between cocoon price and silk price. Day wise aggregate data were used in. these two instances. In addition, the relationship between lot size, quality and price of cocoons being transacted in the cocoon markets has been established using the lot wise micro level data. The interrelationships of the various time series data have been studied through ARIMA analysis. The asymmetry in response of raw silk price to changes in cocoon price has been studied. The study enabled the identification of the determinants of cocoon price and raw silk price which are the major factors contributing to the revenue of a silk reeling unit. The capability of the buyers to assess the quality of cocoons subjectively even in the absence of an analytical system, speaks about the experience and expertise of the reelers. The supply quantity of cocoons largely influences the cocoon price. The dependence of raw silk price on cocoon price indicates the predominance of the supply side of the industry. The symmetry in the response of raw silk price to changes in cocoon price has also been established. The problems typical of a reeling unit merit the application of simulation technique in order to gain insights into the operations of a reeling unit. Discrete Event System Simulation has been used with fixed time increment approach and terminating criteria. The operations of a typical silk reeling unit have been simulated for a period of one whole year. A typical model based on the heuristic thinking of reelers to reflect the practices ingrained in the reeling units has been developed. The strategies they adopt to counter the vagaries of their operations have also been considered. Silk reeling being an input controlled industry, the heuristics of cocoon buying decision has been incorporated as the core of the model. The heuristics are derived from discussions with several prominent reelers and observation of their operations. The model tries to incorporate the volatile situation of the cocoon market and the raw silk sale price as also the constraints of working capital and the decision the reeler tends to take under these conditions. Standard procedures of simulation viz., variance reduction techniques, verification and validation of simulation model etc. have been followed. Simulation experiments have been made considering the factors of strategies, working capital borrowed money and installed capacity, in order to study its influence on the performance of a reeling unit. The simulation experimental data have been initially subjected to rnultivariate analysis and later to univariate ANOVA for each of the two response variables viz., cumulative net revenue and cumulative capacity utilisation. The unique relationship between revenue and capacity utilisation indicated a trade-off between the two. The reeling unit has to aim at maximising utilisation without major setbacks in revenue. It has been found that the capacity utilisation of a reeling unit is influenced more significantly by the factors or parameters of the model viz., strategy, working capital, and borrowed money and plant capacity, while the variables of the model viz., cocoon price, CQI and raw silk price influence cumulative net revenue. The importance of cocoon quality for better economics of production has been clearly established which should serve as a guiding factor for cocoon buying decision. An interesting result is that when there is adequate working capital, a bigger batch size for raw silk sales earns higher net revenue. The seasonality in net revenue is overwhelming in all the cases. The reeling unit has positive net revenue in the first six months with a few ups and downs and the gain it had consolidated slowly reduces before stabilising at a relatively lower level. The important contributions are the development of a quality index for grading of cocoons, establishment of the interrelationships among cocoon price, its quality and supply quantity as also the relationship between cocoon price and raw silk price. The much needed insight into the operations of a reeling unit has been provided by the simulation analysis. For the first time it has been established that, reeling units do make profits from the primary product. The model incorporated good management decision making for the purchase of cocoons and handling of working capital and other operations.

Sericulture is an important agro industry in Indian economy. Reeling sector is a vital component of sericulture linking the agriculture based activity of cocoon production with the industrial activity of fabric production. Reeling converts the cocoons into raw silk yam. Karnataka contributes about 63% of the silk production of the country and therefore the present study is focused on the silk reeling industry of Karnataka. Silk reeling sector, though provides a vital transformation, appear to be the weakest link owing to its innumerable problems and the limited value addition that takes place. Problems are associated with raw material availability, working capital constraints, marketing and quality related aspects. Reeling sector is input dependent activity and its operations are influenced heavily by three factors viz., cocoon quality, cocoon price and cocoon supply. However, there has not been adequate thrust on quality due to the absence of quality based price fixation. Absence of quality based pricing has been a major deterrent factor in the pursuit for quality improvement. The seasonality associated with cocoon quality, cocoon supply and price as also the raw silk price almost always determine the fate of reeling activity. Being aware of the limited research done in respect of Indian silk industry, an elaborate literature review in the area of economics and management aspects of the silk industry in general and silk reeling operations in particular, was made. Studies on the economics of reeling operations done in the past indicate negative net revenue for the reeling units. However, if the reeling industry has survived over the years, it cannot be in spite of the loss. The industry has to breakeven over a period of time to consolidate the gains, however meagre. So, it is worthwhile to study the economics of silk reeling industry over a sufficient period of time, that is enough to include a cycle of seasonality, be it with respect to cocoon quality, cocoon availability, cocoon price, raw silk demand or raw silk price. In addition, if the element of uncertainties at varying points of time is included to study their effect on reeling economics, it makes the study more meaningful. It may be noted that, the variations in cocoon price over a period of time are dictated by the seasonality with respect to cocoon supply and demand. With regard to the variations in cocoon price at a given point of time (within a season), price differential between the cocoon lots appears to be largely due to its quality. A study of the inter relationship between cocoon quality, its quantity and price as also raw silk price is important. It is therefore felt that, the relationship between the cost of cocoons, cocoon quality and its productivity, when built into the determination of reeling economics, the analysis will be more realistic. A study of a typical reeling unit, to unearth the intricacies of operations and decision-making in the light of the volatile situation in the industry forms a pre requisite for a clear understanding of its functioning. Since reeling activity is highly input dependent, ignoring the aspects of the input market dynamics would not yield a holistic perspective of the operations. If one has to study and understand the market dynamics, the attributes of the commodity transacted should be clearly known. The commodity in question here is cocoon. The quality of cocoons does not have a unique expression, either to consider as a variable for studying the relationships in the market or as an input into the production process or as a yardstick for commercial transactions. The thesis thus deals with three major aspects of silk reeling industry in Karnataka, relating to the quality of raw material, dynamics of market transactions and analysis of the day to day operations of a typical silk reeling unit. There are around five quality parameters used for testing the quality of cocoons and each of them has a certain dimension of importance in defining the quality of cocoons. The procedures followed in Japan and China are not readily adaptable for Indian conditions. Therefore, an attempt has been made to develop a unique measure of cocoon quality under Indian conditions both from the point of view of appropriateness of representation as also the ease of determination commercially. In view of the importance of shell ratio 9c (SR%) and defective cocoon % (DC%) in representing the quality of cocoons, these two quality parameters are used for fixing the cocoon quality index. The statistical technique chosen for developing the Cocoon Quality Index (CQI) is discriminant analysis. Data on SR% and DC9c in respect of a sample of around 40,000 lots of multibi cocoons spanning a period of two years were collected for the analysis. The objective was to group the cocoons into low, medium and high quality in addition to arriving at a discriminant function to represent the quality index from SR% and DC% as independent variables. The analysis has contributed in establishing an index for assessing and grading the quality of, both mutibi and bivoltine cocoons in the Indian context. The study has also brought to focus the fact that, SR% and DC% adequately represent the quality of cocoons. As an extension of the objective, the commercial application of CQI as a means of price fixation mechanism in the cocoon markets has been illustrated. An analysis of the quality of cocoon lots presently being transacted in Karnataka has been made. The study of the market dynamics focused first on estimation of the relationship between cocoon price and its quality and supply (quantity) and then establishment of the causal relationship between cocoon price and silk price. Day wise aggregate data were used in. these two instances. In addition, the relationship between lot size, quality and price of cocoons being transacted in the cocoon markets has been established using the lot wise micro level data. The interrelationships of the various time series data have been studied through ARIMA analysis. The asymmetry in response of raw silk price to changes in cocoon price has been studied. The study enabled the identification of the determinants of cocoon price and raw silk price which are the major factors contributing to the revenue of a silk reeling unit. The capability of the buyers to assess the quality of cocoons subjectively even in the absence of an analytical system, speaks about the experience and expertise of the reelers. The supply quantity of cocoons largely influences the cocoon price. The dependence of raw silk price on cocoon price indicates the predominance of the supply side of the industry. The symmetry in the response of raw silk price to changes in cocoon price has also been established. The problems typical of a reeling unit merit the application of simulation technique in order to gain insights into the operations of a reeling unit. Discrete Event System Simulation has been used with fixed time increment approach and terminating criteria. The operations of a typical silk reeling unit have been simulated for a period of one whole year. A typical model based on the heuristic thinking of reelers to reflect the practices ingrained in the reeling units has been developed. The strategies they adopt to counter the vagaries of their operations have also been considered. Silk reeling being an input controlled industry, the heuristics of cocoon buying decision has been incorporated as the core of the model. The heuristics are derived from discussions with several prominent reelers and observation of their operations. The model tries to incorporate the volatile situation of the cocoon market and the raw silk sale price as also the constraints of working capital and the decision the reeler tends to take under these conditions. Standard procedures of simulation viz., variance reduction techniques, verification and validation of simulation model etc. have been followed. Simulation experiments have been made considering the factors of strategies, working capital borrowed money and installed capacity, in order to study its influence on the performance of a reeling unit. The simulation experimental data have been initially subjected to rnultivariate analysis and later to univariate ANOVA for each of the two response variables viz., cumulative net revenue and cumulative capacity utilisation. The unique relationship between revenue and capacity utilisation indicated a trade-off between the two. The reeling unit has to aim at maximising utilisation without major setbacks in revenue. It has been found that the capacity utilisation of a reeling unit is influenced more significantly by the factors or parameters of the model viz., strategy, working capital, and borrowed money and plant capacity, while the variables of the model viz., cocoon price, CQI and raw silk price influence cumulative net revenue. The importance of cocoon quality for better economics of production has been clearly established which should serve as a guiding factor for cocoon buying decision. An interesting result is that when there is adequate working capital, a bigger batch size for raw silk sales earns higher net revenue. The seasonality in net revenue is overwhelming in all the cases. The reeling unit has positive net revenue in the first six months with a few ups and downs and the gain it had consolidated slowly reduces before stabilising at a relatively lower level. The important contributions are the development of a quality index for grading of cocoons, establishment of the interrelationships among cocoon price, its quality and supply quantity as also the relationship between cocoon price and raw silk price. The much needed insight into the operations of a reeling unit has been provided by the simulation analysis. For the first time it has been established that, reeling units do make profits from the primary product. The model incorporated good management decision making for the purchase of cocoons and handling of working capital and other operations.

India has a huge potential for sericulture development unlike other agro industries since sericulture is a unique agro-based industry comprising of several components such as mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing, silk reeling and other connected activities. Each of these components appear to be independent but closely linked with one another having intricacies of their own. The major activities of these components comprises of mulberry food-plant cultivation to feed the silkworms which spin silk cocoons and reeling the cocoons for unwinding the silk filament for manufacturing silk goods, subjecting them to the process of degumming, bleaching, dyeing, weaving and printing. Thus sericulture industry provides employment to approximately 7.85 million in rural and semi urban areas in India. Of these, a sizeable number belongs to the economically weaker sections of the society, including women. In addition to this, India has the unique credibility of producing all the five known commercial silk viz., mulberry, tropical tasar, oak tasar, eri and muga of which muga with its golden yellow glitter is unique and prerogative of India. Though silk is a luxury item, it is produced by the rural populace and purchased by urban rich, causing money to flow from urban to rural. It also prevents rural people to migrate to urban areas. The United Nation's recent endeavor “Millennium Development Goals” has an eight point programme to make our earth more healthy wealthy and free from inequalities by 2015. Sericulture being a rural and women friendly business aligns well with many of these ideas which are explained in detail in the chapter.

Abstract One of the most important features of the rapid economic growth of modern Japan was dualistic industrial development. Nevertheless, scholars tend to emphasize only the growth of big businesses such as the zaibatsu (Mitsui, Mitsubishi, etc.) and a few cotton-spinning companies (Toyobo, Kanebo, etc.) in consideration of Japanese economic and business history. The indigenous, rural, small- and medium-sized industries, most of which had already developed during the pre-modern era (the Edo period), should also be examined. In early modern Japan, there were innumerable indigenous industries such as weaving, silk-reeling, brewing, ceramics, and paper manufacturing, and they often managed to survive side by side with the growth of modern big businesses. In addition, many indigenous industries even developed along with the modern sectors until the First World War (1914-18). The lower tier of the dual structure was generally composed of industries of this type.

Abstract Characterizes Chilvers Coton as a rural community, emphasizing the structures which unified it, but noting its increasing submersion in the regional economy of north-east Warwickshire in particular and the midlands in general; discusses the incorporation of the local economy into wider markets for goods and labour; notes the ambiguity that although the community increasingly came to resemble an estate village with a single dominant landlord, its taskscape became dominated by the silk-weaving industry which lay beyond Newdigate control; compares the census of 1684 with another listing of residents and occupations drawn up in 1781, noting the contraction in agriculture and coalmining activity, but the significant expansion of ribbon manufacture; emphasizes the significance of economic change for the generation of inhabitants that lived c.1650 to 1725 and argues that, in contributing to and accommodating these transformations, these ‘unremarkable’ people made their own history in their own terms.