Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Signal-To-Signal Translation“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Signal-To-Signal Translation"
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Harfiya, Latifa Nabila, Ching-Chun Chang und Yung-Hui Li. „Continuous Blood Pressure Estimation Using Exclusively Photopletysmography by LSTM-Based Signal-to-Signal Translation“. Sensors 21, Nr. 9 (23.04.2021): 2952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21092952.
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Monitoring continuous BP signal is an important issue, because blood pressure (BP) varies over days, minutes, or even seconds for short-term cases. Most of photoplethysmography (PPG)-based BP estimation methods are susceptible to noise and only provides systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) prediction. Here, instead of estimating a discrete value, we focus on different perspectives to estimate the whole waveform of BP. We propose a novel deep learning model to learn how to perform signal-to-signal translation from PPG to arterial blood pressure (ABP). Furthermore, using a raw PPG signal only as the input, the output of the proposed model is a continuous ABP signal. Based on the translated ABP signal, we extract the SBP and DBP values accordingly to ease the comparative evaluation. Our prediction results achieve average absolute error under 5 mmHg, with 70% confidence for SBP and 95% confidence for DBP without complex feature engineering. These results fulfill the standard from Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) and the British Hypertension Society (BHS) with grade A. From the results, we believe that our model is applicable and potentially boosts the accuracy of an effective signal-to-signal continuous blood pressure estimation.
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Proud, Christopher G. „Signalling to translation: how signal transduction pathways control the protein synthetic machinery“. Biochemical Journal 403, Nr. 2 (26.03.2007): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20070024.
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Recent advances in our understanding of both the regulation of components of the translational machinery and the upstream signalling pathways that modulate them have provided important new insights into the mechanisms by which hormones, growth factors, nutrients and cellular energy status control protein synthesis in mammalian cells. The importance of proper control of mRNA translation is strikingly illustrated by the fact that defects in this process or its control are implicated in a number of disease states, such as cancer, tissue hypertrophy and neurodegeneration. Signalling pathways such as those involving mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and mitogen-activated protein kinases modulate the phosphorylation of translation factors, the activities of the protein kinases that act upon them and the association of RNA-binding proteins with specific mRNAs. These effects contribute both to the overall control of protein synthesis (which is linked to cell growth) and to the modulation of the translation or stability of specific mRNAs. However, important questions remain about both the contributions of individual regulatory events to the control of general protein synthesis and the mechanisms by which the translation of specific mRNAs is controlled.
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Zhao, Baining, Zhewen Niu, Qiheng Liang, Yanli Xin, Tong Qian, Wenhu Tang und Qinghua Wu. „Signal-to-Signal Translation for Fault Diagnosis of Bearings and Gears With Few Fault Samples“. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 70 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3123433.
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Jeong, Singi, Jaemin Shin und Yusung Kim. „A Signal-to-Data Translation Model for Robust Backscatter Communications“. IEEE Access 10 (2022): 27440–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3155879.
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Piazzi, Manuela, Alberto Bavelloni, Angela Gallo, Irene Faenza und William L. Blalock. „Signal Transduction in Ribosome Biogenesis: A Recipe to Avoid Disaster“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, Nr. 11 (03.06.2019): 2718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112718.
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Energetically speaking, ribosome biogenesis is by far the most costly process of the cell and, therefore, must be highly regulated in order to avoid unnecessary energy expenditure. Not only must ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, ribosomal protein (RP) transcription, translation, and nuclear import, as well as ribosome assembly, be tightly controlled, these events must be coordinated with other cellular events, such as cell division and differentiation. In addition, ribosome biogenesis must respond rapidly to environmental cues mediated by internal and cell surface receptors, or stress (oxidative stress, DNA damage, amino acid depletion, etc.). This review examines some of the well-studied pathways known to control ribosome biogenesis (PI3K-AKT-mTOR, RB-p53, MYC) and how they may interact with some of the less well studied pathways (eIF2α kinase and RNA editing/splicing) in higher eukaryotes to regulate ribosome biogenesis, assembly, and protein translation in a dynamic manner.
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Pyhtila, B., T. Zheng, P. J. Lager, J. D. Keene, M. C. Reedy und C. V. Nicchitta. „Signal sequence- and translation-independent mRNA localization to the endoplasmic reticulum“. RNA 14, Nr. 3 (18.01.2008): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.721108.
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Zaragoza-Gómez, Andre, Emilio García-Caffarel, Yuridia Cruz-Zamora, James González, Víctor Hugo Anaya-Muñoz, Felipe Cruz-García und Javier Andrés Juárez-Díaz. „The Nβ motif of NaTrxh directs secretion as an endoplasmic reticulum transit peptide and variations might result in different cellular targeting“. PLOS ONE 18, Nr. 10 (12.10.2023): e0287087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287087.
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Soluble secretory proteins with a signal peptide reach the extracellular space through the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi conventional pathway. During translation, the signal peptide is recognised by the signal recognition particle and results in a co-translational translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum to continue the secretory pathway. However, soluble secretory proteins lacking a signal peptide are also abundant, and several unconventional (endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi independent) pathways have been proposed and some demonstrated. This work describes new features of the secretion signal called Nβ, originally identified in NaTrxh, a plant extracellular thioredoxin, that does not possess an orthodox signal peptide. We provide evidence that other proteins, including thioredoxins type h, with similar sequences are also signal peptide-lacking secretory proteins. To be a secretion signal, positions 5, 8 and 9 must contain neutral residues in plant proteins–a negative residue in position 8 is suggested in animal proteins–to maintain the Nβ motif negatively charged and a hydrophilic profile. Moreover, our results suggest that the NaTrxh translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum occurs as a post-translational event. Finally, the Nβ motif sequence at the N- or C-terminus could be a feature that may help to predict protein localisation, mainly in plant and animal proteins.
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Robinson, A., O. M. R. Westwood und B. M. Austen. „Interactions of signal peptides with signal-recognition particle“. Biochemical Journal 266, Nr. 1 (15.02.1990): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2660149.
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The mechanisms whereby isolated or synthetic signal peptides inhibit processing of newly synthesized prolactin in microsome-supplemented lysates from reticulocytes and wheat-germ were investigated. At a concentration of 5 microM, a consensus signal peptide reverses the elongation arrest imposed by the signal-recognition particle (SRP), and at higher concentrations in addition inhibits elongation of both secretory and non-secretory proteins. A photoreactive form of a synthetic signal peptide cross-links under u.v. illumination to the 54 kDa and 68 kDa subunits of SRP, whereas the major cross-linked protein produced after photoreaction of rough microsomes is of 45 kDa. As SRP-mediated elongation arrest is unlikely to be essential for translocation, it is suggested that signal peptides may interact with components other than SRP in the translation system in vitro.
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Mazo, Chantell, und Jamie C. Theobald. „To keep on track during flight, fruitflies discount the skyward view“. Biology Letters 10, Nr. 2 (Februar 2014): 20131103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.1103.
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When small flying insects go off their intended course, they use the resulting pattern of motion on their eye, or optic flow, to guide corrective steering. A change in heading generates a unique, rotational motion pattern and a change in position generates a translational motion pattern, and each produces corrective responses in the wingbeats. Any image in the flow field can signal rotation, but owing to parallax, only the images of nearby objects can signal translation. Insects that fly near the ground might therefore respond more strongly to translational optic flow that occurs beneath them, as the nearby ground will produce strong optic flow. In these experiments, rigidly tethered fruitflies steered in response to computer-generated flow fields. When correcting for unintended rotations, flies weight the motion in their upper and lower visual fields equally. However, when correcting for unintended translations, flies weight the motion in the lower visual fields more strongly. These results are consistent with the interpretation that fruitflies stabilize by attending to visual areas likely to contain the strongest signals during natural flight conditions.
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Chen, Zhuo. „Signal Recognition for English Speech Translation Based on Improved Wavelet Denoising Method“. Advances in Mathematical Physics 2021 (18.09.2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6811192.
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The signal corresponding to English speech contains a lot of redundant information and environmental interference information, which will produce a lot of distortion in the process of English speech translation signal recognition. Based on this, a large number of studies focus on encoding and processing English speech, so as to achieve high-precision speech recognition. The traditional wavelet denoising algorithm plays an obvious role in the recognition of English speech translation signals, which mainly depends on the excellent local time-frequency domain characteristics of the wavelet signal algorithm, but the traditional wavelet signal algorithm is still difficult to select the recognition threshold, and the recognition accuracy is easy to be affected. Based on this, this paper will improve the traditional wavelet denoising algorithm, abandon the single-threshold judgment of the original traditional algorithm, innovatively adopt the combination of soft threshold and hard threshold, further solve the distortion problem of the denoising algorithm in the process of English speech translation signal recognition, improve the signal-to-noise ratio of English speech recognition, and further reduce the root mean square error of the signal. Good noise reduction effect is realized, and the accuracy of speech recognition is improved. In the experiment, the algorithm is compared with the traditional algorithm based on MATLAB simulation software. The simulation results are consistent with the actual theoretical results. At the same time, the algorithm proposed in this paper has obvious advantages in the recognition accuracy of English speech translation signals, which reflects the superiority and practical value of the algorithm.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Signal-To-Signal Translation"
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Girault, Benjamin. „Signal Processing on Graphs - Contributions to an Emerging Field“. Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1046/document.
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Ce manuscrit introduit dans une première partie le domaine du traitement du signal sur graphe en commençant par poser les bases d'algèbre linéaire et de théorie spectrale des graphes. Nous définissons ensuite le traitement du signal sur graphe et donnons des intuitions sur ses forces et faiblesses actuelles comparativement au traitement du signal classique. En seconde partie, nous introduisons nos contributions au domaine. Le chapitre 4 cible plus particulièrement l'étude de la structure d'un graphe par l'analyse des signaux temporels via une transformation graphe vers série temporelle. Ce faisant, nous exploitons une approche unifiée d'apprentissage semi-supervisé sur graphe dédiée à la classification pour obtenir une série temporelle lisse. Enfin, nous montrons que cette approche s'apparente à du lissage de signaux sur graphe. Le chapitre 5 de cette partie introduit un nouvel opérateur de translation sur graphe définit par analogie avec l'opérateur classique de translation en temps et vérifiant la propriété clé d'isométrie. Cet opérateur est comparé aux deux opérateurs de la littérature et son action est décrite empiriquement sur quelques graphes clés. Le chapitre 6 décrit l'utilisation de l'opérateur ci-dessus pour définir la notion de signal stationnaire sur graphe. Après avoir étudié la caractérisation spectrale de tels signaux, nous donnons plusieurs outils essentiels pour étudier et tester cette propriété sur des signaux réels. Le dernier chapitre s'attache à décrire la boite à outils \matlab développée et utilisée tout au long de cette thèseThis dissertation introduces in its first part the field of signal processing on graphs. We start by reminding the required elements from linear algebra and spectral graph theory. Then, we define signal processing on graphs and give intuitions on its strengths and weaknesses compared to classical signal processing. In the second part, we introduce our contributions to the field. Chapter 4 aims at the study of structural properties of graphs using classical signal processing through a transformation from graphs to time series. Doing so, we take advantage of a unified method of semi-supervised learning on graphs dedicated to classification to obtain a smooth time series. Finally, we show that we can recognize in our method a smoothing operator on graph signals. Chapter 5 introduces a new translation operator on graphs defined by analogy to the classical time shift operator and verifying the key property of isometry. Our operator is compared to the two operators of the literature and its action is empirically described on several graphs. Chapter 6 describes the use of the operator above to define stationary graph signals. After giving a spectral characterization of these graph signals, we give a method to study and test stationarity on real graph signals. The closing chapter shows the strength of the matlab toolbox developed and used during the course of this PhD
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Jacquet, Gottfried. „Hybrid physics-based/data-based seismic ground motion generator of a site“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPAST035.
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L'estimation précise de la réponse sismique suite à un tremblement de terre permet de sauver des vies. Toutefois, la limitation des ressources informatiques et la variabilité méconnue et mal caractérisée de la géologie et du con- texte sismotectonique posent des défis significatifs pour les simulations à l'échelle d'une ville ou d'une région. Cette thèse propose une nouvelle approche combinant les méthodes d'apprentissage adverse (adversarial) et les simulations basées sur la physique pour surmonter ces limitations, en s'appuyant sur le cadre SeismoALICE, (F. GATTI et D. CLOUTEAU: "Towards blending Physics-Based numerical simulations and seismic databases using Generative Adversarial Network", CMAME 2020). En raison des fluctuations aléatoires des propriétés mécaniques du milieu géologique, les simulations numériques ne peuvent donner des résultats que pour les basses fréquences (BF) jusqu'à 5 voire 10 Hz. La fréquence de conception des structures et des équipements en génie civil atteint en revanche 40 Hz. Cette thèse vise à simuler des signaux sismiques plus riches en fréquences [0 - 30 Hz] à partir de la connaissance des signaux à basses fréquences et d'une base de données de signaux enregistrés. Dans ce but, nous développons un encodeur et un décodeur adaptés aux signaux sismiques utilisant une variante des techniques d'attention, nommée Conformer, pour capturer les corrélations de longue durée présentes dans les accélérogrammes. Le discriminateur, assurant que les signaux simulés ressemblent à des signaux enregistrés, a fait l'objet d'un développement poussé, permettant d'optimiser l'encodeur et le décodeur par le biais d'une technique de min-max au cœur des méthodes adverses d'apprentissage machine. Pour forcer a reconstruction des signaux, nous adaptons aux séries temporelles la Focal Frequency Loss (FFL) et la Hyper-Spherical Loss (HSL), qui sont plus performantes pour ce type de données. Ensuite, nous complétons les signaux BF jusqu'à 30 Hz en explorant différents cas de génération : mapping one-to-one et mapping one-to-many pour évaluer la plausibilité des reconstructions de la base de données. Cinq méthodes ont été élaborées : Signal-to-Signal Translation, SeismoALICE with shared latent space, SeismoALICE with factorized latent space, BicycleGAN for time series et Multi-Modal Signal Translation. Leur performance a été évaluée avec le Goodness-of-Fit de Kristeková. Nous avons prouvé en manipulant les variables cachées qu'il est possible de diviser l'information en deux groupes de variables de distributions Gaussiennes, l'un pour les basses fréquences et l'autre pour les hautes fréquences. Cette interprétabilité a permis de manipuler l'espace latent et de contrôler le mapping one-to-many. Les modèles, entraînés sur 128 000 signaux sismiques de la base de données des séismes de Stanford (STEAD), dé- montrent leur performance avec des qualités de prédiction allant de bonnes à excellentes. Finalement, leur efficacité a été démontrée par une application au séisme du Teil de 2019 (en Ardèche dans la région Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France). Ce travail ouvre la voie à une prédiction plus précise et plus efficace des signaux sismiques en intégrant de manière transparente les connaissances basées sur la physique et l'apprentissage machineAccurately estimating the seismic response following an earthquake can save lives. However, limited computational resources and poorly characterized and unknown variability in geology and seismotectonic context pose significant challenges for simulations at the scale of a city or region. This thesis proposes a new approach com- bining adversarial learning methods and physics-based simulations to overcome these limitations, based on the SeismoALICE framework (F. GATTI and D. CLOUTEAU: "Towards blending Physics-Based numerical simulations and seismic databases using Generative Adversarial Network," CMAME 2020). Because of the random fluctuations in the mechanical properties of the geological medium, numerical simulations can only give results for low frequencies (LF) down to 5 or even 10 Hz. The design frequency for civil engineering structures and equipment, on the other hand, reaches 40 Hz. This thesis aims to simulate seismic signals with a higher frequency range [0 - 30 Hz] using knowledge of low-frequency signals and a database of recorded signals. To this end, we are developing an encoder and decoder adapted to seismic signals using a Conformer variant of attention techniques to capture the long-duration correlations present in accelerograms. The discriminator, which ensures that simulated signals resemble recorded signals, has been the subject of extensive development, enabling the encoder and decoder to be optimized using a min-max technique at the heart of adversarialmachine learning methods. To force signal recon- struction, we adapt Focal Frequency Loss (FFL) and Hyper-Spherical Loss (HSL), which are more efficient for this data type, to time series. We then complement the LF signals up to 30 Hz by ex- ploring different generation cases, one-to-one map- ping, and one-to-many mapping to assess the plausibility of the reconstructions in the database. Five methods were developed: Signal-to-Signal Translation, SeismoALICE with shared latent space, SeismoALICE with factorized latent space, BicycleGAN for time series, and Multi-Modal Signal Translation. Their performance was evaluated using Kristeková's Goodness-of-Fit. By manipulating the hidden variables, we proved that it is possible to divide the information into two groups of variables with Gaussian distributions, one for low frequencies and the other for high frequencies. This interpretability made it possible to manipulate the latent space and control the one-to-many mapping. The models, trained on 128,000 seismic signals from the Stanford Earthquake Database (STEAD), demonstrated their performance, with prediction qualities ranging from good to excellent. Finally, their effectiveness was demonstrated by application to the 2019 Le Teil earthquake (in the Ardèche region of Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France). This work paves the way for more accurate and efficient prediction of seismic signals by seamlessly integrating physics-based knowledge and machine learning
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Ngô, Van Chan. „Formal verification of a synchronous data-flow compiler : from Signal to C“. Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067477.
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Synchronous languages such as Signal, Lustre and Esterel are dedicated to designing safety-critical systems. Their compilers are large and complicated programs that may be incorrect in some contexts, which might produce silently bad compiled code when compiling source programs. The bad compiled code can invalidate the safety properties that are guaranteed on the source programs by applying formal methods. Adopting the translation validation approach, this thesis aims at formally proving the correctness of the highly optimizing and industrial Signal compiler. The correctness proof represents both source program and compiled code in a common semantic framework, then formalizes a relation between the source program and its compiled code to express that the semantics of the source program are preserved in the compiled code.
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Messaoud, Safa. „Translating Discrete Time SIMULINK to SIGNAL“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49299.
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As Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) are getting more complex and safety critical, Model Based
Design (MBD), which consists of building formal models of a system in order to be used in
verification and correct-by-construction code generation, is becoming a promising methodology
for the development of the embedded software of such systems. This design paradigm
significantly reduces the development cost and time while guaranteeing better robustness,
capability and correctness with respect to the original specifications, when compared with
the traditional ad-hoc design methods. SIMULINK has been the most popular tool for embedded
control design in research as well as in industry, for the last decades. As SIMULINK
does not have formal semantics, the application of the model based design methodology and
tools to its models is very limited. In this thesis, we present a semantic translator that
transform discrete time SIMULINK models into SIGNAL programs. The choice of SIGNAL
is motivated by its polychronous formalism that enhances synchronous programming with
asynchronous concurrency, as well as, by the ability of its compiler of generating deterministic
multi thread code. Our translation involves three major steps: clock inference, type
inference and hierarchical top-down translation. We validate the semantic preservation of
our prototype tool by testing it on different SIMULINK models.Master of Science
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Sarkissian, Madathia. „Signaling Events Leading to CPEB-Mediated Translation: a Dissertation“. eScholarship@UMMS, 2004. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/305.
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Fully grown oocytes' of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, are arrested at the diplotene stage of meiotic prophase I, which resembles the G2 phase of the mitotic cell cycle. Re-entry into the meiotic divisions is initiated by hormonal signaling normally provided by progesterone. Progesterone signaling leads to the activation of maturation promoting factor (MPF), a heterodimer consisting of the protein kinase cdk1 and cyclin B1; this complex promotes the oocyte's entry into M phase of meiosis I. A crucial event required for MPF activation is cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE)-mediated translation of specific dormant mRNAs such as c-mos and cyclin B1. The CPE, which resides in mRNA 3' untranslated region (UTR), is bound by the CPE binding protein (CPEB), which in turn is bound by Maskin. Maskin is bound to the 5' cap binding protein eIF4E. This type of closed-loop mRNA structure inhibits the recruitment and assembly of the translation initiation complex at the 5'UTR of CPE containing mRNAs. To alleviate this inhibition, CPEB undergoes phosphorylation on S174 by the serine/threonine kinase Aurora A. Phosphorylated CPEB promotes the recruitment of specific polyadenylation factors leading to the polyadenylation of the dormant mRNA, resulting in the disassociation of Maskin from eIF4E. eIF4E is subsequently bound by translation initiation factors leading to mRNA assembly into polysomes and synthesis of the encoded protein.
Insulin signaling has also been shown to induce oocyte maturation. However, this signaling cascade uniquely requires the activation of two upstream components, PI3 kinase and PKC zeta. In this thesis, I show that insulin induced oocyte maturation requires the same CPE-mediated mRNA translation mechanism as had been described for progesterone signaling. I also show that Aurora A kinase activation and S174 phosphorylation play an essential role in insulin-induced CPE-mediated mRNA translation. Interestingly, inhibition of PI3 kinase and PKC zeta inhibits CPE-mediated polyadenylation only in the insulin-signaling pathway; the progesterone pathway is unaffected. These results clearly indicate that different upstream signaling components control CPE-mediated translation between progesterone and insulin signaling cascades. However, both pathways are antagonized by over expressed GSK-3, leading to inhibition of oocyte maturation. Furthermore, I found that GSK-3 inhibits Aurora A kinase activity by directly phosphorylating Aurora A on serine 290/291, promoting an inhibitory autophosphorylation event on serine 349. The importance of a GSK-3/Aurora A interaction is underscored by the finding that GSK-3, Axin, and Aurora A reside in a complex in immature oocytes. During progesterone or insulin signaling, GSK-3 dissociates from Aurora A allowing Aurora A to become active, leading to CPEB phosphorylation, CPE-mediated mRNA translation and oocyte maturation.
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Liao, Tzu-I., und 廖慈怡. „Vgl mRNA localization signal RNA is also a cis-acting element to suppress translation in xenopus oocytes“. Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25884394959346785481.
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碩士國立陽明大學
生物藥學研究所
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mRNA的位移作用是早期胚胎發育時細胞分化的重要機制。在非洲有爪水生蛙卵母細胞中，Vgl mRNA的位移現象是目前被研究最為清楚的系統；Vgl mRNA在卵母細胞生長期間，會由平均分佈的形式漸漸的朝植物極運動並固著在植物極上，由於vgl蛋白質只在植物極表現，這似乎表示Vgl mRNA在位移的過程中，同時受到了轉譯抑制作用，所以不會在植物極以外的部位表現蛋白質。目前，雖然已發覺在卵母細胞中，抑制 maternal mRNA轉譯之masking蛋白質─p56及p54會與Vgl定位訊號RNA產生專一性的接合，但尚不清楚mRNA的位移現象與轉譯作用的調控是否有所關聯。 在本論文中，利用微量注射技術與共軛焦點顯微鏡，發覺綠螢光蛋白質(green fluorescent protein;GFP)之mRNA在非洲有水生蛙卵母細胞中，轉譯出的綠螢光蛋白質可穩定存在並分佈於整個卵母細胞中;但在3'端未轉譯區多加了Vgl定位訊號RNA的GFP-VglLS chimeric mRNA則只能在植物極表現綠螢光蛋白質。因為上述兩種mRNA的唯一的差別是Vgl定位訊號RNA的存在與否，所以mRNA的位移與轉譯抑制兩種作用受到同一cis-actingelement─Vgl定位訊號RNA的調控。在 In Vitro 蛋白質轉譯實驗中，部份純化之卵母細胞masking蛋白質對含 Vgl定位訊號之chimeric mRNA有較佳而顯著的轉譯抑制作用。而經去磷酸化處理的部份純化之masking蛋白質，在失去與RNA接合的能力後，則亦會同時失去對GFP-VglLS chimeric mRNA的轉譯抑制作用。這結果顯示，可能就是masking蛋白質和 Vgl定位訊號RNA的專一性結合而導致蛋白質的轉譯受抑制。我將提出一工作假說來解釋mRNA的定位與轉譯抑制的關係。 Messenger RNA localization is an important mechanism of differentiation in both germline and somatic cells. The Vgl mRNA is the best characterized system to study mRNA localization in Xenopus oocytes so far. This mRNA is expressed globally and then translocated to and anchored at the vegetal pole during oogenesis. The Vgl protein is also locally expressed at the vegetal pole, which may imply that the translation of Vgl mRNA is inhibited in other part of the oocyte. Nevertheless, it is not known whether the translation and mRNA localization processes are regulated coordinately. It has been shown that the p56 and p54 masking proteins, which can inhibit the translation of maternal mRNA, can interact with Vgl localization signal (LS) RNA specifically. Using confocal microscopy, I showed that the mRNA of green fluorescent protein (GFP) was translated globally in Xenopus oocytes, but the chimeric mRNA of GFP and VglLS-RNA can only be expressed at the vegetal pole of oocytes. Furthermore, the crude preparation of p56 and p54 inhibited the translation of both the chimeric mRNA and the GFP mRNA in vitro, but the translation of the chimeric mRNA is preferentially suppressed. Dephosphorylated masking proteins, which failed to bind VgILS, also failed to suppress the translation of this chimeric mRNA. Therefore, the VglLS-RNA is sufficient to suppress the translation, possibly mediated by the interacting with p56 and p54. In other words, the VgILS is a cis-acting element for both mRNA localization and translation suppression in Xenopus oocytes.
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Manion, Steve Lawrence. „Fluency enhancement : applications to machine translation : thesis for Master of Engineering in Information & Telecommunications Engineering, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand“. 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1237.
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The quality of Machine Translation (MT) can often be poor due to it appearing incoherent and lacking in fluency. These problems consist of word ordering, awkward use of words and grammar, and translating text too literally. However we should not consider translations such as these failures until we have done our best to enhance their quality, or more simply, their fluency. In the same way various processes can be applied to touch up a photograph, various processes can also be applied to touch up a translation. This research outlines the improvement of MT quality through the application of Fluency Enhancement (FE), which is a process we have created that reforms and evaluates text to enhance its fluency. We have tested our FE process on our own MT system which operates on what we call the SAM fundamentals, which are as follows: Simplicity - to be simple in design in order to be portable across different languages pairs, Adaptability - to compensate for the evolution of language, and Multiplicity - to determine a final set of translations from as many candidate translations as possible. Based on our research, the SAM fundamentals are the key to developing a successful MT system, and are what have piloted the success of our FE process.
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Tumia, Rima Ahmed N. Hashm. „Role of eIF3a expression in cellular sensitivity to ionizing radiation treatments by regulating synthesis of NHEJ repair proteins“. Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/9767.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Translation Initiation in protein synthesis is a crucial step controlling gene expression that enhanced by eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs). eIF3a, the largest subunit of eIF3 complexes, has been shown to regulate protein synthesis and cellular response to cisplatin treatment. Its expression has also been shown to negatively associate with prognosis. In this study, we tested a hypothesis that eIF3a regulates synthesis of proteins important for repair of double strand DNA breaks induced by ionizing radiation (IR). We found that eIF3a up-regulation sensitizes cellular response to IR while its knockdown causes resistance to IR. We also found that eIF3a over-expression increases IR-induced DNA damage and decreases Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) activity by suppressing expression level of NHEJ repair proteins such as DNA-PKcs and vice versa. Together, we conclude that eIF3a plays an important role in cellular response to DNA-damaging treatments by regulating synthesis of DNA repair proteins and, thus, eIIF3a likely plays an important role in the outcome of cancer patients treated with DNA-damaging strategies including ionizing radiation.
Bücher zum Thema "Signal-To-Signal Translation"
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Rao, K. Sreenivasa. Predicting Prosody from Text for Text-to-Speech Synthesis. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012.
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Justement, Louis B. Signal Transduction and the Coordination of B Lymphocyte Development and Function II: Translation of BCR Signals to Specific Physiologic Outcomes. Brand: Springer, 2011.
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Baaij, C. J. W. Considering a Source-Oriented Alternative. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680787.003.0005.
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Three arguments point toward source-oriented EU Translation as the preferred alternative to current EU Translation practices. First, an original quantitative study of case law of the Court of Justice of the EU suggests that neologisms for EU legal concepts and syntactic correspondence between language versions is more likely to prevent discrepancies than pursue clarity and intelligibility. Second, the same case law demonstrates that legislative measures seeking far-reaching legal integration, such as in consumer contract law, call for a particular large degree of textual homogeny of its language version. Third, the work of language philosopher Donald Davidson helps illuminate the fact that the philosophical justification of a source-oriented approach avoids the pitfall of linguistic relativism that is afflicting theories proposing receiver-oriented translation. In all, these arguments signal that EU translators and lawyer–linguists of the EU legislative bodies had better prioritize syntactic correspondence and using neologisms over clarity and fluency.
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Gotman, Kélina. Translatio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190840419.003.0004.
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Renegade physician Paracelsus compared St. John’s Day dances to earthquakes, epileptic tremors, and tics. This ecosophical and vitalist concept, according to which all sorts of bodies echo one another’s shaking motions, countered long-held academic prejudice against witchcraft; neither choreomaniacs nor witches were subject to supernatural forces. Rather, the ‘vital spirits’ caused limbs, like branches, to shake. What’s more, dancing was now thought to cure dancing, and municipal authorities keen to keep a Strasbourg dancing mania in check employed guards to help wear dancers out—while exorcism associated religious, municipal, and medical experts. The translatio or passage from collective to individual disorder, epitomized in St. Vitus, now patron saint of all dance maniacs, continued throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as neurologists’ theories of chorea, epilepsy and insanity aligned popular carousing with individual quaking motions. Choreomania came to signal the epidemic proliferation of what Giorgio Agamben has styled purposeless gesture.
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Rao, K. Sreenivasa. Predicting Prosody From Text for Text-to-Speech Synthesis. Springer, 2012.
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Rao, K. Sreenivasa. Predicting Prosody from Text for Text-to-Speech Synthesis. Springer, 2012.
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Shulman, Ryan, Adrian Wilson und Delia Peppercorn. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.008003.
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♦ ACL tear: abnormal fibres, tibial translation, PCL/patella tendon buckling, bone bruising♦ Meniscal tear: signal change to free edge♦ Bone bruising:• Reticular—not continuous subarticular bone• Geographic—extends to subarticular bone♦ Posterolateral corner:• Oblique slices through fibular head• Consists of lateral collateral ligament, popliteus, popliteofibular ligament, and arcuate complex.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized the investigation and treatment of the painful knee. It is non-invasive and avoids patient exposure to ionizing radiation. MRI has the advantage of establishing diagnoses in a painful knee without the morbidity of surgical intervention. It is now widely available and has moved from a simple diagnostic adjunct into a key planning tool. It offers improved management of theatre resources and it allows for more accurate planning of postoperative rehabilitation.The role of MRI in management of the injured knee is determined by its cost-effectiveness and its ability to augment the diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination. Accuracy of clinical examination by specialist orthopaedic surgeons is comparable to MRI when interpreted by specialist radiologists (Table 8.3.1). Increasingly, MRI has been shown to be cost neutral. Whilst costs are high, diagnostic information reduces the need for unnecessary surgery.
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Tenney, James. Excerpts from “An Experimental Investigation of Timbre—the Violin”. Herausgegeben von Larry Polansky, Lauren Pratt, Robert Wannamaker und Michael Winter. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038723.003.0005.
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James Tenney presents excerpts from his 1966 essay “An Experimental Investigation of Timbre—the Violin.” The research was carried out at the School of Music and the Computation Center at Yale University. Tenney first provides a description of the experiment as well as the equipment and computer programs he used in his investigation. In particular, he discusses the basic approach to sound analysis and synthesis that employs a digital computer with peripheral equipment for translating a signal from “analog” to digital form (for analysis) and from digital to analog form (for synthesis). The analysis programs used in this study comprise a “pitch-synchronous” system, while the sound-generating program used to synthesize violin tones is Max V. Mathews's “Music IV Compiler.” Tenney then explains the experimental results and concludes with a proposal for further research and a request for continued support by the National Science Foundation, laying special emphasis on spectral parameters and envelope and modulation parameters.
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Gotman, Kélina. Choreomania. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190840419.001.0001.
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This book traces the emergence and spread of the choreomania concept through colonial medical and ethnographic circles, showing how fantasies of instability—and of the Oriental other—haunted scientific modernity. Scenes from the archives of medical history, neurology, psychiatry, sociology, religion, and popular journalism show how the discursive history of the ‘dancing mania’ moved and transformed with its translations throughout the colonial world. From antiquarian references to ancient Greek bacchanals and medieval St. Vitus’s dances, to scientific reperformances of early modern religious ecstasies, and American government anthropology, ‘choreomania’ arose to signal every sort of gestural and choreographic unrest. Village kermesses, revolutionary crowds, and neuromotor disorders—including hysteria, epilepsy, and chorea—were among the many unruly forms of locomotion indiscriminately compared to bacchanalian turmoil. So too, charges of spontaneous political agitation levied against demonstrators from Africa and South America to the South Seas reveal heightened anxieties about the spread of social disorder. Initially employed to describe ‘contagious’ popular dances, jerking movements, and convulsions, with decolonization, the ‘dancing disease’ increasingly described the fitful drama of anti-European revolt. Closely indebted to the work of Michel Foucault, this book opens a new chapter on the way we think epidemic madness and the organization and disorganization of bodies and disciplines in the modern age. Setting ideas about disruptively moving bodies at the heart of the scientific enterprise, this book argues that disciplines themselves were at once more porous and mobile than is commonly allowed, and that ‘dance’ itself has to be radically reimagined across fields.
Buchteile zum Thema "Signal-To-Signal Translation"
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Pnueli, A., O. Shtrichman und M. Siegel. „Translation Validation: From SIGNAL to C“. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 231–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48092-7_11.
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Crespo, José. „Space Connectivity and Translation-Invariance“. In Mathematical Morphology and its Applications to Image and Signal Processing, 119–26. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0469-2_14.
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Armstrong, Ryan, und Carlos Javier Torres Vergara. „Coping with Industry 5.0: An Assessment of Evolving Soft Skills for the Workplace“. In Translational Systems Sciences, 57–78. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9730-5_3.
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AbstractIt has been suggested that the transition to the sustainable, resilient, and human-centered production of Industry 5.0 will require a new or enhanced set of soft skills for the workplace, an appealing suggestion but one with only incipient evidence. Meanwhile, major practitioner reports, policy documents, and scholarly work emphasize a need for soft skills, and employers increasingly signal their desire for candidates to possess them. In this chapter, we examine the drivers of a need for more soft skills, and the challenges in research and practice to supporting their acquisition. We identify widespread misconceptions about soft skills, which could ultimately limit their potential for supporting individual and societal well-being. We review the term’s history and foundation, which reveals a number of inherent challenges related to defining, recognizing, and evaluating soft skills. We then illustrate how these can be acknowledged and even embraced through an example of soft skill training from our own work. Finally, we discuss implications for researchers and practitioners.
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„Transcription and Translation“. In Introduction to Genomic Signal Processing with Control, 63–76. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420006674.ch6.
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Shelness, G. „Microsomal signal peptidase complex“. In Secretory Pathway, 88. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198599425.003.0053.
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Abstract Signal peptidase activity was first observed in vitro during cell free translation of secretory precursor mRNAs in the presence of canine pancreas rough microsomes. Preproteins expressed in this system are co-translationally translocated into microsomal vesicles and simultaneouslyprocessed to form the mature polypeptides1.
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Romisch, Karin, und Ann Corsi. „Protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum“. In Protein Targeting, 101–22. Oxford University PressOxford, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199635627.003.0004.
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Abstract In eukaryotic cells all non-organellar protein synthesis starts on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm (1). Nascent chains destined for the secretory pathway are marked as such by an N-terminal signal peptide (2, 3). The signal peptide is recognized and bound by a ribonudeoprotein complex, the signal recognition particle (SRP), as soon as it emerges from the ribosome (4). Binding of SRP to the signal peptide retards or stops translation (5) and allows for targeting of the SRP-nascent chain-ribosome complex to the endoplasmic reticulum {ER) membrane (6). Interaction of SRP with its receptor in the ER membrane subsequently leads to its dissociation from the nascent chain (5, 7). Translation resumes and the secretory protein is translocated into the ER where its signal peptide is cleaved, and glycosylation, folding, and oligomerization take place (8-11). In the past two decades a large body of work has focused on the elucidation of the first step of the secretory pathway, translocation into the ER. The results allow us to draw a detailed picture of the components involved and their respective functions.
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Maroni, Gustavo. „The α-Amylase Genes: AmyA, AmyB“. In An Atlas of Drosophila Genes, 44–50. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195071160.003.0004.
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Abstract α-Amylase is a monomeric enzyme of Mr 54.5 kD, which acts in the hydrolysis of starch. The mature protein is thought to be 476 amino acids long, with its N terminus, a derivatized Gin, being the 19th amino acid of the translation product. The first 18 amino acids of the translation product are thought to constitute the transport signal peptide. There is 55% identity between Drosophila α-amylase and α-amylase of the mouse pancreas (Fig. 4.1) (Boer and Hickey 1986).
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Ahmad, Muneer. „A Biologically-Inspired Computational Solution for Protein Coding Regions Identification in Noisy DNA Sequences“. In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 201–16. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9792-8.ch010.
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Biologically inspired computational solutions for protein coding regions identification are termed as optimized solutions that could enhance regions of interest in noisy DNA signals contrary to contemporary identification. Exponentially growing genomic data needs better protein translation. The solutions proposed so far rely on statistical, digital signal processing and Fourier transforms approaches lacking the reflection for optimal biologically inspired identification of coding regions. This paper presents a peculiar biologically inspired solution for coding regions identification based on wavelet transforms with notion of a peculiar indicator sequence. DNA signal noise has been reduced considerably and exon peaks can be discriminated from introns significantly. A comparative analysis performed over datasets commonly used for protein coding identification revealed the outperformance of proposed solution in power spectral density estimation graphs and numerical discrimination measure's calculations. The significant results achieved depict 75% reduction in computational complexity than Binary indicator sequence method and 32% to 266% improvement than other methods in literature (as a comparison with standard NCBI range). The significance in results has been achieved by efficiently denosing the target DNA signal employing wavelets and peculiar indicator sequence.
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McColl, D., und F. U. Hartl. „Ribosome-associated chaperones and protein synthesis: molecular machines catalysing protein targeting, folding and assembly“. In Guidebook to Molecular Chaperones and Protein-Folding Catalysts, 489–98. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198599494.003.00189.
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Abstract The process of polypeptide translation, intracellular targeting and folding is a highly complex biochemical reaction. During translation, several events occur while the polypeptide is present as a ribosome-bound nascent chain that determine its ultimate fate in the cell. First, misfolding and aggregation of nascent chains are prevented. Secondly, the correct cellular location of the emerging nascent chain is determined based on the presence of targeting sequences such as an N-terminal signal sequence. Targeting to the correct cellular location may require translocation across intracellular membranes such as those of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. In order for this to occur, nascent polypeptides must be maintained in an unfolded state. Finally, polypeptides must be folded to their correct native state or be assembled into homo- or hetero-oligomeric complexes.
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Baker, Suzanne J., und Tom Curran. „Oncogenic transcription factors: FOS, JUN, MYC, MYB, and ETS“. In Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressors, 155–85. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199635955.003.0006.
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Abstract Many oncogenes encode important components of the cellular machinery that are responsible for the translation of growth and differentiation signals in response to a diverse array of extra- and intracellular stimuli. Included in this broad range of oncogenic molecules are growth factor receptors (see Chapters 2 and 3), cytoplasmic signalling molecules (Chapters 4 and 5), and nuclear transcription factors. Transcription factors are critical components of signal transduction pathways that can transmit a regulatory signal to altered patterns of gene expression. It is not surprising that the disruption of normal regulation of such important control points can contribute to tumorigenesis. This chapter will focus on several transcription factors originally discovered as transforming genes carried by retroviruses (for a historical review see ref. 1). The intention is to provide a generalized view of the mode of action and regulation of these genes and their relationship to cellular growth and differentiation rather than a comprehensive review of the extensive literature.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Signal-To-Signal Translation"
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Shokouhmand, Arash, und Negar Tavassolian. „Fetal Movement Cancellation in Abdominal Electrocardiogram Recordings Using Signal-to-Signal Translation“. In 2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871826.
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Abdelmadjid, Mohamed Amine, und Mounir Boukadoum. „Neural Network-Based Signal Translation with Application to the ECG“. In 2022 20th IEEE Interregional NEWCAS Conference (NEWCAS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/newcas52662.2022.9842248.
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Kim, SangYeon, Hyunwoo Lee, Jonghee Han und Joon-Ho Kim. „Sig2Sig: Signal Translation Networks to Take the Remains of the Past“. In ICASSP 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp39728.2021.9415084.
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Feeney, S. M., und S. Salous. „High Order Micro-Strip Filters To Support Signal Generation and Translation“. In 4th Annual Seminar on Passive RF and Microwave Components. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2013.0283.
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Kwon, Jinuk, Jihun Hwang und Chang-Hwan Im. „S2S-StarGAN: Signal-to-Signal Translation Method based on StarGAN to Generate Artificial EEG for SSVEP-based Brain-Computer Interfaces“. In 2023 11th International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bci57258.2023.10078582.
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Jiang, R., R. Saperstein, N. Alic, M. Nezhad, C. McKinstrie, J. Ford, Y. Fainman und S. Radic. „375 THz Parametric Translation of Modulated Signal from 1550nm to Visible Band“. In OFCNFOEC 2006. 2006 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ofc.2006.216052.
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Birnie, Lachlan, Thushara Abhayapala, Prasanga Samarasinghe und Vladimir Tourbabin. „Sound Field Translation Methods for Binaural Reproduction“. In 2019 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/waspaa.2019.8937274.
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Amjad, Hafiz Muhammad, Kai Hu, Jianwei Niu, Noor Khan, Loic Besnard und Jean-Pierre Talpin. „Translation Validation of Code Generation from the SIGNAL Data-Flow Language to Verilog“. In 2019 15th International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grids (SKG). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/skg49510.2019.00034.
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Dhavale, Aditi Vikrant, Amit Vikrant Dhavale und Sunita Vikrant Dhavale. „An Intelligent Software Tool for Audio Signal-based Hinglish to English Language Translation“. In 2023 IEEE Pune Section International Conference (PuneCon). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/punecon58714.2023.10450050.
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Kentgens, Maximilian, und Peter Jax. „Ambient-Aware Sound Field Translation Using Optimal Spatial Filtering“. In 2021 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/waspaa52581.2021.9632793.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBerichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Signal-To-Signal Translation"
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Barash, Itamar, und Robert Rhoads. Translational Mechanisms Governing Milk Protein Levels and Composition. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696526.bard.
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Original objectives: The long-term goal of the research is to achieve higher protein content in the milk of ruminants by modulating the translational apparatus of the mammary gland genetically, nutritionally, or pharmacologically. The short-term objectives are to obtain a better understanding of 1) the role of amino acids (AA) as regulators of translation in bovine and mouse mammary epithelial cells and 2) the mechanism responsible for the synergistic enhancement of milk-protein mRNA polyadenylation by insulin and prolactin. Background of the topic: In many cell types and tissues, individual AA affect a signaling pathway which parallels the insulin pathway to modulate rates and levels of protein synthesis. Diverse nutritional and hormonal conditions are funneled to mTOR, a multidomain serine/threonine kinase that regulates a number of components in the initiation and elongation stages of translation. The mechanism by which AA signal mTOR is largely unknown. During the current grant period, we have studied the effect of essential AA on mechanisms involved in protein synthesis in differentiated mammary epithelial cells cultured under lactogenic conditions. We also studied lactogenic hormone regulation of milk protein synthesis in differentiated mammary epithelial cells. In the first BARD grant (2000-03), we discovered a novel mechanism for mRNA-specific hormone-regulated translation, namely, that the combination of insulin plus prolactin causes cytoplasmic polyadenylation of milk protein mRNAs, which leads to their efficient translation. In the current BARD grant, we have pursued the signaling pathways of this novel hormone action. Major conclusions/solutions/achievements: The positive and negative signaling from AA to the mTOR pathway, combined with modulation of insulin sensitization, mediates the synthesis rates of total and specific milk proteins in mammary epithelial cells. The current in vitro study revealed cryptic negative effects of Lys, His, and Thr on cellular mechanisms regulating translation initiation and protein synthesis in mammary epithelial cells that could not be detected by conventional in vivo analyses. We also showed that a signaling pathway involving Jak2 and Stat5, previously shown to lead from the prolactin receptor to transcription of milk protein genes, is also used for cytoplasmic polyadenylation of milk protein mRNAs, thereby stabilizing these mRNAs and activating them for translation. Implications: In vivo, plasma AA levels are affected by nutritional and hormonal effects as well as by conditions of exercise and stress. The amplitude in plasma AA levels resembles that applied in the current in vitro study. Thus, by changing plasma AA levels in the epithelial cell microenvironment or by sensitizing the mTOR pathway to their presence, it should be possible to modulate the rate of milk protein synthesis. Furthermore, knowledge that phosphorylation of Stat5 is required for enhanced milk protein synthesis in response to lactogenic opens the possibility for pharmacologic approaches to increase the phosphorylation of Stat5 and, thereby, milk protein production.
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Christopher, David A., und Avihai Danon. Plant Adaptation to Light Stress: Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms. United States Department of Agriculture, Mai 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586534.bard.
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Original Objectives: 1. Purify and biochemically characterize RB60 orthologs in higher plant chloroplasts; 2. Clone the gene(s) encoding plant RB60 orthologs and determine their structure and expression; 3. Manipulate the expression of RB60; 4. Assay the effects of altered RB60 expression on thylakoid biogenesis and photosynthetic function in plants exposed to different light conditions. In addition, we also examined the gene structure and expression of RB60 orthologs in the non-vascular plant, Physcomitrella patens and cloned the poly(A)-binding protein orthologue (43 kDa RB47-like protein). This protein is believed to a partner that interacts with RB60 to bind to the psbA5' UTR. Thus, to obtain a comprehensive view of RB60 function requires analysis of its biochemical partners such as RB43. Background & Achievements: High levels of sunlight reduce photosynthesis in plants by damaging the photo system II reaction center (PSII) subunits, such as D1 (encoded by the chloroplast tpsbAgene). When the rate of D1 synthesis is less than the rate of photo damage, photo inhibition occurs and plant growth is decreased. Plants use light-activated translation and enhanced psbAmRNA stability to maintain D1 synthesis and replace the photo damaged 01. Despite the importance to photosynthetic capacity, these mechanisms are poorly understood in plants. One intriguing model derived from the algal chloroplast system, Chlamydomonas, implicates the role of three proteins (RB60, RB47, RB38) that bind to the psbAmRNA 5' untranslated leader (5' UTR) in the light to activate translation or enhance mRNA stability. RB60 is the key enzyme, protein D1sulfide isomerase (Pill), that regulates the psbA-RN :Binding proteins (RB's) by way of light-mediated redox potentials generated by the photosystems. However, proteins with these functions have not been described from higher plants. We provided compelling evidence for the existence of RB60, RB47 and RB38 orthologs in the vascular plant, Arabidopsis. Using gel mobility shift, Rnase protection and UV-crosslinking assays, we have shown that a dithiol redox mechanism which resembles a Pill (RB60) activity regulates the interaction of 43- and 30-kDa proteins with a thermolabile stem-loop in the 5' UTR of the psbAmRNA from Arabidopsis. We discovered, in Arabidopsis, the PD1 gene family consists of II members that differ in polypeptide length from 361 to 566 amino acids, presence of signal peptides, KDEL motifs, and the number and positions of thioredoxin domains. PD1's catalyze the reversible formation an disomerization of disulfide bonds necessary for the proper folding, assembly, activity, and secretion of numerous enzymes and structural proteins. PD1's have also evolved novel cellular redox functions, as single enzymes and as subunits of protein complexes in organelles. We provide evidence that at least one Pill is localized to the chloroplast. We have used PDI-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to characterize the PD1 (55 kDa) in the chloroplast that is unevenly distributed between the stroma and pellet (containing membranes, DNA, polysomes, starch), being three-fold more abundant in the pellet phase. PD1-55 levels increase with light intensity and it assembles into a high molecular weight complex of ~230 kDa as determined on native blue gels. In vitro translation of all 11 different Pill's followed by microsomal membrane processing reactions were used to differentiate among PD1's localized in the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles. These results will provide.1e insights into redox regulatory mechanisms involved in adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light stress. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms and factors regulating chloroplast photosynthetic genes is important for developing strategies to improve photosynthetic efficiency, crop productivity and adaptation to high light environments.
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Chamovitz, Daniel, und Albrecht Von Arnim. Translational regulation and light signal transduction in plants: the link between eIF3 and the COP9 signalosome. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696515.bard.
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The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is an eight-subunit protein complex that is highly conserved among eukaryotes. Genetic analysis of the signalosome in the plant model species Arabidopsis thaliana has shown that the signalosome is a repressor of light dependent seedling development as mutant Arabidopsis seedlings that lack this complex develop in complete darkness as if exposed to light. These mutant plants die following the seedling stage, even when exposed to light, indicating that the COP9 signalosome also has a central role in the regulation of normal photomorphogenic development. The biochemical mode of action of the signalosome and its position in eukaryotic cell signaling pathways is a matter of controversy and ongoing investigation, and recent results place the CSN at the juncture of kinase signaling pathways and ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. We have shown that one of the many CSN functions may relate to the regulation of translation through the interaction of the CSN with its related complex, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF3). While we have established a physical connection between eIF3 subunits and CSN subunits, the physiological and developmental significance of this interaction is still unknown. In an effort to understand the biochemical activity of the signalosome, and its role in regulating translation, we originally proposed to dissect the contribution of "h" subunit of eIF3 (eIF3h) along the following specific aims: (i) Isolation and phenotypic characterization of an Arabidopsis loss-of-function allele for eIF3h from insertional mutagenesis libraries; (ii) Creation of designed gain and loss of function alleles for eIF3h on the basis of its nucleocytoplasmic distribution and its yeast-two-hybrid interactions with other eIF3 and signalosome partner proteins; (iii) Determining the contribution of eIF3h and its interaction with the signalosome by expressing specific mutants of eIF3h in the eIF3h- loss-of function background. During the course of the research, these goals were modified to include examining the genetic interaction between csn and eif3h mutations. More importantly, we extended our effort toward the genetic analysis of mutations in the eIF3e subunit, which also interacts with the CSN. Through the course of this research program we have made several critical scientific discoveries, all concerned with the apparent diametrically opposed roles of eIF3h and eIF3e. We showed that: 1) While eIF3e is essential for growth and development, eIF3h is not essential for growth or basal translation; 2) While eIF3e has a negative role in translational regulation, eIF3h is positively required for efficient translation of transcripts with complex 5' UTR sequences; 3) Over-accumulation of eIF3e and loss-of-function of eIF3h both lead to cop phenotypes in dark-grown seedlings. These results were published in one publication (Kim et al., Plant Cell 2004) and in a second manuscript currently in revision for Embo J. Are results have led to a paradigm shift in translation research – eIF3 is now viewed in all systems as a dynamic entity that contains regulatory subuits that affect translational efficiency. In the long-term agronomic outlook, the proposed research has implications that may be far reaching. Many important plant processes, including developmental and physiological responses to light, abiotic stress, photosynthate, and hormones operate in part by modulating protein translation [23, 24, 40, 75]. Translational regulation is slowly coming of age as a mechanism for regulating foreign gene expression in plants, beginning with translational enhancers [84, 85] and more recently, coordinating the expression of multiple transgenes using internal ribosome entry sites. Our contribution to understanding the molecular mode of action of a protein complex as fundamental as eIF3 is likely to lead to advances that will be applicable in the foreseeable future.
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Meir, Shimon, Michael Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers und Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Abscission. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696523.bard.
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Original objectives: Understanding the regulation of abscission competence by exploring the nature and function of auxin-related gene expression changes in the leaf and pedicelAZs of tomato (as a model system), was the main goal of the previously submitted proposal. We proposed to achieve this goal by using microarray GeneChip analysis, to identify potential target genes for functional analysis by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). To increase the potential of accomplishing the objectives of the previously submitted proposal, we were asked by BARD to show feasibility for the use of these two modern techniques in our abscission system. Thus, the following new objectives were outlined for the one-year feasibility study: 1.to demonstrate the feasibility of the VIGS system in tomato to perform functional analysis of known abscission-related genes; 2. to demonstrate that by using microarray analysis we can identify target genes for further VIGS functional analysis. Background to the topic: It is a generally accepted model that auxin flux through the abscission zone (AZ) prevents organ abscission by rendering the AZ insensitive to ethylene. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for acquisition of abscission competence and the way in which the auxin gradient modulates it are still unknown. Understanding this basic stage of the abscission process may provide us with future tools to control abscission for agricultural applications. Based on our previous study, performed to investigate the molecular changes occurring in leaf and stem AZs of MirabillisJalapaL., we have expanded our research to tomato, using genomic approaches that include modern techniques for gene discovery and functional gene characterization. In our one-year feasibility study, the US team has established a useful system for VIGS in tomato, using vectors based on the tobacco rattle virus (TRV), a Lcreporter gene for silencing (involved in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis), and the gene of interest. In parallel, the Israeli team has used the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip to measure gene expression in AZ and non-AZ tissues at various time points after flower removal, when increased sensitivity to ethylene is acquired prior to abscission (at 0-8 h), and during pedicelabscission (at 14 h). In addition, gene expression was measured in the pedicel AZ pretreated with the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) before flower removal, to block any direct effects of ethylene. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: 1) The feasibility study unequivocally established that VIGS is an ideal tool for testing the function of genes with putative roles in abscission; 2) The newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip was found to be an excellent tool to identify AZ genes possibly involved in regulation and execution of abscission. The VIGS-based study allowed us to show that TAPG, a polygalacturonase specifically associated with the tomato AZ, is a key enzyme in the abscission process. Using the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip we have identified potential abscission regulatory genes as well as new AZ-specific genes, the expression of which was modified after flower removal. These include: members of the Aux/IAAgene family, ethylene signal transduction-related genes, early and late expressed transcription factors, genes which encode post-translational regulators whose expression was modified specifically in the AZ, and many additional novel AZ-specific genes which were previously not associated with abscission. This microarray analysis allowed us to select an initial set of target genes for further functional analysis by VIGS. Implications: Our success in achieving the two objectives of this feasibility study provides us with a solid basis for further research outlined in the original proposal. This will significantly increase the probability of success of a full 3-year project. Additionally, our feasibility study yielded highly innovative results, as they represent the first direct demonstration of the functional involvement of a TAPG in abscission, and the first microarray analysis of the abscission process. Using these approaches we could identify a large number of genes involved in abscission regulation, initiation and execution, and in auxin-ethylene cross-talk, which are of great importance, and could enable their potential functional analysis by VIGS.
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Epel, Bernard L., Roger N. Beachy, A. Katz, G. Kotlinzky, M. Erlanger, A. Yahalom, M. Erlanger und J. Szecsi. Isolation and Characterization of Plasmodesmata Components by Association with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Proteins Fused with the Green Fluorescent Protein from Aequorea victoria. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573996.bard.
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The coordination and regulation of growth and development in multicellular organisms is dependent, in part, on the controlled short and long-distance transport of signaling molecule: In plants, symplastic communication is provided by trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels termed plasmodesmata (Pd). Plant viruses spread cell-to-cell by altering Pd. This movement scenario necessitates a targeting mechanism that delivers the virus to a Pd and a transport mechanism to move the virion or viral nucleic acid through the Pd channel. The identity of host proteins with which MP interacts, the mechanism of the targeting of the MP to the Pd and biochemical information on how Pd are alter are questions which have been dealt with during this BARD project. The research objectives of the two labs were to continue their biochemical, cellular and molecular studies of Pd composition and function by employing infectious modified clones of TMV in which MP is fused with GFP. We examined Pd composition, and studied the intra- and intercellular targeting mechanism of MP during the infection cycle. Most of the goals we set for ourselves were met. The Israeli PI and collaborators (Oparka et al., 1999) demonstrated that Pd permeability is under developmental control, that Pd in sink tissues indiscriminately traffic proteins of sizes of up to 50 kDa and that during the sink to source transition there is a substantial decrease in Pd permeability. It was shown that companion cells in source phloem tissue export proteins which traffic in phloem and which unload in sink tissue and move cell to cell. The TAU group employing MP:GFP as a fluorescence probe for optimized the procedure for Pd isolation. At least two proteins kinases found to be associated with Pd isolated from source leaves of N. benthamiana, one being a calcium dependent protein kinase. A number of proteins were microsequenced and identified. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against proteins in a purified Pd fraction. A T-7 phage display library was created and used to "biopan" for Pd genes using these antibodies. Selected isolates are being sequenced. The TAU group also examined whether the subcellular targeting of MP:GFP was dependent on processes that occurred only in the presence of the virus or whether targeting was a property indigenous to MP. Mutant non-functional movement proteins were also employed to study partial reactions. Subcellular targeting and movement were shown to be properties indigenous to MP and that these processes do not require other viral elements. The data also suggest post-translational modification of MP is required before the MP can move cell to cell. The USA group monitored the development of the infection and local movement of TMV in N. benthamiana, using viral constructs expressing GFP either fused to the MP of TMV or expressing GFP as a free protein. The fusion protein and/or the free GFP were expressed from either the movement protein subgenomic promoter or from the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein. Observations supported the hypothesis that expression from the cp sgp is regulated differently than expression from the mp sgp (Szecsi et al., 1999). Using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, it was determined that paired wall-appressed bodies behind the leading edge of the fluorescent ring induced by TMV-(mp)-MP:GFP contain MP:GFP and the viral replicase. These data suggest that viral spread may be a consequence of the replication process. Observation point out that expression of proteins from the mp sgp is temporary regulated, and degradation of the proteins occurs rapidly or more slowly, depending on protein stability. It is suggested that the MP contains an external degradation signal that contributes to rapid degradation of the protein even if expressed from the constitutive cp sgp. Experiments conducted to determine whether the degradation of GFP and MP:GFP was regulated at the protein or RNA level, indicated that regulation was at the protein level. RNA accumulation in infected protoplast was not always in correlation with protein accumulation, indicating that other mechanisms together with RNA production determine the final intensity and stability of the fluorescent proteins.