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Jones, E. Yvonne. „Designer protein delivers signal of choice“. Nature 565, Nr. 7738 (Januar 2019): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07883-z.
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Bradley, Robert W., und Baojun Wang. „Designer cell signal processing circuits for biotechnology“. New Biotechnology 32, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2015): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2014.12.009.
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Taneva, Ina. „Information Design“. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 11, Nr. 4 (01.11.2019): 151–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20170351.
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A designer commits to a signal distribution that is informative about a payoff-relevant state. Conditional upon the privately observed signals, agents take actions that affect their payoffs as well as those of the designer. We show how to derive the (designer) optimal information structure in static finite environments. We fully characterize it in a symmetric binary setting for a parameterized game. In this environment, conditionally independent private signals are never strictly optimal. (JEL C72, D78, D82, D83)
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Thiel, Gerald, Anke Kaufmann und Oliver G. Rössler. „G-protein-coupled designer receptors – new chemical-genetic tools for signal transduction research“. Biological Chemistry 394, Nr. 12 (01.12.2013): 1615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2013-0164.
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Abstract G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest group of plasma membrane receptors in nature and are activated by a variety of different ligands. The biological outcome of GPCR stimulation is complex, as a plethora of signaling pathways are activated upon stimulation. These complexity and diversity of GPCR signaling make it difficult to manipulate the signaling pathway of a specific GPCR by natural ligands. To reduce the complexity in experimental settings, specific pharmacological ligands that preferentially activate one signaling pathway have been developed. In addition, G-protein-coupled designer receptors that are unresponsive to endogenous ligands but can be activated by otherwise pharmacologically inert compounds have been designed. These receptors have been termed designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs. The lack of constitutive activity of these designer receptors allows their use for in vitro and in vivo studies of GPCR-mediated signal transduction. The analysis of recently generated transgenic mice showed that the expression of G-protein-coupled designer receptors represents a powerful chemical-genetic tool to investigate GPCR signaling and function.
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Rawski, Mariusz, Bogdan Falkowski und Tadeusz Łuba. „Digital signal processing designing for FPGA architectures“. Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 20, Nr. 3 (2007): 437–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0703437r.
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This paper presents the discussion on efficiency of different implementation methodologies of DSP algorithms targeted for modern FPGA architectures. Modern programmable structures are equipped with specialized DSP embedded blocks that allow implementing digital signal processing algorithms with use of the methodology known from digital signal processors. On the first place however, programmable architectures give the designer the possibility to increase efficiency of designed system by exploitation of parallelism of implemented algorithms. Moreover, it is possible to apply special techniques such as distributed arithmetic (DA) that will boost the performance of designed processing systems. Additionally, application of the functional decomposition based methods, known to be best suited for FPGA structures allows utilizing possibilities of programmable technology in very high degree. The paper presents results of comparison of different design approaches in this area.
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Pei, Ying, Sarah C. Rogan, Feng Yan und Bryan L. Roth. „Engineered GPCRs as Tools to Modulate Signal Transduction“. Physiology 23, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2008): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00025.2008.
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Different families of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been engineered to provide exclusive control over the activation of these receptors and thus to understand better the consequences of their signaling in vitro and in vivo. These engineered receptors, named RASSLs (receptors activated solely by synthetic ligands) and DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs), are insensitive to their endogenous ligands but can be activated by synthetic drug-like compounds. Currently, the existing RASSLs and DREADDs cover the Gi, Gq, and Gs signaling pathways. These modified GPCRs can be utilized as ideal tools to study GPCR functions selectively in specific cellular populations.
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Jarrah, Amin, und Mohsin M. Jamali. „Reconfigurable FPGA/GPU-Based Architecture of Block Compressive Sampling Matching Pursuit Algorithm“. Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 24, Nr. 04 (04.03.2015): 1550055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126615500553.
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The signals in reality are sparse signal where a few numbers of samples are non-zero. So, a compression technique must be applied to reduce the overhead of processing, storing, and transmission. Blocking compressive sampling matching pursuit (BCoSaMP) algorithm is a recursive algorithm which provides an accurate reconstruction of sparse signal from a small number of noisy samples. It doesn't assume that the noise is Gaussian or bounded but it uses information about the noise magnitude for stopping criterion. However, BCoSaMP is a computationally intensive algorithm. So, BCoSaMP algorithm has been implemented on both field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and graphic processing units (GPU) by exploiting parallel and pipelining approaches. A new software tool called radar signal processing tool (RSPT) is also presented. It allows the designer to auto-generate fully optimized VHDL representation of BCoSaMP by specifying many user input parameters through graphical user interface (GUI). Moreover, it provides the designer a feedback on various performance parameters. This offer the designer the ability to make any adjustments to the BCoSaMP component until gets the desired performance of the overall system-on-chip (SoC). Our simulation results indicate that the achieved speed-up of FPGA and GPU over the sequential one is improved by up to 14 and 10.7, respectively.
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Yu, Sunkyu, Xianji Piao, Jiho Hong und Namkyoo Park. „Metadisorder for designer light in random systems“. Science Advances 2, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2016): e1501851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501851.
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Disorder plays a critical role in signal transport by controlling the correlation of a system, as demonstrated in various complex networks. In wave physics, disordered potentials suppress wave transport, because of their localized eigenstates, from the interference between multiple scattering paths. Although the variation of localization with tunable disorder has been intensively studied as a bridge between ordered and disordered media, the general trend of disorder-enhanced localization has remained unchanged, and the existence of complete delocalization in highly disordered potentials has not been explored. We propose the concept of “metadisorder”: randomly coupled optical systems in which eigenstates can be engineered to achieve unusual localization. We demonstrate that one of the eigenstates in a randomly coupled system can always be arbitrarily molded, regardless of the degree of disorder, by adjusting the self-energy of each element. Ordered waves with the desired form are then achieved in randomly coupled systems, including plane waves and globally collective resonances. We also devise counterintuitive functionalities in disordered systems, such as “small-world–like” transport from non–Anderson-type localization, phase-conserving disorder, and phase-controlled beam steering.
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Aseeri, Mohammed, Waleed Alomar, Hamad Alotaibi und Abdulrahman Aljurbua. „Retrodirective Transceiver Utilizing Phased Array and Direction Finder“. Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 35, Nr. 9 (04.11.2020): 1073–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.350914.
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Retrodirectivity have several important applications in communication and in wireless power transfer. In this paper, frequency sensitive retrodirective transceiver is proposed. It receives a signal and infers its direction from its frequency spectrum, then it can transmit a new signal back to the same or other direction at the designer wish. To determine the direction of the coming signal, a 0.85-1.15GHz frequency scanning phased array antenna is used so that the received signal would have a distorted spectrum with the maximum amplitude frequency component linked to the direction of the signal. Based on the frequency scanning, the retrodirectivity system can be used for wireless power transfer or for reactive jamming. Special circuit is designed to receive the signal with strongest power and to isolate the frequency component with maximum amplitude. Phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit is used to link such frequency to specific phase shift that is introduced to the transmitter array antenna to send a new signal to the same direction of the received signal. ADS simulation is performed to demonstrate the performance of each block.
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ANDJELKOVIĆ, BOJAN, VANCO LITOVSKI und VOLKER ZERBE. „MISSION LEVEL MODELING AND SIMULATION LANGUAGE FOR MIXED-SIGNAL SYSTEM-ON-CHIP DESIGN“. Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 16, Nr. 01 (Februar 2007): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126607003435.
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Modern complex system design demands modeling on a high level of abstraction together with the system environment components. Such model enables mission level system simulation in the context of its operational conditions. Mission level design using hardware description language AleC++ is presented in this paper. It provides mission and system level verification of a mixed-signal system-on-chip. After validation at mission and system level, this language enables designers to replace some of the components with implementation level models to test and validate the system implementation at mission level. Also, the language provides modeling capabilities that give the designer an opportunity to analyze the influence of low-level technological and environmental parameters to the complete system behavior. In this way a uniform design framework is achieved from mission/system down to implementation level. The application of the language both for mission/system and implementation level modeling is illustrated by an example of the electronic compass.
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Wu, Qiang, Gen Wang und Xu Wen Li. „Design and Implementation of a High-Speed LVDS Data Acquisition System Based on Virtex-5 FPGA“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (Juni 2014): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.193.
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A High-Speed LVDS Data Acquisition system is designed, with XILINX’s Virtex-5 FPGA as core processor as well as TI’s TMS320C6748 DSP for pre-processing and storing data. This system achieved a greater amount of image processing and faster image processing requirement. The system completed the dual LVDS image data acquisition according to the demand. The resolution of the image data is 320x257. Each image transmission frame rate of not less than 150 / sec. large amount of data throughout the system as well as real-time demanding is a big challenge for designer. The designer uses simulation tools from Mentor Graphics Hyperlynx to complete the stack and impedance calculation and signal quality simulation to ensure that the system is stable and reliable. This system also has better scalability and more reliable storage method than past designs. Recently, the system has completed testing verification and results show that this design is feasible and reliable.
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FAURE, CLAUDIE. „USING KNOWLEDGE IN SIGNAL INTERPRETATION“. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 01, Nr. 02 (August 1987): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001487000138.
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When Pattern Recognition is aimed at human task automatization, such as the interpretation of visual data, it leads to Knowledge-Based Pattern Recognition (KBPR) systems. The design of a system, which contains a mixture of human knowledge and numerical data treatments, implies some tasks like Knowledge Acquisition (KA), dividing a problem into sub-problems or identifying different perceptual functions. Such problems cannot be solved by pure PR methods. Improvement of performances in KBPR systems is achieved through a better understanding of the cognitive processes which are involved during data interpretation and introspection which provides thinking aloud data. This paper will focus on problems concerned with knowledge as they are encountered in the design of expert systems for visual data interpretation. KA is considered as a necessary task for the system designer. Useful information is collected from the expert, however KA cannot provide a complete description of the human recognition process, directly usable for automatic numerical data interpretation. Verbal descriptions are lacking when introspection cannot reveal cognitive states such as those, for example, where perceptual adaptation is activated. The acquired knowledge consists of verbal descriptions as well as non-verbal knowledge provided by the analysis of the expert in action. The combination of acquired human knowledge and numerical data treatments is illustrated through examples where low level interpretation is achieved on task-adapted data representations. The need to design intermediate tools for making the dialogue more efficient or to define operational data representations is emphasized.
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Sayandeep, Nag. „Analog Versus Digital Design: When and Where to Make the Cut“. Mapana - Journal of Sciences 1, Nr. 1 (15.08.2002): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.1.7.
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System designers are frequently asked to create circuits that measure and control the analog world. One of the the challenges in these types of designs is to know when to convert the signal signal from the analog domain to the digital domain. In the analog domain, signal conditioning techniques such as gain, offset, and filtering are used to quickly modify the incoming signal. Alternatively, mathematical algorithms are used in the digital domain to implement similar functions. Every system design is unique and requires custom solutions for each case, but there are some general guidelines that can help the designer make the right decisions concerning where to draw the line. Two circuit scenarios will be discussed in this paper. With each of the two systems, the question of when and where to use analog signal conditioning strategies as opposed to digital techniques will be answered. The first scenario that will be used in this discussion is a simple RTD(Resistance Temperature Detectors) temperature sensing circuit. With this system, digital versus analog calibration, gain and offset techniques will be under evaluation.Filtering techniques is the second scenario that will be evaluated. Discussions will show that all circuit designs require a degree of analog filtering whether or not the input analog signal is DC or AC. From this premise, the advantages of analog versus digital filter designs will be investigated.
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Smart, Stephen, Keke Wu und Danielle Albers Szafir. „Color Crafting: Automating the Construction of Designer Quality Color Ramps“. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 26, Nr. 1 (Januar 2020): 1215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2019.2934284.
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Wang, Qing Dong, und Fei Wu. „An Improved Digital Servo Burst Signal Sampling Model for Disk Drives“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (Dezember 2012): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.857.
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In order to calculate the servo position error signal (PES) in the servo system, it is necessary to make high precision sampling and FFT calculation for the burst signal. Most designer s adopt 8bits ADC converter in the read write channel servo system of hard drive controller chip 88i6310 to cost down, and both servo system and signal system share the sampling circuit. Because of the quantitative noise disturbing during the sampling process, it is not enough to use 6bits ADC converter for the serve burst signal, and significant error exist for t he burst signal with the FFT calculation. This paper analyzed the existing servo over-sampling model via quantitative error model firstly, and provided the enhanced servo system sampling model. The simulation shows that, the enhanced solution reduces the average quantitative error from 0. 38 LSB to 0.14LSB, and improves the resolution of ADC converter from 9.5 bits to 10.8 bits.
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Fransiska Sisilia Mukti und Allin Junikhah. „Prediksi Cakupan Area untuk Jaringan Wireless Indoor Kampus berdasarkan Penempatan Access Point“. Jurnal Intake : Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Teknik dan Terapan 10, Nr. 2 (26.04.2019): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.48056/jintake.v10i2.55.
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The placement of a transmitter in a wireless network (access point) is one of the essential things which must be considered by the network designer. The right placement will give the maximum signal spread, especially for the closed environment, because of the effect of the indoor propagation, which affects the signal strength decrease significantly. Every AP’s placement point will have different signal spread pattern, including the coverage area. The AP placement process carried out so far still uses conventional methods, namely trial-error, which requires a long time to analyze its performance. A coverage prediction system modeling is built to determine the spread of signals generated by an AP. This modeling is done using a statistical approach in 2D. The modeling did a visualization that is run through software and gives the result of mapping the coverage area of an AP. The test results show that the percentage of area coverage generated based on the AP placement used is currently 72.5%. There are still areas that are not covered by the AP, especially for the NLOS propagation path because of the obstruction around the AP. The maximum distance between the AP and the user so that it is within the coverage area is 13.21m
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Shah, M., und S. Gupta. „Baseband I/Q regeneration Method for Direct Conversion Receiver to nullify effect of I/Q mismatch“. Advanced Electromagnetics 5, Nr. 3 (17.11.2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v5i3.435.
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Direct Conversion Receiver is the choice of the today’s designer for low power compact wireless receiver. DCR is attractive due to low power, small size and highly monolithic integratable structure, but distortions affect its performance. I/Q mismatch is the one of the major distortion which is responsible for performance degradation. In this paper, a novel method for Direct Conversion Receiver is suggested, which makes it insensitive to the I/Q mismatch. Here the classical homodyne architecture is modified to nullify effect of I/Q mismatch. The proposed method can be implemented in the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) back-end section also. This feature makes it acceptable in the already designed/functioning classical homodyne architecture based receiver.
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Mukti, Fransiska Sisilia, und Allin Junikhah. „A Coverage Prediction Technique for Indoor Wireless Campus Network“. JURNAL INFOTEL 11, Nr. 3 (30.09.2019): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v11i3.434.
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The placement of an Access Point (AP) is an important key to determine the spread of the signal. To get the optimal spread of signals, a network designer is required to understand how much coverage an AP can generate. A prediction is given to describe the coverage area produced based on AP placement for the wireless campus network, using a coordinate map modeling based on the real size for the indoor environment. The theoretical approach is used to determine the coverage area of an AP device by testing the function of the distance between the AP and the user. The results show that the signal generated by an AP will cover the entire area that is still on the LOS propagation path. The coverage area generated through AP placement in this case study reached 77.5%. The maximum distance between the AP and the user so that it is within the coverage area is 13.851m. There are still areas that are not covered by the AP, especially for the NLOS propagation path because of the obstruction around the AP.
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Philip B, John, Sarat K Kotamraju und Ch Sri Kavya. „Modification of ITU-R Parameters to Improve the Prediction of Tropospheric Scintillation for Tropical Regions“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 3.12 (20.07.2018): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12.17764.
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Scintillation is the rapid fluctuation of the received signal. It is caused by the variation in the refractivity structure of the atmosphere profile. This phenomenon leads to the signal degradation and is significant in low fade margin links and at low elevation angles. So, analyzing the scintillation intensity and its statistics are vital for a system designer to design an efficient system for the satellite communication link. This paper presents the methodology to extract the scintillation intensity from the raw beacon signal and comparison of ITU-R scintillation prediction model with the measured results to test its acceptability over tropical region. When compared with measured results, ITU-R model overestimates the scintillation fade. Hence the parameters of the time percentage factor are modified to obtain near fit to the measured results.
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Alex Thomas, Nikhil, Sanket Dessai, S. G. ShivaPrasad Yadav und Shilpa Chaudhari. „Design and Development of ARM9 Evaluation Kit for Embedded Applications“. International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 3, Nr. 2 (01.07.2014): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v3.i2.pp62-75.
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In contrast with low end microprocessor, ARM9 core is quite a sophisticated processor. The Evaluation kit plays an important role in the prototype development and verification of the system design before taking to its actual system development hence it’s provide better confidence to the designer. In this paper a project for the Evaluation kit has been designed for embedded system engineer to implement and confirm the functionality of their operating systems which could lead to a comfortable deployment. The independent modules for the interfaces of the ARM9 processor have been designed and the schematics have been developed using OrCAD. From the tested schematics designed in OrCAD, the related PCB is designed using CADSTAR. An eight-layer board is designed for its signal integrity and complexity of the schematic designed. The designed PCB layer is then calibrated and Gerber files are then made and passed on the PCB board manufacturer for PCB fabrication. The PCB board made is then tested for interconnection continuity using multi-meter as the components are loaded on to the board.
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Arévalo Peña, Javier Enrique. „Eficiencia de sistemas multiantena MU–MIMO por simulaciones de radiopropagación“. Visión electrónica 11, Nr. 1 (16.06.2017): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22484728.8796.
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El presente artículo tiene como propósito realizar la descripción de los resultados de simulación de radiopropagación con una antena MU{MIMO (4x4) en una red LTE (del inglés Long Term Evolution), con el fin de establecer su eciencia respecto a una antena estándar. En esta vía, se emplea la herramienta de diseño de redes inalámbricas ICS Designer en la cartografía digital de alta resolución en un escenario urbano de la ciudad de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Se utiliza el modelo 3GPP LTE en la simulación de la red LTE y se analizan los parametros RSRP (del inglés, Reference Signal Received Power), RSRQ (del inglés, Reference Signal Recieved Quality), SNIR (del inglés, Signal to Noise and Interference Ratio) rendimiento (Throughput) y QCI (del inglés, QoS Class Identier). Se evidencian, como consecuencia de los resultados, ventajas de las antenas MU-MIMO.
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Mironov, V., J. Zhang, C. Gentile, K. Brakke, T. Trusk, K. Jakab, G. Forgacs, V. Kasyanov, R. P. Visconti und R. R. Markwald. „Designer ‘blueprint’ for vascular trees: morphology evolution of vascular tissue constructs“. Virtual and Physical Prototyping 4, Nr. 2 (Juni 2009): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17452750802657202.
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Yuan, Weiquan, Steven A. Johnson, Michael J. Berggren und Richard S. Eidens. „A Concave Annular Array Design, Based on Phasor Summation — Part I: Design Methodology“. Ultrasonic Imaging 10, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1988): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173468801000404.
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A detailed method for the design of anular arrays based on phasor summation is developed. The net phase shift across each annulus obtained by phasor summation is a very important factor in the design of an annular array, and determines the strength of the signal received. The method presented in this paper allows the designer to evaluate the trade-offs in parameters such as the strength of the signal from each annulus, the efficiency of each annulus, and the depth of focus that would be achievable. A concave annular array has been fabricated according to this design method. A set of graphs are given for an actual design to illustrate how one may readily evaluate these trade-offs.
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Ramos, G. A., Ramon Costa-Castelló und John Cortés-Romero. „LPV Observer-Based Strategy for Rejection of Periodic Disturbances with Time-Varying Frequency“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/380609.
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Rejection of periodic disturbances is an important issue in control theory and engineering applications. Conventional strategies like repetitive control and resonant control can deal adequately with this problem but they fail when the frequency of the disturbance varies with time. This paper proposes a Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) resonant observer-based control for periodic signal rejection which is able to deal with the changes in frequency of the disturbance signal. The observer includes, in an embedded way, an internal model of the disturbance that is based on its harmonic decomposition. In this way, the frequency of the disturbance signal constitutes a parameter that can be adjusted according to the variations of the signal. The resulting disturbance estimation is then used by a control law that cancels the periodic disturbance term while controlling a specified tracking task. The proposed scheme lets the control designer address the disturbance estimation and tracking problems separately. Experimental results, on a mechatronic test bed, show that the proposed LPV resonant observer-based control successfully rejects periodic disturbances under varying frequency conditions.
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Mei, Victoria, Marta Concheiro, Justine Pardi und Gail Cooper. „Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantification of 13 Designer Benzodiazepines in Blood“. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43, Nr. 9 (22.08.2019): 688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz063.
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Abstract The misuse of designer benzodiazepines, as an alternative to prescription benzodiazepines and for drug-facilitated sexual assaults, has emerged as a growing threat, due in part to the ease of purchasing these drugs on the internet at low prices. Causing concern for safety is the lack of dosage information resulting in users self-medicating, often leading to unintended overdoses, coma or death at higher doses. With limited published data regarding the quantification of designer benzodiazepines in forensic cases, a method was validated for the determination of 13 designer benzodiazepines in postmortem blood, to add to the in-house method that already included a limited number of common designer benzodiazepines. The developed method included 3-hydroxyphenazepam, clobazam, clonazolam, delorazepam, deschloroetizolam, diclazepam, flualprazolam, flubromazepam, flubromazolam, flunitrazolam, meclonazepam, nifoxipam and pyrazolam in 0.5 mL postmortem blood using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analytes were treated with solid phase extraction before undergoing separation on a C18 column and analyzed on the mass spectrometer in electrospray positive mode using multiple reaction monitoring. The linear range of the calibration curve was 1–200 ng/mL and up to 500 ng/mL for 3-hydroxyphenazepam, clobazam, flubromazepam and pyrazolam. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.5 ng/mL (signal-to-noise ratio >3) and 1 ng/mL, respectively. The calculated bias, intra-day imprecision, relative standard deviation (RSD) and inter-day imprecision RSD were ±12%, 3–20% and 4–21%. Matrix effects ranged from −52% to 33% with RSD values ranging from 3–20%, indicating consistent effects throughout multiple sources. Recovery ranged from 35 to 90%, where only two compounds were <50%. Other parameters tested included carryover, stability, interference and dilution integrity, which all yielded acceptable results. With the application of this method to blood specimens from the New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, this validated method proved to be simple, reproducible, sensitive and robust.
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Meyer, James. „System in Package Design Case Study“. Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, DPC (01.01.2015): 000973–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2015dpc-tp52.
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In today's world, electronics need to be as small as possible. This is especially true for a wide range of electronics from UAV controllers, cellphones, to implantable medical devices. One approach to achieving small system size is the System in Package (SIP). This approach incorporates a complete system (processor, memory, etc) into one small package. On the SIP, packaged parts are replaced by dies directly mounted to the substrate via flip-chip or wire-bond technology. SIP allows the designer flexibility to create a small system with only functionality that is required. A designer can pick and choose what parts are needed for a design and is not limited to the functionality of a single signal chip. Since the first level part packaging is eliminated, the overall board size decreased leading to an overall reduction in area and weight. Not only is there a reduction in size of each packaged part, but routing area is also reduced. The line widths and spacings can be reduced along with via size. The system used in the case study is a typical system with a FPGA, flash memory, DDR3 memory, ADC, DAC, voltage monitors, power supply monitor and control. The design is a complete system capable of processing analog sensor data, recording the data in external memory and controlling analog outputs. Such a system can be used for data collection, vehicle control, data processing, etc. In terms of signal integrity, the SIP offers many advantages over a traditional PWB. Given the small nature of overall package generally means shorter routes. A shorter route has the advantage of a reduced propagation delay. Also, a shorter trace will have a lower insertion loss and improved return loss. Many parts require data busses signals to match in length. This is very important for DDR3 memory. A mismatch in trace length will cause skew between the data signals and the data strobe. On a smaller board, there is an overall improvement for matching signal traces. Power distribution is another area of improvement for the SIP. A smaller board size means the board resonances will be shifted higher in frequency, alleviating possible power rail noise issues. Overall, the power planes are less lossy. Also, decoupling capacitors will be placed closer to the active components reducing the inductive path from the active device and the capacitor. This will allow decoupling for parts switching at fast rates. Given the shorter distances between transceivers within the system, the drive strength can be reduced. Decreased drive strength will reduce the amount of power dissipated by the transceiver. This presentation details a case study for a system in package design. A comparison will be made between the system laid out on a traditional printed wiring board (PWB) and the same system laid out on a substrate (SIP). Comparisons of the area, weight, route-ability and signal integrity will be made.
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Wang, Shouxu, Xiaolan Xu, Guoyun Zhou, Yuanming Chen, Wei He, Wenjun Yang, Xinhong Su und Yongshuan Hu. „Effects of microstrip line fabrication and design on high-speed signal integrity transmission of PCB manufacturing process“. Circuit World 44, Nr. 2 (08.05.2018): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-11-2017-0064.
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Purpose As a common transmission line, the microstrip line plays an important role in high-speed circuits. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effects of the circuit design of microstrip lines on the signal integrity (SI). In addition, the influence of the type and thickness of the solder resist ink on SI was analyzed to provide guidance for the related producing process design of printed circuit boards (PCBs). Design/methodology/approach Microstrip line properties consisting of shape, line-width/line-space ratio, reference layer design and as-covered solder resist ink were designed to measure the insertion loss (S21) in high-speed PCB. Findings The study showed that the insertion loss (S21) of straight, meander, snake-shaped and wavy microstrip lines was approximately consistent. A microstrip line with width/space ratio less than 0.96 is necessary, as the differential line closing produces a mutual interference. Reference layer including the discontinuous area should be repaired by adjusting the microstrip line parameters. With regard to the solder resist ink, the insertion loss of novel solder resist ink decreased by 0.163 dB/in at 12.9 GHz and 0.164 dB/in at 14 GHz, compared with traditional solder resist ink. Accordingly, the insertion loss effectively improved at a lower thickness of solder resist. Originality/value This paper demonstrated that the common designing factors of line shape, line/space ratio, reference layer and solder resist influence microstrip line SI in the significant reference of designer-making PCB layout.
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Guo, Hong Che, Jun Bao Ma, Qiu Hao Zhang und Jun You Yang. „Design of Intelligent Rehabilitation Crutch Based on Accelerometer“. Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5751.
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In order to meet the daily needs of the elderly patients and walking ability of injury rehabilitation, design an intelligent rehabilitation crutch. This design combine with empowered walking aid’s mechanical features and robot technology, its signal is collected by MMA7260 accelerometer, this greatly improved the sensitivity direction without swerve on the plane through the analysis of the acceleration signal processing and controlling the velocity composition of three omnidirectional wheel rounds of synthesis of all to realize the intelligent walking stick of the whole direction and intellectuality of the walking aids. The motion mechanism of crutch using omnidirectional wheel structure and using ATmega 16 microcontroller to establish low-level control system. The crutch can move in any n of free movement. The kinematics analysis shows the design feasibility. In the manual and automatic control experiments, it can meet designer quarrymen’s and achieve design function.
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Mirkovic, Dejan, und Predrag Petkovic. „Design automation of ΔΣ switched capacitor modulators using spice and MATLAB“. Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 11, Nr. 1 (2014): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee131017005m.
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Concerning the fact that the design of contemporary integrated circuits (IC) is practically impossible without using sophisticated Electronic Design Automation (EDA) software, this paper gives some interesting thoughts and considerations about that issue. As technology processes advances on year basis consequently EDA industry is forced to follow this trend as well. This, on the other hand, requires IC designer to frequently and efficiently accommodate to new working environments. Authors of this paper suggest a method for high level circuit analysis that is based on using common (open source or low cost) circuit simulators but precise and fast enough to meet requirements imposed by demanding mixed-signal blocks. The paper demonstrates the proposed EDA procedure on an example of second order ?? modulator design. It illustrates considerable simulation time saving which is more than welcome in a world of analogue and mixed-signal design.
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Alexeyev, Ivan, und Irina Sorova. „Orthoepical potential of speaking in the Yakut language“. SHS Web of Conferences 55 (2018): 04019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185504019.
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The article deals with the study of the general Yakut speaking base – articulation as a model. It forms the orthoepical potential of the Yakut language. Patterns of interaction of language and intonational structures of a separate word, word-combination and communicational types of phrases are defined. Criteria of speaking behavior are also defined, on the basis of which indicators of correctness of perceived acoustic parameters of articulated speech signals are revealed. This whole complex of articulatory-acoustic speech indicators allows to consider speech signal as not only physiological formation, but also as indispensable designer of cogitative sides of speaking act. Therefore, in standard peculiarities of Yakut speaking, specific parameters are formed, due to which judgmental potential of speech model is typologically formed. Logically-grammar peculiarity of speaking act as semantically important object forms standard feature of idea. Consequently, discussed acoustic parameters of existing Yakut speaking establish defining their communicational formula of types of utterances.
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Bhandari, Bikash K., Chun Shen Lim und Paul P. Gardner. „TISIGNER.com: web services for improving recombinant protein production“. Nucleic Acids Research 49, W1 (21.03.2021): W654—W661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab175.
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Abstract Experiments that are planned using accurate prediction algorithms will mitigate failures in recombinant protein production. We have developed TISIGNER (https://tisigner.com) with the aim of addressing technical challenges to recombinant protein production. We offer three web services, TIsigner (Translation Initiation coding region designer), SoDoPE (Soluble Domain for Protein Expression) and Razor, which are specialised in synonymous optimisation of recombinant protein expression, solubility and signal peptide analysis, respectively. Importantly, TIsigner, SoDoPE and Razor are linked, which allows users to switch between the tools when optimising genes of interest.
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Ballo, Andrea, Michele Bottaro, Alfio Dario Grasso und Gaetano Palumbo. „Regulated Charge Pumps: A Comparative Study by Means of Verilog-AMS“. Electronics 9, Nr. 6 (15.06.2020): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9060998.
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This paper proposes a comparative study of regulation schemes for charge-pump-based voltage generators using behavioral models in Verilog- Analog Mixed Signal (AMS) code. An accurate and simple model of the charge pump is first introduced. It allows reducing the simulation time of complex electronic systems made up by both analog and digital circuits while maintaining a good agreement with transistor-level simulations. Finally, a comprehensive comparative study of the different regulation schemes for charge pumps is reported which allows the designer to choose the most suitable topology for a given application and Charge Pump (CP) operative zone.
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Ahmad, Firdous, M. Mustafa, Nisar Ahmad Wani und Feroz A. Mir. „A novel idea of pseudo-code generator in quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA)“. International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 5 (2014): A04. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2013012.
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In present work, we have implemented the pseudo-code (PN-code) generator using quantum-dot cellular (QCA) technology. Simulation results are obtained from QCA designer software. The PN-code generation is of paramount importance for any secure communication system. The complex code generated is used to scramble incoming plain text. At the receiving end, the same code is generated and successfully used to decrypt the transmitted data. The algorithm for generating noise signal is quite simple. The simplicity of the circuit along with the complexity of the code generated makes the circuit attractive for secure message communication.
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Zhao, Yan, Jiang Hua Wang und Kun Li. „Design and Implementation of Simple Digital Oscilloscope Based on STM32“. Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (Dezember 2014): 1038–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.1038.
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The digital oscilloscope adopts STM32 MCU as the control core, uses the IDT7201 for memory, through the AD converter ADS830 real-time sampling achieve the extraction of the input signal and digital storage, display; Crossover functions are realized by CPLD to provide accurate clock for MCU, FIFO, ADS830, and communicate with MCU through SPI agreement. Software design to achieve control A/D converter start-up and storage of the sample data, calculate the frequency and amplitude, buttons and LCD screen.Using Altium Designer software to design and produce a digital oscilloscope printed circuit board PCB, and complete the whole production and commissioning. The digital oscilloscope can be real-time accurate sampling and show the general low frequency signal, can be used when using battery power, small volume, convenient to carry, it can be easily integrated into the experiment box, to become a part of it, and other function modules to form a whole.
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Serdar Gokhan, Fikri, und Gunes Yilmaz. „Numerical solution of Brillouin and Raman fiber amplifiers using bvp6c“. COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 29, Nr. 3 (11.05.2010): 824–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03321641011028332.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate an effective and faster numerical solution for nonlinear‐coupled differential equations describing fiber amplifiers which have no explicit solution. MATLAB boundary value problem (BVP) solver of bvp6c function is addressed for the solution.Design/methodology/approachCoding method with the bvp6c is introduced, signal evolution, threshold calculation method is introduced, gain and noise figure are plotted and superiority of the bvp6c solver is compared with the Newton‐Raphson method.Findingsbvp6c function appears to be an effective tool for the solution fiber amplifier equations and can be used for different pump configurations of BFAs and RFAs. The excellent agreement between the proposed and reported results shows the reliability of the proposed threshold power calculation method.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper eases the work of the fiber optic research community, who suffer from two point BVPs. Moreover, the stiffness of the signal evolution which is faced with high pump powers and/or long fiber lengths can be solved with continuation. This superiority of the solver can be used to overcome any stiff changes of the signals for the future studies.Practical implicationsThe main outcome of this paper is the numerically calculation of the threshold values of fiber amplifiers without the necessity of the experiment. The robustness improvement of the solution is that the solver is able to solve the equations even with the poor guess values and the solution can be obtained without the necessity of analytical Jacobian matrix.Originality/valueMATLAB bvp6c solver has proven to be effective for the numerical solution of nonlinear‐coupled intensity differential equations describing fiber amplifiers with two‐point boundary values. Beside the signal evolution, thresholds of Brillouin and Raman fiber amplifiers can also be calculated by using the proposed solver. This is a notable and promising improvement of the paper, at least from a fiber optic amplifier designer point of view.
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Niu, Wen Liang, Wen Zheng Li und Kai Shuang Yin. „Application of DFG Model on SOPC Technology“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.696.
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HW/SW (hardware/software) co-design method based on analysis and optimization of DFG (data flow graphic) model is introduced for SOPC (System on a Programmable Chip) used for digital instrument design in this paper. The method is based on the DFG model of the digital signal process algorithm and implemented with SOPC technology. The DFG model could help designer to divide the function into hardware and software respectively, therefore, the optimizing analysis at system level and circuit level of a SOPC used for portable logic analyzer shows that the DFG model is very useful for not only optimizing architecture and power consumption, but also HW/SW co-design.
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UZUN, ISA SERVAN, und ABBES AMIRA. „A FPGA-BASED PARAMETRIZABLE SYSTEM FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION FREQUENCY-DOMAIN IMAGE FILTERING“. Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 14, Nr. 05 (Oktober 2005): 895–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126605002775.
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Signal and image processing applications require high computational power with the ability to experiment different algorithms involving matrix transforms. Reconfigurable hardware devices in the form of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have been proposed to obtain high performance at an economical price. However, the users must program FPGAs at a very low level and must have a detailed knowledge of the architecture of the device being used. In trying to reconcile the dual requirements of high performance and the ease of development, this paper reports the design and realization of the Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) using a FPGA-based environment, which enables system designer to meet different system requirements (i.e., chip area, speed, memory, etc.) for a range of signal processing and imaging applications. The use of the proposed environment has been proven by the developing a high-level FPGA-based parametrizable image processing system for frequency-domain filtering application. The system achieves real-time image filtering performance exceeding those of currently available solutions by an order of magnitude in frame rate and input image size.
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Rasilainen, Kimmo, und Ville V. Viikari. „Transponder Designs for Harmonic Radar Applications“. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/565734.
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This work presents a review on the concept of harmonic or secondary radar, where a tag or transponder is used to respond at a harmonic multiple of the incoming interrogation signal. In harmonic radar, the tag is called a harmonic transponder and the necessary frequency multiplication is implemented using a nonlinear element, such as a Schottky diode. Different applications and operating frequencies of harmonic transponders are presented, along with various tag design aspects. The designer may have to deal with certain tradeoffs during the design with respect to a number of transponder properties, and the role of these tradeoffs is also considered. Additionally, techniques usable for characterization of harmonic transponders are discussed.
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Cigler, L., und B. Faltings. „Decentralized Anti-coordination Through Multi-agent Learning“. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 47 (22.07.2013): 441–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.3904.
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To achieve an optimal outcome in many situations, agents need to choose distinct actions from one another. This is the case notably in many resource allocation problems, where a single resource can only be used by one agent at a time. How shall a designer of a multi-agent system program its identical agents to behave each in a different way? From a game theoretic perspective, such situations lead to undesirable Nash equilibria. For example consider a resource allocation game in that two players compete for an exclusive access to a single resource. It has three Nash equilibria. The two pure-strategy NE are efficient, but not fair. The one mixed-strategy NE is fair, but not efficient. Aumann's notion of correlated equilibrium fixes this problem: It assumes a correlation device that suggests each agent an action to take. However, such a "smart" coordination device might not be available. We propose using a randomly chosen, "stupid" integer coordination signal. "Smart" agents learn which action they should use for each value of the coordination signal. We present a multi-agent learning algorithm that converges in polynomial number of steps to a correlated equilibrium of a channel allocation game, a variant of the resource allocation game. We show that the agents learn to play for each coordination signal value a randomly chosen pure-strategy Nash equilibrium of the game. Therefore, the outcome is an efficient correlated equilibrium. This CE becomes more fair as the number of the available coordination signal values increases.
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Rahman, Akhlaq, und Fred Olinger. „Improvement of Rated Power and VSWR Characteristics for Termination Resistor with Integrated Matching Network and Efficient Thermal Management“. International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, Nr. 1 (01.01.2011): 000318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-tp3-paper6.
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Matching RF and Microwave signals to components within a circuit has become more challenging for circuit designer as operating frequency and power handling requirement increase. Termination resistors with excellent power handling capability with superior voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) characteristics are needed for microwave circuit components in various wireless and telecommunication application. In this work, we extensively studied to improve the power handling capability and VSWR of termination resistor while maintaining the smaller size. We optimized the energy transmission within the component and significantly improved the efficiency of energy transfer between the transmission lines and the terminations. We discussed techniques of improving power handling capability and reduction of thermal fatigue to the component’s structure. By using innovative techniques of heat transfer we appreciably increased power handling capability while keeping the product size as minimum. We constructed matching network using integrated microstrip line at the beginning of the resistor material. We optimized impedance matching by varying length, width and pattern of transmission line as well as using defective ground structure (DGS) technique. We minimized the detrimental influence of component footprint and resistor material characteristics effect on signal reflection. Considering the necessary microwave parameters and required thermal performance, we designed and manufactured Pb free high power termination resistor. Several sizes of resistor are manufactured with rated power of 20 Watt, and 100 Watt which provides excellent VSWR characteristics for frequency up to 4 GHz. Resistors are manufactured for 50 ohm impedance; however, methods mentioned in the study are applicable to any impedance.
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Rocha, Leandro Mateus Giacomini, Guilherme Paim, Gustavo Madeira Santana, Eduardo Antônio César da Costa und Sergio Bampi. „Framework-based Arithmetic Datapath Generation to Explore Parallel Binary Multipliers“. Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 15, Nr. 3 (22.12.2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v15i3.91.
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Arithmetic modules usually have a significant impact on performance, circuit area, energy, and power in digital circuits of DSP (Digital Signal Processing). Exploring implementation trade-offs in these circuits is of utmost importance in low-power and low-cost devices such as sensors in IoT devices which often have stringent requirements. Multipliers are of particular concern due to their ubiquitous use in DSP algorithms and their inherent implementation complexity. This work proposes a framework to efficiently generalize and explore different compositions of arithmetic operators with an emphasis on parallel binary multipliers, guiding the designer through the micro-architecture development. Several partial product encoders were combined with multiple compression trees to generate multipliers that were synthesized in a commercial 65 nm to obtain area, power, and timing results.
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Sombrin, Jacques B. „Optimization criteria for power amplifiers“. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 3, Nr. 1 (Februar 2011): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078710000863.
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This paper describes existing and new criteria for comparison and optimization of non-linear power amplifiers such as RF or microwave transmitters. In addition to intermodulation, receiver noise, and losses in the transmission system, the proposed new criteria take into account efficiency or consumed power. This results in the global optimization of a combined signal-to-noise-plus-intermodulation ratio as a function of saturated or nominal power but also consumed or dissipated power. Saturated power is limited by available technology. Consumed power and dissipated power are some of the main constraints in telecommunication satellite payloads, mobile phone handsets, and RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification). Another constraint comes from the limited size of antennas, which limits the system equivalent isotropic radiated power and gain-to-temperature ratio. With the proposed criteria the designer will be able to compare different amplifier technologies and to optimize the design and operating point of each stage of a multistage amplifier or a linearizer for a given amplifier. Interference from same or other systems is also introduced in the optimization through the use of signal-to-noise-plus-IM-plus-interference ratio criteria.
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Babu, Ravindra, und Jinling Wang. „Analysis of INS Derived Doppler Effects on Carrier Tracking Loop“. Journal of Navigation 58, Nr. 3 (19.08.2005): 493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463305003309.
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Tracking dynamics on the GPS signal is still a big challenge to the receiver designer as the operating conditions are becoming more volatile. Optimizing the stand-alone system for dynamics generally degrades the accuracy of measurements. Therefore, an inertial navigation system (INS) is integrated with GPS to address this issue. Doppler derived from INS can be used to aid the carrier tracking loop for improving the performance under dynamic conditions. However, the derived doppler does not truly reflect the GPS signal doppler due to errors in inertial sensors. As the tracking loop bandwidth is reduced significantly in ultra-tightly integrated systems, any offsets in the aiding doppler creates undesired correlations in the tracking loop resulting in sub-optimal performance of the loop. The paper addresses this issue and also provides a mitigating mechanism to reduce the effects of incorrect estimates of the doppler. It is shown that doppler offsets resulting in a bias in the tracking loop can be appropriately modelled and removed. Mathematical algorithms pertaining to this are provided and the results are summarized. Simulations show that the bias due to aiding doppler offsets could be effectively addressed by appropriate modelling.
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Zhang, Liqiu, Tiying Zhu, Cheng Yang, Ho Young Jang, Hee-Jeong Jang, Lichun Liu und Sungho Park. „Synthesis of Monolayer Gold Nanorings Sandwich Film and Its Higher Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Intensity“. Nanomaterials 10, Nr. 3 (13.03.2020): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10030519.
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Most previous studies relating to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) signal enhancement were focused on the interaction between the light and the substrate in the x-y axis. 3D SERS substrates reported in the most of previous papers could contribute partial SERS enhancement via z axis, but the increases of the surface area were the main target for those reports. However, the z axis is also useful in achieving improved SERS intensity. In this work, hot spots along the z axis were specifically created in a sandwich nanofilm. Sandwich nanofilms were prepared with self-assembly and Langmuir-Blodgett techniques, and comprised of monolayer Au nanorings sandwiched between bottom Ag mirror and top Ag cover films. Monolayer Au nanorings were formed by self-assembly at the interface of water and hexane, followed by Langmuir-Blodgett transfer to a substrate with sputtered Ag mirror film. Their hollow property allows the light transmitted through a cover film. The use of a Ag cover layer of tens nanometers in thickness was critical, which allowed light access to the middle Au nanorings and the bottom Ag mirror, resulting in more plasmonic resonance and coupling along perpendicular interfaces (z-axis). The as-designed sandwich nanofilms could achieve an overall ~8 times SERS signals amplification compared to only the Au nanorings layer, which was principally attributed to enhanced electromagnetic fields along the created z-axis. Theoretical simulations based on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method showed consistent results with the experimental ones. This study points out a new direction to enhance the SERS intensity by involving more hot spots in z-axis in a designer nanostructure for high-performance molecular recognition and detection.
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Taheri, Ehsan, Mohamad Hossein Ferdowsi und Mohammad Danesh. „Design Boundary Layer Thickness and Switching Gain in SMC Algorithm for AUV Motion Control“. Robotica 37, Nr. 10 (20.03.2019): 1785–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574719000262.
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SummaryDesigning the boundary layer thickness and switching gain in the nonlinear part of sliding mode controller (SMC) is one of the main subjects in SMC design that needs human experience, knowledge on the amplitude of disturbances, and information about the bounds of system uncertainties. In this paper, to reduce the trial-and-error effort by the designer(s) two different fitness functions in the horizontal and vertical planes are presented and a heuristic method is used for their optimization. The optimal switching gain in the proposed approach properly compensates the unmodeled dynamics, model uncertainty, and external disturbances. Chattering phenomenon in control signals and noise measurement effect are reduced by the optimal selection of boundary layer thickness. This proposed method is applied to an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and evaluated through the real-time and cost-effective manner. The execution code is implemented on a single-board computer (SBC) through the xPC Target and is evaluated by the processor-in-the-loop (PIL) test. The results of the PIL test in the two different test cases indicate that the chattering phenomenon and amplitude of control signal applied to the actuators are reduced in comparison with the three conventional approaches in the AUV motion control.
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van der Klaauw, Agatha A. „Neuropeptides in Obesity and Metabolic Disease“. Clinical Chemistry 64, Nr. 1 (01.01.2018): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2017.281568.
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Abstract BACKGROUND The global rise in the prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer represents a major public health concern. CONTENT Studies in rodents with the use of global and targeted gene disruption, and mapping of neurocircuitry by using optogenetics and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) have greatly advanced our understanding of the neural control of body weight. In conjunction with analytical chemistry techniques involving classical immunoassays and mass spectrometry, many neuropeptides that are key to energy homeostasis have been identified. The actions of neuropeptides are diverse, from paracrine modulation of local neurotransmission to hormonal control of distant target organs. SUMMARY Multiple hormones, such as the adipocyte-derived leptin, insulin, and gut hormones, and nutrients signal peripheral energy state to the central nervous system. Neurons in distinct areas of the hypothalamus and brainstem integrate and translate this information by both direct inhibitory/excitatory projections and anorexigenic or orexigenic neuropeptides into actions on food intake and energy expenditure. The importance of these neuropeptides in human energy balance is most powerfully illustrated by genetic forms of obesity that involve neuropeptides such as melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4R) deficiency. Drugs that mimic the actions of neuropeptides are being tested for the treatment of obesity. Successful therapeutic strategies in obesity will require in-depth knowledge of the neuronal circuits they are working in, the downstream targets, and potential compensatory mechanisms.
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Vargas-Bernal, Rafael, Gabriel Herrera-Pérez, Ma Elena Calixto-Olalde und Margarita Tecpoyotl-Torres. „Analysis of DC Electrical Conductivity Models of Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites with Potential Application to Nanometric Electronic Devices“. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/179538.
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The design of nanometric electronic devices requires novel materials for improving their electrical performance from stages of design until their fabrication. Until now, several DC electrical conductivity models for composite materials have been proposed. However, these models must be valued to identify main design parameters that more efficiently control the electrical properties of the materials to be developed. In this paper, four different models used for modeling DC electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube-polymer composites are studied with the aim of obtaining a complete list of design parameters that allow guarantying to the designer an increase in electrical properties of the composite by means of carbon nanotubes.
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Hassouna, Fady M. A. „Evaluation of Pedestrian Walking Speed Change Patterns at Crosswalks in Palestine“. Open Transportation Journal 14, Nr. 1 (29.04.2020): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447802014010044.
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Background: Pedestrians and vehicles are the two most important elements in designing roads and highways. However, for a long time, the designer focused on vehicle issues and did not give sufficient attention to pedestrian safety. Recently though, pedestrians have become the subject of much research and many studies. Moreover, most transportation codes include specific considerations and standards for pedestrians. One of the main pedestrian issues considered in facilities and traffic signal design is pedestrian walking speed. It is, therefore, necessary to evaluate the walking speed change patterns at crosswalks and the appropriate design walking speed for pedestrians, which can then be used to design pedestrian facilities and traffic signals. Methods: In this study, the crossing speeds of 4,301 pedestrians were collected from six different locations in Nablus, the second-most populous city in Palestine. Three of these locations were at unsignalized crosswalks, and the other three locations were at signalized crosswalks. Results: The collected data considered the factors of pedestrians’ age, gender and the type of traffic control at the crosswalk. After analyzing the collected data and performing the Z-test and ANOVA Test for each of the factors, the results showed that male pedestrians walk faster than female pedestrians. Conclusion: The study also concluded that age significantly influenced pedestrian crossing speed. Moreover, the values of pedestrian crossing speed at unsignalized crosswalks were insignificantly higher than those at signalized crosswalks. Finally, the average and 15th percentile crossing speeds were determined, since these values are critical to design pedestrian facilities and traffic signals.
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Krishnan, R. Rohith, S. Krishnakumar und Reza Hashemian. „Fixator-Norator Pair Based Design of Feedback Networks for Analog Amplifier Circuits“. Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, Nr. 03 (30.10.2017): 1850050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618500500.
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Feedback is an integral part of many analog circuits. This paper presents a method for the design of feedback networks for analog amplifiers based on Fixator–Norator Pair (FNP). The design process for required transfer function includes inserting proper FNPs to the equivalent small signal model of the target circuit, with norators lying along the feedback path, and helps to design the feedback network components. Care must be taken to ensure that the added feedback should not alter the original DC biasing of the circuit. A number of examples are worked out in this paper using the proposed method and the results are verified. The FNP approach gives a one-step solution for the design problems which otherwise require tedious analysis and calculations. Although the scope of this paper is limited to design of feedback for amplifiers, a skillful designer can extend the proposed method to other areas of analog circuits.
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Oliveira, Francisco, Eduardo Tavares, Erica Sousa und Bruno Nogueira. „Video Conferencing Evaluation Considering Scalable Video Coding and SDN Network“. Revista de Informática Teórica e Aplicada 25, Nr. 2 (17.07.2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2175-2745.79310.
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Video conferencing is very common nowadays, and it may contemplate heterogenous devices (e.g., smartphones, notebooks, game consoles) and networks in the same session. Developing video conferencing systems for this myriad of devices with different capabilities requires special attention from system designer. Scalable video coding (SVC) is a prominent option to mitigate this heterogeneity issue, but traditional Internet protocol (IP) networks may not fully benefit from such a technology. In contrast, software-defined networking (SDN) may allow better utilization of SVC and improvements on video conferencing components. This paper evaluates the performance of video conferencing systems adopting SVC, SDN and ordinary IP networks, taking into account throughput, delay and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) as the metrics of interest. The experiments are based on Mininet framework and distinct network infrastructures are also considered. Results indicate SDN with SVC may deliver better video quality with reduced delay and increased throughput.