Zeitschriftenartikel: „Sigma Motor“

1

Walker, Michael J. „Role of sigma receptors in motor control“. European Neuropsychopharmacology 6 (Juni 1996): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-977x(96)88039-4.

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Lievens, Jean-Charles, und Tangui Maurice. „Sigma-1 receptor: culprit and rescuer in motor neuron diseases“. Neural Regeneration Research 16, Nr. 1 (2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.286961.

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AlSagheer, Abdullah. „Six Sigma For Sustainability In Multinational Organizations“. Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 7, Nr. 3 (28.04.2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v7i3.4259.

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The Six Sigma model provides various kinds of sustainability to companies in terms of quality enhancement, zero defect level, market share enhancement, optimal production level and financial returns. Multinational companies are more orientated toward implementation of Six Sigma than small scale locally held companies. Numerous larger companies have so far implemented Six Sigma including 3M, Caterpillar, Merrill Lynch, Bank of America, Amazon.com, DHL, SGL group, Dell, Ford Motor Company, DuPont, McGraw Hill Companies and HSBC group. Implementation of Six Sigma requires considerable cost and effort in terms of human resource training and reformulation of business processes. This study is an attempt to find what kind of sustainability motivates multinational companies to invest in Six Sigma. Sustainability identified includes social sustainability, environmental sustainability, and economic sustainability. With the aid of interviews, a constant comparison study is conducted in order to find the most prevalent type of sustainability offered by Six Sigma. A sample is drawn from multinational companies which have already implemented Six Sigma in their operations. The findings suggest that multinational companies implement Six Sigma in order to attain economic sustainability through various means such as market share, customer base, and social sustainability.

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Martin, Parthena, Thadd Reeder, Jo Sourbron, Peter A. M. de Witte, Arnold R. Gammaitoni und Bradley S. Galer. „An Emerging Role for Sigma-1 Receptors in the Treatment of Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 16 (05.08.2021): 8416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168416.

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Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are complex conditions characterized primarily by seizures associated with neurodevelopmental and motor deficits. Recent evidence supports sigma-1 receptor modulation in both neuroprotection and antiseizure activity, suggesting that sigma-1 receptors may play a role in the pathogenesis of DEEs, and that targeting this receptor has the potential to positively impact both seizures and non-seizure outcomes in these disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated that the antiseizure medication fenfluramine, a serotonin-releasing drug that also acts as a positive modulator of sigma-1 receptors, reduces seizures and improves everyday executive functions (behavior, emotions, cognition) in patients with Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Here, we review the evidence for sigma-1 activity in reducing seizure frequency and promoting neuroprotection in the context of DEE pathophysiology and clinical presentation, using fenfluramine as a case example. Challenges and opportunities for future research include developing appropriate models for evaluating sigma-1 receptors in these syndromic epileptic conditions with multisystem involvement and complex clinical presentation.

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Goldstein, Susanne R., Rae R. Matsumoto, Tina L. Thompson, Robert L. Patrick, Wayne D. Bowen und J. Michael Walker. „Motor effects of two sigma ligands mediated by nigrostriatal dopamine neurons“. Synapse 4, Nr. 3 (1989): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.890040311.

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Manohar, Madhura, Samuel D. Banister, Corinne Beinat, James O'Brien-Brown und Michael Kassiou. „Recent Advances in the Development of Sigma-1 Receptor Ligands“. Australian Journal of Chemistry 68, Nr. 4 (2015): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14590.

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The existence of two distinct sigma (σ) receptor subtypes was established in the early 1990s. Sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors (S1Rs and S2Rs, respectively) were shown to possess distinct molecular size, anatomical distribution, and ligand discrimination. S2R is overexpressed in numerous human cancers, and has therapeutic potential for the imaging and treatment of certain tumours. In contrast, S1R is more broadly involved in a wide variety of central nervous system (CNS) diseases including motor disorders, memory deficits, depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, pain, drug addiction, and many more. Since the human S1R was cloned in 1996, numerous high affinity ligands with excellent selectivity for S1R have been developed. This review focuses on recent developments in the generation of structurally diverse S1R-selective ligands and novel therapeutic candidates targeting S1Rs.

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Mancuso, Renzo, Sara Oliván, Amaya Rando, Caty Casas, Rosario Osta und Xavier Navarro. „Sigma-1R Agonist Improves Motor Function and Motoneuron Survival in ALS Mice“. Neurotherapeutics 9, Nr. 4 (31.08.2012): 814–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13311-012-0140-y.

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Carmona-Duarte, C., M. A. Ferrer, R. Plamondon, A. Gómez-Rodellar und P. Gómez-Vilda. „Sigma-Lognormal Modeling of Speech“. Cognitive Computation 13, Nr. 2 (07.02.2021): 488–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12559-020-09803-8.

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AbstractHuman movement studies and analyses have been fundamental in many scientific domains, ranging from neuroscience to education, pattern recognition to robotics, health care to sports, and beyond. Previous speech motor models were proposed to understand how speech movement is produced and how the resulting speech varies when some parameters are changed. However, the inverse approach, in which the muscular response parameters and the subject’s age are derived from real continuous speech, is not possible with such models. Instead, in the handwriting field, the kinematic theory of rapid human movements and its associated Sigma-lognormal model have been applied successfully to obtain the muscular response parameters. This work presents a speech kinematics-based model that can be used to study, analyze, and reconstruct complex speech kinematics in a simplified manner. A method based on the kinematic theory of rapid human movements and its associated Sigma-lognormal model are applied to describe and to parameterize the asymptotic impulse response of the neuromuscular networks involved in speech as a response to a neuromotor command. The method used to carry out transformations from formants to a movement observation is also presented. Experiments carried out with the (English) VTR-TIMIT database and the (German) Saarbrucken Voice Database, including people of different ages, with and without laryngeal pathologies, corroborate the link between the extracted parameters and aging, on the one hand, and the proportion between the first and second formants required in applying the kinematic theory of rapid human movements, on the other. The results should drive innovative developments in the modeling and understanding of speech kinematics.

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Sage, Andrew S., Scott C. Vannest, Kuo-Hsien Fan, Matthew J. Will, Susan Z. Lever, John R. Lever und Dennis K. Miller. „N-Phenylpropyl-N′-(3-methoxyphenethyl)piperazine (YZ-185) Attenuates the Conditioned-Rewarding Properties of Cocaine in Mice“. ISRN Pharmacology 2013 (05.09.2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/546314.

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Sigma receptor antagonists diminish the effects of cocaine in behavioral assays, including conditioned place preference. Previous locomotor activity experiments in mice determined that the sigma receptor ligand YZ-185 (N-phenylpropyl-N′-(3-methoxyphenethyl)piperazine) enhanced cocaine-induced hyperactivity at a lower (0.1 μmol/kg) dose and dose-dependently attenuated cocaine-induced hyperactivity at higher (3.16–31.6 μmol/kg) doses. The present study investigated the effect of YZ-185 on cocaine’s conditioned-rewarding properties in mice. YZ-185 (0.1, 0.316, 3.16, and 31.6 μmol/kg) did not have intrinsic activity to produce conditioned place preference or aversion. A higher (31.6 μmol/kg) YZ-185 dose, but not lower (0.1–3.16 μmol/kg) YZ-185 doses, prevented the development of place preference to cocaine (66 μmol/kg). YZ-185 did not alter the expression of cocaine place preference. To further characterize YZ-185’s behavioral profile, its effects in the elevated zero maze and rotarod procedures were also determined; YZ-185 produced no significant change from baseline in either assay, indicating that the sigma receptors probed by YZ-185 do not regulate anxiety-like or coordinated motor skill behaviors. Overall, these results suggest that YZ-185 is a sigma receptor antagonist at the 31.6 μmol/kg dose and demonstrate that sigma receptors can mediate the development of the conditioned-rewarding properties of cocaine.

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Untoro, Octa Bimansyah, und Irwan Iftadi. „Six Sigma as a Method for Controlling and Improving the Quality of Bed Series Products“. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri 19, Nr. 2 (23.12.2020): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jiti.v19i2.11623.

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The research was conducted at PT. XYZ where there were defect problems in bed series products so that additional time is needed to repair a product. One way to make improvements and improve quality in a production process is the Six Sigma method with the stages of DMAIC. The results of the calculated average of DPMO values and Sigma Level have the result 58558.56 and 3.07 which are still not good because still far from 6 sigma. After that analyzing the root causes of defect product problems, then the priority problem is carried out using (RPN) where the highest value is at the assembly work station because the material that has been used up in the warehouse has an RPN of 405 so that it becomes a top priority for repairs. With the standardization and documentation, proposed improvements that have been given then the possible defects of Electric Lovina Bed 3 Motor will be reduced.

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Rajalakshmi, G., R. Ashok Kumar und K. Asokan. „Sigma-Delta Controller for Speed Regulation of Interleaved Converter Fed PMDC Motor Drive“. International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering 6, Nr. 6 (30.06.2018): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v6i6.137140.

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Luty, Agnes A., John B. J. Kwok, Carol Dobson-Stone, Clement T. Loy, Kirsten G. Coupland, Helena Karlström, Tomasz Sobow et al. „Sigma nonopioid intracellular receptor 1 mutations cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration-motor neuron disease“. Annals of Neurology 68, Nr. 5 (28.10.2010): 639–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.22274.

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Mewada, Mittal, Prathamesh R. Potdar und Santosh B. Rane. „Implementation of Six Sigma strategy for process improvement in wiper motor manufacturing industry“. International Journal of Six Sigma and Competitive Advantage 1, Nr. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijssca.2020.10038961.

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Zahara, Fatimah. „Pengendalian Kualitas Part Trim Rear Quarter Right APV Arena dengan Menggunakan Metode Six Sigma di PT. Suzuki Indomobil Motor“. Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri 13, Nr. 1 (25.04.2016): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/josi.v13.n1.p486-502.2014.

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Quality is an important aspect in enhancing the competitiveness of the product. Quality's role is to give satisfaction to the customer and be able to compete with similar products. During of the production process there is a chance that the products are not produced in established standards. Products that not suitable with the specifications is a defect that would cause harm to the company. Trim Rear Quarter Right is a component of the APV Arena car which is each production of Trim Rear Quarter Right there are at least one or more defective products. This of course would lead to losses for the company. The method used in this case study is the six sigma method because this method has been proven effective. Defect in Trim Rear Quarter Right caused by five factors that is negligence of the operator in set up the machine, the age of the machine , the quality of the materials, the application of the method is not maximized and noisy environments. The set up process of injection molding machine is the most influential in causing the defect product with RPN (Risk Priority Number) value is 256.Keywords: Quality, Six Sigma,Trim Rear Quarter Right AbstrakKualitas merupakan aspek penting dalam meningkatkan daya saing produk. Perannya adalah memberikan kepuasan kepada pelanggan dan mampu bersaing dengan produk sejenis.Trim Rear Quarter Right merupakan komponen dari mobil APV Arena yangsetiap produksi Trim Rear Quarter Right ini setidaknya terdapat satu atau lebih produk cacat. Hal ini tentunya akan menyebabkan kerugian bagi perusahaan. Metode yang digunakan dalam studi kasus ini yaitu metode six sigma karena metode ini sudah terbukti efektif. acat pada produk Trim Rear Quarter Right disebabkan oleh lima faktor yaitu: kelalaian operator dalam set up mesin , umur mesin, kualitas material, penerapan metode yang belum maksimal dan lingkungan yang berisik. Proses set up molding injection machine adalah proses paling berpengaruh dalam menyebabkan defect produk dengan nilai RPN (Risk Priority Number) sebesar 256.Kata kunci: Kualitas,Six Sigma, Trim Rear Quarter Right

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Birke, Anna Sofia, und Arnaud Javelle. „Prestin and the good vibrations“. Biochemical Journal 473, Nr. 15 (28.07.2016): 2425–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20160015.

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In a recent paper published in the Biochemical Journal, Lolli et al. presented evidence that the C-terminal STAS (sulfate transporter and anti-sigma factor antagonist) domain of the motor protein prestin possesses an anion-binding site. This discovery might shed light on an aspect of the function of this mysterious and fascinating protein that is crucial for the human hearing system.

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Kim, Dong-Eun, Woon-Ik Park, Bo-Sung Shin und Myung Chang Kang. „Optimized low-risk deployment of a passenger airbag with a passenger protection wrap considering pressure dispersion“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, Nr. 1 (05.08.2016): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016631148.

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The airbag is an occupant protection device widely used in the automotive industry. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 requires the low-risk deployment airbag system to be utilized in vehicles to protect out-of-position occupants. This paper presents a design-for-six-sigma low-risk deployment passenger airbag optimized by adding a passenger protection wrap. The passenger protection wrap reduces the cushion impact force on the passenger by ensuring pressure dispersion. A series of static tests were conducted to demonstrate the proposed system using Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 test procedures. The test results shows that the proposed passenger airbag satisfies the criteria established by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 and also presents a significant improvement over conventional airbag systems.

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Kolokoltsev, Mikhail M., Elena V. Romanova, Wladyslaw Jagiello und Tetiana S. Yermakova. „The estimation scale of the daily pedometry of senior students“. Physical education of students 24, Nr. 2 (30.04.2020): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2020.0205.

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Background and Study Aim: To create the estimation scale of the daily pedometry of senior students with different levels of motor activity. To determine the dependence of students' life quality on the volume of step locomotions. Material and methods. The students of Irkutsk National Research Technical University (Irkutsk, Russia) (n = 235: females - n = 78, males - n = 157: 19-20 years old) participated in the study. The daily pedometry of students for 7 days was studied. The number of daily steps was recorded by Simple Design Ltd application for smartphones. The sigma deviation method was used to develop an individual daily pedometry estimation scale. The daily pedometry scale was developed based on the distribution of this characteristic by 5 sigma classes ("low", "below average", "average", "above average", "high"). Students' life quality was studied using a Russian-language version of SF-36 (Short Form Health Survey). The survey presents the characteristics of physical (PH), mental (MH) and general (GH) health. The answers were estimated in points (0-100). Results. Most students have an "average" level of step locomotions. 10% of males and about 8% of females have "above average" or "high" pedometry level. This group of students is actively engaged in sports activities. 4.8% of males and 7.5% of females have a "low" pedometry level. In this group of students, motor activity is limited only by locomotions related to educational and household activities. Students with "high" and "above average" pedometry levels have the highest values of life quality indicators. Such students are in a safe zone of non-communicable diseases. The “low” level of daily step locomotions is considered as a predictor of insufficient physical activity, low general and mental health of students. Conclusions. The sigma deviation method allows distributing any population of people by the number of daily locomotions into five sigma classes. The level of daily step locomotions can be considered as a marker of physical activity, general and mental health. This approach makes it possible to refer a person to a safe health zone or a risk group of non-communicable diseases. The results of the study can be used in the recommendations for improving the students’ life quality. It is also recommended to use our recommendations to increase students' self-motor activity during their university studies.

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Dallago, E., und G. Venchi. „Sigma-delta switching power system to drive voice coil motor in hard disk drives“. IEE Proceedings - Circuits, Devices and Systems 152, Nr. 6 (2005): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-cds:20059044.

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Armawan Sandi, Tommi Alfian, Sujiliani Heristian und Ilham Nur Leksono. „Prediksi Penerimaan Kredit Sepeda Motor Baru Dengan Menggunakan General Regression Neural Network“. ICIT Journal 6, Nr. 2 (11.08.2020): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/icit.v6i2.1109.

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Peminatan kendaraan terutama kendaraan bermotor semakin meningkat menurut data yang terakhir dihimpun hampir setengah dari jumlah penduduk Indonesia merupakan jumlah kendaraan yang ada. Perilaku masyarakat indonesia yang konsuntif terhadap kendaraan pribadi berakibat pada peminatan pembelian sepeda motor. Dealer maupun agen penyedia kendaraan bermotor menyiasati situasi ini dengan menerapkan pelunasan dengan cara kredit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi penerimaan kredit sepeda motor baru dengan menggunakan metode General Regression Neural Network. Data yang ada dilakukan normalisasi dengan menghitung rata-rata dan menghitung standar deviasi untuk mengukur jumlah variasi atau sebaran jumlah nilai data, kemudian dilakukan perhitungan MSE untuk mencari nilai sigma terendah lalu diuji dengan data latih. Kata kunci— Mean, standar deviasi, GRNN, MSE

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Anggraini, Denny astrie, Dedi Dermawan und Lukas Sirait. „Peningkatan Kualitas Layanan Klaim Kendaraan Roda Empat dengan Metode Six Sigma di PT. Asuransi Sinarmas“. Jurnal Surya Teknika 1, Nr. 04 (25.01.2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jst.v1i04.1181.

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Asuransi Sinarmas adalah sebuah perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang jasa yaitu asuransi kendaraan mobil, sepeda motor, bangunan rumah/ruko, alat berat (escavator). Dalam tugas keseharian PT. Asuransi Sinarmas memberikan pelayanan klaim mobil, sepeda motor, bangunan rumah/ruko, alat berat (escavator). Adapun yang menjadi pokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah banyaknya keluhan yang dirasakan pelanggan asuransi sinarmas. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan metode six sigma (Define, Measure, Anlayze, Improve Control) serta juga dengan menggunakan diagram importance satisfaction dalam menentukan posisi kuadran yang akan dilakukan prioritas perbaikan. PT. Asuransi Sinarmas mempunyai tujuan untuk meningkatkan pelayanan secara profesional sesuai dengan bidangnya masing-masing. Dari jenis penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis maka jenis penelitian ini termasuk penelitian observasi dengan cara survey dengan alat pengumpul data dilakukan penyebaran kuisioner. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa yang mempengaruhi kepuasan dalam layanan asuransi sinarmas ada empat variabel yaitu (Pengadaan part yang lama, keterlambatan penyelesaian perbaikan kendaraan, kualitas kerja yang kurang rapi, dana spart part yang tidak original).

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Minett, Steve, und Chris Taylor. „World-Class Engine Testing in the UK“. Noise & Vibration Worldwide 34, Nr. 8 (September 2003): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095745603771881892.

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Perkins is a name with a worldwide reputation for diesel engines, won from more than 70 years manufacturing at its Peterborough, UK, factory site. Now part of the Caterpillar organisation, it is winning even more acclaim for the quality of its engine testing, backed by Six Sigma quality credentials. Motor manufacturers from around the world are coming to Perkins for objective, ‘benchmark’ measurements of their products, against stringent current operating and/or legislative criteria.

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Pehlivan, Orhan. „Ticari İçten Yanmalı Bir Motorun Hava Emiş Sistemi Tasarımı“. Academic Perspective Procedia 3, Nr. 1 (25.10.2020): 246–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.03.01.52.

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İ&ccedil;ten yanmalı motorlarda kullanılan hava emiş sisteminin temel amacı, motordan istenilen performansı elde etmek i&ccedil;in gereken temiz havayı sağlamaktır. &Ouml;zellikle, motorda yanma i&ccedil;in gerekli olan oksijen, hava emiş sistemi tarafından elde edilen temiz havadan sağlanır. Bu nedenle, motora verilen havanın temizliği ve akış kalitesi motor performansını etkiler. Motora verilen havanın taşınması ve temizlenmesi hava emiş sistemi ile ger&ccedil;ekleştirilir. Bu &ccedil;alışmada, m&uuml;şteri tanımlama parametrelerini, &uuml;r&uuml;n geliştirme s&uuml;recini, sistem parametrelerinde optimizasyonu ve sanal doğrulamalarını uygulayarak tamamlanmış bir hava emiş sistemi tasarım s&uuml;reci baştan sona a&ccedil;ıklanmıştır. Bu s&uuml;re&ccedil;te, teşhis etme, tanımlama, geliştirme, optimize etme, doğrulama (IDDOV) dizisini temel alan Altı Sigma Tasarım (DFSS) metodolojisi kullanılmıştır.

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Saletin, Jared M., William G. Coon und Mary A. Carskadon. „Stage 2 Sleep EEG Sigma Activity and Motor Learning in Childhood ADHD: A Pilot Study“. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 46, Nr. 2 (06.06.2016): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1157756.

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Jacob, B., und M. R. Baiju. „Simple multilevel inverter-based induction motor drive scheme using sigma–delta converter with space-vector quantiser“. IET Power Electronics 5, Nr. 8 (2012): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0047.

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Zhan, Wei. „A Six Sigma approach for the robust design of motor speed control using modelling and simulation“. International Journal of Six Sigma and Competitive Advantage 4, Nr. 2 (2008): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijssca.2008.020277.

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Mir, Tabish Nazir, Bhim Singh und Abdul Hamid Bhat. „Predictive Speed Estimation for Encoderless Control of an Induction Motor Fed by Delta Sigma Modulated Matrix Converter“. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 56, Nr. 6 (November 2020): 6477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2020.3013722.

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Monnet, F. P., F. Villemain und M. P. Morin-Surin. „Protein kinase c-mediated desensitisation of the motor effects of psychodysleptic sigma I drugs: Clinical perspectives in schizophrenia“. Schizophrenia Research 29, Nr. 1-2 (Januar 1998): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(97)88747-6.

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Lever, John R., Dennis K. Miller, Emily A. Fergason-Cantrell, Caroline L. Green, Lisa D. Watkinson, Terry L. Carmack und Susan Z. Lever. „Relationship between Cerebral Sigma-1 Receptor Occupancy and Attenuation of Cocaine’s Motor Stimulatory Effects in Mice by PD144418“. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 351, Nr. 1 (06.08.2014): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.114.216671.

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Rafiee, Vahid, und Jawad Faiz. „Robust Design of an Outer Rotor Permanent Magnet Motor Through Six-Sigma Methodology Using Response Surface Surrogate Model“. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 55, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2019.2923160.

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Schmidt, J., C. Mangold und J. Deitmer. „Membrane responses evoked by organic buffers in identified leech neurones“. Journal of Experimental Biology 199, Nr. 2 (01.02.1996): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.2.327.

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Using single-electrode current-clamp and two-electrode voltage-clamp, different identified neurones of the leech (Hirudo medicinalis L.) were shown to hyperpolarize, or to exhibit outward currents (usually >2 nA), during bath application of the organic buffers Mops, Pipes and Mes (10 mmol l-1). Tris and Hepes had little or no effect on the membrane properties of neurones when they were added to a bathing saline buffered by CO2-HCO3- at a constant pH of 7.4. Outward currents evoked by buffers obtained from two suppliers, Roth and Sigma, were not significantly different, except in the case of Pipes. Steady-state currents evoked by Pipes supplied by Roth were eightfold larger than steady-state currents evoked by Pipes from Sigma. A transient current peak always present in responses evoked by Pipes from Roth was never present in responses evoked by Pipes from Sigma. Outward currents evoked by buffers were due to a conductance increase and appeared to be carried by Cl-. In low-Cl- saline, hyperpolarizations evoked by Mops in Retzius cells were reduced. When Cl- was injected into heart motor neurones, the hyperpolarizations evoked by Mops reversed. Tetraethylammonium (TEA+) injected into heart interneurones did not block Mops-evoked hyperpolarizations. Mops-evoked outward currents in Retzius cells were partially blocked by d-tubocurarine and bicuculline methiodide, and the latter also partially blocked Mops-evoked hyperpolarizations in HE cells. Since d-tubocurarine partially blocked acetylcholine-evoked Cl- currents in Retzius cells and bicuculline methiodide partially blocked carbachol-evoked hyperpolarizations in HE cells, Mops appears to act on the cholinergic receptors of these neurones by mediating a Cl- conductance.

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Stallard, Brian R., Manuel J. Garcia und Sumanth Kaushik. „Near-IR Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Determination of Motor Oil Contamination in Sandy Loam“. Applied Spectroscopy 50, Nr. 3 (März 1996): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963906221.

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We have investigated the application of near-IR reflectance spectroscopy to the determination of motor oil contamination in sandy loam. Although the present work is concerned with a specific case of contamination, we discuss the possibility of applying the method to other organic contaminants and other types of soil. The spectral region considered was 1600–1900 nm, which contains the first overtone of the CH stretch. Using a commercial Fourier transform spectrometer together with cross-validated partial least-squares data analysis, the one-sigma precision for the determination of motor oil in sandy loam was 0.17 wt % (0.13 to 0.26 wt % at the 95% confidence level). The largest contribution to the precision of the determination was sampling error, or inhomogeneity in each sample. Given the precision limit imposed by the sampling error, we found that the performance of the spectrometer could be lowered without affecting the overall precision. In a modeling exercise, adequate performance was obtained with a spectrometer having only seven spectral channels with a spectral resolution of 10 nm and a spectral noise level of 10−3 absorbance units. A design for an inexpensive miniature instrument is presented.

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Podstawski, Robert, Piotr Markowski, Cain C. T. Clark, Dariusz Choszcz, Ferenc Ihász, Stanimir Stojiljković und Piotr Gronek. „International Standards for the 3‐Minute Burpee Test: High‐ Intensity Motor Performance“. Journal of Human Kinetics 69, Nr. 1 (18.10.2019): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0021.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to develop international standards for evaluating strength endurance with the use of the 3‐Minute Burpee Test. The results of 3862 women (Poland – 2502, Great Britain – 500, Hungary – 412, Serbia – 448) and 5971 men (Poland – 4517, Great Britain – 500, Hungary – 451, Serbia – 503) aged 18‐25 (mean age of 20.36 ± 0.94 and 20.05 ± 1.25 y, respectively) were collated between 2004 and 2018. The students’ strength endurance was evaluated in the 3‐Minute Burpee Test. The results were expressed on a uniform scale with the 3‐sigma rule which was used to develop the T‐score scale for the 3‐Minute Burpee Test. Men completed 56.69 cycles/3 min and women – 48.84/3 min on average. The best male participant completed 82 burpees, and the best female participant – 73 burpees. The majority of male and female participants (66.71% and 68.18%, respectively) were characterized by average strength endurance in the 3‐Minute Burpee Test (range of scores: 47‐66 and 37‐60 cycles/3 min, respectively). Very good strength endurance (76‐85 and 72‐83 cycles/3 min, respectively) was noted in the smallest percentage of male and female participants (0.52% and 0.26%, respectively). Similar studies should be carried out in other countries and in different age groups to develop objective international classification standards for variously‐aged individuals.

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Chen, Chengying, Lixia Bai, Yunrong Zhu und Tiancheng Wu. „A Wide-Band High-Resolution Transmitter for Optical Isolation Amplifier“. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2020 (19.03.2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3626401.

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A wide-band and high-resolution transmitter of optical isolation amplifier is proposed for switching power supply isolation and servo motor drive applications. The transmitter is based on the chopper-stabilized technique and sigma delta modulator. A built-in common-mode voltage circuit of switched capacitor is proposed to ensure the stability of input DC common mode. Meanwhile, the feedback capacitor is used to improve the driving ability, which helps to avoid a buffer with large input swing. The circuit is tapeout with GF CMOS 0.18 μm 1P6M process with 5 V power supply. The test results show that in 5 V supply voltage, the input swing of transmitter is 2 V and the effective signal bandwidth is 110 kHz. And the output resolution achieves 11 bit.

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Shi, Jun-Jie, Qi-Hui Jiang, Tian-Ning Zhang, Hao Sun, Wen-Wen Shi, Hendra Gunosewoyo, Fan Yang, Jie Tang, Tao Pang und Li-Fang Yu. „Sigma-1 Receptor Agonist TS-157 Improves Motor Functional Recovery by Promoting Neurite Outgrowth and pERK in Rats with Focal Cerebral Ischemia“. Molecules 26, Nr. 5 (24.02.2021): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051212.

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Sigma-1 (σ-1) receptor agonists are considered as potential treatment for stroke. TS-157 is an alkoxyisoxazole-based σ-1 receptor agonist previously discovered in our group. The present study describes TS-157 profile in a battery of tests for cerebral ischemia. Initial evaluation demonstrated the compound’s safety profile and blood–brain barrier permeability, as well as its ability to induce neurite outgrowth in vitro. The neurite outgrowth was shown to be mediated via σ-1 receptor agonism and involves upregulation of ERK phosphorylation (pERK). In particular, TS-157 also significantly accelerated the recovery of motor function in rats with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Overall, the results herein support the notion that σ-1 receptor agonists are potential therapeutics for stroke and further animal efficacy studies are warranted.

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Suriyasuphapong, Suthongchai, und Napassavong Rojanarowan. „The Use of the Six Sigma Approach to Minimize the Defective Rate from Bending Defects in Hard Disk Drive Media Disks“. Advanced Materials Research 974 (Juni 2014): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.974.298.

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The objective of this research is to reduce the defective rate from bending defects in media disks of hard disk drives by finding an optimal machine setting in the assembly process. The Six Sigma method was applied to find out the factors which statistically affected the bending value and to obtain the optimal setting of those factors. It was found that a minimal bending value was achieved with the setting of the clamp screw torque at 3.25 in-lb, the screw bit height at 3.00 mm., and the vertical force on the disk clamp and the motor at 2.50 lbs. With this optimal setting, the process capability index Cpk increased from 0.69 to 1.39, the mean bending value decreased from 5.12% to 3.43%, and the defective rate reduced from 32,219 ppm to 39 ppm.

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Ono, Yoko, Hirotaka Tanaka, Masafumi Takata, Yuki Nagahara, Yasuhiro Noda, Kazuhiro Tsuruma, Masamitsu Shimazawa, Isao Hozumi und Hideaki Hara. „SA4503, a sigma-1 receptor agonist, suppresses motor neuron damage in in vitro and in vivo amyotrophic lateral sclerosis models“. Neuroscience Letters 559 (Januar 2014): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.005.

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Yoon, Seo-Yeon, Suk-Yun Kang, Hyun-Woo Kim, Hyung-Chan Kim und Dae-Hyun Roh. „Clonidine Reduces Nociceptive Responses in Mouse Orofacial Formalin Model: Potentiation by Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonist BD1047 without Impaired Motor Coordination“. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 38, Nr. 9 (2015): 1320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b15-00183.

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Gerhorst, Frank, Ulrike Gromping, David Lloyd Thomas und Faysal Khalaf. „Design for Six Sigma in product development at Ford Motor Company in a case study on robust exhaust manifold design“. International Journal of Product Development 3, Nr. 3/4 (2006): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpd.2006.009894.

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Setiawan, Indra, und Setiawan Setiawan. „Defect reduction of roof panel part in the export delivery process using the DMAIC method: a case study“. Jurnal Sistem dan Manajemen Industri 4, Nr. 2 (29.12.2020): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/jsmi.v4i2.2775.

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Product quality has now become one of the main factors that every company must have to compete globally. One way is to reduce the number of defective products in the production process. This method is a continuous improvement effort made by PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia and companies engaged in the automotive sector that produces cars. One of the processes is packing roof panels whose output will be sent to importing countries where the number of requests per month is relatively high but still has a high defect rate. Based on production data and defect data for the January-February 2019 period, roof panel packaging production has a 1% -3% defect rate. This company must reduce the defect rate to achieve the company target of zero defects. This study aims to improve the quality of the packaging process by minimizing the number of defective products. This study uses the Six Sigma method with DMAIC phases. This method has several phases, namely, Define, Measure, Analysis, Improvement, and Control. Corrective action to reduce product defects based on 5W + 1H is to formulate a repair plan at the upgrade phase, namely by making SOPs spraying anti-rust and supervising operators who produce roof panel packaging. The improvement results reduced the DPMO value from 33,500 units to 2,050 units and increased the sigma level from 3.33 to 4.37. The DMAIC phase effectively controls and improves product quality levels in the automotive industry.

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Kim, Eun A., und David F. Blair. „Function of the Histone-Like Protein H-NS in Motility of Escherichia coli: Multiple Regulatory Roles Rather than Direct Action at the Flagellar Motor“. Journal of Bacteriology 197, Nr. 19 (20.07.2015): 3110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00309-15.

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ABSTRACTA number of investigations ofEscherichia colihave suggested that the DNA-binding protein H-NS, in addition to its well-known functions in chromosome organization and gene regulation, interacts directly with the flagellar motor to modulate its function. Here, in a study initially aimed at characterizing the H-NS/motor interaction further, we identify problems and limitations in the previous work that substantially weaken the case for a direct H-NS/motor interaction. Nullhnsmutants are immotile, largely owing to the downregulation of the flagellar master regulators FlhD and FlhC. We, and others, previously reported that anhnsmutant remains poorly motile even when FlhDC are expressed constitutively. In the present work, we use better-engineered strains to show that the motility defect in a Δhns, FlhDC-constitutive strain is milder than that reported previously and does not point to a direct action of H-NS at the motor. H-NS regulates numerous genes and might influence motility via a number of regulatory molecules besides FlhDC. To examine the sources of the motility defect that persists in an FlhDC-constitutive Δhnsmutant, we measured transcript levels and overexpression effects of a number of genes in candidate regulatory pathways. The results indicate that H-NS influences motility via multiple regulatory linkages that include, minimally, the messenger molecule cyclic di-GMP, the biofilm regulatory protein CsgD, and the sigma factors σSand σF. The results are in accordance with the more standard view of H-NS as a regulator of gene expression rather than a direct modulator of flagellar motor performance.IMPORTANCEData from a number of previous studies have been taken to indicate that the nucleoid-organizing protein H-NS influences motility not only by its well-known DNA-based mechanisms but also by binding directly to the flagellar motor to alter function. In this study, H-NS is shown to influence motility through diverse regulatory pathways, but a direct interaction with the motor is not supported. Previous indications of a direct action at the motor appear to be related to the use of nonnull strains and, in some cases, a failure to effectively bypass the requirement for H-NS in the expression of the flagellar regulon. These findings call for a substantially revised interpretation of the literature concerning H-NS and flagellar motility and highlight the importance of H-NS in diverse regulatory processes involved in the motile-sessile transition.

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Gaja-Capdevila, Núria, Neus Hernández, Daniel Zamanillo, Jose Miguel Vela, Manuel Merlos, Xavier Navarro und Mireia Herrando-Grabulosa. „Neuroprotective Effects of Sigma 1 Receptor Ligands on Motoneuron Death after Spinal Root Injury in Mice“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, Nr. 13 (28.06.2021): 6956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136956.

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Loss of motor neurons (MNs) after spinal root injury is a drawback limiting the recovery after palliative surgery by nerve or muscle transfers. Research based on preventing MN death is a hallmark to improve the perspectives of recovery following severe nerve injuries. Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) is a protein highly expressed in MNs, proposed as neuroprotective target for ameliorating MN degenerative conditions. Here, we used a model of L4–L5 rhizotomy in adult mice to induce MN degeneration and to evaluate the neuroprotective role of Sig-1R ligands (PRE-084, SA4503 and BD1063). Lumbar spinal cord was collected at 7, 14, 28 and 42 days post-injury (dpi) for immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. This proximal axotomy at the immediate postganglionic level resulted in significant death, up to 40% of spinal MNs at 42 days after injury and showed markedly increased glial reactivity. Sig-1R ligands PRE-084, SA4503 and BD1063 reduced MN loss by about 20%, associated to modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers IRE1α and XBP1. These pathways are Sig-1R specific since they were not produced in Sig-1R knockout mice. These findings suggest that Sig-1R is a promising target for the treatment of MN cell death after neural injuries.

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Kim, Yongtae, und Sangbok Ree. „Case of Integrated tolerance design process by Engineering tolerance design and 6 Sigma Tolerance Design - Spindle Motor For Optical Disc Drive -“. Journal of the Korean society for quality management 42, Nr. 4 (31.12.2014): 563–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7469/jksqm.2014.42.4.563.

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Wang, Ching-Hsin, Kuen-Suan Chen und Kim-Hua Tan. „Lean Six Sigma applied to process performance and improvement model for the development of electric scooter water-cooling green motor assembly“. Production Planning & Control 30, Nr. 5-6 (26.04.2019): 400–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2018.1501810.

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Wang, Hongxia, Li Zhang, Anisia J. Silva und Jorge A. Benitez. „A Quinazoline-2,4-Diamino Analog Suppresses Vibrio cholerae Flagellar Motility by Interacting with Motor Protein PomB and Induces Envelope Stress“. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, Nr. 8 (03.06.2013): 3950–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00473-13.

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ABSTRACTVibrio choleraestrains of serogroups O1 and O139, the causative agents of the diarrheal illness cholera, express a single polar flagellum powered by sodium motive force and require motility to colonize and spread along the small intestine. In a previous study, we described a high-throughput assay for screening for small molecules that selectively inhibit bacterial motility and identified a family of quinazoline-2,4-diamino analogs (Q24DAs) that (i) paralyzed the sodium-driven polar flagellum ofVibriosand (ii) diminished cholera toxin secreted by El Tor biotypeV. cholerae. In this study, we provide evidence that a Q24DA paralyzes the polar flagellum by interacting with the motor protein PomB. Inhibition of motility with the Q24DA enhanced the transcription of the cholera toxin genes in both biotypes. We also show that the Q24DA interacts with outer membrane protein OmpU and other porins to induce envelope stress and expression of the extracellular RNA polymerase sigma factor σE. We suggest that Q24DA-induced envelope stress could affect the correct folding, assembly, and secretion of pentameric cholera toxin in El Tor biotypeV. choleraeindependently of its effect on motility.

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Pluta, Beata, Szymon Galas, Magdalena Krzykała, Marcin Andrzejewski und Karolina Podciechowska. „Somatic Characteristics and Special Motor Fitness of Young Top-Level Polish Table Tennis Players“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 10 (16.05.2021): 5279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105279.

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In the present study, we aimed to identify the impact of chosen anthropometric measurements on the special physical fitness of elite junior table tennis players at different stages of sport training. A total of 87 table tennis players aged 13.4 ± 1.74 years (43.7% girls and 56.3% boys) from two Polish teams were analyzed. The anthropometry measurements included height, sitting height, body weight, arm span, humerus and femur breadths, five skinfold thicknesses, and five girths were assessed. Participants’ somatotypes were also calculated using the Heath–Carter method as well as body mass index (BMI), which was constructed using the lambda, mu, sigma (LMS) method. Body composition via a bioelectric impedance analysis was also analyzed. The level of special fitness of athletes was determined using tests from the Table Tennis Specific Battery Test, assessing reaction and displacement speeds. Mesomorphic (4.1) and ectomorphic (3.8) profiles were registered for boys and girls, respectively. Boys achieved higher scores than girls for almost all variables, with the exception of ectomorphic somatotype (p = 0.274), skinfold triceps (p = 0.444), and calf skinfold medial (p = 0.609). The relationship between the body height, thickness of the skinfolds of the triceps and suprailiac, biceps, and waist circumference and arm span in all three motor tests was observed, simultaneously significantly higher results were obtained by competitors at the specialist stage of training. Knowledge of the somatic and motor characteristics of young athletes can help coaches in creating a specific training program for improved health and performance, taking into consideration the athletes’ biological development, potential, and pre-disposition.

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Severynovska, O. V., O. O. Galinskij, A. I. Rudenko, O. B. Mursin, V. V. Babicheva und L. D. Skubytska. „Особливості періодичної активності шлунка за умов дисбалансу NO-ергічної системи“. Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 5, Nr. 1 (14.04.2014): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021415.

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Nitric oxide is the main inhibitory mediator of the gastrointestinal smooth muscles’ relaxation which stimulates duodenal mucus and bicarbonate secretion. More recent studies have demonstrated that NO also protected the gastrointestinal tract by inhibiting gastric acid secretion. In this study we investigated gastric secretory and motor activity considering the NO imbalance condition. The experiments were carried out on male white laboratory rats (200–230 g). The control group was treated with 0.9% NaCl solution. The injections of NO donator (1.5 mg/kg of 0.1% (Sigma-Aldrich) sodium nitroprusside solution) were made in the second and the third groups during 6 and 12 days. The fourth and the fifth group were treated with NO synthesis inhibitor (40 mg/kg of 1% solution (Sigma-Aldrich) Nω-nitro-L-arginine) during 6 and 12 days respectively. Recording of gastric myoelectric activity (GMA) and gastric juice collection were carried out under anesthesia (ketamine, 110 mg/kg). Next, its volume, pH, glycoprotein and pepsin were measured. Within 6-days stimulation of NO excess decreased gastric juice volume by 47% and increased pH compared to control samples. Pepsin level increased by 62% and glycoprotein level decreased by 68% compared to the checkpoint. After 6 days of L-NNA injections we observed the increase of gastric juice secretion volume (78%) and pH level, however, pepsin concentration remained unchanged. Glycoprotein level increased by 21% compared to control samples. After 12 day NO synthesis inhibitor injections gastric secretion volume increased by 85%. Gastric juice pH level was 200% higher than the control value and exceeded gastric juice pH level (62%) in the third group. In addition, pepsin level tended to decrease when NO deficiency simulation was prolonged. Glycoprotein level decreased by 41% compared to control samples and by 51% compared to the third group. Pepsin level decreased after 12 day NO-inhibitor injections as gastric juice pH level increased. After 12 day Na-nitroprusside treatment, gastric myoelectric index decreased by 42% compared to the checkpoint. The type of contractions is typical to the I phase of the basic electrical rhythm (BER). Also, retrograde entrainment of duodenal rhythm took place. After 6 day L-NNA injections, GMA was the same as the period between II and III phase of BER. Late second and early third phases predominated, while the I phase wasn’t detected during the recording. In case of long-lasting disorder of NO-system, motor index value significantly differed from the control group samples and depended on the duration of NO-synthase blocking. On the 6th day of L-NNA treatment, the level of motor index increased 1.5 times. GMA phases could be identified only on the basis of motor index values. Stomach’s own rhythms disappeared and duodenogastric reflux resulted in domination of duodenal rhythms. After 12 day L-NNA injections, duration of the II and III phases increased while the I phase of gastric BER disappeared; gastric motor index decreased by 27%. After considering the results of the current investigation, it can be stated that NO system imbalance leads to desynchronization of gastric active phases and, perhaps, reassigns the influence of different compensatory-adaptive mechanisms. The longer is the L-NNA treatment, the more gastric functions are imbalanced and the stronger is the process of destruction.

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McCarter, L. L., und M. E. Wright. „Identification of genes encoding components of the swarmer cell flagellar motor and propeller and a sigma factor controlling differentiation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.“ Journal of Bacteriology 175, Nr. 11 (1993): 3361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.175.11.3361-3371.1993.

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Espindula, Ana Paula, Mariane Fernandes Ribeiro, Luciane Aparecida Pascucci Sande de Souza, Alex Abadio Ferreira, Mara Lúcia da Fonseca Ferraz und Vicente de Paula Antunes Teixeira. „Effects of hippotherapy on posture in individuals with Down Syndrome“. Fisioterapia em Movimento 29, Nr. 3 (September 2016): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.029.003.ao07.

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Abstract Introduction: Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have alterations that affect the musculoskeletal system, causing abnormal patterns, and alter the morphological anatomical and mechanical axes that provide intrinsic stability to the skeleton, and can trigger misalignments and orthopedic disorders in adulthood. Objective: The objective of student to evaluate posture and postural alignment before and after the hippotherapyin individuals with DS. Methods: Posture of five individuals with DS was evaluated by the software SAPO before and after 27 sessions the hippotherapy. Data were subjected to qualitative descriptive analysis using cluster and statistical analysis with the aid of the software Sigma Stat 2.0, considering differences as statistically significant at p-value < 5%. Results: Improvements were achieved for the alignment of shoulder, head, hip, and lower limbs, in addition to decrease in kyphosis and head protrusion. Conclusion: Patients with DS demonstrated satisfactory changes in motor behavior reflected in improved static posture after treatment with hippotherapy.

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Jabłońska, Magdalena, Klaudyna Grzelakowska, Bartłomiej Wiśniewski, Ewelina Mazur, Kamil Leis und Przemysław Gałązka. „Pridopidine in the treatment of Huntington’s disease“. Reviews in the Neurosciences 31, Nr. 4 (26.05.2020): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2019-0085.

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AbstractHuntington’s disease (HD) is a highly common inherited monogenic neurodegenerative disease, and the gene responsible for its development is located in the 4p16.3 chromosome. The product of that gene mutation is an abnormal huntingtin (Htt) protein that disrupts the neural conduction, thus leading to motor and cognitive disorders. The disease progresses to irreversible changes in the central nervous system (CNS). Although only a few drugs are available to symptomatic treatment, ‘dopamine stabilizers’ (as represented by the pridopidine) may be the new treatment options. The underlying causes of HD are dopaminergic conduction disorders. Initially, the disease is hyperkinetic (chorea) until it eventually reaches the hypokinetic phase. Studies confirmed a correlation between the amount of dopamine in the CNS and the stage of the disease. Pridopidine has the capacity to be a dopamine buffer, which could increase or decrease the dopamine content depending on the disease phase. A research carried out on animal models demonstrated the protective effect of pridopidine on nerve cells thanks to its ability to alter the cortical glutamatergic signaling through the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Studies on dopamine stabilizers also reported that pridopidine has a 100-fold greater affinity for the sigma-1 receptor than for the D2 receptor. Disturbances in the activity of sigma-1 receptors occur in neurodegenerative diseases, including HD. Their interaction with pridopidine results in the neuroprotective effect, which is manifested as an increase in the plasticity of synaptic neurons and prevention of their atrophy within the striatum. To determine the effectiveness of pridopidine in the treatment of HD, large multicenter randomized studies such as HART, MermaiHD, and PRIDE-HD were carried out.

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Zhou, Cheng, Peng Liang, Jin Liu, Wensheng Zhang, Daqing Liao, Yanfang Chen, Xiangdong Chen und Tao Li. „Emulsified Isoflurane Enhances Thermal Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-1 Channel Activation–mediated Sensory/Nociceptive Blockade by QX-314“. Anesthesiology 121, Nr. 2 (01.08.2014): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000236.

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Abstract Background: QX-314 produces nociceptive blockade, facilitated by permeation through transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channels. TRPV1 channel can be activated by noxious heat and sensitized by volatile anesthetics. The authors hypothesized that emulsified isoflurane (EI) could enhance thermal TRPV1 channel activation–mediated sensory/nociceptive blockade by QX-314. Methods: Rats were perineurally injected with QX-314 (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd. Shanghai, China) alone or QX-314 combined with EI, followed by heat exposure on the injection site. The tail-flick and tail-clamping tests were used to assess sensory and nociceptive blockade, respectively; a sciatic nerve block model was used to assess motor and sensory blockade. Effects of EI on thermal activation of TRPV1 channels were evaluated on rat dorsal root ganglia neurons by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Results: Heat exposure enhanced sensory/nociceptive blockade by QX-314 in rat tails, but not motor blockade in sciatic nerve block model. QX-314 alone or QX-314 + 42°C produced no nociceptive blockade. QX-314 + 48°C produced 100% nociceptive blockade with duration of 12.5 ± 2.0 h (mean ± SEM). By adding 2% EI, QX-314 + 42°C produced 80% nociceptive blockade with duration of 8.1 ± 1.9 h, which was similar to the effect of QX-314 + 46°C (7.7 ± 1.1 h; P = 0.781). The enhancement of heat on sensory/nociceptive blockade of QX-314 was prevented by TRPV1 channel antagonist. The temperature thresholds of TRPV1 channel activation on dorsal root ganglia neurons were significantly reduced by EI. Conclusions: Thermal activation of TRPV1 channels enhanced long-lasting sensory/nociceptive blockade by QX-314 without affecting motor blockade. The addition of EI reduced temperature thresholds for inducing long-lasting sensory/nociceptive blockade due to QX-314.

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