Bücher: „Shor Algorithm“

1

Song, Yingsheng. Genetic algorithms for job shop scheduling. [S.l: The Author], 2002.

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2

Asquith, Paul. Short sales and trade classification algorithms. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008.

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3

George, Vairaktarakis, Hrsg. Flow shop scheduling: Theoretical results, algorithms, and applications. New York: Springer Verlag, 2013.

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4

Dapporto, Paolo, Paola Paoli, Patrizia Rossi und Annalisa Guerri. The UTN program. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/88-8453-032-6.

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We give an algorithm which goal is to find the energy barrier between a given pair of points in a graph which represents the conformational space of a molecule. If the conformational space is homeomorphic to an -dimensional torus, then the graph can be chosen of a particular form. The UTN software, which implements the algorithm in this case, is described in detail. Finally we focus on applications: to show how UTN works, some examples are carried on in detail, with the additional support of graphical animation1 in the twodimensional case. The source code of the program and some data of the examples are available to the reader.

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5

Burstein, Joseph. Exact numerical solutions of nonlinear differential equations, short algorithms: After three centuries of approximate methods. Boston: Metrics Press, 2002.

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6

Jin tian bu xue ji qi xue xi, ming tian jiu bei ji qi qu dai: Cong Python ru shou + yan suan fa. Taibei Shi: Jia kui zi xun fa xing, 2017.

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7

1974-, Zomorodian Afra J., Hrsg. Advances in applied and computational topology: American Mathematical Society Short Course on Computational Topology, January 4-5, 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2012.

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8

Daji, Qiao, und SpringerLink (Online service), Hrsg. Quality, Reliability, Security and Robustness in Heterogeneous Networks: 7th International Conference on Heterogeneous Networking for Quality, Reliability, Security and Robustness, QShine 2010, and Dedicated Short Range Communications Workshop, DSRC 2010, Houston, TX, USA, November 17-19, 2010, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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9

Tschinkel, Yuri, Carlo Gasbarri, Steven Lu und Mike Roth. Rational points, rational curves, and entire holomorphic curves on projective varieties: CRM short thematic program, June 3-28, 2013, Centre de Recherches Mathematiques, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2015.

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10

Levitin, Anany, und Maria Levitin. Algorithmic Puzzles. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199740444.001.0001.

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While many think of algorithms as specific to computer science, at its core algorithmic thinking is defined by the use of analytical logic to solve problems. This logic extends far beyond the realm of computer science and into the wide and entertaining world of puzzles. In Algorithmic Puzzles, Anany and Maria Levitin use many classic brainteasers as well as newer examples from job interviews with major corporations to show readers how to apply analytical thinking to solve puzzles requiring well-defined procedures. The book's unique collection of puzzles is supplemented with carefully developed tutorials on algorithm design strategies and analysis techniques intended to walk the reader step-by-step through the various approaches to algorithmic problem solving. Mastery of these strategies--exhaustive search, backtracking, and divide-and-conquer, among others--will aid the reader in solving not only the puzzles contained in this book, but also others encountered in interviews, puzzle collections, and throughout everyday life. Each of the 150 puzzles contains hints and solutions, along with commentary on the puzzle's origins and solution methods. The only book of its kind, Algorithmic Puzzles houses puzzles for all skill levels. Readers with only middle school mathematics will develop their algorithmic problem-solving skills through puzzles at the elementary level, while seasoned puzzle solvers will enjoy the challenge of thinking through more difficult puzzles.

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11

Osser, David. Psychopharmacology Algorithms: Clinical Guidance from the Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project at the Harvard South Shore Psychiatry Residency Program. LWW, 2020.

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12

Emmons, Hamilton, und George Vairaktarakis. Flow Shop Scheduling: Theoretical Results, Algorithms, and Applications. Springer, 2014.

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13

Computational Intelligence In Flow Shop And Job Shop Scheduling. Springer, 2009.

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14

Chakraborty, Uday K. Computational Intelligence in Flow Shop and Job Shop Scheduling. Springer, 2009.

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15

Priest, Graham. Logic: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198811701.001.0001.

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Logic is often perceived as having little to do with the rest of philosophy, and even less to do with real life. Logic: A Very Short Introduction shows how wrong this conception is. It explores the philosophical roots of the subject, explaining how modern formal logic deals with issues ranging from the existence of God and the reality of time to paradoxes of probability and decision theory. Along the way, the basics of formal logic are explained in simple, non-technical terms, showing that logic is a powerful and exciting part of modern philosophy. It also covers the subjects of algorithms and axioms, and proofs in mathematics.

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16

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., Hrsg. Development, refinement and testing of a short term solar flare pR[sic]ediction algorithm: Progress report, August 1992 - February, 1993. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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17

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., Hrsg. FNAS short term solar flare prediction algorithm: Semi-annual report, February 1, 1993 - August 1, 1993. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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18

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., Hrsg. FNAS short term solar flare prediction algorithm: Semi-annual report, February 1, 1993 - August 1, 1993. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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19

Compston, Alastair. A short history of clinical neurology. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0014.

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More than any other branch of medicine, the practice of neurology depends on the classical methods of intuitive conversation, structured examination, and selective investigation. We teach the importance of eliciting an accurate neurological history. The key symptoms at onset are identified and their subsequent course defined. For the experienced clinician, this process becomes routine, efficient, and quick. The competent neurologist is the one who instinctively senses relevant components of the history, appreciates the most likely underlying disease mechanisms, reliably elicits the relevant physical signs, knows which investigations are necessary and assesses their relevance in the clinical context, provides a sensible clinical formulation, and communicates the situation accurately and sensitively to the patient and relatives. Rather than slavishly collecting an encyclopaedia of facts, in which the key issues may be lost in a surfeit of redundant information, the critical components are sifted and the subsequent conversation steered down an algorithm that seeks anatomical, physiological, and pathological explanations for what the patient describes.

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20

Voit, Eberhard O. Systems Biology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198828372.001.0001.

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Systems biology came about as growing numbers of scientists and engineers from different fields created experimental methods and algorithms that supported the analysis of very large quantities of biological data. Systems Biology: A Very Short IntroductionÂ outlines the exciting processes and possibilities in this new field. It describes how modern biology enabled us to learn how intricately the expression of every gene is controlled, how signalling systems keep organisms running smoothly, how complicated even the simplest cells are, and how computational methods may help us understand these complex systems of life. It explores what this field is about, why it is needed, and how it will affect our understanding of life, particularly in the areas of personalized medicine, drug development, food and energy production, and sustainable stewardship of our environments.

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21

Spalding, Tim, und Lars Peterson. Cartilage repair in the young knee. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.008002.

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♦ Articular cartilage has a poor capacity to heal by itself♦ Left alone, large areas are likely to progress into osteoarthritis♦ The goal of cartilage repair is both short term improvement in function and long term durability♦ There are several available strategies including non-surgical options, and these are formulated into an algorithm♦ Cartilage repair is an advancing field and the future lies in bioengineering and high quality comparative clinical analysis.

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22

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards und Pacific Environmental Services, Hrsg. Sensitivity analysis of a revised area source algorithm for the industrial source complex short term model. Research Triangle Park, NC: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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23

John F. Kennedy Space Center., Hrsg. Development of algorithms and error analyses for the short baseline lightning detection and ranging system. Kennedy Space Center, Fla: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, John F. Kennedy Space Center, 1998.

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24

John F. Kennedy Space Center., Hrsg. Development of algorithms and error analyses for the short baseline lightning detection and ranging system. Kennedy Space Center, Fla: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, John F. Kennedy Space Center, 1998.

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25

Evolutionary Search and the Job Shop: Investigations on Genetic Algorithms for Production Scheduling (Production and Logistics). Physica-Verlag, 1996.

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26

Martin, Keith M. Historical Cryptosystems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788003.003.0002.

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This chapter presents several historical cryptosystems. These are all relatively simple, and none are fit for modern use. These cryptosystems serve to illustrate the basic model of a cryptosystem, as well as introduce a number of important design principles for modern encryption algorithms. We demonstrate the importance of a large keyspace, randomness of ciphertext, and positional dependence. We also show how efficiency and security are often traded off against one another when designing a cryptosystem.

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27

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. und Pacific Environmental Services, Hrsg. Comparison of a revised area source algorithm for the industrial source complex short term model and wind tunnel data. Research Triangle Park, NC: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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28

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation. und Pacific Environmental Services, Hrsg. Comparison of a revised area source algorithm for the industrial source complex short term model and wind tunnel data. Research Triangle Park, NC: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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29

Boudreau, Joseph F., und Eric S. Swanson. Percolation and universality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0008.

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Percolation deals with global properties of random configurations of local objects. While simple to implement in models, understanding percolation requires skill in pattern recognition and analysis. A cluster recognition algorithm is developed to obtain properties of percolation models. The fractal nature of a percolating system is discussed, along with general features of fractals. Scaling laws and critical exponents, which are central features of modern approaches to complex systems, are also introduced and illustrated with percolating systems. The important concept of a correlation function is also used to characterize these systems. Finally, the insensitivity of large classes of model systems with respect to short range dynamics, known as universality, is discussed in the context of percolation. This is illustrated with the modern concepts of coarse graining and the renormalization group.

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30

Hooghe, Liesbet, Gary Mark, Tobias Lenz, Jeanine Bezuijen, Besir Ceka, Svet Derderyan, Liesbet Hooghe et al. Constructing the MIA Dataset. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724490.003.0003.

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Chapter Three introduces the Measure of International Authority (MIA) index on delegation and pooling. The first two sections describe how the authors aggregate scores for individual IO bodies at particular stages of decision making in particular decision areas to estimate delegation and pooling at the level of an international organization. In short, it explains the algorithm that produces delegation and pooling scores. The third section presents descriptive statistics comparing delegation and pooling over time, across IOs, and across decision areas. The chapter concludes with tables that summarize the extent of delegation and pooling, in the aggregate and by decision area, for each of seventy-six IOs in the MIA dataset. The scores tap annual variation from 1950 (or date of IO creation) to 2010 (or date of IO death).

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31

Zubairy, M. Suhail. Quantum Mechanics for Beginners. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854227.001.0001.

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Quantum mechanics is a highly successful yet a mysterious theory. Quantum Mechanics for Beginners provides an introduction of this fascinating subject to someone with only a high school background in physics and mathematics. This book, except the last chapter on the Schrödinger equation, is entirely algebra-based. A major strength of this book is that, in addition to the foundation of quantum mechanics, it provides an introduction to the fields of quantum communication and quantum computing. The topics covered include wave–particle duality, the Heisenberg uncertainty relation, Bohr’s principle of complementarity, quantum superposition and entanglement, Schrödinger’s cat, Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox, Bell theorem, quantum no-cloning theorem and quantum copying, quantum eraser and delayed choice, quantum teleportation, quantum key distribution protocols such as BB-84 and B-92, counterfactual communication, quantum money, quantum Fourier transform, quantum computing protocols including Shor and Grover algorithms, quantum dense coding, and quantum tunneling. All these topics and more are explained fully but using only elementary mathematics. Each chapter is followed by a short list of references and some exercises. This book is meant for an advanced high school student and a beginning college student and can be used as a text for a one semester course at the undergraduate level. However it can also be a useful and accessible book for those who are not familiar but want to learn some of the fascinating recent and ongoing developments in areas related to the foundations of quantum mechanics and its applications to quantum communication and quantum computing.

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32

Galynker, Igor. Suicide Crisis Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190260859.003.0007.

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Research has shown that the suicide crisis syndrome (SCS) is a suicide-specific diagnosable condition that is associated with imminent suicidal behavior. This chapter proposes Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria for SCS and provides a detailed description of its proposed structure and symptoms. Discussion of long-term versus short-term suicide risk and of suicide warning signs is followed by a discussion of the lack of predictive validity of self-reported suicidal ideation and intent with regard to imminent suicidal behavior. The core of the chapter consists of detailed description of the SCS main components: entrapment, affective disturbance in its many forms (emotional pain, anhedonia, frantic anxiety, and depressive turmoil), loss of cognitive control in several forms (ruminations, cognitive rigidity, thought suppression, and ruminative flooding), and altered arousal. The chapter concludes with the SCS assessment algorithm, representative case descriptions, and a test case.

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33

Lewis-Jones, Susan, und Ruth Murphy, Hrsg. Paediatric Dermatology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198821304.001.0001.

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The Oxford Specialist Handbook of Paediatric Dermatology been designed primarily for paediatricians, GPs, emergency, and other healthcare professionals faced with the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of children with skin disease. Highly illustrated with over 400 full colour clinical photographs, it has been organised into sections dealing primarily with clinical signs and symptoms to aid diagnosis. It also contains simple algorithms to aid diagnosis of common presentations such as itchy red rashes, blistering disorders, bruising, hair, and nail disorders. Attention has been focussed on the commoner diseases, for many rarer conditions lists are provided under relevant clinical signs to aid diagnosis. Advice is given on when to refer to a dermatologist. Short descriptions of approved treatment modalities are given where appropriate.

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34

Pitt, Matthew. Investigation of channelopathies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0008.

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The chapter begins with a general description of the clinical findings in conditions where hyperexcitability occurs. These are divided into the dystrophic conditions, such as myotonia dystrophy, and the non-dystrophic conditions, which include myotonia congenita, paramyotonia congenita, and potassium-aggravated myotonia. Conditions where hypoexcitability occurs such as periodic paralysis are next discussed. The associated disorders of sodium, calcium, chloride, and potassium channels are described. Next, the protocols for the neurophysiological tests that are used in myotonia, and the short exercise test either at room temperature or after cooling are introduced. The different patterns seen in these tests are outlined and the algorithms allowing precise targeting of genetic testing explained. The inter-discharge interval calculation that can be used in delineating the causes of myotonia is discussed. Other conditions where prominent spontaneous activity occurs such as Schwartz–Jampel syndrome and Pompe’s disease are described. The chapter concludes with details of the long exercise test used in diagnosis of periodic paralysis.

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35

Ramsay, Stephen. ’Patacomputing. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036415.003.0005.

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This chapter surveys some of the newer text-analytical tools—claiming them, unabashedly, as potential instruments of algorithmic criticism. It demonstrates that the degree to which the text-analysis systems WordHoard, Text Analysis Portal for Research (TAPoR), HyperPo, and MONK (Metadata Offer New Knowledge) show the way forward, they do so largely by embracing the contingencies that once threatened the discipline of rhetoric, but that, like rhetoric, may come to form the basis for new kinds of critical acts. In an age when the computer itself has gone from being a cold arbiter of numerical facts to being a platform for social networking and self-expression, one may well wonder whether those new kinds of critical acts are in fact already implicit in the many interfaces that seek only to facilitate thought, self-expression, and community.

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36

Copeland, B. Jack. Colossus. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192840554.001.0001.

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The American ENIAC is customarily regarded as the first electronic computer. In this fascinating volume, Jack Copeland rewrites the history of computer science, arguing that in reality Colossus--the giant computer built in Bletchley Park by the British secret service during World War II--predates ENIAC by two years. Until very recently, much about the Colossus machine was shrouded in secrecy, largely because the code-breaking algorithms employed during World War II remained in use by the British security services until a short time ago. Copeland has brought together memoirs of veterans of Bletchley Park--the top-secret headquarters of Britain's secret service--and others who draw on the wealth of declassified information to illuminate the crucial role Colossus played during World War II. A must read for anyone curious about code-breaking or World War II espionage, Colossus offers a fascinating insider's account of the world's first giant computer, the great-great-grandfather of the massive computers used today by the CIA and the National Security Agency.

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37

Burri, Haran, Carsten Israel und Jean-Claude Deharo, Hrsg. The EHRA Book of Pacemaker, ICD, and CRT Troubleshooting. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198727774.001.0001.

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The EHRA Book of Pacemaker, ICD and CRT Troubleshooting assists device specialists in tackling both common and unusual situations that that they may encounter during daily practice. Taking a case-based approach, it examines pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Much more than just a technical manual of device algorithms, the cases help readers to consolidate their technical knowledge, and improve their reasoning and observation skills so they are able to tackle device troubleshooting with confidence. The 70 cases are arranged in three sections by increasing levels of difficulty to walk readers through all the skills and knowledge they need in an easy to use and structured format. Each case contains a short clinical description and a device tracing followed by a multiple choice question. Answers are supplied with detailed annotations of the tracing and an in-depth discussion of the case, highlighting practical hints and tips as well as providing an overview of the technical function of devices. A useful summary of principal device features and functions is also included.

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38

Bloos, Frank, und Konrad Reinhart. Mixed and central venous oxygen saturation monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0134.

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Haemodynamic resuscitation should target goals that reflect the tissue oxygen needs of an individual patient. Venous oximetry may be such a tool. Oxygen saturation of blood in the pulmonary artery contains venous blood from the whole body and is referred to as mixed oxygen saturation (SvO2). Measurement of oxygen saturation in blood obtained from a central venous catheter is referred to as central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2). Both values are not identical since a catheter placed into the superior vena cava only represents venous blood draining the upper body. While it is not possible, in the clinical setting, to predict SvO2 from ScvO2, changes in SvO2 are adequately mirrored by changes in ScvO2. Post-operative patients and patients admitted to intensive care with a low ScvO2 show a higher morbidity and mortality. Early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) combines several haemodynamic goals into a treatment algorithm, including a ScvO2 target. However, recent studies do not support the systematic use of this protocolized approach. A normal value of SvO2 or ScvO2 saturation does not always exclude tissue hypoxia, since it is not possible to identify an inadequate oxygen supply in single organs. A further limitation of this technique is that organ dysfunction can progress, or serum lactate increases, despite normal or even increased venous oximetry values.

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39

Schneider, Florian. The User-Generated Nation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876791.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 turns to user-generated content, social media, and ‘Web 2.0’ technologies in digital China’s message boards and comment sections. The cases of the Nanjing Massacre and the Diaoyu Islands then show that online commentaries often provide a nuanced picture of how to make sense of Sino-Japanese relations, and yet the overarching discursive patterns combine with digital mechanisms such as ‘likes’ and algorithmic popularity rankings to push the discussion into nationalist media scripts. In contrast, China’s microblogging spheres at first sight offer a different story: discussions on Weibo or Weixin are diverse, dynamic, and can have impressive reach. Yet the nature of such social networks ultimately either skews them in favour of a few influential users or moves discussions into the walled gardens of small social groups, making nationalist discourse reverberate through the echo chambers of digital China and contributing to a visceral sense of a shared nationhood.

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40

Thurner, Stefan, Rudolf Hanel und Peter Klimekl. Evolutionary Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821939.003.0005.

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Evolutionary processes combine many features of complex systems: they are algorithmic; states co-evolve with interactions; they show power law statistics; they are selforganized critical; and they are driven non-equilibrium systems. Evolution is a dynamical process that changes the composition of large sets of interconnected elements, entities, or species over time. The essence of evolutionary processes is that, through the interaction of existing entities with each other and with their environment, they give rise to an open-ended process of creation and destruction of new entities. Evolutionary processes are critical, co-evolutionary, and combinatorial, meaning that thew entities are created from combinations of existing ones. We review the concepts of the replicator equation, fitness landscapes, cascading events, the adjacent possible. We review several classical quantitative approaches to evolutionary dynamics such as the NK model and the Bak–Snappen model. We propose a general and universal framework for evolutionary dynamics that is critical, co-evolutionary, and combinatorial.

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41

Giannitsis, Evangelos, und Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036.

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Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to discriminate myocardial ischaemia from myocardial necrosis not related to ischaemia such as myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, or decompensated heart failure. Strategies to improve clinical specificity (including strict adherence to the universal myocardial infarction definition and the need for serial troponin measurements to detect an acute rise and/or fall of cardiac troponin) will improve the interpretation of the increasing number of positive results. Other biomarkers of inflammation, activated coagulation/fibrinolysis, and increased ventricular stress mirror different aspects of the underlying disease activity and may help to improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes. Among the flood of new biomarkers, there are several novel promising biomarkers, such as copeptin that allows an earlier rule-out of myocardial infarction in combination with cardiac troponin, whereas MR-proANP and MR-proADM appear to allow a refinement of cardiovascular risk. GDF-15 might help to identify candidates for an early invasive vs conservative strategy. A multi-marker approach to biomarkers becomes more and more attractive, as increasing evidence suggests that a combination of several biomarkers may help to predict individual risk and treatment benefits, particularly among troponin-negative subjects. Future goals include the acceleration of rule-in and rule-out of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome, in order to shorten lengths of stay in the emergency department, and to optimize patient management and the use of health care resources. New algorithms using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays at low cut-offs alone, or in combination with additional biomarkers, allow to establish accelerated rule-out algorithms within 1 or 2 hours.

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42

Giannitsis, Evangelos, und Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036_update_001.

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Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to discriminate myocardial ischaemia from myocardial necrosis not related to ischaemia such as myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, or decompensated heart failure. Strategies to improve clinical specificity (including strict adherence to the universal myocardial infarction definition and the need for serial troponin measurements to detect an acute rise and/or fall of cardiac troponin) will improve the interpretation of the increasing number of positive results. Other biomarkers of inflammation, activated coagulation/fibrinolysis, and increased ventricular stress mirror different aspects of the underlying disease activity and may help to improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes. Among the flood of new biomarkers, there are several novel promising biomarkers, such as copeptin that allows an earlier rule-out of myocardial infarction in combination with cardiac troponin, whereas MR-proANP and MR-proADM appear to allow a refinement of cardiovascular risk. GDF-15 might help to identify candidates for an early invasive vs conservative strategy. A multi-marker approach to biomarkers becomes more and more attractive, as increasing evidence suggests that a combination of several biomarkers may help to predict individual risk and treatment benefits, particularly among normal-troponin subjects. Future goals include the acceleration of rule-in and rule-out of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome, in order to shorten lengths of stay in the emergency department, and to optimize patient management and the use of health care resources. New algorithms using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays at low cut-offs alone, or in combination with additional biomarkers, allow to establish accelerated rule-out algorithms within 1 or 2 hours.

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43

Giannitsis, Evangelos, und Hugo A. Katus. Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0036_update_002.

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Biomarker testing in the evaluation of a patient with acute chest pain is best established for cardiac troponins that allow the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, risk estimation of short- and long-term risk of death and myocardial infarction, and guidance of pharmacological therapy, as well as the need and timing of invasive strategy. Newer, more sensitive troponin assays have become commercially available and have the capability to detect myocardial infarction earlier and more sensitively than standard assays, but they are hampered by a lack of clinical specificity, i.e. the ability to discriminate myocardial ischaemia from myocardial necrosis not related to ischaemia such as myocarditis, pulmonary embolism, or decompensated heart failure. Strategies to improve clinical specificity (including strict adherence to the universal myocardial infarction definition and the need for serial troponin measurements to detect an acute rise and/or fall of cardiac troponin) will improve the interpretation of the increasing number of positive results. Other biomarkers of inflammation, activated coagulation/fibrinolysis, and increased ventricular stress mirror different aspects of the underlying disease activity and may help to improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes. Among the flood of new biomarkers, there are several novel promising biomarkers, such as copeptin that allows an earlier rule-out of myocardial infarction in combination with cardiac troponin, whereas MR-proANP and MR-proADM appear to allow a refinement of cardiovascular risk. GDF-15 might help to identify candidates for an early invasive vs conservative strategy. A multi-marker approach to biomarkers becomes more and more attractive, as increasing evidence suggests that a combination of several biomarkers may help to predict individual risk and treatment benefits, particularly among normal-troponin subjects. Future goals include the acceleration of rule-in and rule-out of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome, in order to shorten lengths of stay in the emergency department, and to optimize patient management and the use of health care resources. New algorithms using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays at low cut-offs alone, or in combination with additional biomarkers, allow to establish accelerated rule-out algorithms within 1 or 2 hours.

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Hay, Phillipa J., und Angélica de M. Claudino. Evidence-Based Treatment for the Eating Disorders. Herausgegeben von W. Stewart Agras. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373622.013.0025.

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This chapter comprises a focused review of the best available evidence for psychological and pharmacological treatments of choice for anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and other specified and unspecified feeding and eating disorders (OSFED and UFED), discusses the role of primary care and online therapies, and presents treatment algorithms. In AN, although there is consensus on the need for specialist care that includes nutritional rehabilitation in addition to psychological therapy, no single approach has yet been found to offer a distinct advantage. In contrast, manualized cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for BN has attained “first-line” treatment status with a stronger evidence base than other psychotherapies. Similarly, CBT has a good evidence base in treatment of BED and for BN, and BED has been successfully adapted into less intensive and non-specialist forms. Behavioral and pharmacological weight loss management in treatment of co-morbid obesity/overweight and BED may be helpful in the short term, but long-term maintenance of effects is unclear. Primary care practitioners are in a key role, both with regard to providing care and with coordination and initiation of specialist care. There is an emerging evidence base for online therapies in BN and BED where access to care is delayed or problematic.

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Butz, Martin V., und Esther F. Kutter. Cognition is Embodied. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0003.

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With the motivation to develop computational and algorithmic levels of understanding how the mind comes into being, this chapter considers computer science, artificial intelligence, and cognitive systems perspectives. Questions are addressed, such as what ‘intelligence’ may actually be and how, and when an artificial system may be considered to be intelligent and to have a mind on its own. May it even be alive? Out of these considerations, the chapter derives three fundamental problems for cognitive systems: the symbol grounding problem, the frame problem, and the binding problem. We show that symbol-processing artificial systems cannot solve these problems satisfactorily. Neural networks and embodied systems offer alternatives. Moreover, biological observations and studies with embodied robotic systems imply that behavioral capabilities can foster and facilitate the development of suitably abstracted, symbolic structures. We finally consider Alan Turing’s question “Can machines think?” and emphasize that such machines must at least solve the three considered fundamental cognitive systems problems. The rest of the book addresses how the human brain, equipped with a suitably-structured body and body–brain interface, manages to solve these problems, and thus manages to develop a mind.

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AlJaroudi, Wael. Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Before and After Cardiac Revascularization. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0015.

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Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the burden of the disease remains high, the rates of death attributable to CAD have declined by almost a third between 1998 and 2008. In patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD), data supporting survival benefit from coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus no revascularization are outdated with the recent advancement in medical therapy. Over the years, myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has played a significant role in detecting ischemic burden, risk stratifying patients and guiding physicians to the best treatment strategy. Contrary to data from other trials, the role of stress MPI has been downplayed in more contemporary randomized clinical trial that failed to show that ischemic burden identifies the ideal candidate for revascularization or carries incremental prognostic value. Hence, there is an equipoise on the role of MPI in the management of patients prior to revascularization. The role of stress MPI post-revascularization has also been evaluated in multiple studies, mostly done in the last decade or prior. The guidelines advocate against routine stress MPI in asymptomatic patients (unless 5 years or more post-CABG), but allows it in the presence or recurrence of symptoms. The current chapter will review the data on survival benefit from revascularization, complementary role of stress MPI in selecting the appropriate candidate for revascularization, prognostic value of ischemic versus atherosclerotic burden, role of MPI post revascularization, updated guidelines and proposed algorithms to guide the treating physicians.

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