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1
Puhani, Patrick A. „Labour Mobility: An Adjustment Mechanism in Euroland? Empirical Evidence for Western Germany, France and Italy“. German Economic Review 2, Nr. 2 (01.05.2001): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00031.
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Abstract We evaluate whether labour mobility is likely to act as a sufficient adjustment mechanism in the face of asymmetric shocks in Euroland. As no adequate data on cross-border migration are available, migration elasticities within nation states (Western Germany, France and Italy) are estimated and interpreted as upper bounds for cross-border migration elasticities between European nation states. Labour mobility is highest in Germany, followed by France and Italy. However, the accommodation of a shock to unemployment by migration takes several years. We conclude that labour mobility is unlikely to act as a sufficient adjustment mechanism to asymmetric shocks in Euroland.
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Esposito, Michele L., Janelle Jablonski, Allison Kras, Sara Krasney und Navin K. Kapur. „Maximum level of mobility with axillary deployment of the Impella 5.0 is associated with improved survival“. International Journal of Artificial Organs 41, Nr. 4 (20.02.2018): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391398817752575.
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Mobility is an important prognostic indicator for patients with cardiogenic shock. No studies have quantified peak mobility for patients with cardiogenic shock who are supported with the Impella 5.0 acute mechanical circulatory support device. The purpose of our study was to evaluate mobility levels among patients with cardiogenic shock being treated with an axillary Impella 5.0 pump. We retrospectively analyzed data from 19 patients receiving an Impella 5.0 device for cardiogenic shock at our institution from 2013 to 2016. We used the Johns Hopkins Highest Level of Mobility Scale to quantify maximum mobility level achieved during active Impella 5.0 support. Higher scores on a scale of 1–8 indicated more mobility. Activity Measure for Post Acute Care Scores were quantified for each patient to assess activity limitations, with a maximum score 24. The mean age of the total cohort was 60 ± 12 years, and the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 16% ± 6%. In-hospital mortality was 47% (n = 9). Of the 19 Impella 5.0 implants, 10 survived, 6 died from withdrawal of care, and 3 died from worsening heart failure/cardiogenic shock. Similar rates of mobilization during the time of Impella implant were seen between groups. Compared to non-survivors, survivors achieved a higher maximum Johns Hopkins Highest Level of Mobility level, but similar Activity Measure for Post Acute Care scores. In conclusion, maximum mobility after Impella 5.0 implantation may be associated with improved survival. The clinical utility of exercise as a therapeutic intervention for patients requiring prolonged acute mechanical circulatory support requires further study.
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Mandal, Biswajit. „Recessionary Shock, Capital Mobility and the Informal Sector“. South Asia Economic Journal 17, Nr. 1 (09.02.2016): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561415621828.
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Yuk, Sunwoo, Kiwon Choi, Sang-Geon Park und Sukmin Lee. „A Study on the Reliability Test of a Lithium Battery in Medical Electric Wheelchairs for Vulnerable Drivers“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 11 (04.06.2019): 2299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112299.
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There are test items for lithium-ion batteries in reliability testing for automobiles and motorcycles, but equivalent test items have not yet been established for mobility scooters (also known as electronic wheelchairs). To evaluate the lithium-ion battery pack or system mounted on a mobility scooter, it is necessary to test vibrations and mechanical shock while driving, independent of tests for the lithium-ion battery cells. In an effort to meet this need, test profiles were established for mobility scooter lithium-ion batteries by performing on-road driving tests and mechanical shock tests. The proposed test profiles were validated using robust statistics and proficiency statistics. The safety of the test profiles was tested in a nationally accredited testing laboratory. As a result, the lithium-ion battery mounted on the mobility scooter was found to have incurred no leakage, short circuit, burst, or explosion. The vibration and mechanical shock test profiles proposed in this study are expected to serve as basis data for establishing standards for mobility scooter safety and reliability.
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Bar, Daniel Z., Maya Davidovich, Ayelet T. Lamm, Hagit Zer, Katherine L. Wilson und Yosef Gruenbaum. „BAF-1 mobility is regulated by environmental stresses“. Molecular Biology of the Cell 25, Nr. 7 (April 2014): 1127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e13-08-0477.
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Barrier to autointegration factor (BAF) is an essential component of the nuclear lamina that binds lamins, LEM-domain proteins, histones, and DNA. Under normal conditions, BAF protein is highly mobile when assayed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and fluorescence loss in photobleaching. We report that Caenorhabditis elegans BAF-1 mobility is regulated by caloric restriction, food deprivation, and heat shock. This was not a general response of chromatin-associated proteins, as food deprivation did not affect the mobility of heterochromatin protein HPL-1 or HPL-2. Heat shock also increased the level of BAF-1 Ser-4 phosphorylation. By using missense mutations that affect BAF-1 binding to different partners we find that, overall, the ability of BAF-1 mutants to be immobilized by heat shock in intestinal cells correlated with normal or increased affinity for emerin in vitro. These results show BAF-1 localization and mobility at the nuclear lamina are regulated by stress and unexpectedly reveal BAF-1 immobilization as a specific response to caloric restriction in C. elegans intestinal cells.
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Fisher, Mary C., Stephanie K. Moore, Sunny L. Jardine, James R. Watson und Jameal F. Samhouri. „Climate shock effects and mediation in fisheries“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, Nr. 2 (04.01.2021): e2014379117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014379117.
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Climate shocks can reorganize the social–ecological linkages in food-producing communities, leading to a sudden loss of key products in food systems. The extent and persistence of this reorganization are difficult to observe and summarize, but are critical aspects of predicting and rapidly assessing community vulnerability to extreme events. We apply network analysis to evaluate the impact of a climate shock—an unprecedented marine heatwave—on patterns of resource use in California fishing communities, which were severely affected through closures of the Dungeness crab fishery. The climate shock significantly modified flows of users between fishery resources during the closures. These modifications were predicted by pre-shock patterns of resource use and were associated with three strategies used by fishing community member vessels to respond to the closures: temporary exit from the food system, spillover of effort from the Dungeness crab fishery into other fisheries, and spatial shifts in where crab were landed. Regional differences in resource use patterns and vessel-level responses highlighted the Dungeness crab fishery as a seasonal “gilded trap” for northern California fishing communities. We also detected disparities in climate shock response based on vessel size, with larger vessels more likely to display spatial mobility. Our study demonstrates the importance of highly connected and decentralized networks of resource use in reducing the vulnerability of human communities to climate shocks.
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Dushchenko, Vladislav, Serhii Vorontsov, Vyacheslav Masliyev, Oleg Agapov, Roman Nanivskyi, Yurii Cherevko und Anton Masliiev. „Comparing the physical principles of action of suspension damping devices based on their influence on the mobility of wheeled vehicles“. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, Nr. 5(112) (31.08.2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.237312.
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This paper reports the comparison of two physical principles of action of suspension damping devices based on their influence on the mobility indicators for an 8×8 wheeled machine. A radical difference between these principles of action is the dependence of resistance forces on the speed of the relative movement of working bodies (internal friction: hydraulic shock absorbers) or on the relative movement of working bodies (external friction: friction shock absorbers). Widespread hydraulic shock absorbers have certain disadvantages that do not make it possible to further increase the mobility of wheeled or tracked vehicles without the use of control and recuperation systems. In turn, in friction shock absorbers, the use of new materials has eliminated many of their shortcomings and thus can provide significant advantages. It was established that the application of friction shock absorbers for a given wheeled vehicle did not significantly affect the speed compared to hydraulic ones. The main factor that prevented the implementation of the advantages of friction shock absorbers was the insufficient suspension travel. However, friction shock absorbers absorbed 1.76...2.3 times less power, which reduced the load on nodes and increased efficiency (autonomy). In addition, a more uniform load on suspensions was ensured, which improved their resource, and, due to the prevailing vertical oscillations of the suspended body over the longitudinal-angular ones, the geometric passability improved as well. The comparison of two physical principles of action of damper suspension devices in a wheeled vehicle has shown that the use of friction shock absorbers could provide significant advantages in resolving the task relates to improving the mobility and would fundamentally affect the choice of the suspension energy recuperation system if it is applied.
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Tsapenko, I. Р. „CROSS-BORDER POPULATION MOBILITY AMID AND AFTER THE PANDEMIC SHOCK“. Social & labor researches 40, Nr. 3 (2020): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34022/2658-3712-2020-40-3-31-43.
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Martinez, J., J. Perez-Serrano, W. E. Bernadina und F. Rodriguez-Caabeiro. „Expression of Hsp90, Hsp70 and Hsp60 in Trichinella species exposed to oxidative shock“. Journal of Helminthology 76, Nr. 3 (September 2002): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2002127.
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AbstractStress response and phosphorylation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) 60, 70 and 90 were studied in Trichinella nativa, T. nelsoni, T. pseudospiralis and T. spiralis larvae at 30-min intervals following exposure to 20, 100 and 200 mM H2O2. There was a time- and dose-dependent differential survival for the infective stage larvae (L1) of these four Trichinella species. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that constitutive Hsp60 and Hsp70, but not Hsp90, from test Trichinella species are constitutively phosphorylated on serine/threonine residues as they converted to forms with increased sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) mobility by treatment with alkaline phosphatase. After exposure to H2O2, while there was a time-related occurrence of the three HSPs with decreased SDS–PAGE mobility, these HSPs were insensitive to alkaline phosphatase except in the case of exposure to 20 mM H2O2 for Hsp60 from all Trichinella species and Hsp70 from T. spiralis and T. nelsoni. The synthesis of HSPs forms with decreased SDS–PAGE mobility is a susceptibility signal because the lower concentration of peroxide (20 mM) did not cause a decrease on HSPs SDS–PAGE mobility in T. spiralis and T. nelsoni, the two more resistant selected Trichinella species.
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Cajone, F., M. Salina und A. Benelli-Zazzera. „4-Hydroxynonenal induces a DNA-binding protein similar to the heat-shock factor“. Biochemical Journal 262, Nr. 3 (15.09.1989): 977–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2620977.
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By using a gel mobility assay, we have shown that treatment of HeLa cells with 4-hydroxynonenal, a major product of the peroxidation of membrane lipids and an inducer of heat-shock proteins, has the same effect as heat shock in causing the appearance of a protein which binds to the sequence of DNA specific for the induction of heat-shock genes. Lipoperoxidation and heat exposure seem to share a common mechanism of specific gene activation.
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Gibot, Sébastien, Frédéric Massin, Aurélie Cravoisy, Damien Barraud, Lionel Nace, Brune Levy und Pierre-Edouard Bollaert. „High-mobility group box 1 protein plasma concentrations during septic shock“. Intensive Care Medicine 33, Nr. 8 (25.05.2007): 1347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0691-2.
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Jerome, Joseph W., und Chi-Wang Shu. „The Response of the Hydrodynamic Model to Heat Conduction, Mobility, and Relaxation Expressions“. VLSI Design 3, Nr. 2 (01.01.1995): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/89680.
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We study simulations of then+-n-n+ diode, by means of higher moment models, derived from the Boltzmann equation. We emply such realistic assumptions as energy dependent mobility functions, with doping dependent low field mobility. It is known that a critical role is played in the hydrodynamic model by the heat conduction term. When the standard choice of the Wiedemann-Franz law is made for the conductivity, and constant low field mobility values are used, spurious overshoot is observed. Agreement with Monte-Carlo simulation in this regime has in the past been achieved by empirical modification of this law. In this paper, we consider the effect of representing the heat flux by the sum of two terms. It is found that the effect is negligible with respect to overshoot in comparison to that achieved by employing a doping dependent low field mobility. We also compare the hydrodynamic model to recently introduced energy transport models. Finally, in low temperature regimes, we study the dependence of shock formation on the momentum relaxation time representations and on the heat conduction term. The algorithms employed for both models are the essentially nonoscillatory (ENO) shock capturing algorithms.
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Crawford, Jeremie J., Frannie Itzkow, Joanna MacLean und Douglas B. Craig. „Conformational change in individual enzyme molecules“. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 93, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2015): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2015-0099.
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Single β-galactosidase molecule assays were performed using a capillary electrophoresis based protocol, employing post-column laser-induced fluorescence detection. In a first set of experiments, the distribution of single β-galactosidase molecule catalytic rates and electrophoretic mobilities were determined from lysates of Escherichia coli strains containing deletions for different heat shock proteins and grown under normal and heat shock conditions. There was no clear observed pattern of effect of heat shock protein expression on these distributions. In a second set of experiments, individual enzyme molecule catalytic rates were determined at 21 °C before and after 2 sequential brief periods of incubation at 50, 28, and 10 °C. The brief incubations at 50 °C caused a change in the enzyme molecules resulting in a different catalytic rate. Any given molecule was just as likely to show an increase in rate as a decrease, resulting in no significant difference in the average rate of the population. The average change in individual molecule rate was dependent upon the temperature of the brief incubation period, with a lesser average change occurring at 28 °C and negligible change at 10 °C. A third set of experiments was similar to that of the second with the exception that it was electrophoretic mobility that was considered. This provided a similar result. Incubation at higher temperature resulted in a change in electrophoretic mobility. The probability of an individual molecules switching to a higher mobility was approximately equal to that of switching to a lower mobility, resulting in no net average change in the population. The magnitude of the changes in electrophoretic mobilities suggest that the associated conformational changes are subtle.
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Locke, M., E. G. Noble, R. M. Tanguay, M. R. Feild, S. E. Ianuzzo und C. D. Ianuzzo. „Activation of heat-shock transcription factor in rat heart after heat shock and exercise“. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 268, Nr. 6 (01.06.1995): C1387—C1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1995.268.6.c1387.
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Stress-induced transcriptional regulation of the heat-shock proteins (HSP) is mediated by activation and binding of the heat-shock transcription factors (HSF) to the heat-shock element (HSE). Given the similarities between the stressors known to activate the HSF in cultured cells and the physiological stresses known to occur during exercise, HSF activation was examined in the hearts from exercising animals. Sprague-Dawley rats (5 rats/group) were run on a treadmill (24 m/min) for either 0, 20, 40, or 60 min or to exhaustion (102 +/- 7 min). Protein extracts were assessed for HSF activation by mobility-shift gels. Extracts from the hearts of nonrunning rats demonstrated no HSF activation, whereas HSF activation was detected in 80% of the hearts from animals that run for at least 40 min. These results demonstrate that treadmill running is capable of activating the HSF and increasing 70-kDa HSP mRNA in the rat myocardium.
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Ombrellino, Michael, Haichao Wang, Michael S. Ajemian, Akram Talhouk, Larry A. Scher, Steven G. Friedman und Kevin J. Tracey. „Increased serum concentrations of high-mobility-group protein 1 in haemorrhagic shock“. Lancet 354, Nr. 9188 (Oktober 1999): 1446–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)02658-6.
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Sauneuf, B., D. Grimaldi, C. Rousseau, J.-D. Chiche, C. Desgranges und J.-P. Mira. „Naturally acquired anti-high mobility group box 1 antibodies during septic shock“. Critical Care 13, Suppl 4 (2009): P55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc8125.
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Leonard, Tammy, Amy E. Hughes und Sandi L. Pruitt. „Understanding How Low–Socioeconomic Status Households Cope with Health Shocks“. ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 669, Nr. 1 (20.12.2016): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716216680989.
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Low–socioeconomic status (SES) households have little income or wealth to buffer against the negative impacts of adverse health events among adult household members. This research project links data from a nonprofit food distribution center, electronic medical records from a safety-net healthcare system, and publicly available residential appraisals for more than 3,000 households to provide insight into how low-SES households cope with health shocks experienced by resident adults. Three broad types of strategies are examined: changes in household structure, residential mobility, and use of social services. Of the households studied, 20.2 percent had at least one adult member who experienced a health shock. These households were more likely to gain additional adult household members and employed household members, were more likely to move residence and to move distances greater than one mile, and were less likely to visit the food distribution center after the shock. This research highlights how novel data linkages can help us to understand how health and social policies impact vulnerable populations.
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Bakker, Jan David, Christopher Parsons und Ferdinand Rauch. „Migration and Urbanization in Post-Apartheid South Africa“. World Bank Economic Review 34, Nr. 2 (30.07.2019): 509–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhy030.
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Abstract Although Africa has experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades, little is known about the process of urbanization across the continent. This paper exploits a natural experiment, the abolition of South African pass laws, to explore how exogenous population shocks affect the spatial distribution of economic activity. Under apartheid, black South Africans were severely restricted in their choice of location, and many were forced to live in homelands. Following the abolition of apartheid they were free to migrate. Given a migration cost in distance, a town nearer to the homelands will receive a larger inflow of people than a more distant town following the removal of mobility restrictions. Drawing upon this exogenous variation, this study examines the effect of migration on urbanization in South Africa. While it is found that on average there is no endogenous adjustment of population location to a positive population shock, there is heterogeneity in the results. Cities that start off larger do grow endogenously in the wake of a migration shock, while rural areas that start off small do not respond in the same way. This heterogeneity indicates that population shocks lead to an increase in urban relative to rural populations. Overall, the evidence suggests that exogenous migration shocks can foster urbanization in the medium run.
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Konstantopoulou, Irene, Elena Drosopoulou und Zacharias G. Scouras. „Variations in the heat-induced protein pattern of several Drosophila montium subgroup species (Diptera: Drosophilidae)“. Genome 40, Nr. 1 (01.02.1997): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-019.
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After temperature elevation, the newly synthesized polypeptides from several Drosophila montium subgroup species, of the melanogaster species group, were analyzed in denaturing acrylamide gels. The pattern obtained is characteristic of the heat shock response already documented for many other Drosophila species, although the relative electrophoretic mobility of the "small" heat shock proteins exhibits a species-specific pattern. Based on the above pattern, the montium species are placed in three distinct groups. The present data is consistent with that previously used to propose a northeast to southwest evolutionary mode of expansion for the montium subgroup species.Key words: heat shock proteins, Drosophila montium subgroup species, evolution.
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Zatsepina, O. G., K. A. Ulmasov, S. F. Beresten, V. B. Molodtsov, S. A. Rybtsov und M. B. Evgen'ev. „Thermotolerant desert lizards characteristically differ in terms of heat-shock system regulation“. Journal of Experimental Biology 203, Nr. 6 (15.03.2000): 1017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.6.1017.
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We compare the properties and activation of heat-shock transcription factor (HSF1) and the synthesis of a major family of heat-shock proteins (HSP70) in lizard species inhabiting ecological niches with strikingly different thermal parameters. Under normal non-heat-shock conditions, all desert-dwelling lizard species studied so far differ from a northern, non-desert species (Lacerta vivipara) in the electrophoretic mobility and content of proteins constitutively bound to the regulatory heat-shock elements in the heat-shock gene promoter. Under these conditions, levels of activated HSF1 and of both HSP70 mRNA and protein are higher in the desert species than in the non-desert species. Upon heat shock, HSF1 aggregates in all species studied, although in desert species HSF1 subsequently disaggregates more rapidly. Cells of the northern species have a lower thermal threshold for HSP expression than those of the desert species, which correlates with the relatively low constitutive level of HSPs and high basal content of HSF1 in their cells.
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Sobolev, Valeriy V., und S. M. Usherenko. „Formation of Chemical Elements under Superdeep Penetration of Lead Microparticles in Ferrous Target“. Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (Juni 2008): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.25.
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The results of experimental research of physical and chemical transformations in a ferrous target, caused by intensive deformation mobility of its structural elements for times of shock-wave treatment (∼10–3 sec), at simultaneous development of process of superdeep penetration of lead microparticles are represented.
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Batardière, Marie-Thérèse, Marta Giralt, Catherine Jeanneau, Florence Le-Baron-Earle und Veronica O’Regan. „Promoting intercultural awareness among European university students via pre-mobility virtual exchanges“. Journal of virtual exchange 2, Nr. 1 (25.03.2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2019.jve.4.
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For more than 30 years, the Erasmus programme has given thousands of higher education students throughout Europe the chance to live and study abroad. For many, this sojourn in a foreign country is an extraordinary learning experience which enriches their language and (inter)cultural learning process. However, for others, this opportunity is undermined by cultural shock or lack of preparation...
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Tsan, Min-Fu. „Heat shock proteins and high mobility group box 1 protein lack cytokine function“. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 89, Nr. 6 (03.01.2011): 847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0810471.
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Barchetta, Sabrina, Antonietta La Terza, Patrizia Ballarini, Sandra Pucciarelli und Cristina Miceli. „Combination of Two Regulatory Elements in the Tetrahymena thermophila HSP70-1 Gene Controls Heat Shock Activation“. Eukaryotic Cell 7, Nr. 2 (30.11.2007): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00221-07.
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ABSTRACT The induction of heat shock genes (HSPs) is thought to be primarily regulated by heat shock transcription factors (HSFs), which bind target sequences on HSP promoters, called heat shock elements (HSEs). In this study, we investigated the 5′ untranslated regions of the Tetrahymena thermophila HSP70-1 gene, and we found, in addition to the canonical and divergent HSEs, multiple sets of GATA elements that have not been reported previously in protozoa. By means of in vivo analysis of a green fluorescent protein reporter transgene driven by the HSP70-1 promoter, we demonstrate that HSEs do not represent the minimal regulatory elements for heat shock induction, since the HSP70-1 is tightly regulated by both HSE and GATA elements. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay also showed that HSFs are constitutively bound to the HSEs, whereas GATA elements are engaged only after heat shock. This is the first demonstration by in vivo analysis of functional HSE and GATA elements in protozoa. Furthermore, we provide evidence of a functional link between HSE and GATA elements in the activation of the heat shock response.
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Bashirova, K. I., und C. I. Mikhaylenko. „Shock wave reflection from a layer of a finely dispersed medium with low concentrations“. Multiphase Systems 14, Nr. 4 (2019): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/mfs2019.4.036.
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The paper investigates the propagation of a shock wave when interacting with a loosely packed granular medium. The continuous two-phase mathematical model presented in this work allows one to numerically describe the propagation of a shock wave in the channel of a shock tube, the achievement of a layer of granular filling by the shock wave, and the reflection of the wave. It was shown that the granular medium partially transmits the shock wave, but mostly corresponds to it. This reflection differs from the reflection of a shock wave from a solid wall. The nature of the reflection of the shock wave depends on the density of the granules. In particular, it has been shown that a granular medium of lower density, due to the increased mobility of individual particles, leads to some amplification of the reflected wave. It is also shown that the reflected wave in this case forms two pronounced peaks. It should be noted that the pressure passed in the layer of the granular medium, on the contrary, turns out to be the greater, the heavier the particles of the granular medium.
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Karn, Heather, Nick Ovsenek und John J. Heikkila. „Examination of the DNA sequence-specific binding properties of heat shock transcription factor in Xenopus laevis embryos“. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 70, Nr. 10-11 (01.10.1992): 1006–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o92-144.
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The binding of heat shock transcription factor (HSF) to the heat shock element (HSE) is necessary for transcriptional activation of eukaryotic heat shock protein (HSP) genes. The properties of Xenopus embryo HSF were examined by DNA mobility shift analysis employing a synthetic oligonucleotide corresponding to the proximal HSE in the promoter of the Xenopus HSP70B gene. Heat shock induced activation of HSF binding in Xenopus neurulae was not affected by an inhibition of protein synthesis, indicating that the mode of activation may be posttranslational. Also, while HSF binding was activated in control Drosophila cell extracts by in vitro heat shock or other chemical treatments, HSF binding in Xenopus embryo or somatic cell extract was not. Thus, the activation of Xenopus HSE–HSF binding may occur via a different mechanism compared with Drosophila. Furthermore, we determined that the native size of heat-induced HSF in pre- and post-midblastula stage Xenopus embryos is approximately 530 kilodaltons (kDa), which corresponds to a hexamer made up of 88 kDa monomers. Finally, the slower accumulation of HSP70 mRNA to peak levels found at lower heat shock temperatures was not correlated with HSE–HSF binding activity.Key words: Xenopus, heat shock, transcription, midblastula, heat shock factor.
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Islam, Marjan, David Nesheim, Samuel Acquah, Pierre Kory, Ismini Kourouni, Navitha Ramesh, Madeline Ehrlich, Gargi Bajpayee, David Steiger und Jason Filopei. „Right Heart Thrombi: Patient Outcomes by Treatment Modality and Predictors of Mortality: A Pooled Analysis“. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 34, Nr. 11-12 (29.10.2018): 930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885066618808193.
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Rationale: Right heart thrombi (RiHT) is characterized by the presence of thrombus within the right atrium or right ventricle (RV). Current literature suggests pulmonary embolism (PE) with RiHT carries a high mortality. Guidelines lack recommendations in managing RiHT. We created a pooled analysis on RiHT and report on our institutional experience in managing RiHT. We aimed to evaluate whether patient characteristics and differing treatment modalities predict mortality. Methods: We created a pooled analysis of case reports and series of patients with RiHT and PE between January 1956 and 2017. We also reviewed a series of consecutive patients with RiHT identified from our institutional PE registry. Age, shock, RV dysfunction, clot mobility, treatment modality, and hospital outcome had to be reported. Results: We identified 316 patients in our pooled analysis. Patients received the following therapies: no treatment 15 (5%), systemic anticoagulation 73 (23%), systemic thrombolysis 108 (34%), surgical embolectomy 101 (32%), catheter-directed therapy 11 (3%), and systemic thrombolysis with surgery 8 (3%). In-hospital mortality was 18.7%. Univariate analysis showed age and shock reduced odds of survival. Multivariate analysis showed shock reduced odds of survival (odds ratios [OR] 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19-0.72, P ≤ .01) while age, RV dysfunction, and clot-mobility did not affect mortality. In a reduced multivariate analysis adjusting for shock, treatment modality, and clot location alone, systemic thrombolysis increased odds of survival when compared to systemic anticoagulation (OR 2.72, 95% CI: 1.11-6.64, P = .02). Our institutional series identified 18 patients, where in-hospital mortality was 22.2%, 18 (100%) had RV dysfunction, and 5 (28%) had shock. Patients received the following therapies: systemic anticoagulation 8 (44.4%), systemic thrombolysis 4 (22.2%), surgical embolectomy 4 (22.2%), and catheter-directed thrombolysis 2 (11.1%). Conclusion: Presence of shock in RiHT is an independent predictor of mortality. Systemic thrombolysis may offer increased odds of survival when compared to systemic anticoagulation. Our findings should be interpreted with caution as they derive from retrospective reports and subject to publication bias.
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Mosser, D. D., N. G. Theodorakis und R. I. Morimoto. „Coordinate changes in heat shock element-binding activity and HSP70 gene transcription rates in human cells.“ Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, Nr. 11 (November 1988): 4736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.11.4736.
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Activation of human heat shock gene transcription by heat shock, heavy metal ions, and amino acid analogs required the heat shock element (HSE) in the HSP70 promoter. Both heat shock- and metal ion-induced HSP70 gene transcription occurred independently of protein synthesis, whereas induction by amino acid analogs required protein synthesis. We identified a HSE-binding activity from control cells which was easily distinguished by a gel mobility shift assay from the stress-induced HSE-binding activity which appeared following heat shock or chemically induced stress. The kinetics of HSP70 gene transcription paralleled the rapid appearance of stress-induced HSE-binding activity. During recovery from heat shock, both the rate of HSP70 gene transcription and stress-induced HSE-binding activity levels declined and the control HSE-binding activity reappeared. The DNA contacts of the control and stress-induced HSE-binding activities deduced by methylation interference were similar but not identical. While stable complexes with HSE were formed with extracts from both control and stressed cells in vitro at 25 degrees C, only the stress-induced complex was detected when binding reactions were performed at elevated temperatures.
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Mosser, D. D., N. G. Theodorakis und R. I. Morimoto. „Coordinate changes in heat shock element-binding activity and HSP70 gene transcription rates in human cells“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, Nr. 11 (November 1988): 4736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.11.4736-4744.1988.
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Activation of human heat shock gene transcription by heat shock, heavy metal ions, and amino acid analogs required the heat shock element (HSE) in the HSP70 promoter. Both heat shock- and metal ion-induced HSP70 gene transcription occurred independently of protein synthesis, whereas induction by amino acid analogs required protein synthesis. We identified a HSE-binding activity from control cells which was easily distinguished by a gel mobility shift assay from the stress-induced HSE-binding activity which appeared following heat shock or chemically induced stress. The kinetics of HSP70 gene transcription paralleled the rapid appearance of stress-induced HSE-binding activity. During recovery from heat shock, both the rate of HSP70 gene transcription and stress-induced HSE-binding activity levels declined and the control HSE-binding activity reappeared. The DNA contacts of the control and stress-induced HSE-binding activities deduced by methylation interference were similar but not identical. While stable complexes with HSE were formed with extracts from both control and stressed cells in vitro at 25 degrees C, only the stress-induced complex was detected when binding reactions were performed at elevated temperatures.
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Sistonen, L., K. D. Sarge, B. Phillips, K. Abravaya und R. I. Morimoto. „Activation of heat shock factor 2 during hemin-induced differentiation of human erythroleukemia cells.“ Molecular and Cellular Biology 12, Nr. 9 (September 1992): 4104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.12.9.4104.
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Hemin induces nonterminal differentiation of human K562 erythroleukemia cells, which is accompanied by the expression of certain erythroid cell-specific genes, such as the embryonic and fetal globins, and elevated expression of the stress genes hsp70, hsp90, and grp78/BiP. Previous studies revealed that, as during heat shock, transcriptional induction of hsp70 in hemin-treated cells is mediated by activation of heat shock transcription factor (HSF), which binds to the heat shock element (HSE). We report here that hemin activates the DNA-binding activity of HSF2, whereas heat shock induces predominantly the DNA-binding activity of a distinct factor, HSF1. This constitutes the first example of HSF2 activation in vivo. Both hemin and heat shock treatments resulted in equivalent levels of HSF-HSE complexes as analyzed in vitro by gel mobility shift assay, yet transcription of the hsp70 gene was stimulated much less by hemin-induced HSF than by heat shock-induced HSF. Genomic footprinting experiments revealed that hemin-induced HSF and heat shock-induced HSF, HSF2, and HSF1, respectively, occupy the HSE of the human hsp70 promoter in a similar yet not identical manner. We speculate that the difference in occupancy and/or in the transcriptional abilities of HSF1 and HSF2 accounts for the observed differences in the stimulation of hsp70 gene transcription.
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Sistonen, L., K. D. Sarge, B. Phillips, K. Abravaya und R. I. Morimoto. „Activation of heat shock factor 2 during hemin-induced differentiation of human erythroleukemia cells“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 12, Nr. 9 (September 1992): 4104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.12.9.4104-4111.1992.
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Hemin induces nonterminal differentiation of human K562 erythroleukemia cells, which is accompanied by the expression of certain erythroid cell-specific genes, such as the embryonic and fetal globins, and elevated expression of the stress genes hsp70, hsp90, and grp78/BiP. Previous studies revealed that, as during heat shock, transcriptional induction of hsp70 in hemin-treated cells is mediated by activation of heat shock transcription factor (HSF), which binds to the heat shock element (HSE). We report here that hemin activates the DNA-binding activity of HSF2, whereas heat shock induces predominantly the DNA-binding activity of a distinct factor, HSF1. This constitutes the first example of HSF2 activation in vivo. Both hemin and heat shock treatments resulted in equivalent levels of HSF-HSE complexes as analyzed in vitro by gel mobility shift assay, yet transcription of the hsp70 gene was stimulated much less by hemin-induced HSF than by heat shock-induced HSF. Genomic footprinting experiments revealed that hemin-induced HSF and heat shock-induced HSF, HSF2, and HSF1, respectively, occupy the HSE of the human hsp70 promoter in a similar yet not identical manner. We speculate that the difference in occupancy and/or in the transcriptional abilities of HSF1 and HSF2 accounts for the observed differences in the stimulation of hsp70 gene transcription.
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ALFIERI, Roberta, Pier Giorgio PETRONINI, Simona URBANI und Angelo F. BORGHETTI. „Activation of heat-shock transcription factor 1 by hypertonic shock in 3T3 cells“. Biochemical Journal 319, Nr. 2 (15.10.1996): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3190601.
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The exposure of 3T3 cells to a medium made hypertonic by the addition of NaCl induced activation of a heat-shock transcription factor (HSF). This activation, as monitored by gel-mobility-shift assays, occurred within 10 min of hypertonic shock and was dose-dependent in relation to the osmotic strength of the medium up to 0.7 osM. Competition analysis indicated that the effect of hypertonic shock on HSF binding activity was specific. The magnitude of the heat-shock element (HSE)-HSF binding induced by incubating the cells in a 0.7 osM medium was comparable in intensity and time course with that induced by a 44 °C heat shock. Following removal of the stressors, the decrease in HSF-HSE binding was more rapid in hypertonicity-shocked than in heat-shocked cells. Treatment of the cells with cycloheximide did not inhibit HSF-HSE binding, indicating that the activation was independent of new protein synthesis. By using a specifically directed polyclonal serum, HSF1 was identified as the transcription factor involved in the hypertonicity-induced activation. HSF was also activated when a membrane-impermeable osmolyte such as sucrose was used to increase the osmolarity of the medium. However, no HSF-HSE binding was observed after addition of glycerol (a freely membrane-permeable osmolyte) in excess. There was a temporal relationship between the hypertonicity-induced volume decrease, the increase in the intracellular K+ concentration and the induction of HSF-HSE binding. In contrast, an increase in the intracellular Na+ concentration was not required to induce HSF-HSE binding. However, unlike the heat-shock response, the activation of HSF by hypertonic shock did not lead to elongation of the RNA transcript of heat-shock protein 70.
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Semenikhin, Ihor, Victor Ryzhii, Ekaterina Vostrikova und Andrej Ivanov. „Electrical excitation of shock and soliton-like waves in high-electron-mobility transistor structures“. physica status solidi (c) 5, Nr. 1 (Januar 2008): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.200776503.
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Caliendo, Lorenzo, Maximiliano Dvorkin und Fernando Parro. „Trade and Labor Market Dynamics: General Equilibrium Analysis of the China Trade Shock“. Econometrica 87, Nr. 3 (2019): 741–835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta13758.
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We develop a dynamic trade model with spatially distinct labor markets facing varying exposure to international trade. The model captures the role of labor mobility frictions, goods mobility frictions, geographic factors, and input‐output linkages in determining equilibrium allocations. We show how to solve the equilibrium of the model and take the model to the data without assuming that the economy is at a steady state and without estimating productivities, migration frictions, or trade costs, which can be difficult to identify. We calibrate the model to 22 sectors, 38 countries, and 50 U.S. states. We study how the rise in China's trade for the period 2000 to 2007 impacted U.S. households across more than a thousand U.S. labor markets distinguished by sector and state. We find that the China trade shock resulted in a reduction of about 0.55 million U.S. manufacturing jobs, about 16% of the observed decline in manufacturing employment from 2000 to 2007. The U.S. gains in the aggregate, but due to trade and migration frictions, the welfare and employment effects vary across U.S. labor markets. Estimated transition costs to the new long‐run equilibrium are also heterogeneous and reflect the importance of accounting for labor dynamics.
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Gertsriken, D. S., A. M. Husak, V. F. Mazanko und S. Ye Bogdanov. „The deformation rate, atomic mobility and mechanical properties of metals“. Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 97, Nr. 1 (15.03.2021): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2021.01.028.
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The dependences of diffusion coefficients in metals with different crystal lattice (b.c.c., f.c.c., h.c.p., b.c.t.), subjected to pulse effects by different types of processing in a wide range of strain rates (10-2 - 106 s-1) without heating and at T < 0,5 Tpl. studied by m ethods based on the use of radioactive indicators 55Fe, 95Nb, 60Co, 65Zn, 63Ni, 26Al, 44Ti (layer-by-layer radiometric analysis of residual integral activity, macro- and microautoradiography). Used such types of processing as ultrasonic shock treatment, diffusion welding, shock load, magnetic pulse processing, etc. On the same materials subjected to the same types of processing, mechanical characteristics (impact strength, microhardness, tensile strength, etc.) were determined. In addition, literature data related to the determination of some mechanical characteristics in the deformation of metals at different speeds were used. It turned out that with increasing the rate of plastic deformation there is not only an increase in the mobility of atoms, but also a decrease in differences in the values of the diffusion coefficients of intrinsic atoms and other diffusers in different metals. Despite the large difference in melting temperatures, in particular zinc and niobium, their self-diffusion coefficients in the migration of atoms without heating at a rate of 106 s-1 differ only 1.5 times, while at 1 s-1 the difference in the mobility of atoms is 4 orders of magnitude. It is shown that the velocity dependences of diffusion and mechanical characteristics can be rectilinear, have extremum or inflection, but they will be approximately the same for diffusion coefficients and parameters that characterize the mechanical properties of metals under impulse loads. Establishing the type of velocity dependences for diffusion and mechanical characteristics makes it possible to determine intermediate and extrapolated values for both characteristics, as well as on the schedule of one dependence to predict the shape of the other with a certain accuracy. Keywords: radioactive isotopes, self- and heterodiffusion, pulse loads, strain rate, mechanical characteristic.
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Hitraya, E. G., J. Varga und S. A. Jimenez. „Heat shock of human synovial and dermal fibroblasts induces delayed up-regulation of collagenase-gene expression“. Biochemical Journal 308, Nr. 3 (15.06.1995): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3080743.
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We investigated the effect of heat shock on the expression of the collagenase gene in normal human synovial and dermal fibroblasts. Heat shock (42-44 degrees C for 1 h) caused a marked increase in heat-shock protein 70 (HSP-70) mRNA levels, followed by a delayed increase in collagenase mRNA levels, in both cell types. Pretreatment with cycloheximide had no effect on the heat-shock-induced increase in HSP-70 mRNA expression, but abrogated the induction of collagenase mRNA during the recovery. To study the mechanisms of collagenase-gene induction by heat shock, the transcriptional activity of a collagenase-promoter-driven chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene was examined in transient transfection experiments. Heat shock was followed by a > 2-fold increase in CAT activity driven by a 3.8 kb fragment of the collagenase promoter, or by a construct containing an AP-1 binding site. A mutation in the AP-1 binding site abolished the effect of heat shock. Electrophoretic-mobility-shift assays revealed a marked increase in DNA-binding activity specific for the AP-1 binding site in nuclear extracts prepared from synovial fibroblasts recovering from heat shock. These results indicate that heat shock causes a delayed increase in collagenase-gene expression in human fibroblasts, and suggests that this stimulation involves, at least in part, transcriptional activation through an AP-1 binding site. Heat shock appears to initiate a programme of cellular events resulting in collagenase-gene expression, and therefore may contribute to connective-tissue degradation in disease states.
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Gallo, G. J., T. J. Schuetz und R. E. Kingston. „Regulation of heat shock factor in Schizosaccharomyces pombe more closely resembles regulation in mammals than in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.“ Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, Nr. 1 (Januar 1991): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.1.281.
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The heat shock response appears to be universal. All eucaryotes studied encode a protein, heat shock factor (HSF), that is believed to regulate transcription of heat shock genes. This protein binds to a regulatory sequence, the heat shock element, that is absolutely conserved among eucaryotes. We report here the identification of HSF in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. HSF binding was not observed in extracts from normally growing S. pombe (28 degrees C) but was detected in increasing amounts as the temperature of heat shock increased between 39 and 45 degrees C. This regulation is in contrast to that observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which HSF binding is detectable at both normal and heat shock temperatures. The S. pombe factor bound specifically to the heat shock element, as judged by methylation interference and DNase I protection analysis. The induction of S. pombe HSF was not inhibited by cycloheximide, suggesting that induction occurs posttranslationally, and the induced factor was shown to be phosphorylated. S. pombe HSF was purified to near homogeneity and was shown to have an apparent mobility of approximately 108 kDa. Since heat-induced DNA binding by HSF had previously been demonstrated only in metazoans, the conservation of heat-induced DNA binding by HSF among S. pombe and metazoans suggests that this mode of regulation is evolutionarily ancient.
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Gallo, G. J., T. J. Schuetz und R. E. Kingston. „Regulation of heat shock factor in Schizosaccharomyces pombe more closely resembles regulation in mammals than in Saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, Nr. 1 (Januar 1991): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.1.281-288.1991.
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The heat shock response appears to be universal. All eucaryotes studied encode a protein, heat shock factor (HSF), that is believed to regulate transcription of heat shock genes. This protein binds to a regulatory sequence, the heat shock element, that is absolutely conserved among eucaryotes. We report here the identification of HSF in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. HSF binding was not observed in extracts from normally growing S. pombe (28 degrees C) but was detected in increasing amounts as the temperature of heat shock increased between 39 and 45 degrees C. This regulation is in contrast to that observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which HSF binding is detectable at both normal and heat shock temperatures. The S. pombe factor bound specifically to the heat shock element, as judged by methylation interference and DNase I protection analysis. The induction of S. pombe HSF was not inhibited by cycloheximide, suggesting that induction occurs posttranslationally, and the induced factor was shown to be phosphorylated. S. pombe HSF was purified to near homogeneity and was shown to have an apparent mobility of approximately 108 kDa. Since heat-induced DNA binding by HSF had previously been demonstrated only in metazoans, the conservation of heat-induced DNA binding by HSF among S. pombe and metazoans suggests that this mode of regulation is evolutionarily ancient.
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Salazar Castillo, Rodrigo O., Sterre F. Ter Haar, Christopher G. Ponners, Martijn Bos und William Rossen. „Fractional-Flow Theory for Non-Newtonian Surfactant-Alternating-Gas Foam Processes“. Transport in Porous Media 131, Nr. 2 (31.10.2019): 399–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11242-019-01351-6.
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Abstract Foam can improve sweep efficiency in gas-injection-enhanced oil recovery. Surfactant-alternating-gas (SAG) is a favored method of foam injection. Laboratory data indicate that foam can be non-Newtonian at low water fractional flow fw, and therefore during gas injection in a SAG process. We investigate the implications of this finding for mobility control and injectivity, by extending fractional-flow theory to gas injection in a non-Newtonian SAG process in radial flow. We make most of the standard assumptions of fractional-flow theory (incompressible phases, one-dimensional displacement through a homogeneous reservoir, instantaneous attainment of local equilibrium), excluding Newtonian mobilities. For this initial study, we ignore the effect of changing or non-uniform oil saturation on foam. Non-Newtonian behavior at low fw implies that the limiting water saturation for foam stability varies as superficial velocity decreases with radial distance from the well. We discretize the domain radially and perform Buckley–Leverett analysis on each narrow increment in radius. Solution characteristics move outward with fixed fw. We base the foam model parameters and non-Newtonian behavior on laboratory data in the absence of oil. We compare results to mobility and injectivity determined by conventional simulation, where grid resolution is usually limited. For shear-thinning foam, mobility control improves as the foam front propagates from the well, but injectivity declines somewhat with time. This change in mobility ratio is not that at steady state at fixed water fractional flow in the laboratory, however, because the shock front in a non-Newtonian SAG process does not propagate at fixed fractional flow (though individual characteristics do). Moreover, the shock front is not governed by the conventional condition of tangency to the fractional-flow curve, though it continually approaches this condition. Injectivity benefits from the increased mobility of shear-thinning foam near the well. The foam front, which maintains a constant dimensionless velocity for Newtonian foam, decelerates somewhat with time for shear-thinning foam. For shear-thickening foam, mobility control deteriorates as the foam front advances, though injectivity improves somewhat with time. Overall, however, injectivity suffers from reduced foam mobility at high superficial velocity near the well. The foam front accelerates somewhat with time. Conventional simulators cannot adequately represent these effects, or estimate injectivity accurately, in the absence of extraordinarily fine grid resolution near the injection well.
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Li, Gefeng, Imtiaz S. Ali und R. William Currie. „Insulin induces myocardial protection and Hsp70 localization to plasma membranes in rat hearts“. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 291, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2006): H1709—H1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00201.2006.
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Insulin induces the expression of the 70-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) in rat hearts. In this study, we examined insulin- and heat shock-treated hearts for improved contractile recovery after 30 min of ischemia, activation of the heat shock transcription factor, and localization of the Hsp70 in relation to dystrophin and α-tubulin. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to groups: 1) control, 2) sham control, 3) insulin injected (200 μU/g body wt), 4) heat shock treated (core body temperature 42°C for 15 min), and 5) heat shock and insulin treated. Six hours later, hearts were isolated for Langendorff perfusion to determine cardiac function, or myocardial tissues were collected and prepared for either electrophoretic mobility shift assay, Western blot analysis, or immunofluorescence microscopy. Insulin treatment with 6 h of recovery enhances postischemic myocardial recovery of contractile function and increases Hsp70 expression through activation of the heat shock transcription factor. Insulin-treated hearts had elevated levels of Hsp70, particularly in the membrane fraction. In contrast, heat-shocked hearts had elevated levels of Hsp70 in the cytosol, membrane, and pellet fractions. After insulin treatment, Hsp70 was mostly colocalized to the plasma membrane with dystrophin. In contrast, after heat shock, Hsp70 was localized mostly between cardiomyocytes in apparent vascular or perivascular elements. The localization of Hsp70 is dependent on the inducing stimuli of either heat shock or insulin treatment. The cell membrane versus vascular localization of Hsp70 suggests the interesting possibility of functionally distinct roles for Hsp70 in the heart, whether induced by insulin or heat shock treatment.
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Toger, Marina, Karima Kourtit, Peter Nijkamp und John Östh. „Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Data-Driven Time-Geographic Analysis of Health-Induced Mobility Changes“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 7 (05.04.2021): 4027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13074027.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the spatial mobility of a major part of the population in many countries. For most people, this was an extremely disruptive shock, resulting in loss of income, social contact and quality of life. However, forced to reduce human physical interaction, most businesses, individuals and households developed new action lines and routines, and were gradually learning to adapt to the new reality. Some of these changes might result in long-term changes in opportunity structures and in spatial preferences for working, employment or residential location choice, and for mobility behavior. In this paper we aim to extend the time-geographic approach to analyzing people’s spatial activities, by focusing on health-related geographical mobility patterns during the pandemic in Sweden. Starting from a micro-approach at individual level and then looking at an aggregate urban scale, we examine the space-time geography during the coronavirus pandemic, using Hägerstrand’s time-geography model. We utilize a massive but (location-wise) fuzzy dataset to analyze aggregate spatiotemporal impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic using a contemporary time-geographical approach. First, we address micro-level behavior in time-space to understand the mechanisms of change and to illustrate that a temporal drastic change in human mobility seems to be plausible. Then we analyze the changes in individuals’ mobility by analyzing their activity spaces in aggregate using mobile phone network data records. Clearly, it is too early for predicting long-term spatial changes, but a clear heterogeneity in spatial behavior can already be detected. It seems plausible that the corona pandemic may have long-lasting effects on employment centers, city roles and spatial mobility patterns.
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Kalyan, Shirin, und Anthony W. Chow. „Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 Induces the Translocation and Secretion of High Mobility Group-1 Protein from Both Activated T Cells and Monocytes“. Mediators of Inflammation 2008 (2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/512196.
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High mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) is a DNA-binding protein secreted by activated monocytes and has been identified as a key late mediator of endotoxic shock. We investigated the regulation of HMGB-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following stimulation with the staphylococcal superantigen, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), and found that TSST-1, like LPS, induced the secretion of HMGB-1 from human PBMC. However, unlike monocyte-driven sepsis caused by endotoxin, translocation and secretion of HMGB-1 mediated by TSST-1 was dependent on the presence of both activated T cells and monocytes. Furthermore, we show that nuclear HMGB-1 is released from TSST-1 stimulated T cells. This finding presents a basis for investigating the potential of targeting HMGB-1 for the treatment of toxic shock syndrome, and provides further insight on the role of HMGB-1 in the cross-talk between activated monocytes and T cells.
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Lemos, Sara, und Jonathan Portes. „New Labour? The Effects of Migration from Central and Eastern Europe on Unemployment and Wages in the UK“. B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 14, Nr. 1 (25.12.2013): 299–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0065.
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Abstract The UK was one of only three countries that granted free movement of workers to accession nationals following the enlargement of the European Union in May 2004. The resulting migration inflow, which was substantially larger and faster than anticipated, arguably corresponds more closely to an exogenous supply shock than most migration shocks studied in the literature. We evaluate the impact of this migration inflow – one of the largest in British history – on the UK labour market. We use new monthly micro-level data and an empirical approach that investigates which of several particular labour markets in the UK – with varying degrees of natives’ mobility and migrants’ self-selection – may have been affected. We found little evidence that the inflow of accession migrants contributed to a fall in wages or a rise in claimant unemployment in the UK between 2004 and 2006.
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Pugeat, M., A. Bonneton, D. Perrot, B. Rocle-Nicolas, H. Lejeune, C. Grenot, H. Déchaud, C. Brébant, J. Motin und C. Y. Cuilleron. „Decreased immunoreactivity and binding activity of corticosteroid-binding globulin in serum in septic shock.“ Clinical Chemistry 35, Nr. 8 (01.08.1989): 1675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.8.1675.
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Abstract To investigate the mechanism(s) responsible for the depletion of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) activity in serum in septic shock, we developed a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for human CBG, using a monospecific antiserum to human CBG raised in rabbits. CBG was purified from pooled human serum by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and successive affinity chromatography treatments on corticosterone-Sepharose and concanavalin A-Sepharose. Final purification was achieved by HPLC on a diethylaminoethyl-PW (polymer matrix) ion-exchange column. Typical standard curves established for the CBG immunoassay showed parallelism for pure CBG and serial dilutions of sera from patients with septic or nonseptic shock and from healthy controls. Measurements of CBG by RIA showed a significantly (P less than 0.001) lower CBG concentration in patients with septic shock (22.9 +/- 5.9 mg/L, mean +/- SD; n = 23) than in controls (39.9 +/- 6.5 mg/L, n = 21) or in patients with nonseptic shock (33.3 +/- 6.5 mg/L, n = 12). The correlation between the concentrations determined by RIA and the CBG binding capacity was significant (r = 0.619, P less than 0.001, n = 33). The electrophoretic mobility of CBG was similar in sera from septic shock patients and normal subjects (Rf = 0.52-0.56). This suggests that the depletion of the corticosteroid-binding activity in serum during septic shock is associated with a decreased amount of CBG.
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Wu, B., C. Hunt und R. Morimoto. „Structure and expression of the human gene encoding major heat shock protein HSP70.“ Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, Nr. 2 (Februar 1985): 330–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.2.330.
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We have cloned a human gene encoding the 70,000-dalton heat shock protein (HSP70) from a human genomic library, using the Drosophila HSP70 gene as a heterologous hybridization probe. The human recombinant clone hybridized to a 2.6-kilobase polyadenylated mRNA from HeLa cells exposed to 43 degrees C for 2 h. The 2.6-kilobase mRNA was shown to direct the translation in vitro of a 70,000-dalton protein similar in electrophoretic mobility to the HSP70 synthesized in vivo. From the analysis of S1 nuclease-resistant mRNA-DNA hybrids, the HSP70 gene appears to be transcribed as an uninterrupted mRNA of 2.3 kilobases. We show that the cloned HSP70 gene contains the sequences necessary for heat shock-induced expression by two criteria. First, hamster cells transfected with a subclone containing the HSP70 gene and flanking sequences synthesized a HSP70-like protein upon heat shock. Second, human cells transfected with a chimeric gene containing the 5' flanking sequences of the HSP70 gene and the coding sequences of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene transcribed the chimeric gene upon heat shock. We show that the HSP70 mRNA transcribed in an adenovirus 5 transformed human cell line (293 cells) is identical to the HSP70 mRNA induced by heat shock.
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Wu, B., C. Hunt und R. Morimoto. „Structure and expression of the human gene encoding major heat shock protein HSP70“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, Nr. 2 (Februar 1985): 330–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.2.330-341.1985.
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We have cloned a human gene encoding the 70,000-dalton heat shock protein (HSP70) from a human genomic library, using the Drosophila HSP70 gene as a heterologous hybridization probe. The human recombinant clone hybridized to a 2.6-kilobase polyadenylated mRNA from HeLa cells exposed to 43 degrees C for 2 h. The 2.6-kilobase mRNA was shown to direct the translation in vitro of a 70,000-dalton protein similar in electrophoretic mobility to the HSP70 synthesized in vivo. From the analysis of S1 nuclease-resistant mRNA-DNA hybrids, the HSP70 gene appears to be transcribed as an uninterrupted mRNA of 2.3 kilobases. We show that the cloned HSP70 gene contains the sequences necessary for heat shock-induced expression by two criteria. First, hamster cells transfected with a subclone containing the HSP70 gene and flanking sequences synthesized a HSP70-like protein upon heat shock. Second, human cells transfected with a chimeric gene containing the 5' flanking sequences of the HSP70 gene and the coding sequences of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene transcribed the chimeric gene upon heat shock. We show that the HSP70 mRNA transcribed in an adenovirus 5 transformed human cell line (293 cells) is identical to the HSP70 mRNA induced by heat shock.
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Toma, A., T. Cichon, R. Smolarczyk, W. Widlak und N. Vydra. „224 Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 (HSF1) Enhances Mobility of Mouse Melanoma B16(F10) Cells“. European Journal of Cancer 48 (Juli 2012): S54—S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(12)70919-x.
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Bonaccorsi, Giovanni, Francesco Pierri, Matteo Cinelli, Andrea Flori, Alessandro Galeazzi, Francesco Porcelli, Ana Lucia Schmidt et al. „Economic and social consequences of human mobility restrictions under COVID-19“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 27 (18.06.2020): 15530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007658117.
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In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several national governments have applied lockdown restrictions to reduce the infection rate. Here we perform a massive analysis on near–real-time Italian mobility data provided by Facebook to investigate how lockdown strategies affect economic conditions of individuals and local governments. We model the change in mobility as an exogenous shock similar to a natural disaster. We identify two ways through which mobility restrictions affect Italian citizens. First, we find that the impact of lockdown is stronger in municipalities with higher fiscal capacity. Second, we find evidence of a segregation effect, since mobility contraction is stronger in municipalities in which inequality is higher and for those where individuals have lower income per capita. Our results highlight both the social costs of lockdown and a challenge of unprecedented intensity: On the one hand, the crisis is inducing a sharp reduction of fiscal revenues for both national and local governments; on the other hand, a significant fiscal effort is needed to sustain the most fragile individuals and to mitigate the increase in poverty and inequality induced by the lockdown.
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Hosokawa, N., K. Hirayoshi, H. Kudo, H. Takechi, A. Aoike, K. Kawai und K. Nagata. „Inhibition of the activation of heat shock factor in vivo and in vitro by flavonoids.“ Molecular and Cellular Biology 12, Nr. 8 (August 1992): 3490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.12.8.3490.
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Transcriptional activation of human heat shock protein (HSP) genes by heat shock or other stresses is regulated by the activation of a heat shock factor (HSF). Activated HSF posttranslationally acquires DNA-binding ability. We previously reported that quercetin and some other flavonoids inhibited the induction of HSPs in HeLa and COLO 320DM cells, derived from a human colon cancer, at the level of mRNA accumulation. In this study, we examined the effects of quercetin on the induction of HSP70 promoter-regulated chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity and on the binding of HSF to the heat shock element (HSE) by a gel mobility shift assay with extracts of COLO 320DM cells. Quercetin inhibited heat-induced CAT activity in COS-7 and COLO 320DM cells which were transfected with plasmids bearing the CAT gene under the control of the promoter region of the human HSP70 gene. Treatment with quercetin inhibited the binding of HSF to the HSE in whole-cell extracts activated in vivo by heat shock and in cytoplasmic extracts activated in vitro by elevated temperature or by urea. The binding of HSF activated in vitro by Nonidet P-40 was not suppressed by the addition of quercetin. The formation of the HSF-HSE complex was not inhibited when quercetin was added only during the binding reaction of HSF to the HSE after in vitro heat activation. Quercetin thus interacts with HSF and inhibits the induction of HSPs after heat shock through inhibition of HSF activation.
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Hosokawa, N., K. Hirayoshi, H. Kudo, H. Takechi, A. Aoike, K. Kawai und K. Nagata. „Inhibition of the activation of heat shock factor in vivo and in vitro by flavonoids“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 12, Nr. 8 (August 1992): 3490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.12.8.3490-3498.1992.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Transcriptional activation of human heat shock protein (HSP) genes by heat shock or other stresses is regulated by the activation of a heat shock factor (HSF). Activated HSF posttranslationally acquires DNA-binding ability. We previously reported that quercetin and some other flavonoids inhibited the induction of HSPs in HeLa and COLO 320DM cells, derived from a human colon cancer, at the level of mRNA accumulation. In this study, we examined the effects of quercetin on the induction of HSP70 promoter-regulated chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity and on the binding of HSF to the heat shock element (HSE) by a gel mobility shift assay with extracts of COLO 320DM cells. Quercetin inhibited heat-induced CAT activity in COS-7 and COLO 320DM cells which were transfected with plasmids bearing the CAT gene under the control of the promoter region of the human HSP70 gene. Treatment with quercetin inhibited the binding of HSF to the HSE in whole-cell extracts activated in vivo by heat shock and in cytoplasmic extracts activated in vitro by elevated temperature or by urea. The binding of HSF activated in vitro by Nonidet P-40 was not suppressed by the addition of quercetin. The formation of the HSF-HSE complex was not inhibited when quercetin was added only during the binding reaction of HSF to the HSE after in vitro heat activation. Quercetin thus interacts with HSF and inhibits the induction of HSPs after heat shock through inhibition of HSF activation.