Zeitschriftenartikel: „Shifting force“

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Koss, L. L. „FORCE FREQUENCY SHIFTING FOR STRUCTURAL EXCITATION“. Journal of Sound and Vibration 219, Nr. 2 (Januar 1999): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1998.1881.

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2

Krenning, Guido, Valerio G. Barauna, José E. Krieger, Martin C. Harmsen und Jan-Renier A. J. Moonen. „Endothelial Plasticity: Shifting Phenotypes through Force Feedback“. Stem Cells International 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9762959.

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The endothelial lining of the vasculature is exposed to a large variety of biochemical and hemodynamic stimuli with different gradients throughout the vascular network. Adequate adaptation requires endothelial cells to be highly plastic, which is reflected by the remarkable heterogeneity of endothelial cells in tissues and organs. Hemodynamic forces such as fluid shear stress and cyclic strain are strong modulators of the endothelial phenotype and function. Although endothelial plasticity is essential during development and adult physiology, proatherogenic stimuli can induce adverse plasticity which contributes to disease. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), the hallmark of endothelial plasticity, was long thought to be restricted to embryonic development but has emerged as a pathologic process in a plethora of diseases. In this perspective we argue how shear stress and cyclic strain can modulate EndMT and discuss how this is reflected in atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension.

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Yeh, Hong-Yih, Ying-Kai Hsu, Ju-Yi Lee und An-Chi Wei. „Force-displacement measurement using simultaneous phase-shifting technique“. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 58, SJ (10.07.2019): SJJD02. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/1347-4065/ab24b9.

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4

Liu, Chia-Ming, und Lien-Wen Chen. „Digital phase-shifting atomic force microscope Moiré method“. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 38, Nr. 8 (02.04.2005): 1182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/38/8/014.

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5

Karandaev, A. S., B. M. Loginov, V. R. Gasiyarov und V. R. Khramshin. „Force limiting at roll axial shifting of plate mill“. Procedia Engineering 206 (2017): 1780–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.713.

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6

Koss, L. L. „Structural modal excitation using travelling impulses—force frequency shifting“. Journal of Sound and Vibration 267, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2003): 773–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-460x(02)01415-3.

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7

Ellis, Tommie L., Robert A. Nicholson, Antoinette Y. Briggs, Scott A. Hunter, James E. Harbison, Paul S. Saladna, Michael W. Garris, Robert K. Ohnemus, John E. O’Connor und Steven B. Reynolds. „Lifting and shifting the Air Force retail supply system“. Journal of Defense Analytics and Logistics 1, Nr. 2 (12.04.2017): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdal-08-2017-0016.

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Purpose Rising operational costs and software sustainment concerns have driven the Air Force to move to newer technology to ensure that the Air Force Standard Base Supply System (SBSS) can continue to provide affordable and sustainable mission support in the years to come. This paper aims to summarize the successful software modernization effort the Air Force undertook to achieve that objective. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes the preliminary system updates that were required to isolate the SBSS software from all internal and external system and user interfaces in preparation for the subsequent successful code roll effort. Once the legacy SBSS component was fully isolated, the SBSS software modernization objective was achieved via a “code roll” conversion of the SBSS software from legacy COBOL to Java code, and movement of the integrated logistics system-supply application from a proprietary information technology (IT) platform to an open IT operating environment. Findings The SBSS system modernization yielded immediate and significant IT operational cost reductions and provided an important foundation for achieving Air Force logistics system consolidation and cloud computing objectives going forward. Originality/value The SBSS modernization experience should be useful in assisting similar data system software modernization efforts.

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Xie, Huimin, Chai Gin Boay, Tong Liu, Yunguang Lu, Jin Yu und Anand Asundi. „Phase-shifting moiré method with an atomic force microscope“. Applied Optics 40, Nr. 34 (01.12.2001): 6193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.40.006193.

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9

Zhang, Yun, Quan Yang, Xiao Chen Wang, Xiao Zhong Du, Xuan Zheng und Lian Sheng Wang. „Analysis of Cold-Rolled Strip Profile in UCM Mill by Finite Element Method“. Key Engineering Materials 443 (Juni 2010): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.443.21.

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In order to analyze the effect of entry strip thickness, entry strip crown and intermediate roll shifting on strip profile and rolling force distribution, a three dimension finite element model of rolls-strip in UCM mill was established and employed. The results showed that the increases of entry strip thickness and entry strip crown would lead to the increase of exit strip crown and edge drop under the same total rolling force; the strip crown and edge drop would be decreased if the intermediate roll shifting δi was decreased. Moreover, the rolling force distribution also was analyzed in details by changing the entry strip thickness, the entry strip crown and the intermediate roll shifting.

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Wang, Jun Sheng, Xiao Feng Yu, Lei Song und Sheng Li Li. „Four-High Cold Rolling Mill for Control of Edge-Drop and Thrust Force“. Advanced Materials Research 145 (Oktober 2010): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.145.57.

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In the paper, control principle and working characters of T－WRS&C（Taper Work Roll Shifting and Crossing）cold rolling mill are analyzed. The working schedule and control parameters are worked out. The mill working modes are determined according to different working conditions. The taper work roll shifting is used for edge drop control and the work roll crossing is used for thrust force control when work rolls shifting. The actual application verifies that the edge drop and thrust force can be controlled effectively during cold strip rolling.

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DU, XIAOZHONG, QUAN YANG, CHENG LU, ANH KIET TIEU und SHINIL KIM. „A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF STRIP PROFILE IN A 6-HIGH COLD ROLLING MILL“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, Nr. 31n32 (30.12.2008): 5655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208050966.

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Shape control is always a key issue in the six-high rolling mill, in which the shifting of the intermediate roll and the work roll have been used to enhance the shape control capability. In this paper, a finite element method (FEM) model has been developed to simultaneously simulate the strip deformation and the roll stack deformation for the six-high rolling mill. The effects of the work-roll bending, the shifting of the intermediate roll and the work roll on the strip crown and edge drop are discussed in details. Results have shown that both higher bending force and more roll shifting will significantly reduce the strip crown. The edge drop is also reduced with the bending force and the roll shifting.

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Wang, J. S., Z. Y. Jiang, A. K. Tieu, X. H. Liu und G. D. Wang. „Analysis of thrust force in a work roll shifting mill“. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 48, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2006): 1095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2006.05.007.

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13

Luczak, Tony, Reuben F. Burch V, Brian K. Smith, Daniel W. Carruth, John Lamberth, Harish Chander, Adam Knight, J. E. Ball und R. K. Prabhu. „Closing the Wearable Gap—Part V: Development of a Pressure-Sensitive Sock Utilizing Soft Sensors“. Sensors 20, Nr. 1 (30.12.2019): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010208.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of compressible soft robotic sensors (C-SRS) in determining plantar pressure to infer vertical and shear forces in wearable technology: A ground reaction pressure sock (GRPS). To assess pressure relationships between C-SRS, pressure cells on a BodiTrakTM Vector Plate, and KistlerTM Force Plates, thirteen volunteers performed three repetitions of three different movements: squats, shifting center-of-pressure right to left foot, and shifting toes to heels with C-SRS in both anterior–posterior (A/P) and medial–lateral (M/L) sensor orientations. Pearson correlation coefficient of C-SRS to BodiTrakTM Vector Plate resulted in an average R-value greater than 0.70 in 618/780 (79%) of sensor to cell comparisons. An average R-value greater than 0.90 was seen in C-SRS comparison to KistlerTM Force Plates during shifting right to left. An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) was conducted to identify and estimate future C-SRS data. No significant differences were seen in sensor orientation. Sensors in the A/P orientation reported a mean R2 value of 0.952 and 0.945 in the M/L sensor orientation, reducing the effectiveness to infer shear forces. Given the high R values, the use of C-SRSs to infer normal pressures appears to make the development of the GRPS feasible.

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LI, YUXIAO, XIZHEN WU und YIZHONG ZHUO. „DIRECTED MOTION INDUCED BY SHIFTING RATCHET“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 14, Nr. 24 (30.09.2000): 2609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979200002235.

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The motion of Brownian particles in a spatial asymmetric periodic potential is considered. In the absence of any external macroscopic driving force, when the potential transits stochastically between two configurations which are shifted by a distance relative to each other, directed motion can be induced. The dependence of the average velocity on the transition rate, the strength of thermal noise and the shift distance between the two configurations of potential are analyzed. The efficiency of the system is evaluated.

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Aljabri, Abdulrahman, Zhengyi Jiang und Dongbin Wei. „Analysis of thin strip profile by work roll crossing and shifting in asymmetrical cold rolling“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 29, Nr. 10n11 (23.04.2015): 1540032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979215400329.

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In order to analyze the effects of cold rolling parameters such as the crossing angle and axial shifting value of work rolls on the strip profile, extensive tests were carried out on a 4-high rolling mill equipped with a work roll crossing and shifting system. The results show that the strip profile is nearly flat under asymmetrical rolling. The rolling force was also analyzed in detail by changing the crossing angle and axial shifting value of work rolls.

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Holmquist, Kelly. „Shifting meanings, forgotten meanings: metaphor as a force for language change“. DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 22, spe (2006): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502006000300008.

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All living languages are in a constant state of evolution. Metaphorical usage is an important driving factor in that process of evolution; the blending of concepts within metaphor leads to the diversification of the reference of words used metaphorically. It can occur that a metaphorical usage becomes conventionalized. This, in turn, leads to shifts in the meanings of those words. Metaphorical usage can occur in a variety of forms, including metonymy, synecdoche, and euphemism. The effects of metaphorical usage-and the closely related figure, simile-can even be seen in the evolution of the grammatical structures of many languages. I present various examples which demonstrate the role of metaphorical usage in the evolution of word-meanings and grammatical structures from PIE to modern Indo-European languages.

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Trethewey, M. W., und L. L. Koss. „Experimental evaluation of force frequency shifting for low-frequency vibration excitation“. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 18, Nr. 3 (Mai 2004): 535–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0888-3270(03)00003-7.

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18

Bianchi, N., S. Bolognani und A. D. F. Cappello. „Reduction of cogging force in PM linear motors by pole-shifting“. IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications 152, Nr. 3 (2005): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20045082.

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19

Yan, Zhengfeng, Peisheng Zhao und Yajun Wu. „Analysis on Synchronizing and Gear Shifting Force of Commercial Vehicle Powertrain“. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 616 (16.10.2019): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/616/1/012012.

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20

Hao, Jian Jun, Shuai Shuai Ge, Xi Hong Zou und Xiao Hui Ding. „Study on Mechanics Properties of Shifting Impact of Overrunning AMT“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 252 (Dezember 2012): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.252.134.

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Aiming at the problem of long time power interruption and clutch master-slave friction plates wore seriously which greatly shorten the life of clutch during shifting process of AMT, a overrunning AMT without separation process of clutch when shifting is designed. This paper has analyzed structural characteristics and shift principle of overrunning AMT. Through force analysis on the jointing process of roller overrunning clutch, the mathematical model and dynamic model of transmission system are established. Finally, the shifting impact of shifting process is analyzed based on computer simulation. The simulation results indicate that vehicle longitudinal degree of jerk meets the requirement of vehicle comfort.

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Langenmayr, Dominika. „Limiting Profit Shifting in a Model with Heterogeneous Firm Productivity“. B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, Nr. 4 (01.10.2015): 1657–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0058.

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Abstract This paper analyzes measures that limit firms’ profit shifting activities in a model that incorporates heterogeneous firm productivity and monopolistic competition. Such measures, e.g. thin capitalization rules, have become increasingly widespread as governments have reacted to growing profit shifting activities of multinational companies. However, besides limiting profit shifting, such rules entail costs. As the regulations can only focus on the means to shift profits, not on profit shifting itself, they impose costs on all firms, no matter whether these firms shift profits abroad or not. In the model, these costs force some firms to exit the market. Thus, as the resulting lower competition makes the remaining firms more profitable, regulations to limit profit shifting may even increase the aggregate amount of profits shifted abroad. From a welfare point of view, it can be optimal not to limit profit shifting by such rules.

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Palchoudhury, Sankar. „Gravitational Field Intensity and Shifting of Waves“. International Journal of Fundamental Physical Sciences 10, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2020): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14331/ijfps.2020.330142.

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The celestial bodies like the sun, stars, etc., are the owner of higher gravitational field intensity areas and the ‎source of various ‎kinds of waves. Waves rush from higher gravitational field intensity areas like the sun to lower ‎gravitational field intensity ‎areas like the earth. This paper, finding out that the wave exchanges some ‎force during traveling from the sun to the ground. ‎Every wave has a frequency and each frequency of a wave ‎has two parts, crest and trough and both together is a complete ‎single frequency.‎

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Boter, Corinne, und Pieter Woltjer. „The impact of sectoral shifts on Dutch unmarried women’s labor force participation, 1812–1929“. European Review of Economic History 24, Nr. 4 (21.02.2020): 783–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez020.

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Abstract During the nineteenth century, Dutch female labor force participation (FLFP) was relatively low. Most scholars argue that social norms and rising wages were driving this development. However, their conclusions principally apply to married women. We study unmarried women’s LFP (UFLFP) and investigate a third driver: shifting sectoral employment shares. We include all three drivers in a logistic regression based on nearly 2 million marriage records from 1812 to 1929. We conclude that social norms and income levels mattered, but that shifting sectoral employment shares were driving the decline in UFLFP because sectors with low demand for female laborers expanded.

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Bruegel, Irene. „The restructuring of London's labour force: migration and shifting opportunities, 1971-91“. Area 32, Nr. 1 (März 2000): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2000.tb00117.x.

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Dick, Taylor J. M., und James M. Wakeling. „Shifting gears: dynamic muscle shape changes and force-velocity behavior in the medial gastrocnemius“. Journal of Applied Physiology 123, Nr. 6 (01.12.2017): 1433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01050.2016.

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When muscles contract, they bulge in thickness or in width to maintain a (nearly) constant volume. These dynamic shape changes are tightly linked to the internal constraints placed on individual muscle fibers and play a key functional role in modulating the mechanical performance of skeletal muscle by increasing its range of operating velocities. Yet to date we have a limited understanding of the nature and functional implications of in vivo dynamic muscle shape change under submaximal conditions. This study determined how the in vivo changes in medial gastrocnemius (MG) fascicle velocity, pennation angle, muscle thickness, and subsequent muscle gearing varied as a function of force and velocity. To do this, we obtained recordings of MG tendon length, fascicle length, pennation angle, and thickness using B-mode ultrasound and muscle activation using surface electromyography during cycling at a range of cadences and loads. We found that that increases in contractile force were accompanied by reduced bulging in muscle thickness, reduced increases in pennation angle, and faster fascicle shortening. Although the force and velocity of a muscle contraction are inversely related due to the force-velocity effect, this study has shown how dynamic muscle shape changes are influenced by force and not influenced by velocity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY During movement, skeletal muscles contract and bulge in thickness or width. These shape changes play a key role in modulating the performance of skeletal muscle by increasing its range of operating velocities. Yet to date the underlying mechanisms associated with muscle shape change remain largely unexplored. This study identified muscle force, and not velocity, as the mechanistic driving factor to allow for muscle gearing to vary depending on the contractile conditions during human cycling.

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Qi, Xiaowei, Yiyong Yang, Xiangyu Wang und Zaobei Zhu. „Analysis and optimization of the gear-shifting process for automated manual transmissions in electric vehicles“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, Nr. 13 (27.01.2017): 1751–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016685461.

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In recent years, it has been a trend for an automated manual transmission to be adopted as the powertrain for an electric vehicle. However, the strong degrees of jerk and power interruption during the gear-shifting process affect the shifting quality and restrict the application of automated manual transmissions. Therefore, it is a currently popular research topic to find an optimal method to improve the shifting qualities of automated manual transmissions. In this paper, the clutchless shifting process is analysed on the basis of a dynamics model of an automated manual transmission in an electric vehicle, and the parameters are optimized to improve the shifting quality using a defined comprehensive evaluation index. First, the dynamics model of the shifting process for an automated manual transmission is established by considering the stiffness, the damping and the non-linearity contact backlash of the gear mesh and the synchronizer. The whole shifting process is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink and compared with that in the Adams model and bench experiments to prove the accuracy of the dynamics model. Then, the factors of the shifting quality, which include the shifting force and the control accuracy of the speed of the driving motor, are quantified. With the comprehensive evaluation index, all the main factors are described in a cobweb model diagram to find the optimal parameters of the shifting process. The results show that the comprehensive evaluation index can be reduced by 23% by regulating the parameters of the shifting process. This study may be conducive to improving the shifting quality of automated manual transmissions in electric vehicles.

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Hansen, Rico H., Anders Hansen und Torben O. Andersen. „Influence and Utilisation of Pressure Propagation in Pipelines for Secondary Controlled Discrete Displacement Cylinders“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 233 (November 2012): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.233.72.

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Efficient discrete force control of cylinders may be realised by having multi-chambered cylinders, where the pressure of the chambers are shifted between fixed pressure levels of a secondary controlled system. However, the pressure shifting on a volume where the dynamics of pressure propagation is negligible have been be proven to have an unavoidable minimum loss due to the compressibility of the fluid. This paper investigates the effect of the pressure propagation in the connection and concludes that except more complex shifting schemes are introduced, the minimum loss remains unchanged. The paper analysis however also demonstrates and suggests, that with a clever valve control and shifting scheme, increased efficiency of a shift is obtainable by utilising the pipeline inductance.

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Williams, Kathleen, Kathleen Haywood und Ann VanSant. „Force and Accuracy Throws by Older Adults: II“. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 4, Nr. 2 (April 1996): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.4.2.194.

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Older adults were tested to clarify findings of an earlier examination of movement responses to shifting task requirements (Williams et al., 1993). Eleven participants (average age = 77 years) were evaluated on form and velocity as they performed overarm throws for force and accuracy. Significant gender and force-accuracy differences occurred for resultant velocity. Although no statistically significant differences occurred for force-accuracy comparisons of movement form, there were trends toward change in most movement components. Additionally, many individuals displayed change in one or more components as they shifted from force to accuracy throws. Results of this study point to the importance of examining developmental status and task requirements simultaneously.

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Reissl, Stefan, Ralf S. Klessen, Mordecai-Mark Mac Low und Eric W. Pellegrini. „Spectral shifting strongly constrains molecular cloud disruption by radiation pressure on dust“. Astronomy & Astrophysics 611 (März 2018): A70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731698.

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Aim. We aim to test the hypothesis that radiation pressure from young star clusters acting on dust is the dominant feedback agent disrupting the largest star-forming molecular clouds and thus regulating the star-formation process.Methods. We performed multi-frequency, 3D, radiative transfer calculations including both scattering and absorption and re-emission to longer wavelengths for model clouds with masses of 104–107 M⊙, containing embedded clusters with star formation efficiencies of 0.009–91%, and varying maximum grain sizes up to 200 μm. We calculated the ratio between radiative and gravitational forces to determine whether radiation pressure can disrupt clouds.Results. We find that radiation pressure acting on dust almost never disrupts star-forming clouds. Ultraviolet and optical photons from young stars to which the cloud is optically thick do not scatter much. Instead, they quickly get absorbed and re-emitted by the dust at thermal wavelengths. As the cloud is typically optically thin to far-infrared radiation, it promptly escapes, depositing little momentum in the cloud. The resulting spectrum is more narrowly peaked than the corresponding Planck function, and exhibits an extended tail at longer wavelengths. As the opacity drops significantly across the sub-mm and mm wavelength regime, the resulting radiative force is even smaller than for the corresponding single-temperature blackbody. We find that the force from radiation pressure falls below the strength of gravitational attraction by an order of magnitude or more for either Milky Way or moderate starbust conditions. Only for unrealistically large maximum grain sizes, and star formation efficiencies far exceeding 50% do we find that the strength of radiation pressure can exceed gravity.Conclusions. We conclude that radiation pressure acting on dust does not disrupt star-forming molecular clouds in any Local Group galaxies. Radiation pressure thus appears unlikely to regulate the star-formation process on either local or global scales.

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Kennedy, S., D. V. Lee, J. E. A. Bertram, G. Lust, A. J. Williams, L. V. Soderholm, S. Hamilton, S. P. Bliss, N. L. Dykes und R. J. Todhunter. „Gait evaluation in hip osteoarthritic and normal dogs using a serial force plate system“. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 16, Nr. 03 (Juli 2003): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632773.

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SummaryThe effect of canine hip osteoarthritis (OA) on vertical force distribution was studied using a serial force platform system. This system allows simultaneous measurement of vertical and horizontal force impulses from each limb of a trotting dog. Using these measurements and novel analysis techniques a complete and precise analysis of load distribution was performed. Load distribution was compared between a group of normal dogs and a group of dogs with radiographic evidence of hip OA. Results of this study indicate that trotting dogs with hip OA redistribute vertical force primarily by shifting force between trotting pairs (side-to-side compensation) rather than within trotting pairs (hind-to-fore compensation).

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Aljabri, Abdulrahman, Zheng Yi Jiang, Dong Bin Wei, Xiao Dong Wang und Hasan Tibar. „Thin Strip Profile Control Capability of Roll Crossing and Shifting in Cold Rolling Mill“. Materials Science Forum 773-774 (November 2013): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.773-774.70.

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Controlling cold strip profile is a difficult and significant problem has been found in industry during thin strip rolling. At present choosing the new type of strip rolling mill is the one of main methods to control the strip shape quality in cold rolling. The influences of rolling process parameters such as the work roll cross angle and work roll shifting on the strip shape and profile of thin strip are recognised throughout this study. The results show that the roll crossing and shifting is efficient way to control the strip shape. The increase of the work roll crossing angle would lead to improve the strip profile significantly by decreasing the exit strip crown and edge drop. The strip profile would be enhanced if the axial roll shifting was increased. Moreover, the total rolling force was analysed in detail by changing the roll cross angle and axial shifting roll.

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Read, Tyson J. G., Paolo S. Segre, Kevin M. Middleton und Douglas L. Altshuler. „Hummingbirds control turning velocity using body orientation and turning radius using asymmetrical wingbeat kinematics“. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, Nr. 116 (März 2016): 20160110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0110.

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Turning in flight requires reorientation of force, which birds, bats and insects accomplish either by shifting body position and total force in concert or by using left–right asymmetries in wingbeat kinematics. Although both mechanisms have been observed in multiple species, it is currently unknown how each is used to control changes in trajectory. We addressed this problem by measuring body and wingbeat kinematics as hummingbirds tracked a revolving feeder, and estimating aerodynamic forces using a quasi-steady model. During arcing turns, hummingbirds symmetrically banked the stroke plane of both wings, and the body, into turns, supporting a body-dependent mechanism. However, several wingbeat asymmetries were present during turning, including a higher and flatter outer wingtip path and a lower more deviated inner wingtip path. A quasi-steady analysis of arcing turns performed with different trajectories revealed that changes in radius were associated with asymmetrical kinematics and forces, and changes in velocity were associated with symmetrical kinematics and forces. Collectively, our results indicate that both body-dependent and -independent force orientation mechanisms are available to hummingbirds, and that these kinematic strategies are used to meet the separate aerodynamic challenges posed by changes in velocity and turning radius.

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Weingart, Saul N., Elizabeth Brown, Peter B. Bach, Kirby Eng, Shirley A. Johnson, Timothy M. Kuzel, Terry S. Langbaum et al. „NCCN Task Force Report: Oral Chemotherapy“. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 6, S3 (Juni 2008): S—1—S—14. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2008.2003.

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Oral chemotherapy is emerging as a new option for well-selected patients who can manage potentially complex oral regimens and self-monitor for potential complications. If a choice between oral and parenteral therapy is available, patients may opt for oral chemotherapy because it is more convenient to administer, allows them to avoid multiple office visits, and gives them a sense of control over their own cancer care. Whether these potential advantages are maintained in regimens that combine oral and parenteral drugs is less clear. The use of oral chemotherapeutic agents profoundly affects all aspects of oncology, including creating significant safety and adherence issues, shifting some traditional roles and responsibilities of oncologists, nurses, and pharmacists to patients and caregivers. The financing of chemotherapy is also affected. To address these issues, the NCCN convened a multidisciplinary task force consisting of oncologists, nurses, pharmacists, and payor representatives to discuss the impact of the increasing use of oral chemotherapy. (JNCCN 2008;6[Suppl 3]:S1–S14)

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Xu, Jian Zhong, Dian Yao Gong, Zheng Yi Jiang, Xiang Hua Liu und Guo Dong Wang. „Mechanics of Design and Model Development of CVC-Plus Roll Curve“. Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (Dezember 2011): 1158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1158.

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The mathematic model of CVC-Plus work roll curve is built. The ratio of the initial shifting value to the target crown is determined, and the mathematical model considering the relationship between the coefficients A2, A3, A4, A5 and is established. According to the theoretical analysis, the distance between the maximum or minimum point of the high order equivalent crown for work roll with CVC-plus roll curve and the rolling central point is the times of the roll barrel length. In general, the initial shifting value of the CVC-plus roll curve is not equal to the initial shifting value of the 3-order CVC roll curve . The coefficient A1 can also be obtained by optimizing the target function with minimizing the axial force.

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Johanyak. „Shifting Religious Identities and Sharia in Othello“. Religions 10, Nr. 10 (20.10.2019): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10100587.

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Despite twenty-first century research advances regarding the role of Islam in Shakespeare’s plays, questions remain concerning the extent of William Shakespeare’s knowledge of Muslim culture and his use of that knowledge in writing Othello. I suggest that the playwright had access to numerous sources that informed his depiction of Othello as a man divided between Christian faith and Islamic duty, a division which resulted in the Moor’s destruction. Sharia, a code of moral and legal conduct for Muslims based on the Qur’an’s teachings, appears to be a guiding force in Othello’s ultimate quest for honor. The advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe with the threat of conquest and forced conversion to Islam was a source of fascination and fear to Elizabethan audiences. Yet, as knowledge increased, so did tolerance to a certain degree. But the defining line between Christian and Muslim remained a firm one that could not be breached without risking the loss of personal identity and spiritual sanctity. Denizens of the Middle East and followers of the Islamic faith, as well as travel encounters between eastern and western cultures, influenced Shakespeare’s treatment of this theme. His play Othello is possibly the only drama of this time period to feature a Moor protagonist who wavers between Christian and Muslim beliefs. To better understand the impetus for Othello’s murder of his wife, the influence of Islamic culture is considered, and in particular, the system of Sharia that governs social, political, and religious conventions of Muslim life, as well as Othello’s conflicting loyalties between Islam as the religion of his youth, and Christianity, the faith to which he had been converted. From Act I celebrating his marriage through Act V recording his death, Othello is overshadowed by fears of who he really is—uncertainty bred of his conversion to Christian faith and his potential to revert to Islamic duty. Without indicating Sharia directly, Shakespeare hints at its subtle influence as Othello struggles between two faiths and two theologies. In killing Desdemona and orchestrating Michael Cassio’s death in response to their alleged adultery, Othello obeys the Old Testament injunction for personal sanctification. But in reverting to Muslim beliefs, he attempts to follow potential Sharia influence to reclaim personal and societal honor.

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Yang, Yunyun, Sen Wu und Xiang Fu. „Shifting Control Algorithm for a Single-Axle Parallel Plug-In Hybrid Electric Bus Equipped with EMT“. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/618587.

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Combining the characteristics of motor with fast response speed, an electric-drive automated mechanical transmission (EMT) is proposed as a novel type of transmission in this paper. Replacing the friction synchronization shifting of automated manual transmission (AMT) in HEVs, the EMT can achieve active synchronization of speed shifting. The dynamic model of a single-axle parallel PHEV equipped with the EMT is built up, and the dynamic properties of the gearshift process are also described. In addition, the control algorithm is developed to improve the shifting quality of the PHEV equipped with the EMT in all its evaluation indexes. The key techniques of changing the driving force gradient in preshifting and shifting compensation phases as well as of predicting the meshing speed in the gear meshing phase are also proposed. Results of simulation, bench test, and real road test demonstrate that the proposed control algorithm can reduce the gearshift jerk and the power interruption time noticeably.

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Chen, Xingbin, Xinhe Min, Peng Zhang, Nini Li, Zhihong Zhong und Yuansheng Wu. „Study on Impact Characteristics of Multistage Double Crown Face Gear Pairs considering Ratio Switching under Variable Conditions“. Shock and Vibration 2020 (05.08.2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8880093.

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This paper presents a new transmission mechanism with multistage face gears as the core components for realizing variable speeds with differential meshing. To improve face gear transmission smoothness, suppress meshing resonance, reduce noise, and optimize power transmission performance during the gear shifting process, load distribution between meshing teeth during the transmission process and impact loads during various shifting stages must be determined. Herein, we present a gear impact model considering double crown gear meshing configuration, contact deformation, variable working conditions, and jump impact at meshing points. A single-stage face gear pair is considered as object that the impact characteristics are comparatively studied under four conditions: with/without load and constant/variable speed. The results were used to analyze transient characteristics of the crown gear under contact deformation or frequent shifting impact. Based on this, the impact characteristics of multistage face gear pairs between ratio switching were extendedly investigated under four input conditions: constant/variable torque or constant/variable speed. The results were used to determine the meshing force and impact force fluctuation characteristics of multistage face gear pairs while adapting to various loads and continuous acceleration/deceleration. The proposed model can be beneficial to evaluate the feasibility of multistage gear structures with crown configuration and to obtain boundary conditions for transmission systems.

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Stähle, Stefan. „China's Shifting Attitude towards United Nations Peacekeeping Operations“. China Quarterly 195 (September 2008): 631–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741008000805.

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AbstractWhile China has been portrayed as a reluctant supporter of UN peacekeeping in the past, it has voted in favour of every newly established UN peacekeeping operation since the beginning of the new millennium. Previous studies of China's behaviour in UN peacekeeping explained this phenomenon primarily with recent shifts in its foreign and security policy rather than with changes in UN peacekeeping itself. This article analyses China's voting behaviour in the UN Security Council on peacekeeping resolutions in the context of the evolving concepts of UN peacekeeping. It argues that China's recent enthusiasm for these missions is the result of two developments. On the one hand, Beijing was able to reinterpret its understanding of UN peacekeeping after its experience in the 1990s, especially with regard to the use of force; while on the other hand, the way UN peacekeeping missions are conducted was reformed after the Brahimi Report in 2000, which made UN peacekeeping more agreeable to the China.

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Zhang, Shu, Weijian Huang, Yu Zeng, Wenxiu Shi, Xianfen Diao, Xiguang Wei und Shan Ling. „Gear Shifting of Quadriceps during Isometric Knee Extension Disclosed Using Ultrasonography“. BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6385315.

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Ultrasonography has been widely employed to estimate the morphological changes of muscle during contraction. To further investigate the motion pattern of quadriceps during isometric knee extensions, we studied the relative motion pattern between femur and quadriceps under ultrasonography. An interesting observation is that although the force of isometric knee extension can be controlled to change almost linearly, femur in the simultaneously captured ultrasound video sequences has several different piecewise moving patterns. This phenomenon is like quadriceps having several forward gear ratios like a car starting from rest towards maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and then returning to rest. Therefore, to verify this assumption, we captured several ultrasound video sequences of isometric knee extension and collected the torque/force signal simultaneously. Then we extract the shapes of femur from these ultrasound video sequences using video processing techniques and study the motion pattern both qualitatively and quantitatively. The phenomenon can be seen easier via a comparison between the torque signal and relative spatial distance between femur and quadriceps. Furthermore, we use cluster analysis techniques to study the process and the clustering results also provided preliminary support to the conclusion that, during both ramp increasing and decreasing phases, quadriceps contraction may have several forward gear ratios relative to femur.

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del Río, Elena. „Violently Oscillating: Science, Repetition and Affective Transmutation in Fassbinder's Berlin Alexanderplatz“. Deleuze Studies 3, Nr. 1 (Juni 2009): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e175022410900049x.

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This essay looks at Fassbinder's Berlin Alexanderplatz to trace the film's transformation of a mechanistic scientific discourse into affective indeterminacy. Through patterns of repetition of a key event, the film considers its protagonist as a complex web of constantly shifting forces – a network of biological, social, political and semiotic flows coalescing in a body that exists in a state of perpetual oscillation between force and mutilation, ecstasy and pain. The role of physics and other materialist discourses in the film is thus not to fixate subjectivity, but rather to provide a passage into its affective transformations and the intense desubjectification that results.

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Gerlica, Jeffrey, Izaiah LaDuke, Garrett O’Shea, Pierce Pluemer und John Dulin. „Quantifying the Outfield Shift Using K-Means Clustering“. Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 8, Nr. 1 (06.03.2021): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2020v8i1.pp18-23.

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Sports teams constantly search for a competitive advantage (e.g. bidding for free agents or scouting nontraditional markets). As popularized by Moneyball, we focus on advanced analytics in baseball. These sabermetrics are employed to provide objective information to management and coaches to support player management and in-game strategy decisions. Though widely used at the professional level, analytics use in college baseball is limited. Air Force Academy Baseball has been one win short of qualifying for the Mountain West tournament three straight years, resulting in the loss of potential income from media payouts and exposure for future recruiting efforts. Using a K-means clustering method for defensive shifting, we calculate an overall catch probability increase of 7.4% with a shifted outfield in a one-game case study. Based on our analysis, we provide evidence that Air Force Baseball can benefit from an outfield defensive shifting scheme that drives a competitive advantage and additional wins.

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Lohse, Keith R., David E. Sherwood und Alice F. Healy. „Neuromuscular Effects of Shifting the Focus of Attention in a Simple Force Production Task“. Journal of Motor Behavior 43, Nr. 2 (28.02.2011): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2011.555436.

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Hrabovský, Leopold, und David Dluhoš. „Calibration of Transducers and of a Coil Compression Spring Constant on the Testing Equipment Simulating the Process of a Pallet Positioning in a Rack Cell“. Open Engineering 9, Nr. 1 (18.12.2019): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0072.

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AbstractIn a parking house with KOMA TOWER computer-controlled automated parking system it happens that a control system is locked out of service after a pallet has failed to reach the required position during the shifting of pallets, loaded with cars, into rack cells.In this paper is described testing equipment designed by the Institute of Transport, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VŠB Technical University of Ostrava for the purpose of simulating the process of pallets shifting into the rack cells in order that the frequency of error messages from the control system during the automated process of cars positioning in rack cells in the parking house may be limited.The paper details two completed parts of the designed testing equipment which provide for the calibration of strain-gauge force transducers and for the detection of coil compressive spring compression in relation to acting pressure force.The description of the third, principal design part will be provided in the next paper, together with the experimentally measured acting forces which generate, in both horizontal and vertical directions, as a pallet brake pulley rolls along a brake haunch length.

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Handzic, Ismet, Haris Muratagic und Kyle B. Reed. „Two-Dimensional Kinetic Shape Dynamics: Verification and Application“. Journal of Nonlinear Dynamics 2016 (31.10.2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8124015.

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A kinetic shape (KS) is a smooth two- or three-dimensional shape that is defined by its predicted ground reaction forces as it is pressed onto a flat surface. A KS can be applied in any mechanical situation where position-dependent force redirection is required. Although previous work on KSs can predict static force reaction behavior, it does not describe the kinematic behavior of these shapes. In this article, we derive the equations of motion for a rolling two-dimensional KS (or any other smooth curve) and validate the model with physical experiments. The results of the physical experiments showed good agreement with the predicted dynamic KS model. In addition, we have modified these equations of motion to develop and verify the theory of a novel transportation device, the kinetic board, that is powered by an individual shifting their weight on top of a set of KSs.

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Tibar, Hasan, und Zhengyi Jiang. „Improving Thin Strip Profile Using Work Roll Cross and Work Roll Shifting Methods in Cold Strip Rolling“. International Journal of Metals 2017 (09.01.2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6489769.

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The optimization of rolling parameters in order to achieve better strip shape and to reduce rolling force is a challenge in rolling practice. In this paper, thin strip asymmetrical rolling of aluminum at various speed ratios under lubricated condition has been investigated at various combinations of work rolls cross (WRC) angles and work rolls shifting (WRS) values. The effects of strip width, reduction, and rolling speed on strip shape taking WRC and WRS into consideration are discussed. Results show that strip profile improves significantly when the WRC angle is increased from 0° to 1°, with an associated reduction in rolling force. Increasing WRS value from 0 to 8 mm improves the strip profile as well but not as significantly as when WRC angle is increased. No significant improvement was found in strip shape when the strip width was increased. At higher reduction, the strip shape was improved; a decrease in the rolling force was also observed. A higher speed ratio was found to be effective only at a higher WRC angle. The effect of lubrication on the strip profile was significant. Results indicate that an optimum combination of WRC, WRS, reduction, width, and speed ratio under lubricated conditions can ensure an improved exit strip profile, reduce rolling force, and obtain a better quality strip.

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Polushyna, M. V., T. V. Moskalova und V. F. Hankevich. „Static force analysis of a single toggle jaw crusher“. Geo-Technical mechanics, Nr. 152 (2020): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/geotm2020.152.254.

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There are various recommendations in domestic and foreign literature regarding the law of distribution of the crushing load along the swing plate of jaw crushers: even, linear or nonlinear. The method of load distribution along the swing jaw affects the resultant crushing force, its application point and, therefore, the forces subjected to the jaw crusher links. A feature of a single toggle jaw crusher is the strong force exerted on the eccentric shaft since the crushing forces are directly transferred to the shaft. Therefore, it is important to determine the worst design case in order to calculate the strength of crusher parts. This article represents the static study of the influence of the application point of the crushing force on the forces acting on the eccentric shaft and the toggle plate of the single toggle jaw crusher. During the study, a kinematic scheme of the mechanism of the single toggle jaw crusher in the form of a four-link crank mechanism was worked out. The dependences of the angles of the rotation of the link on the angle of the eccentric shaft rotation of the crusher were obtained, which allowed determining the trajectories of different points of the swing jaw and the sections of the moving plate which crushed feeding material during the cycle. Static force analysis of the mechanism of a single toggle jaw crusher was carried out which made it possible to understand the mechanism of torque transmission to the links of crusher, determine the forces acting on the toggle plate and the eccentrics shaft bearings, as well as the shifting of application point position of the resultant crushing force along the swing plate during one stroke. The graphs of dependencies of the forces acting on the eccentric shaft and the toggle plate on the position of application point of the crushing load were built, which made it possible to determine the worst case for calculating the strength of crushers’ joints. It is established that maximum forces subjected to the eccentric shaft and the toggle plate occur when the crushing force is applied to the bottom zone of the moving plate. Such an application corresponds to the nonlinear distribution of the crushing load along the swing jaw.

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Harris, Matthew C., Jinseong Park, Donald J. Bruce und Matthew N. Murray. „Peacekeeping Force: Effects of Providing Tactical Equipment to Local Law Enforcement“. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 9, Nr. 3 (01.08.2017): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150525.

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We provide the first local level empirical analysis of the causal effects of providing military equipment to local police. Employing a novel combination of publicly available county-year panel data matched to hand-collected data on citizen complaints, we investigate the effects of acquiring tactical weapons, optics, and vehicles on citizen complaints, assaults on police officers, and offender deaths. For causal identification, we exploit exogenous variation in equipment availability and cost-shifting institutional aspects of the 1033 Program. Our results indicate that these items have generally positive effects: reduced citizen complaints, reduced assaults on officers, increased drug crime arrests, and no increases in offender deaths. (JEL H76, K42)

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Hyman, Steven E. „Addiction: Taking the brain seriously“. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1996): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00043090.

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AbstractHeyman's target article is an analytical tour de force, but it makes too hard a distinction between voluntary and driven behavior. It is more fruitful to think about brain and behavior as shifting, interacting “agents,” represented by multiple neural circuits. This has the virtue of better connecting behavioral analysis with wet neuroscience.

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Xiong, Xiao Li, Li Bin Jin und Hui Wang. „Design Capacity of T-Strut Subject to Compressive Force“. Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (Dezember 2010): 550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.550.

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T-struts subject to centroid compression buckle flexural-torsionally about their axis of symmetry. When the force is applied at the shear center of the section, T-struts buckle either flexurally or torsionally without coupling of flexure with twisting. Although the buckling load of shear center loading is greater than that of centroid loading, i.e. T-struts in elastic stage provide larger resistance to buckling about their axis of symmetry when the compression is applied at the shear center in lieu of the centroid of the section, T-struts with defect such as fabrication error, load eccentricity and residual stress always buckles in the elastic-plastic range actually, and the design capacity decrease by shifting the working line of a T-section compression chord to the shear center. That peculiarity is verified by the nonlinear buckling analysis of T-struts models in ANSYS.

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Jourdan, Christine, und Johanne Angeli. „Pijin and shifting language ideologies in urban Solomon Islands“. Language in Society 43, Nr. 3 (19.05.2014): 265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404514000190.

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AbstractThrough the analysis of the various language ideologies that have shaped the sociolinguistic history of Pijin, the lingua franca of Solomon Islands, this article attempts to shed light on the peculiar complexity of the postcolonial linguistic situations where more prestigious and less prestigious languages coexist in the same sociological niche. These ideologies are: reciprocal multilingualism, hierarchical multilingualism, linguistic pragmatism, and linguistic nationalism. Specifically, the article focuses on the development and coalescence of linguistic ideologies that lead Pijin speakers to shift perceptions of Pijin—in a context of urban identity construction that acts as a force of its own. In the case of Pijin, linguistic legitimacy seems to be lagging behind social legitimacy. We show that the development of new ideologies can lead to the re-evaluation of the meaning of symbolic domination of one language (in this case English) over another one (Pijin), without necessarily challenging this symbolic domination. (Language ideology, youth, urbanization, pidgins and creoles, Solomon Islands)*

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