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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Shared mobility service“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Shared mobility service"
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Turoń, Katarzyna, und Andrzej Kubik. „Open Innovation in the Shared Mobility Market“. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 7, Nr. 4 (08.10.2021): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7040212.
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The market for shared mobility services is growing very quickly. New types of vehicles have been introduced, and the offer of available services and functionalities has expanded, the purpose of which is to improve the quality of service. Despite all the improvements, it is still not possible to speak of achieving full availability of systems that meet the needs of users. This is due to the reluctant involvement of operators of shared mobility systems in joining Mobility as a Service platforms based on the idea of open innovation. The aim of the article is to analyze the factors influencing the limitations in the development of open innovations in the form of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) services. The authors focus on identifying the challenges and concerns faced by shared mobility service providers. The article supports the development of the concept of open innovation in shared mobility services. It also contains practical recommendations for the development of MaaS systems. The results of the developed research can be used by operators of shared mobility services, transport authorities, or IT service providers providing MaaS services to strengthen cooperation and integration using the language of mutual benefit.
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Turoń, Katarzyna, und János Tóth. „Innovations in Shared Mobility—Review of Scientific Works“. Smart Cities 6, Nr. 3 (29.05.2023): 1545–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6030073.
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Shared mobility is developing at a very fast pace around the world, becoming an alternative to classic forms of travel and, according to the public, providing innovative services. In recent years, these innovative services have also gained wide interest among scientists from a multicriteria point of view. However, among the topics and reviews in the literature, no review paper considering shared mobility in terms of innovation was identified. This article’s research objective was to indicate the perception of innovation in shared mobility in scientific works. The results indicate that innovations in shared mobility are a niche topic considered in few scientific works. What is more, in most cases, shared mobility services are perceived as innovative in themselves without detailed service analysis. Moreover, the issues of open innovation, which are closely related to the concept of accessible Mobility as a Service system and smart cities, are often overlooked. In addition, there was no work identified that fully referred to all areas of innovative service. The article supports researchers in the determination of further research directions in the field of shared mobility and fills the research gap in the field of knowledge about open innovation, especially in the context of the development of shared mobility services in smart cities.
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Ko, Eunjeong, Hyungjoo Kim und Jinwoo Lee. „Survey Data Analysis on Intention to Use Shared Mobility Services“. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (07.04.2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5585542.
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Shared mobility is a service that allows users to share various transportation modes and use them with reservations when necessary. It started with private automotive car-sharing and ride-sharing services. Currently, it operates on a wider range, including personal mobility devices such as electric bicycles and scooters. The purpose of this study is to derive a direction for providing future shared mobility services through analysis of factors affecting the usage intention of both current and prospective users. The survey targets 753 citizens living in Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The survey period is from February 12, 2020, to February 26, 2020. In this study, a logistic regression analysis is conducted to investigate the factors affecting the use intention of shared mobility. The analysis results show that gender, car ownership, and education, among variables reflecting socio-demographic characteristics, have significant effects on intention to use shared mobility. Moreover, we find that experience factors, including mainly used transportation modes, ownership of shared mobility device, past experience in similar services, satisfaction of existing shared mobility services, and distance from the home to the nearest bus stop, are also statistically influential. The analysis results are expected to lay the foundation for the introduction of shared mobility services and can be used as data for planning smart mobility services in the future.
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Narayanan, Santhanakrishnan, und Constantinos Antoniou. „Shared mobility services towards Mobility as a Service (MaaS): What, who and when?“ Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 168 (Februar 2023): 103581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103581.
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Kim, Sungwon, Hwansoo Lee und Seung-Woo Son. „Emerging Diffusion Barriers of Shared Mobility Services in Korea“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 14 (09.07.2021): 7707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147707.
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Korea’s shared mobility service, TADA, has been accused of violating the Passenger Transportation Services Act, despite being an innovative transportation service. A key reason for this is that TADA is yet to discover an approach to coexist with traditional transportation service companies. The TADA case shows that in addition to technical or business matters, a variety of issues can act as new barriers to the spread of innovation. Therefore, this study aims to understand the emerging barriers that need to be addressed in adopting breakthrough technologies, particularly for shared mobility services. The purpose of this study is to show that the introduction of innovative technology encounters not only technological barriers, as suggested in previous research, but also political, industrial, and legal barriers to diffusion that hinder innovation. Therefore, this study applied the text mining method to online news big data to confirm the existence of diffusion barriers for shared mobility services. The results demonstrate that not only technical efforts but also discussions with various stakeholders and efforts to minimize industrial and legal resistance are required to effectively spread innovative services.
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Guyader, Hugo, Margareta Friman und Lars E. Olsson. „Shared Mobility: Evolving Practices for Sustainability“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 21 (03.11.2021): 12148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112148.
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This introductory paper to the Special Issue “Shared Mobility” aims (1) to present and differentiate the diversity of practices and services that constitute the shared mobility sector; (2) to emphasize the contribution of each published article; and (3) to identify knowledge gaps of knowledge and provide further research avenues. With the contribution from 29 authors affiliated to social sciences and transportation research institutions in seven countries (Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, Greece, Belgium, Norway, and Australia), new understandings of the potential, drivers, barriers, and limitations of diverse shared mobility solutions for a more sustainable society are presented. The common message across the special issue is that the shared mobility sector is constantly evolving, while aiming to attain sustainability goals. Several papers have taken a psychological approach to explain the adoption of shared mobility practices (e.g., carsharing), yet these findings may be context-dependent, which future research should further investigate (e.g., differences between platform-based and self-service modes). We also call for researchers to pay attention to how traditional transit services can be combined with newer shared mobility services (e.g., micro-mobility), but also to informal public transport systems, as we identify these as important developing areas.
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Turoń, Katarzyna. „Open Innovation Business Model as an Opportunity to Enhance the Development of Sustainable Shared Mobility Industry“. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 8, Nr. 1 (10.02.2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8010037.
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The shared mobility services market is growing and changing very rapidly. Many novelties are introduced to the systems, ranging from improvements to the services already offered to services referred to as innovative. Since the following years are to bring significant development of mobility as a service (MaaS) systems, data sharing, and cooperation on the mobility market, the article is dedicated to check whether the current business models of the industry are ready for the open innovations implementations. The article aimed to analyze the business models of shared mobility systems along with their presentation in the form of CANVAS models and to investigate whether the models contain aspects of open innovation. Moreover, the article presents its own value-added open business model prepared for the whole shared mobility market. The paper also identifies a set of open innovations that can be implemented by all types of shared mobility operators. It proposed the basis that operators can use when developing their own open business models. The developed research is an original contribution to filling the research gap concerning the approach to open innovation by operators of all types of shared mobility services available on the market. The results show that car-sharing service providers are the biggest opponents of open innovation. On the other hand, the most ‘open’ systems are bike-sharing services. The conducted research may support operators in the process of transforming their businesses into more accessible for users. It also helps to develop the open innovation concept to create more sustainable shared mobility systems along the lines of collaborative economy assumptions.
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Gilibert, Mireia, und Imma Ribas. „Synergies between app-based car-related Shared Mobility Services for the development of more profitable business models“. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 12, Nr. 3 (18.11.2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2930.
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Purpose: Emerging shared mobility services are an opportunity for cities to reduce the number of car single trips to both improve traffic congestion and the environment. Users of shared mobility services, such as carsharing, ridesharing and singular and shared ride-hailing services, often need to be customers of more than one service to cover all their transport needs, since few mobility providers offer more than one of these services from a single platform. On the other hand, providers offering these services separately do not optimize costly resources and activities, such as the vehicles or the technology. Hence, the aim of this paper is to find synergies between the different app-based car-related shared mobility services that foster the development of new business models, to increase the profitability of these services.Design/methodology/approach: The research approach is built on the literature of car-related shared mobility services business models, supported by the review of certain outstanding services websites, and face-to-face interviews with users and drivers of these transport services. The analysis is presented by means of the Business Model Canvas methodology.Findings: Based on the synergies found, this paper suggests a few different approaches for services to share some resources and activities.Originality/value: This study identifies the common features of carsharing, ridesharing and singular and shared ride-hailing services to develop more profitable business models, based on providing the services in aggregated form, or outsourcing activities and resources. In addition, the implications of these proposals are discussed as advantages and drawbacks from a business perspective.
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Turoń, Katarzyna, Andrzej Kubik, Feng Chen, Hualan Wang und Bogusław Łazarz. „A Holistic Approach to Electric Shared Mobility Systems Development—Modelling and Optimization Aspects“. Energies 13, Nr. 21 (06.11.2020): 5810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215810.
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Due to the development of the shared economy, increasingly more shared mobility providers have launched services based on the use of electric vehicles. The increasing growth of electric shared mobility services has produced various types of problems that do not occur (or occur with a limited effect) under conventional shared mobility systems. This increase in electric shared mobility problems has led to many effects, including limitations of the system zones or going out of business. To avoid difficulties in the functioning of electric shared mobility systems, various scientific studies have been undertaken to model and optimize the operation of these systems. Modeling and optimization mainly relate to one category of the system—for example, only to bike sharing. However, to understand the system of electric shared mobility holistically, there is a need to define the criteria generally as stimulants or destimulants. Based on these assumptions, we conducted research on the identification of factors influencing the development of electric shared mobility services. We conducted our own expert research based on the Social Network Analysis method. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that influence the development or recession of services in the entire electric shared mobility market in reference to selected stakeholders. The obtained results indicate a non-standard approach to the modeling and optimization of electric shared mobility services. This study could be used as support for creating electric shared mobility models and could also be helpful for service providers or local mobility managers through the developed recommendations.
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Zhu, Lei, Zhouqiao Zhao und Guoyuan Wu. „Shared Automated Mobility with Demand-Side Cooperation: A Proof-of-Concept Microsimulation Study“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 5 (25.02.2021): 2483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052483.
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Most existing shared automated mobility (SAM) services assume the door-to-door manner, i.e., the pickup and drop-off (PUDO) locations are the places requested by the customers (or demand-side). While some mobility services offer more affordable riding costs in exchange for a little walking effort from customers, their rationales and induced impacts (in terms of mobility and sustainability) from the system perspective are not clear. This study proposes a demand-side cooperative shared automated mobility (DC-SAM) service framework, aiming to fill this knowledge gap and to assess the mobility and sustainability impacts. The optimal ride matching problem is formulated and solved in an online manner through a micro-simulation model, Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO). The objective is to maximize the profit (considering both the revenue and cost) of the proposed SAM service, considering the constraints in seat capacities of shared automated vehicles (SAVs) and comfortable walking distance from the perspective of customers. A case study on a portion of a New York City (NYC) network with a pre-defined fleet size demonstrated the efficacy and promise of the proposed system. The results show that the proposed DC-SAM service can not only significantly reduce the SAV’s operating costs in terms of vehicle-miles traveled (VMT), vehicle-hours traveled (VHT), and vehicle energy consumption (VEC) by up to 53, 46 and 51%, respectively, but can also considerably improve the customer service by 30 and 56%, with regard to customer waiting time (CWT) and trip detour factor (TDF), compared to a heuristic service model. In addition, the demand-side cooperation strategy can bring about additional system-wide mobility and sustainability benefits in the range of 4–10%.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Shared mobility service"
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Chemla, Daniel. „Algorithms for optimizing shared mobility systems“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1066/document.
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Les systèmes de vélos en libre-service ont connu ces dernières années un développement sans précédent. Bien que les premières tentatives de mise en place remontent aux années 60, l'arrivée de technologies permettant un suivi des différents véhicules mis à la disposition du grand public et de l'état des bornes de stationnement en temps réel a rendu ces systèmes plus attractifs. Plus de 200 villes disposent de tels systèmes et cette tendance se poursuit avec l'entrée en fonctionnement du système de New York prévue pour mars 2013. La fin de l'année 2011 a été marquée par l'arrivée d'un nouvel avatar de ce type de transport avec la mise en place d'Autolib à Paris. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des algorithmes d'aide à la décision pour l'optimisation de réseaux de transport en libre-service. L'exploitation de ces systèmes, qui fleurissent actuellement un peu partout dans le monde, pose en effet de nombreux problèmes, l'un des plus cruciaux étant celui de la régulation. Cette dernière a pour objectif de maintenir dans chaque station un nombre de vélos ni trop faible, ni trop élevé, afin de satisfaire au mieux la demande. Cette régulation se fait souvent par le biais de camions qui effectuent des tournées sur le réseau. Il apparaît rapidement que la question d'une régulation optimale à l'aide d'une flotte fixée de camions est une question difficile. La thèse est divisée en deux parties. Dans la première partie, le cas “statique” est considéré. Les déplacements de véhicules dus aux usagers sont négligés. Cela traduit la situation la nuit ou lorsque le système est fermé à la location. L'opérateur doit redistribuer les véhicules afin que ceux-ci soient disposés selon une répartition définie. Les problèmes de rééquilibrage avec un ou plusieurs camions sont traités. Pour chacun des deux cas, un algorithme est proposé et utilisé pour résoudre des instances de tailles variées. La seconde partie traite du cas “dynamique” dans lequel les utilisateurs interagissent avec le système. Afin d'étudier ce système complexe, un simulateur a été développé. Il est utilisé pour comparer différentes stratégies de redistribution des véhicules. Certaines utilisent des camions se déplaçant dans la ville pendant la journée. D'autres tentent d'organiser une régulation intrinsèque du système par le biais d'une politique d'incitation : des prix mis à jour régulièrement encouragent les usagers à rendre leur véhicule dans certaines stations. Enfin, si on choisit de ne pas utiliser de camion durant la journée, la question de la détermination du nombre optimal de véhicules à disposer à chaque station se pose. Deux méthodes de recherche locale visant à minimiser le temps total perdu par les usagers sont présentées. Les résultats obtenus peuvent servir pour la définition des répartitions cibles de la première partie. Durant ma thèse, j'ai pu participer à deux challenges EURO/ROADEF, celui de 2010 proposé par EDF et celui de 2012 proposé par Google. Dans les deux cas, mon équipe a atteint les phases finales. Lors de l'édition de 2010, notre méthode est arrivée quatrième et a donné lieu à une publication. En 2012, notre méthode est arrivée dix-huitième sur tous les participants. Les travaux menés dans ces cadres sont ajoutés en annexeBikes sharing systems have known a growing success all over the world. Several attempts have been made since the 1960s. The latest developments in ICT have enabled the system to become efficient. People can obtain real-time information about the position of the vehicles. More than 200 cities have already introduced the system and this trend keeps on with the launching of the NYC system in spring 2013. A new avatar of these means of transportation has arrived with the introduction of Autolib in Paris end of 2011.The objective of this thesis is to propose algorithms that may help to improve this system efficiency. Indeed, operating these systems induces several issues, one of which is the regulation problem. Regulation should ensures users that a right number of vehicles are present at any station anytime in order to fulfill the demand for both vehicles and parking racks. This regulation is often executed thanks to trucks that are travelling the city. This regulation issue is crucial since empty and full stations increase users' dissatisfaction. Finding the optimal strategy for regulating a network appears to be a difficult question. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first one deals with the “static” case. In this part, users' impact on the network is neglected. This is the case at night or when the system is closed. The operator faces a given repartition of the vehicles. He wants the repartition to match a target one that is known a priori. The one-truck and multiple-truck balancing problems are addressed in this thesis. For each one, an algorithm is proposed and tested on several instances. To deal with the “dynamic” case in which users interact with the system, a simulator has been developed. It is used to compare several strategies and to monitor redistribution by using trucks. Strategies not using trucks, but incentive policies are also tested: regularly updated prices are attached to stations to deter users from parking their vehicle at specified stations. At last, the question to find the best initial inventory is also addressed. It corresponds to the case when no truck are used within the day. Two local searches are presented and both aim at minimizing the total time lost by users in the system. The results obtained can be used as inputs for the target repartitions used in the first part. During my thesis, I participated to two EURO-ROADEF challenges, the 2010 edition proposed by EDF and the 2012 one by Google. In both case, my team reached the final phase. In 2010, our method was ranked fourth over all the participants and led to the publication of an article. In 2012, we ranked eighteenth over all the participants. Both works are added in the appendix
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Chemla, Daniel, und Daniel Chemla. „Algorithms for optimizing shared mobility systems“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00839521.
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Bikes sharing systems have known a growing success all over the world. Several attempts have been made since the 1960s. The latest developments in ICT have enabled the system to become efficient. People can obtain real-time information about the position of the vehicles. More than 200 cities have already introduced the system and this trend keeps on with the launching of the NYC system in spring 2013. A new avatar of these means of transportation has arrived with the introduction of Autolib in Paris end of 2011.The objective of this thesis is to propose algorithms that may help to improve this system efficiency. Indeed, operating these systems induces several issues, one of which is the regulation problem. Regulation should ensures users that a right number of vehicles are present at any station anytime in order to fulfill the demand for both vehicles and parking racks. This regulation is often executed thanks to trucks that are travelling the city. This regulation issue is crucial since empty and full stations increase users' dissatisfaction. Finding the optimal strategy for regulating a network appears to be a difficult question. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first one deals with the "static" case. In this part, users' impact on the network is neglected. This is the case at night or when the system is closed. The operator faces a given repartition of the vehicles. He wants the repartition to match a target one that is known a priori. The one-truck and multiple-truck balancing problems are addressed in this thesis. For each one, an algorithm is proposed and tested on several instances. To deal with the "dynamic" case in which users interact with the system, a simulator has been developed. It is used to compare several strategies and to monitor redistribution by using trucks. Strategies not using trucks, but incentive policies are also tested: regularly updated prices are attached to stations to deter users from parking their vehicle at specified stations. At last, the question to find the best initial inventory is also addressed. It corresponds to the case when no truck are used within the day. Two local searches are presented and both aim at minimizing the total time lost by users in the system. The results obtained can be used as inputs for the target repartitions used in the first part. During my thesis, I participated to two EURO-ROADEF challenges, the 2010 edition proposed by EDF and the 2012 one by Google. In both case, my team reached the final phase. In 2010, our method was ranked fourth over all the participants and led to the publication of an article. In 2012, we ranked eighteenth over all the participants. Both works are added in the appendix
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Grandinetti, Francesco Salvatore. „Shared Mobility: realizzazione di una piattaforma che integra mobilità in sharing e trasporto pubblico“. Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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La trasformazione digitale che recentemente sta influenzando ogni aspetto della società ha dato luogo alla nascita delle cosiddette smart city. Sono molti i fattori che permettono ad una città intelligente di essere definita tale, fra questi la mobilità è quella che, soprattutto in Italia, presenta un potenziale latente non ancora valorizzato a dovere.
Il progetto di tesi si inserisce all’interno di questo contesto, proponendo una piattaforma in grado di fornire un servizio di mobilità integrata, data dall’unione di mobilità tradizionale e mobilità condivisa. Quick-In, il nome assegnato al progetto, è un sistema MaaS il cui scopo è facilitare la mobilità delle persone, tenendo in considerazione al contempo il fattore ambientale. In un mondo in cui la riduzione di emissioni nocive alla salute sta diventando sempre più un obiettivo comune, un sistema che sia in grado di ridurre l’uso di veicoli di proprietà a favore di veicoli a più basse emissioni, oppure in condivisione, è sicuramente un valido alleato nello scopo da perseguire.
Quick-In comprende un’applicazione mobile utilizzabile dagli utenti, un’architettura backend, dei dispositivi chiamati station da installare sui mezzi di trasporto pubblico dei servizi che intendono entrare a far parte del sistema e una dashboard con la quale i clienti saranno in grado di effettuare analisi sui dati raccolti dal sistema.
Nel documento di tesi si analizzerà il contesto nel quale il progetto si inserisce, descrivendone successivamente le qualità e le caratteristiche del sistema realizzato, presentandone inoltre gli elementi che lo compongono.
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Qiu, Han S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. „Dynamic pricing in shared mobility on demand service and its social impacts“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111432.
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Thesis: S.M. in Transportation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-73).
In this thesis, we formulate and solve a profit maximization problem of shared mobility on demand service operations, and investigate the impact of such operations on performance of transportation system with a carefully designed case study. It is shown that our approach can generate much more profit than other basic strategies, though it has negative impacts on system performance, such as increasing congestion level and reducing capacity provided. We also consider possible regulation schemes on such profit-driven operations, and find that schemes related to the total reduced distance in system can achieve significant improvement. These findings indicate several research directions in future for better designing or regulating shared mobility on demand service from the system perspective.
by Han Qiu.
S.M. in Transportation
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Bieg, Melanie, und Mathilde Helgesson. „The role of innovation resistance in the design of service innovations : A study on shared mobility services“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387835.
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According to innovation literature, between 50% and 90% of innovations fail. An explanation for failing innovations is offered by scholars in the field of innovation resistance, who argue that it is more relevant to pay attention to the reasons why consumers reject an innovation, rather than learning about their motivations to adopt a new product or service. At the same time, previous marketing literature has devoted little attention towards design, despite its strategic importance and its role as a driver of innovation and competitive advantage. The purpose of this study was to investigate how companies perceive innovation resistance towards service innovations and how it is reflected in the service design. The major takeaways in this study revealed that companies were aware of all the barriers, except for social risk and perceived security risk. Furthermore, companies made most service design adaptations based on the usage and value barrier both prior and post launch. Also, although the tradition and norm barrier and image barrier were considered critical for an innovation’s success, companies did not change the service design accordingly. Finally, it was revealed that companies followed a hybrid approach of innovation, where more of a design-driven innovation strategy was used to generate innovation ideas and a user-centered approach was applied by involving consumers in pilot studies and listening to the consumer voices post launch.
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Schäfer, Robert. „Changan Traveler : A Premium Service for Tomorrow“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172028.
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The idea for the vehicle was inspired by an interest in creating a tranportation possiblity with an advanced design. The author had the fortunate opportunity to carry out an exam project at the automobile company Changan whose design department is in Turin, Italy. Changan produces almost exclusively passenger vehicles for the Asian market. The Asian auto user has shown a great interest in premium and personalised luxury qualities and at the same time demands unique safety aspects. As a result the author was inspired to design a vehicle which combined both aspects in a unique passenger vehicle for the future. Because of the masstransit situation in mega-cities the author felt inspired to test a new highway infrastructure possiblity in the conception of the vehicle design, the tunnel system. Classical hand drawings together with digital ideation drawing and 3D software models were the tools implemented for the design process. The work process was not linear starting with hand drawings and ending in complex computer models but took on a laborious path doubling back on and reworking all the different creative routes in a method which culminated in an end product. The end result is the Traveler, a shared auto service for two for 2050, a unique expansion on Changan´s historical production of passenger vehicles. The automoble is conceived as a two-compartment passenger transport option. Its size allows for different rider experiences: work, relaxation and entertainment while on the go. Because the passenger is in her/his own „room" there is a guaranty for complete privacy and ultimate safety from outside influence.
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Quintana, Francisco Javier Ari. „Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) for disincentivizing car ownership and use in Reykjavík“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451312.
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Iceland faces problems in achieving decarbonization goals, especially regarding its transportation sector having highly car-oriented passenger transport in the capital city, Reykjavík. Therefore, there is a need to shift toward more sustainable transport modes. It is well established that private and car-centered mobility regimes impose externalities on the environment and the livability of cities. Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is a recent mobility service concept that poses a promising solution to shift much of the travel demand within urban settings from private car ownership to shared mobility. This thesis aims to determine whether MaaS can function as a disincentive for private car ownership and find use in the context of Reykjavík, Iceland. Specifically, it provides an initial investigation on how influences on car ownership and use, and opinions on shared mobility services and the concept of MaaS may differ between different demographic groups. To test whether MaaS can function as a disincentive for private car ownership and use in Reykjavík, an online survey was distributed to car owners in the city. Respondents volunteered and were asked to respond to two sets of inquiries relating to perceived influences on car ownership and use, and sentiments on shared mobility and MaaS, respectively. The responses were inferentially analyzed. The results showed that in Reykjavík’s current state (i.e. public transport infrastructure and built environment), MaaS would struggle to disincentivize car ownership and be adopted city-wide. However, the younger generations are the most promising first adopters of the service. The results suggest that the city should focus on increasing urban densification and enhancing public transport. Furthermore, the results suggest that as these factors are enacted, the disincentivizing function of MaaS may become more effective. In line with this, further research should be focused on how to facilitate first adopters in their use of MaaS.
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Senger, Edwin. „Land Rover BackPacker : A minimal travel vehicle“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161149.
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How can reductionism lead to a greater experience and add to the appeal of a product? The Land Rover BackPacker is a minimalistic travel vehicle that questions the space and the complexity needed in a vehicle while exploring the world 4x4 inspired by the necessity of reduction in today's consumerist world to fight climate change and the freedom of travelling light. Its open design creates an interactive space with it's surroundings for 2 people which is created in a multifunctional approach to be more then a car but a space to hang out and a place to sleep in the wild. The project is highly inspired by the global adventures of the very first Land Rover Series 01 and it’s modular and highly functional design. To reinterpret this spirit and to bring it into a future context was the main goal besides combining it with the approach and philosophy of modern minimalists and the efficiency of tiny house lifestyles. Living in a compressed space, how this affects the interaction with nature and what reduction adds to the user in the travel context are key points. Finding the right balance between the amount of space and comfort needed on a trip and the openness and simplicity of the vehicle to guarantee and unfiltered experience was a major challenge.After understanding the future context of the vehicle, the design process started with exploring different packages of the car and prototyping different ways to create a space in nature in the most minimal way using Virtual Reality and quick 2D doodles. This led to optimising the proportions and the chosen theme of the design in developed 2D renderings and early CAS models. The final design concept was developed in 3D software to translate the digital data into a physical scale model in the end.All in all the Land Rover BackPacker is a reductive travel vehicle concept targeting the future needs of more sustainable and more flexible experiences. It’s designed to be part of an on-demand car sharing service which is setup globally to reach people of different regions, different cultures and different backgrounds. It provides a space for two people to move freely, to hang out and to sleep in nature. To make travelling a no-brainer, the vehicle service includes modular equipment kits which provide the things needed during different trips in nature. The user can choose from e.g. weather protection, cooking equipment, a water tank or a solar sun sail, depending on where the next journey starts.
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Becedas, Segerström Laura. „Considerations for a Service that enables Sharing Ride Experiences to and from the Airport“. Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-255018.
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Although shared mobility services provide benefits such as minimizing congestion as well as pollution and costs of transportation, barriers such as trust and convenience are blocking these services from reaching a broader audience. In this paper, considerations for a new service that aims to bring together familiar strangers to share rides to and from the airport is presented using a Research through Design approach. The familiar strangers investigated in this study are frequent travelers of Scandinavian airlines (SAS). Interviews, ideation workshops, prototyping, and feedback sessions are the design activities that were used to understand motivations behind their choice of transportation to and from the airport, and current pain points that motivate the need for such a service, as well as to guide the design directions of the service to tackle the problems of trust and convenience current shared mobility services face. The findings showed that SAS travelers are willing to share rides with others belonging to their community when living far away from transit services to and from the airport, arriving uncomfortable hours at a new destination, when there’s a potential to make new business contacts as well as when traveling with loved ones. The final design presented in this paper serves as a framework on how to design services to enable people who share common physical spaces and similar travel behavior, to share rides together.Även om “shared mobility” tjänster ger fördelar som att minimera trafikstockningar samt föroreningar och transportkostnader, finns det hinder som tillit och bekvämlighet som blockerar dessa tjänster från att nå en större publik. I den här uppsatsen presenteras omständigheter för en ny tjänst som syftar till att samla “familiar strangers” för att dela transportsätt till och från flygplatsen med hjälp av ett Research Through Design-metod. De “familiar strangers” som undersöktes i denna studie är frekventa resenärer av Scandinavian Airlines (SAS). Intervjuer, ideation workshops, prototyper och feed-back möten är de designaktiviteter som användes för att förstå motivation bakom resenärers val av transport till och från flygplatsen och aktuella smärtpunkter som motiverar behovet av en sådan tjänst samt för att styra designbeslut för tjänsten för att ta itu med problemen med förtroende och bekvämlighet som nuvarande “shared mobility” tjänster stöter på. Resultaten visade att SAS-resenärer är villiga att dela resor med andra som tillhör deras gemenskap när de bor långt ifrån transit tjänster till och från flygplatsen, när de anländer i ett nytt resmål vid obehagliga timmar, när det finns möjlighet att skapa nya affärskontakter såväl som när de reser med sina nära och kära. Den slutliga designen som presenteras i denna uppsats fungerar som en ram för hur man utformar tjänster för att möjliggöra för personer som delar gemensamma fysiska utrymmen och liknande resebeteenden, att dela resor tillsammans.
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Tu, Meiting. „Optimisation des services de "ridesourcing" pour le déploiement futur des véhicules autonomes et connectés en milieu urbain“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG048.
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Les services de transport à la demande sont de plus en plus populaires en raison de leur commodité. Cependant, certaines études font apparaitre que ces services pourraient augmenter les congestions et le niveau de pollution. Le ridesplitting, un nouveau service de mobilité partagée, est un moyen plus durable de se déplacer pour améliorer l'efficacité des transports et réduire les émissions de polluants. Dans ce contexte, ce travail propose un cadre d'optimisation pour un Système de Mobilité Partagée (SMP). L'originalité et les aspects innovants développés dans cette thèse sont aussi bien théoriques et méthodologiques, qu’appliqués. Du point de vue théorique et méthodologique, le cadre proposé pour le SMP fournit une méthodologie systématique et générique pour la modélisation et la simulation. Les algorithmes d’IA proposés permettent d’analyser et de mieux comprendre les comportements de déplacement des usagers et leur modélisation spatio-temporelle. Pour ce qui est de l’application pratique de ces travaux, le SMP proposé peut améliorer significativement les services de ridesplitting tout en réduisant l’empreinte carbone. De plus, ce SMP est facilement extrapolable aux CAV et aux futurs systèmes de mobilitésOn-demand ridesourcing services have become increasingly popular due to their convenience. There are some debates claiming that ridesourcing services could increase congestion and pollution. Ridesplitting, a new shared mobility service, is a more sustainable travel mode for improving traffic efficiency and reducing air pollution. Therefore, the motivation of this study is to propose an optimization framework for the shared mobility system (SMS). The originality and innovative aspects of this dissertation could be summarized according to 2 perspectives. For the value of theory and methodology, the proposed framework for the SMS could provide a systematic methodology for the modelling and simulation. The proposed artificial intelligent algorithms could provide a better understanding for the researches of travel behaviors analysis and spatiotemporal modelling. For the value of practical application, the proposed shared mobility system could help improve ridesplitting service to build a low carbon transport, which could incorporate CAVs for the future mobility
Bücher zum Thema "Shared mobility service"
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Rogers-Whitehead, Carrie. Serving Teens and Adults on the Autism Spectrum. ABC-CLIO, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216013105.
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Understand the unique needs of teens and adults with autism and how to adapt existing library programs to be more inclusive. Autism spectrum disorder is a lifelong condition, but programs and services are mostly for children. As this population ages and the number of adults receiving autism diagnoses grows, are public libraries serving this group? Serving Teens and Adults on the Autism Spectrum offers practical strategies for delivering better service to individuals with autism, from library programming to technology, collections, library volunteers, and the information desk. Relying on feedback and help from the autism community in her area, Carrie Rogers-Whitehead created programs for children, teens, and young adults on the autism spectrum. In this book, she shares advice on developing programs that focus on teamwork, transitions, and social skills. She explains best practices for reference interviews and teaches readers how their libraries can partner with nonprofit and government entities to develop workforce skills and connect adults with autism to jobs. Ready-made program activities for teens and adults with autism make it easy for libraries to better serve this often misunderstood group. • Adapt existing library programs to be more inclusive of individuals with autism • Learn tested program ideas specifically aimed at individuals with autism • Understand the unique needs of adults with autism and how those needs present differently than they do in children • Learn how to better mobilize these members of the community and help them find meaningful work and service opportunities • Connect to resources to better understand and create library services for the autism community
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Bicycle-sharing Systems across the United States of America. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122143.
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A bicycle-sharing system, or “bike share,” is a program that distributes and organizes fleets of publicly shared bikes throughout a city or region for users to rent for transportation or recreation. Through single-use fees or membership plans, users are able to access bikes across each system’s designated service area. Bicycle-sharing programs have been delivering benefits of increased urban mobility, accessible recreation, and more sustainable transportation in more than 2,000 cities around the world. In the United States of America, bicycle-sharing systems are present within all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Spreading rapidly in a positive trend, expansions of existing bicycle sharing systems and implementation of new systems occur in the United States on a near-monthly basis. The first public bike-sharing system to be developed and implemented within the United States was SmartBike DC in 2008, which was later replaced by the Capital Bikeshare system in 2010. During 2010, four additional systems launched in the cities of Denver, Colorado; Des Moines, Iowa; and Minneapolis, Minnesota and on the campus of Washington State University in Pullman, Washington. By the end of 2018 there were nearly 250 municipalities (either cities or counties) with active bike-sharing systems that had been implemented within their jurisdictions. This publication summarizes the current landscape of bicycle-sharing systems across various municipalities and jurisdictions in the United States of America. The document is a comprehensive accounting of all presently-implemented systems with at least five stations and/or 20 bikes across the country. PAHO hopes this publication serves as a source of information for policymakers, community leaders, NGOs, and others who may be interested in implementing new bike shares or further developing existing systems. Resources in this document can help identify other cities or municipalities with similar objectives and/or comparable contexts in order to learn from each other’s actions, experiences, and challenges.
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Assael, Brenda. Waiting in the Restaurant. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817604.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 focuses on the waiter, exploring the reality behind his representation in popular culture as marginal, disenchanted, and melancholy. While real-life waiters were often keen to share a variety of grievances about their working conditions, they were not universally degraded victims of exploitation. Some waiters were able to capitalize on the open and dynamic nature of the restaurant service economy, which created opportunities for mobility and reward. Tipping, which remained an ongoing bone of contention, for both waiters and those they served, could prove to be an important source of supplementary income. For all the idiosyncrasies of the waiter’s position, he represented the broader significance of the service sector in the shaping of London in this period. The extensive public attention given to foreign-born waiters and (newly emergent) waitresses underlines the heterogeneity that characterized, not merely the restaurant, but the wider metropolitan culture in which it was located.
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Alajmi, Abdullah. The Model Immigrant. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608873.003.0004.
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In the early 1950s, Kuwait underwent rapid urbanization during which first-generation Hadramis were swiftly absorbed into Kuwaiti urban houses assuming domestic service roles. It is argued that the socioeconomic path of house-serving shaped the Hadrami character and experience of the “model immigrant” as we know it today. However, the study also demonstrates how a Hadrami migratory practice of dependency on the local family and sponsor was inspired by a Kuwaiti cultural and official categorization process of different immigrant groups in which the Hadramis were depicted as loyal, easily satisfied, and non-subversive. While dependency was valued by old Hadramis as a resource and as a form of social capital, it also continued to inform the perceptions, expectations, and actions of the second-generation Hadramis. This chapter analyzes the ways in which the whole experience was conceptualized and contested in daily interaction of the two generations. This study reveals that young Hadramis’ daily activities in Kuwait, and their aspirations for individual self-sufficiency and mobility, can only be carried out by maintaining a difficult balance between the social-triad, and by managing, or perhaps preserving, the legacy of “good reputation.”
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Harding, Vanessa. Families and Households in Early Modern London, 1550–1640. Herausgegeben von Malcolm Smuts. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660841.013.34.
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The London family and household were shaped by many interacting factors in the period 1550–1640: the growth of the metropolitan population through migration, the prevalence of apprenticeship and domestic service, comparatively late marriage, the practice of wet-nursing, and high infant and child mortality. Widowhood and remarriage were common, leading to blended families and step-relationships. The rising cost of living, especially property values, encouraged the subdivision of houses, individual mobility, and temporary lodging arrangements. But in many respects family and household, embedded in networks of neighbourly sociability and support, were resilient and able to accommodate change. Plentiful contemporary evidence testifies to the warmth and enduring nature of relationships within and beyond their bounds, and family and household remained a keystone of early modern London society.
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R, Mananathan. Automobile Wheel Alignment and Wheel Balancing. SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/9781468603620.
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With over thirty years of experience in the design, development, and patenting of some products in the field of wheel alignment, the author shares his knowledge on the importance of wheel maintenance to the overall performance of a vehicle. From the ancient bullock carts to chariots to automobiles, wheels have undergone many changes to serve the purpose of mankind's mobility. Mobility is inevitable in today's life. A world without wheels is unimaginable. Every vehicle owner expects his tires to last longer and perform better. But improper wheel alignment and wheel balancing can drastically impact the wear and tear on a tire. This book walks the readers through the basics to techniques for wheel alignment on light vehicles, commercial vehicles, and trailers. In addition, illustrations present various types of tire wear and the cause of each. Finally, the author delves into tire safety from understanding how air pressure effects a tire to the importance of tire rotation.
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Triandafyllidou, Anna. The Return of the National in a Mobile World. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428231.003.0002.
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Nations are faced today with a new set of social and economic challenges: economic globalisation has intensified bringing with it a more intense phase of cultural interconnectedness and political interdependence. Globalisation has also further driven and multiplied international flows not only of capitals, goods and services but also of people. National states have seen their capacity to govern undermined by these processes. However, in Europe, the nation continues to be a powerful source of identity and legitimacy. This chapter offers a reflection on the centrifugal and centripetal forces that challenge the nation today and the kind of analytical tools that we need to connect wider socio-economic transformations with nationalism theories. The chapter is organised as follows. I first briefly review globalisation as a socio-economic phenomenon and the changes it brings at the identity level, leading to what Bauman has termed liquid modernity. In section three I am arguing however that the increased and diversified types of international migration and mobility that globalisation brings, lead to the re-emergence of the nation as a relevant point of reference for identification as well as a relevant political community that can protect people and tame the forces of globalisation. Last I am surveying developments in several European countries showing how citizens seek refuge from the social and economic challenges of globalisation and international mobility in the warm embrace of the nation that offers both the promise of political sovereignty and legitimacy and that of a feeling of shared destiny – something that for instance regional formations like the European Union cannot offer.
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Ferlie, Ewan, Sue Dopson, Chris Bennett, Michael D. Fischer, Jean Ledger und Gerry McGivern. Case study 3. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777212.003.0008.
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The chapter discusses management consultants and consulting knowledge in health care, highlighting significant expenditure on consultancy and how consultants have shaped thinking in public services, which some critics suggest has served consultants’ own (financial) interests. The chapter then discusses the way consultants mobilize management knowledge and frame clients’ problems and solutions. It discusses an empirical case study of a consultancy project to redesign NHS organizations to make substantial ‘efficiency savings’. Here, consultants framed the NHS’s problem and solution, and then imposed an organizational redesign. Local NHS managers and clinicians framed the NHS’s problem differently, doubting the consultants’ framing and proposing redesign, but feeling unable to engage in dialogue about these concerns. Consequently, they engaged with the project in a calculated and defensive way, superficially accepting the redesign while waiting for its implementation to fail. Thus, the chapter demonstrates framing politics surrounding management consulting knowledge.
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Smil, Vaclav. Grand Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190060664.001.0001.
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The modern world was created through the combination and complex interactions of five grand transitions. First, the demographic transition changed the total numbers, dynamics, structure, and residential pattern of populations. The agricultural and dietary transition led to the emergence of highly productive cropping and animal husbandry (subsidized by fossil energies and electricity), a change that eliminated famines, reduced malnutrition, and improved the health of populations but also resulted in enormous food waste and had many environmental consequences. The energy transition brought the world from traditional biomass fuels and human and animal labor to fossil fuel, ever more efficient electricity, lights, and motors, all of which transformed both agricultural and industrial production and enabled mass-scale mobility and instant communication. Economic transition has been marked by relatively high growth rates of total national and global product, by fundamental structural transformation (from farming to industries to services), and by an increasing share of humanity living in affluent societies, enjoying unprecedented quality of life. These transitions have made many intensifying demands on the environment, resulting in ecosystemic degradation, loss of biodiversity, pollution, and eventually change on the planetary level, with global warming being the most worrisome development. This book traces the genesis of these transitions, their interactions and complicated progress as well as their outcomes and impacts, explaining how the modern world was made—and then offers a forward-thinking examination of some key unfolding transitions and appraising their challenges and possible results.
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Carson, Matter. A Matter of Moral Justice. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043901.001.0001.
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A Matter of Moral Justice explores the little-studied power laundry industry and its workers, beginning with the birth of the industry at the turn of the twentieth century and concluding with an epilogue on the state of the industry in the early twenty-first century. While providing a broad overview of working conditions, the book focuses on the activism of Black women, who by 1930 comprised a significant proportion of the power laundry workforce. In the urban industrial North, where the industry flourished, Black women eager to escape domestic service actively sought jobs in power laundries, taking their place, albeit on the lowest rungs, on the industrial ladder. This book examines the working conditions and occupational structure in the laundry industry and then narrows the focus to New York City, a leading center of the industry and one of the few places where the workers won union representation. The workers’ campaign spanned many decades and elicited the intervention of some of New York’s most prominent laborites, including New York Women’s Trade Union League president Rose Schneiderman; Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America president Sidney Hillman and his partner and fellow labor leader, Bessie Hillman; Negro Labor Committee president Frank Crosswaith; and a cadre of committed communist and African American organizers. The campaign took place during a period of cataclysmic change for American workers, one that saw the birth and growth of industrial feminism; the Great Migration of more than six million Black southerners to the urban industrial centers of the North and West; the rise of the “New Negro,” inspired by mass migration, Marcus Garvey’s Black nationalist movement, and the explosion of Black trade unionism; the emergence of the CIO and New Deal Order; the heyday of Communist Party organizing; two world wars; and the burgeoning civil rights and women’s movements. This book locates the women’s activism within the context of these movements, which inspired and shaped their organizing and to which they contributed. The book explores the multitude of factors that led to unionization in 1937, including the Wagner Act, the emergence of the CIO, communist organizing, and, most importantly, the militant and interracial organizing of the workers themselves. The final third of the book explores what happened to the workers once they organized under the ACWA-affiliated Laundry Workers Joint Board and thus provides an opportunity to assess the relationship between the industrial union movement and women and people of color employed in the traditionally low-wage industrial service sector. Following LWJB as it transitioned from its radical, grassroots, community-based origins into a bureaucratic organization led by white men illuminates some of the limitations of the industrial union movement for women and people of color but also demonstrates how Black working-class women overcame seemingly insurmountable odds and used the openings provided to mobilize in pursuit of equal treatment and dignity at work. Their stories challenge assumptions about worker passivity and about the inability of the most exploited to organize. Resurrecting these moments of resistance complicates the history of the industrial union movement and provides insights on organizing in the twenty-first century, when women and people of color in the postindustrial service and care sectors have been leading some of the most militant battles for economic and social justice. This story then contributes to our understanding of how race and gender shape working conditions, the formulation of union tactics, and the struggle for union control and union power in modern America.
Buchteile zum Thema "Shared mobility service"
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Gioldasis, Christos, und Zoi Christoforou. „Smart Infrastructure for Shared Mobility“. In Advances in Mobility-as-a-Service Systems, 970–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61075-3_93.
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Gini, Saverio, und Giorgio Ambrosino. „Innovation, Digital Solutions and MaaS Concept in Touristic Insular and Rural Destinations: The Case of the Shared Mobility Agency in Elba“. In Sustainable Mobility for Island Destinations, 39–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73715-3_3.
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AbstractThis chapter aims to describe the role of innovation and digital solutions in facing the mobility needs of the rural areas and tourist destinations and, at the same time, to discuss the problems and conditions for their use in the provision of the different mobility and transport services. Innovation in the mobility provision chain is analysed in relation to the relevant service elements (schemes, planning, programming, evaluation and support) in order to clarify that innovation does not automatically mean digital solutions. An overview of the emerging trends in digital solutions is provided, focusing on the Mobility as a Service (MaaS) concept and mobile applications. For the APP, market-specific considerations are developed on the different roles and typologies, making a classification for understanding current Mobility APP “Jungle”. Moreover, the concept of Shared Use Mobility Agency (SUMA) is presented. SUMA aims to integrate smart mobility services under the concept of MaaS in order to answer to the mobility needs of residents and tourists acting on the demand and providing coordinated collective and ridesharing transport services. SUMA could be considered an “innovative” approach mixing advanced digital architecture and shared mobility schemes with the relevant organization, operation and business elements. Section 5 presents the SUMA implementation in Elba island (Regione Toscana-Italy), within CIVITAS DESTINATIONS project underlying the specifications of the platform and APP. Finally, besides the specific recommendations provided in each section, key recommendations for Mobility Authority and Transport Operators are spotlighted.
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Morfoulaki, Maria, Michail Agathos, Glykeria Myrovali und Maria Natalia Konstantinidou. „Willingness of Cruise Tourists to Use & Pay for Shared and Upgraded Sustainable Mobility Solutions: The Case of Corfu“. In Advances in Mobility-as-a-Service Systems, 418–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61075-3_41.
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Pawłowska, Justyna. „Customer Service Effectiveness in Shared Mobility Systems Using Artificial Intelligence Algorithms“. In Transport Development Challenges in the 21st Century, 125–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50010-8_11.
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Avdekins, Aleksandrs, und Mihails Savrasovs. „Design and Prototyping of IoD Shared Service for Small and Medium Enterprise“. In Data Analytics: Paving the Way to Sustainable Urban Mobility, 823–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02305-8_99.
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Martín, Ignacio, Oliva G. Cantú-Ros und Javier Burrieza-Galán. „Is Shared Mobility Equally Accessible to All? An Income Analysis of Service Adoption“. In Smart Energy for Smart Transport, 1045–57. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23721-8_85.
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Kawamura, Yoshiumi, Kazuhisa Makino und Nobuo Yamashita. „Advanced Mathematical Science for Mobility Society“. In Advanced Mathematical Science for Mobility Society, 3–7. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9772-5_1.
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AbstractThe automotive industry has made steady progress in technological innovations under the names of Connected-Autonomous/Automated-Shared-Electric (CASE) and Mobility as a Service (MaaS). Needless to say, mathematics and informatics are important to support such innovations. As the concept of cars and movement itself is diversifying, they are indispensable for grasping the essence of the future mobility society and building the foundation for the next generation. Based on this idea, research unit named “Advanced Mathematical Science for Mobility Society” was established at Kyoto University as a base for envisioning a future mobility society in collaboration with researchers led by Toyota Motor Corporation and Kyoto University. In this chapter, we briefly discuss the motivation of the project as well as its research directions.
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Borgonovo, Flamini, Antonio Capone, Matteo Cesana und Luigi Fratta. „Packet service in UMTS: effects of the radio interface parameters on the performance of the downlink shared channel“. In Multiaccess, Mobility and Teletraffic for Wireless Communications, volume 6, 103–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5918-1_7.
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Maas, Suzanne, und Maria Attard. „Shared Mobility Services in Malta: User Needs and Perceptions“. In Sustainable Mobility for Island Destinations, 87–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73715-3_5.
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AbstractMalta is a small island state home to nearly half a million inhabitants. It is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean, with visitor numbers totalling 2.6 million in 2018. There are 799 vehicles for every thousand inhabitants and the modal split shows a 74.6% reliance on the car. Ownership and use of private cars are at an all-time high in Malta. This dependence on the car has increased congestion and given rise to parking issues in many localities, taken-up limited space in the urban area, increased air and noise pollution, and created accessibility problems for pedestrians and cyclists. Shared mobility services (bicycle, car, scooter sharing) have been introduced in Malta very recently. Malta is one of the case study sites in the CIVITAS DESTINATIONS project, which focused on sustainable mobility in tourist destinations. As part of the project, a survey was conducted to understand the awareness and acceptance of these shared mobility services by Maltese residents (n = 1,100). Insights from this survey used to understand user needs and perceptions in light of such mobility innovations and what might encourage people to start using them as an alternative to private car use.
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Bulanowski, Kathryn, Sandra Lima und Evelien Marlier. „Leaving No One Behind: Involving Users in Creating Inclusive Digital Mobility“. In Towards User-Centric Transport in Europe 3, 111–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26155-8_7.
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AbstractWith a shift towards the digitisation of mobility services, user involvement is vital for success. Especially critical is the inclusion of groups vulnerable to exclusion, so they can equally benefit from such services. In this respect, the Inclusive Digital Mobility Solutions (INDIMO) project established a multidisciplinary perspective on digital mobility services by considering the needs and concerns of vulnerable-to exclusion groups such as those who lack digital skills, belong to an ethnic minority or have reduced mobility.Using data collection methods such as interviews and surveys targeted at vulnerable persons in five pilot locations, we collected information about user needs, intentions and preferences when using a digital mobility service. In this paper, we provide insights into the user recruitment process for this study and share tips for working with groups vulnerable to exclusion. Not to be forgotten are the lessons learnt from conducting this research during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Shared mobility service"
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Junior, Eduardo Lucio Lasmar, Renata Lopes Rosa und Demostenes Zegarra Rodriguez. „A Recommendation System for Shared-Use Mobility Service“. In 2018 26th International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/softcom.2018.8555845.
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Meneses Cime, Karina, Levent Guvenc und Bilin Aksun Guvenc. „Shared Autonomous Vehicle Mobility for a Transportation Underserved City“. In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0048.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper proposes the use of an on-demand, ride hailed and ride-Shared Autonomous Vehicle (SAV) service as a feasible solution to serve the mobility needs of a small city where fixed route, circulator type public transportation may be too expensive to operate. The presented work builds upon our earlier work that modeled the city of Marysville, Ohio as an example of such a city, with realistic traffic behavior, and trip requests. A simple SAV dispatcher is implemented to model the behavior of the proposed on-demand mobility service. The goal of the service is to optimally distribute SAVs along the network to allocate passengers and shared rides. The pickup and drop-off locations are strategically placed along the network to provide mobility from affordable housing, which are also transit deserts, to locations corresponding to jobs and other opportunities. The study is carried out by varying the behaviors of the SAV driving system from cautious to aggressive along with the size of the SAV fleet and analyzing their corresponding performance. It is found that the size of the network and behavior of AV driving system behavior results in an optimal number of SAVs after which increasing the number of SAVs does not improve overall mobility. For the Marysville network, which is a 9 mile by 8 mile network, this happens at the mark of a fleet of 8 deployed SAVs. The results show that the introduction of the proposed SAV service with a simple optimal shared scheme can provide access to services and jobs to hundreds of people in a small sized city.</div></div>
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Földes, Dávid, und Csaba Csiszár. „Alteration in modal share due to autonomous vehicle-based mobility services“. In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1298.
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Alteration in road-based mobility services in cities is expected due to introduction of autonomous vehicles (AVs). On-demand and shared services based on small capacity AVs emerge, which influence the modal share. The alteration has been estimated by simulation of scenarios; the travellers’ willingness-to-shift to an AV-based mobility service has been considered as a random variable in studies. In our developed modal share estimation method, the travellers’ current mobility habits and willingness-to-shift are considered. To determine the value of variables, a questionnaire survey was elaborated. The method was applied to calculate the modal shift in Budapest, Hungary. According to the results, willingness-to-shift is the highest among car users and the lowest among bikers. Based on the stated preferences, individual car use can be reduced by shared, on-demand, AV-based mobility services. Our method is applicable to determine the impacts of AVs.
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Schwinger, Felix, Ralf Philipsen, Simon Himmel, Matthias Jarke und Martina Ziefle. „On the Integration of Shared Autonomous Mobility on Demand in Mobility Service Platforms“. In 17th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010675000003058.
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Wallar, Alex, Wilko Schwarting, Javier Alonso-Mora und Daniela Rus. „Optimizing Multi-class Fleet Compositions for Shared Mobility-as-a-Service“. In 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference - ITSC. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2019.8916904.
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Son, S. Y., und S. W. Park. „Future of shared E-mobility operation service platforms considering distribution systems in smart cities“. In CIRED Porto Workshop 2022: E-mobility and power distribution systems. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2022.0870.
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Cervero, Robert. „Transit Oriented Development in Disruptive Times“. In The 2nd International Conference on Civil Infrastructure and Construction. Qatar University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/cic.2023.0007.
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This talk focuses on the future of transit oriented development (TOD), arguably one of the most sustainable forms of urbanization, in light of mobility disruptors, such as pandemics, automated and electro-mobility, shared economies, mobility as a service, and megatrends (e.g., aging societies; non-nuclear families; remote work). International experiences are drawn upon in recasting TOD in light of forces that are powerfully changing employment, lifestyle, and sociocultural preferences in both developed and developing urban contexts. Key features of TOD, including walkability and diversity in land uses, affordable housing options, and mobility choices are likely to gain a market foothold, albeit a cardinal feature of TOD – proximity to major transit hubs – could very well wane in importance. Shaped by policies focused on accessibility versus movement (e.g., ‘15-minute city’), Transit Villages and a panoply of micro-mobility services are likely to become more prominent. Such trends call for new public policy responses, like curb access management and inclusionary housing, to avoid unintended consequences. Innovative financing tools building upon value capture principles should gain favor as well.
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Alston-Stepnitz, Eli, Angela Sanguinetti und Emily Searl. „Use and usability of shared micromobility among underserved youth in California“. In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003833.
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The aim of this research was to document user experience with shared micromobility as part of a program that provided at-risk youth (age 18-27) with free shared micromobility services for a year. The study found that the young participants readily embraced shared micromobility services, which were used to access jobs, health and social services, and for social and recreational purposes. Users were often effusive about their enjoyment of e-bikes and e-scooters compared to other modes of transportation. The study also identified usability challenges that highlighted needs for more education on proper use and protected street infrastructure for micromobility, as well as opportunities for increased utility through vehicle design features. Findings can inform service providers, equipment manufacturers, and mobility program designers to improve micromobility user experience for a segment of the population who can reap great benefits from these services.
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Ostermann, Julien, und Falko Koetter. „Energy-Management-as-a-Service: Mobility aware energy management for a shared electric vehicle fleet“. In 5th International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005814803400350.
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Biermann, Hannah, Gian Luca Liehner, Ralf Philipsen und Martina Ziefle. „Autonomous shuttle or conventional cab? Investigating users’ decision to share a ride“. In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003795.
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Private motorized transport poses a major challenge for traffic and the environment. Shared mobility might increase traffic efficiency and reduce traffic-related environmental pollution. The use of autonomous shuttles is conceivable for the future, opening further opportunities, e.g., road safety. From the user's point of view, not having their own vehicle can mean a loss of flexibility. Skepticism may arise, e.g., regarding the reliability of a service provider. Research is needed on the general willingness to share a ride, considering individual motivations for or against shared mobility. Regarding autonomous shuttles, there are gaps in knowledge about the extent to which the lack of a human driver on board affects trust and the willingness to use them compared to conventional driving services.MethodWe designed a two-step empirical research approach. Our aims were to investigate 1.perceptions of autonomous shuttles compared to conventional cabs in terms of safety and reliability,2.trust towards and intention to use autonomous shuttles,3.decisions to use an autonomous shuttle or a conventional cab, considering human factors (e.g., personality traits, mobility behavior).In a preliminary qualitative study, guided interviews (language: German) were conducted to explore reasons behind people' s choice to share a ride and to identify factors that influence their well-being and trust. To evaluate how differences in the level of automation might affect attitudes, conventional cabs and autonomous shuttles (both on-demand mobility services) were compared. In sum, 17 adults of different age groups (19 to 58 years) participated. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using content analysis. Results were operationalized and measured in an online questionnaire survey (N=182). ResultsIn general, passengers' feeling of safety is relevant for their decision to share a ride. However, safety is perceived and evaluated differently regarding different means of transport. In a conventional cab, safety perception is enhanced by a human driver, especially in emergencies. In the case of autonomous shuttles, road safety is the key in achieving a high sense of security, since it is assumed that the autonomous shuttle, unlike cab drivers, always adheres to the applicable traffic regulations. Participants would prefer a ride in the autonomous shuttle to a cab ride and indicate a high willingness to use it for people other than themselves. For children or care-dependent people, special booking options, e.g., on board-monitoring, are requested. The general willingness to share a ride seems to depend on the perceived importance of car ownership.OutlookOur results contribute to a deeper understanding of attitudes towards novel mobility services. Results clarify which factors determine the general willingness to use shared mobility and which are specific to new and autonomous driving services. They also strengthen the knowledge of predictors for technology trust and acceptance in this context. The practical relevance of our study lies in the possibility to derive design and action recommendations for the user-centred development of autonomous shuttles considering individual needs and demands of different target groups.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Shared mobility service"
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Chen, Xin, Yanfeng Ouyang, Ebrahim Arian, Haolin Yang und Xingyu Ba. Modeling and Testing Autonomous and Shared Multimodal Mobility Services for Low-Density Rural Areas. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-013.
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Recent developments in transformative technologies hold the promise to provide holistic solutions for affordable transportation services to rural areas and thus greatly alleviate existing social inequality through efficient planning and management of complex transportation systems and systemwide interactions among multiple modes. To realize the promise, many challenging research questions need to be addressed, which often leads to computationally intractable, large-scale, dynamic/stochastic, discrete optimization models. This project proposes to address some of the challenges by building a series of holistic and tractable models on the design of mobility services, capacity planning, dynamic matching, and routing, as well as pricing. The proposed project is expected to create a new series of planning and management models that can support strategical and operational decisions for large-scale autonomous and shared mobility systems in rural areas. The planned case study and simulation for the Village of Rantoul, Illinois, will lay the foundation for future field implementation.
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Gkritza, Konstantina, und Ricardo Chahine. The Impact of COVID-19 on User Perceptions of Public Transit, Shared Mobility/Micro-Mobility Services, and Emerging Vehicle Types. Purdue University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317648.
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Niles, John S., und J. M. Pogodzinski. Steps to Supplement Park-and-Ride Public Transit Access with Ride-and-Ride Shuttles. Mineta Transportation Institute, Juli 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1950.
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Public transit ridership in California declined in the five years before the pandemic of 2020–21 and dropped significantly further after the pandemic began. A sharp downward step in the level of transit boarding occurred after February 2020, and continues to the date of this report as a result of the public-health guidance on social distancing, expanded work-at-home, and a travel mode shift from public transit to private cars. A critical issue has come to the foreground of public transportation policy, namely, how to increase the quality and geographic reach of transit service to better serve the essential trips of mobility disadvantaged citizens who do not have access to private vehicle travel. The research focus of this report is an examination of the circumstances where fixed route bus route service could cost-effectively be replaced by on-demand microtransit, with equivalent overall zone-level efficiency and a higher quality of complete trip service. Research methods were reviews of documented agency experience, execution of simple simulations, and sketch-level analysis of 2019 performance reported in the National Transit Database. Available evidence is encouraging and suggestive, but not conclusive. The research found that substitutions of flexible microtransit for fixed route buses are already being piloted across the U.S., with promising performance results. The findings imply that action steps could be taken in California to expand and refine an emphasis on general purpose microtransit in corridors and zones with a relatively high fraction of potential travelers who are mobility disadvantaged, and where traditional bus routes are capturing fewer than 15 boardings per vehicle hour. To be sufficiently productive as fixed route replacements, microtransit service technologies in the same or larger zones need to be capable of achieving vehicle boardings of five per hour, a challenge worth addressing with technology applications. Delivery of microtransit service can be undertaken through contracts with a growing set of private sector firms, which are developing processes to merge general purpose customers with those now assigned to ADA-required paratransit and Medi-Cal-supported non-emergency medical transport.
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Larkin, Lance, Thomas Carlson, William D’Andrea, Andrew Johnson und Natalie Myers. Network development and autonomous vehicles : a smart transportation testbed at Fort Carson : project report summary and recommendations. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45941.
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In this work, a smart transportation testbed was utilized at Fort Carson to demonstrate three use cases for the primary purpose to plan, develop, demonstrate, and employ autonomous vehicle technologies at military installations and within the surrounding communities to evaluate commercially available Connected and Automated Vehicles and the potential to reduce base operating costs, improve safety and quality of life for military service members and their families, and deliver services more efficiently and effectively. To meet this purpose, an automated vehicle shuttle, an unmanned aerial system, and a wireless network were used and tested during the project. Results for the automated shuttle indicated that despite the quantity of data generated by operations, the contractors may not be ready to share information in a readily usable format. Additionally, successful use by the public is predicated on both knowing their mobility pat-terns and staff members promoting trust in the technology to prospective riders. Results for the unmanned aerial system showed successful identification of foreign object debris and runway cracks at the airfield. The wireless network is now operational and is used for additional work which utilizes the installed traffic cameras.
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Cerda, Maikol, David Cervantes, Paul Gertler, Sean Higgins, Ana María Montoya, Eric Parrado, Carlos Serrano, Raimundo Undurraga und Patricia Yáñez-Pagans. Covid-19 Pandemic and SMEs' Performance in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, Februar 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004720.
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The COVID-19 pandemic generated a large negative external shock to the global economy. Businesses worldwide were affected by economic, health, and mobility restrictions that impacted consumers ability to access goods and services and firms profitability and survival rates. In this paper, we study the economic performance of Latin American MSMEs during the pandemic using disaggregated and high-frequency administrative banking deposits and income data from Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, and Peru. We observe a sharp short-term decline in firm earnings due to the implementation of lockdowns during the second half of March 2020. We show this decline had a heterogeneous impact by economic sector, firm size, and transaction type (in-person vs. online). Focusing on financial technology adoption by studying the migration from in-person to online banking transactions, we find that MSMEs managed to recover revenues to pre-pandemic levels in early 2021 thanks to an increased share of online transactions and that industries facing higher physical exposure to the public (e.g., retailers) experienced a more considerable decline and a slower recovery.
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Guðmundsdóttir, Hjördís, Maja Brynteson und Sigrid Jessen. Should I stay or should I go? Early career mobility and migration drivers. Nordregio, Oktober 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/wp2023:71403-2511.
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Where do young people wish to settle down, and why? Recent data show a high level of internal migration among young adults in the Nordic region, with a striking differences in migration intensities between people in their 20s compared to people in their 30s. Exploring current trends in mobility is vital for regional integration and prosperity, planning provisions and projections. The attraction of young individuals from urban areas and university towns to non-metropolitan regions is an important source of economic growth for many regions. The review of young people's mobility behaviour in the early career stage in the Nordic countries highlights that migration decisions are influenced by a set of various push and pull factors, working simultaneously. It is important to understand the background of the mover, where the behavior of the mover is impacted by educational background and industrial specialisation, geographical origin, gender, income-level and civic status. Learning more about current migration drivers and migration aspirations of the early career cohorts in the Nordic countries will help policymakers to shape the future of Nordic labour markets and better prepare the future labour supply and demands in rural areas. This working paper present the main findings from previous studies on migration drivers and will serve as a baseline for the data collection on migration history and migration aspirations of young people in the Nordic countries.
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Savedoff, William D., Laura Goyeneche, Luis Alberto Soler, Pedro Bernal, Mariángela Chávez, Jaime Cardona und Luis Tejerina. Disruption and Rebound: Healthcare and Telemedicine in Colombia during the COVID-19 Pandemic for Chronic Care Patients. Inter-American Development Bank, Mai 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004865.
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The COVID-19 pandemic led to declines in in-person consultations and substantial increases in telemedicine use in many countries. This paper investigates whether this pattern occurred in Colombia using data for people with particular health conditions prior to the pandemic (rheumatoid arthritis, hemophilia, chronic kidney disease, HIV, and cancer). The study shows that healthcare utilization by people in Colombia with these conditions dropped significantly during the first months of the pandemic relative to the average of the previous two years. However, by the end of 2020, the rate of healthcare utilization had almost reached pre-pandemic levels. While the number of services fell for people in both the contributive and subsidized scheme, the share of people who had any contacts with healthcare providers each month declined substantially for those in the subsidized scheme and by a statistically insignificant amount for those in the contributive scheme. Declines in utilization and contacts for in-person consultations were partially offset by the increased use of telemedicine services which accounted for almost one-fifth of healthcare contacts by December 2020. Of the main explanations for healthcare disruptions, the diversion of healthcare resources to treat COVID-19 patients does not seem to have been as significant as changes in social mobility and government lockdown policies. These findings have a variety of implications for public policy, including: the need to address the causes of healthcare utilization declines among individuals in the subsidized scheme; the importance of incorporating better social communication and adjustments to lockdown policies when planning for future health emergencies; the value of expanding telemedicine, not only during emergencies but also during normal times; and the potential benefits from improving the quality and availability of administrative data so that future research can contribute more effectively to policies that promote greater equity and effectiveness in Colombian healthcare services.
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Smith, Elizabeth S. Gender Dimensions of Climate Insecurity. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, März 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/msjj1524.
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Gender is a traditionally under researched dimension in scholarship on climate and security. However, as recent research has noted, it is a variable that cannot only shape how different groups of individuals are affected by climate-related security risks. Gendered norms and power structures can also increase or mitigate the likelihood of climate-related security risks. This SIPRI Insights paper contributes to the growing body of research on gender, climate and security by analyzing the gender dimensions of the four pathways of climate insecurity featured in past SIPRI studies: (a) livelihood deterioration; (b) migration and changing mobility; (c) tactical considerations of armed groups; and (d) elite exploitation and resource mismanagement. It reviews literature to highlight how gender can influence resilience and risk for different groups of men and women within the pathways. Where relevant, it also discusses how gender may serve as an instigating factor for the respective pathways. The paper stresses the need to critically understand the different and interlinked experiences of groups of men and women in the pathway contexts, and to ensure equal leadership and participation of all affected groups in addressing climate-related security risks.
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Carpenter, Marie, und William Lazonick. The Pursuit of Shareholder Value: Cisco’s Transformation from Innovation to Financialization. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, Februar 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp202.
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Once the global leader in telecommunication systems and the Internet, over the past two decades the United States has fallen behind global competitors, and in particular China, in mobile communication infrastructure—specifically 5G and Internet of Things (IoT). This national failure, with the socioeconomic and geopolitical tensions that it creates, is not due to a lack of US government investment in the knowledge required for the mobility revolution. Nor is it because of a dearth of domestic demand for the equipment, devices, and applications that can make use of this infrastructure. Rather, the problem is the dereliction of key US-based business corporations to take the lead in making the investments in organizational learning required to generate cutting edge communication-infrastructure products. No company in the United States exemplifies this deficiency more than Cisco Systems, the business corporation founded in Silicon Valley in 1984 that had explosive growth in the 1990s to become the foremost global enterprise-networking equipment producer in the Internet revolution. This paper provides in-depth analysis of Cisco’s organizational failure, attributing it ultimately to the company’s turn from innovation in the last decades of 20th century to financialization in the early decades of the 21st century. Since 2001, Cisco’s top management has chosen to allocate corporate cash to open-market share repurchases— aka stock buybacks—for the purpose of giving manipulative boosts to the company stock price rather than make the investments in organizational learning required to become a world leader in communication-infrastructure equipment for the era of 5G and IoT. From October 2001 through October 2022, Cisco spent $152.3 billion—95 percent of its net income over the period—on stock buybacks for the purpose of propping up its stock price. These funds wasted in pursuit of “maximizing shareholder value” were on top of the $55.5 billion that Cisco paid out to shareholders in dividends, representing an additional 35 percent of net income. In this paper, we trace how Cisco grew from a Silicon Valley startup in 1984 to become, through its innovative products, the world leader in enterprise-networking equipment over the next decade and a half. As the company entered the 21st century, building on its dominance of enterprise-networking, Cisco was positioned to upgrade its technological capabilities to become a major infrastructureequipment vendor to service providers. We analyze how and why, when the Internet boom turned to bust in 2001, the organizational structure that enabled Cisco to dominate enterprise networking posed constraints related to manufacturing and marketing on the company’s growth in the more sophisticated infrastructure-equipment segment. We then document how from 2002 Cisco turned from innovation to financialization, as it used its ample profits to do stock buybacks to prop up its stock price. Finally, we ponder the larger policy implications of Cisco’s turn from innovation to financialization for the competitive position of the US information-and-communication technology (ICT) industry in the global economy.
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Lazonick, William. Investing in Innovation: A Policy Framework for Attaining Sustainable Prosperity in the United States. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, März 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp182.
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“Sustainable prosperity” denotes an economy that generates stable and equitable growth for a large and growing middle class. From the 1940s into the 1970s, the United States appeared to be on a trajectory of sustainable prosperity, especially for white-male members of the U.S. labor force. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing proportion of the U.S labor force has experienced unstable employment and inequitable income, while growing numbers of the business firms upon which they rely for employment have generated anemic productivity growth. Stable and equitable growth requires innovative enterprise. The essence of innovative enterprise is investment in productive capabilities that can generate higher-quality, lower-cost goods and services than those previously available. The innovative enterprise tends to be a business firm—a unit of strategic control that, by selling products, must make profits over time to survive. In a modern society, however, business firms are not alone in making investments in the productive capabilities required to generate innovative goods and services. Household units and government agencies also make investments in productive capabilities upon which business firms rely for their own investment activities. When they work in a harmonious fashion, these three types of organizations—household units, government agencies, and business firms—constitute “the investment triad.” The Biden administration’s Build Back Better agenda to restore sustainable prosperity in the United States focuses on investment in productive capabilities by two of the three types of organizations in the triad: government agencies, implementing the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and household units, implementing the yet-to-be-passed American Families Act. Absent, however, is a policy agenda to encourage and enable investment in innovation by business firms. This gaping lacuna is particularly problematic because many of the largest industrial corporations in the United States place a far higher priority on distributing the contents of the corporate treasury to shareholders in the form of cash dividends and stock buybacks for the sake of higher stock yields than on investing in the productive capabilities of their workforces for the sake of innovation. Based on analyzes of the “financialization” of major U.S. business corporations, I argue that, unless Build Back Better includes an effective policy agenda to encourage and enable corporate investment in innovation, the Biden administration’s program for attaining stable and equitable growth will fail. Drawing on the experience of the U.S. economy over the past seven decades, I summarize how the United States moved toward stable and equitable growth from the late 1940s through the 1970s under a “retain-and-reinvest” resource-allocation regime at major U.S. business firms. Companies retained a substantial portion of their profits to reinvest in productive capabilities, including those of career employees. In contrast, since the early 1980s, under a “downsize-and-distribute” corporate resource-allocation regime, unstable employment, inequitable income, and sagging productivity have characterized the U.S. economy. In transition from retain-and-reinvest to downsize-and-distribute, many of the largest, most powerful corporations have adopted a “dominate-and-distribute” resource-allocation regime: Based on the innovative capabilities that they have previously developed, these companies dominate market segments of their industries but prioritize shareholders in corporate resource allocation. The practice of open-market share repurchases—aka stock buybacks—at major U.S. business corporations has been central to the dominate-and-distribute and downsize-and-distribute regimes. Since the mid-1980s, stock buybacks have become the prime mode for the legalized looting of the business corporation. I call this looting process “predatory value extraction” and contend that it is the fundamental cause of the increasing concentration of income among the richest household units and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities for most other Americans. I conclude the paper by outlining a policy framework that could stop the looting of the business corporation and put in place social institutions that support sustainable prosperity. The agenda includes a ban on stock buybacks done as open-market repurchases, radical changes in incentives for senior corporate executives, representation of workers and taxpayers as directors on corporate boards, reform of the tax system to reward innovation and penalize financialization, and, guided by the investment-triad framework, government programs to support “collective and cumulative careers” of members of the U.S. labor force. Sustained investment in human capabilities by the investment triad, including business firms, would make it possible for an ever-increasing portion of the U.S. labor force to engage in the productive careers that underpin upward socioeconomic mobility, which would be manifested by a growing, robust, and hopeful American middle class.