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1
Strasser, Ulrike. Missionary Men in the Early Modern World. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462986305.
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How did gender shape the expanding Jesuit enterprise in the early modern world? What did it take to become a missionary man? And how did missionary masculinity align itself with the European colonial project? This book highlights the central importance of male affective ties and masculine mimesis in the formation of the Jesuit missions, as well as the significance of patriarchal dynamics. Focusing on previously neglected German actors, Strasser shows how stories of exemplary male behavior circulated across national boundaries, directing the hearts and feet of men throughout Europe toward Jesuit missions in faraway lands. The sixteenth-century Iberian exemplars of Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier, disseminated in print and visual media, inspired late-seventeenth-century Jesuits from German-speaking lands to bring Catholicism and European gender norms to the Spanish-controlled Pacific. The age of global missions hinged on the reproduction of missionary manhood in print and real life.
2
Called to account: Fourteen financial frauds that shaped the American accounting profession. New York: Routledge, 2009.
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Die Sprache der Blicke verstehen: Arthur Schnitzlers Poetik des Augen-Blicks als Poetik der Scham. Freiburg i.Br: Rombach, 2010.
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Hetterly, Jonathan. Movies and Masculinity: How Films Shape Our Understanding of Gender Norms. Mango Media, 2021.
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5
Wolf-Wendel, Lisa, Kelly Ward und Amanda M. Kulp. How ideal worker norms shape work-life for different constituent groups in higher education. 2016.
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Frye, Timothy. Property Rights and Property Wrongs in Russia: How Power, Institutions, and Norms Shape Economic Conflict in Russia. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
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Frye, Timothy. Property Rights and Property Wrongs in Russia: How Power, Institutions, and Norms Shape Economic Conflict in Russia. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
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Wolf-Wendel, Lisa, Kelly Ward und Amanda M. Kulp. How Ideal Worker Norms Shape Work-Life for Different Constituent Groups in Higher Education: New Directions for Higher Education, Number 176. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2017.
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9
Bornstein, Marc H., und Diane L. Putnick. Parent–Adolescent Relationships in Global Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847128.003.0006.
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The chapter on parent–adolescent relationships in global perspective explores dynamic and reciprocal relationships between parents and their growing adolescents. Relationships between parents and their children change as children enter adolescence. This chapter covers how parents shape their adolescents’ characteristics and meet their needs just as adolescents’ characteristics and needs shape parenting. Most research on adolescence emanates from high-income and Western countries, and parent–adolescent relationships are molded by culture or context. This chapter covers some aspects of parent–adolescent relationships that appear to be universal as well as how societal/contextual norms regarding adolescent separation–individuation from or interdependence with the family, increased globalization, and access to mass media affect parent–adolescent relationships.
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Arnold, Dan. Ethics without Norms? Herausgegeben von Daniel Cozort und James Mark Shields. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198746140.013.3.
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While Buddhist philosophers were emphatically not physicalists, they share with cognitive-scientifically inclined contemporary philosophers a lot of the problems that have been identified with respect to the project of ‘naturalizing’ the mental—difficulties, in particular, with giving exhaustively causal explanations of human activity while yet making sense of ethical and other intuitions that arguably presuppose human responsiveness to reasons, or normativity. Some classical Buddhist philosophers were indeed committed to views to the effect that the liberating transformation effected by the Buddhist path must consist in simply being caused to act ethically, without any conceptual resources for characterizing the consequent activity as ‘ethical’. There is, however, an alternative trajectory of Buddhist thought—the Madhyamaka tradition—that was predicated on resistance to causal realism. Having scouted one Buddhist philosophical project that effectively denies responsiveness to reasons, the chapter concludes by suggesting that Madhyamaka may represent a way to recover this.
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Millie, Julian. The Listening Audience Laughs and Cries, the Writing Public Thinks. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501713118.003.0006.
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The second part of the book commences with Chapter Six. It analyses the connections Indonesian Muslims make between preaching styles and subjectivities, and the norms of citizen subjectivity that shape these connections. Chapter Six explores a progressive critique of preaching routines, describing a competition in which contestants write about the Qur’an. This was specifically conceived by a Bandung activist concerned about the negative effects of listening on Indonesia’s democratic future. Rationales for the project reveal authoritative conceptions of how Islam should properly be mediated.
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Hall, Lucy B., Anna L. Weissman und Laura J. Shepherd, Hrsg. Troubling Motherhood. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190939182.001.0001.
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In global politics, women’s bodies are policed, objectified, surveilled, and feared, with particular attention paid to both their met or unmet procreative potential. By illuminating and interrogating representations and narratives of maternity, this volume shows how practices of global politics shape and are shaped by the gendered norms and institutions that underpin motherhood. The guiding theoretical idea in this volume is that motherhood matters in global politics. However - as with so many political phenomena coded ‘female’ in the binary cognitive architectures of the West - the diverse ways in which performances and practices of motherhood are constituted by and are constitutive of other dimensions of political life they are frequently obscured or assumed to be of little interest to scholars, policy makers, and practitioners. Featuring innovative and diverse interrogations of the politics of motherhood as an institution, this collection shows that maternality is troubled, complicated, and heterogeneous in global politics and thus performances and practices of motherhood warrant closer and more sustained scrutiny.
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Sanders, Rebecca. The Politics of Plausible Legality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870553.003.0001.
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After 9/11, the Bush administration and, to a lesser degree, the Obama administration authorized controversial interrogation, detention, trial, lethal targeting, and surveillance practices. At the same time, American officials frequently invoked legal norms to justify these policies. This chapter introduces the book’s central questions: how can we make sense of these attempts to legalize human rights abuses and how does law influence state violence? As initially outlined in this chapter, the book argues that national security legal cultures shape how political actors interpret, enact, and evade legal rules. In the global war on terror, a culture of legal rationalization pushed American authorities to construct plausible legality, or legal cover for contentious counterterrorism policies. This culture contrasts with cultures of exception and cultures of secrecy, which have shaped American national security practice in the past, as well as a culture of human rights favored by many international law and human rights advocates.
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Helm, Bennett W. Communities of Respect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801863.001.0001.
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Communities of respect are communities of people sharing common practices or a (partial) way of life; they include families, clubs, religious groups, and political parties. This book develops a detailed account of such communities in terms of the rational structure of their members’ reactive attitudes, arguing that they are fundamental in three interrelated ways to understanding what it is to be a person. First, it is only by being a member of a community of respect that one can be a responsible agent having dignity; such an agent therefore has certain rights as well as the authority to demand that fellow members recognize her dignity and follow the norms of the community, norms compliance with which they likewise have the authority to demand from her. Second, by prescribing or proscribing both actions and values, communities of respect can shape the identities of its members in ways that others have the authority to enforce, thereby revealing an important interpersonal dimension of the identities of persons. Finally, all of this is grounded in a distinctively interpersonal form of practical rationality in virtue of which we jointly have reasons to recognize the dignity and authority of fellow members and so to comply with their authoritative demands, as well as to respect (and so comply with) the norms of the community. Hence we persons are essentially social creatures.
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Cronqvist, Henrik, und Danling Jiang. Individual Investors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0003.
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Traditional finance explains individual investor’s behavior and financial decision making based on economic incentives and rationality. Modern finance, however, takes a holistic view and searches for not only economic but also biological, psychological, and social factors that shape decision making. In this new approach, genetics, life experiences, psychological traits, social norms, and peer influences, as well as beliefs, values, and culture help determine an investor’s stock market participation, equity holdings, frequency of trading, extent of diversification, and investment preferences. The collective preferences and actions of individual investors also have an impact on asset pricing and corporate decisions.
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Brock, Lothar, und Hendrik Simon, Hrsg. The Justification of War and International Order. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865308.001.0001.
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The history of war is also a history of its justification. The contributions to this book argue that the justification of war rarely happens as empty propaganda. While it is directed at mobilizing support and reducing resistance, it is not purely instrumental. Rather, the justification of force is part of an incessant struggle over what is to count as justifiable behaviour in a given historical constellation of power, interests, and norms. This way, the justification of specific wars interacts with international order as a normative frame of reference for dealing with conflict. The justification of war shapes this order and is being shaped by it. As the justification of specific wars entails a critique of war in general, the use of force in international relations has always been accompanied by political and scholarly discourses on its appropriateness. In much of the pertinent literature the dominating focus is on theoretical or conceptual debates as a mirror of how international normative orders evolve. In contrast, the focus of the present volume is on theory and political practice as sources for the re- and de-construction of the way in which the justification of war and international order interact. The book offers a unique collection of papers exploring the continuities and changes in war discourses as they respond to and shape normative orders from early modern times to the present. It comprises contributions from International Law, History and International Relations and from Western and non-Western perspectives.
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Williams, Abiodun. Kofi Annan, 1997–2006. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748915.003.0008.
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The decade of Kofi Annan’s tenure as Secretary-General of the United Nations (1997–2006) was a tumultuous point in world affairs, characterized by dramatic events such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks and catastrophes like the Bam earthquake in Iran and the Indian Ocean tsunami. Kofi Annan needed to overcome growing suspicions between North and South, and between the US and the rest of the membership, in order to help the UN’s governing bodies to reach decisions. This was necessary, and especially difficult, in the case of Security Council decisions on major challenges to international peace and security, such as those posed by Iraq and Kosovo. He needed to work with a Council in which there was a breakdown of consensus among the P5, and the P5 relationship was struggling to find a new equilibrium in a changing geopolitical landscape. While disposing of very little coercive authority, he needed to use his personality to help the Council direct the flow of the deep currents in the global security order. Annan was a norm entrepreneur who used the bully pulpit to shape norms, notably the Responsibility to Protect.
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Epstein, Ben. The Stabilization Process Then and Now. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698980.003.0008.
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This chapter shifts the focus to the third and final stabilization phase of the political communication cycle (PCC). During the stabilization phase, a new political communication order (PCO) takes shape through the building of norms, institutions, and regulations that serve to fix the newly established status quo in place. This status quo occurs when formerly innovative political communication activities become mundane, yet remain powerful. Much of the chapter details the pattern of communication regulation and institution construction over time. In particular, this chapter explores the instructive similarities and key differences between the regulation of radio and the internet, which offers important perspectives on the significance of our current place in the PCC and the consequences of choices that will be made over the next few years.
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Maull, Hanns W. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828945.003.0001.
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This chapter sets out the guiding questions for this volume and develops a comprehensive, integrated framework for analyzing political order across its three major levels. It proposes a concept of order that allows a comparison and evaluation of the characteristics and evolution of political order at their three major spatial levels: the nation-state, partial regional and functional orders at intermediate levels between the state and the world as a whole, and the global level. Key aspects of political order are effectiveness, legitimacy, and authority; principles, norms, and rules; compliance and collective sanctions and the incidence of violence; actors with the capabilities and the intentions to shape respective orders; their major structural characteristics; and their evolution over time and their resilience.
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Scholte, Jan Aart. Social Structure and Global Governance Legitimacy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826873.003.0005.
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This chapter considers how—alongside and in combination with individual and institutional sources—social structure can shape legitimacy beliefs vis-à-vis global governance. The discussion has two main parts: the first metatheoretical and the second theoretical. The metatheoretical part examines broad ontological, epistemological, and methodological issues regarding social structure, its power, its changes, and its spaces—all as these matters relate to legitimacy dynamics around global governance. The second part then explores a range of possible specific social-structural sources of legitimacy vis-à-vis global governance institutions. These postulated world-ordering forces include norms, hegemonic states, capitalism, discourses, modernity/postmodernity, and social hierarchies. Throughout, the chapter assesses promises as well as challenges of incorporating social-structural sources into empirical research on legitimacy in global governance.
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Bond, Sarah E. The Corrupting Sea. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.003.0004.
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The chapter focuses on a period that has often been described in terms of a moral and institutional decline. It interrogates both legal and literary sources pertaining to imperial Roman administration, and asks to what extent do they offer evidence of increasing corruption or merely greater awareness of its debilitating effects. In addition, it also explores the extent to which the rhetoric of corruption itself can be seen as an anticorruption tactic on the part of some elites, with the power to shape norms outside the formal remit of the law. Ultimately, what it shows is that, though corruption may not have been a problem unique to the later Roman Empire, the array and severity of anticorruption tactics introduced during this period do distinguish it from previous eras of Roman history.
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Lawrence-Zúñiga, Denise. Contesting the Aesthetic Construction of Community. Herausgegeben von Angela M. Labrador und Neil Asher Silberman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676315.013.7.
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This chapter considers community conflicts arising over the aesthetic character of homes when advocates use government policies and regulations to impose historic preservation values. Historic preservation is organized as a cosmology that values and seeks to restore original architectural forms as representations of history. Homeowner advocates for preservation are motivated by their own home restoration experiences with material agency, while local municipalities employ “aesthetic governmentality” techniques with graphic codes to help shape homeowner perceptions and change aesthetic norms. Conflicts in two southern California cities illustrate how preservationist residents use regulations to actively protect houses against remodels by “uninformed” homeowners. In another city, affluent Chinese immigrants propose mansion-sized remodels of bungalow houses as a counter aesthetic to preservation. Each aesthetic promotes a distinct but also contrasting moral suburban landscape.
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Yamin, Alicia Ely, und Andrés Constantin. The Evolution of Applying Human Rights Frameworks to Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672676.003.0003.
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This chapter explores the evolution and struggles of the “health and human rights movement,” focusing particularly on relevant developments in health and international law that enabled greater attention to the right to health. It discusses the evolution of human rights-based approaches (HRBAs) to health, which extended these legal concepts into the domains of development and social policy. Over twenty years after it began to take shape, the “health and human rights” field is not one discipline but many. This cluster of related work now faces the new challenges of a precariously constructed international normative scaffolding, the rising complexities of moving from constitutional norms to effective enjoyment in practice at the national level, and the potential danger of HRBAs being reduced to technocratic formulas and emptied of their subversive potential.
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Stephens, Keri K. Negotiating Control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625504.001.0001.
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In this book, the author shows how employees, organizations, and even friends and family are struggling to understand how the expected norms for mobile-communication connectedness function when people are working. Until the early 2000s workplaces provided most of the computers and portable devices that employees used to do their jobs and communicate with others. Now, people bring their own mobile devices to work, use them to circumvent official organizational channels, and create new norms for how communication occurs. Managers and organizations set policies, enforce rules, and create their own workarounds to navigate the ever-changing mobile-communication environment. This book draws on over two decades of research studies and fieldwork, consisting of 150 distinct interviews and focus groups, representing people in over 35 different types of jobs, to claim that people assume mobile communication is a uniform practice. Instead, the book reveals underlying—often hidden—issues of control and power that shape how people are permitted and expected to use mobiles to communicate while working. The stories and extended examples reveal a wide-ranging account of how these portable tools are used across work environments today. The book develops a grounded theory describing the ongoing negotiation for control when people use their personally owned devices while working. These lifelines integrate information, communication, and data, and they connect people in unexpected and often conflicting ways.
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Blee, Kathleen M., und Elizabeth A. Yates. Women in the White Supremacist Movement. Herausgegeben von Holly J. McCammon, Verta Taylor, Jo Reger und Rachel L. Einwohner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.37.
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A small but growing body of literature highlights the roles of women in White supremacist movements in the United States. This chapter reviews the diverse findings of this work by showing when, why, and how women participate in White supremacist movements. It begins by analyzing the interlocking ideologies of race and gender that shape women’s participation. Most White supremacist movements glorify stereotypical gender norms for both men and women, and place strict boundaries on white women’s sexual partners as an essential part of guaranteeing White power and status, though a few groups promote less strictly subordinate roles for White women. The chapter also focuses on the various paths by which women are recruited to White supremacism, largely through social networks and racist messaging. Finally, it discusses how internal and external factors in White supremacist movements influence the various roles that women play.
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Wouters, Jelle J. P. In the Shadows of Naga Insurgency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199485703.001.0001.
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In the Shadows of Naga Insurgency is a fine-grained critique of the Naga struggle for political redemption, the state’s response to it, and the social corollaries and carry-overs of protracted political conflict on everyday life. Offering an ethnographic underview, Jelle Wouters illustrates an ‘insurgency complex’ that reveals how embodied experiences of resistance and state aggression, violence and volatility, and struggle and suffering link together to shape social norms, animate local agitations, and complicate interpersonal and intertribal relations in expected and unexpected ways. The book locates the historical experiences and agency of the Naga people and relates these to ordinary villagers’ perceptions, actions, and moral reasoning vis-à-vis both the Naga Movement and the state and its lucrative resources. It thus presses us to rethink our views on tribalism, conflict and ceasefire, development, corruption, and democratic politics.
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Gallo, Ester. The Fall of Gods. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199469307.001.0001.
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The book explores the relationship between colonial history and memory from the perspective of middle- class intergenerational relations. Drawing from a prolonged research conducted with Malayali middle classes in Kerala and in the diaspora, the analysis focuses on how specific historical events are retrieved in the present to shape kinship relations and to legitimize trajectories of class mobility. The book bridges historical analysis of gendered family relations as they developed in colonial and postcolonial times with an anthropological inquiry of the symbolic and material premises of kinship among contemporary middle classes. It provides an ethnographically grounded analysis of how middle-class status in contemporary south India is expressed by recalling family histories, and how remembrance shapes kinship ideals, norms, and experiences in domains as different as houses, conjugality, parenthood, reproduction and family size, intergenerational love and genealogical transmission. The book offers original insights on the continuities and differences between colonial and contemporary middle classes, and the role played by migration and diaspora in both contexts. It originally contributes to two interrelated and undertheorized fields within social sciences. Firstly, it addresses the need to develop further our understanding of how gendered kinship and family relations result from and express class belonging. Secondly, it unravels the complex and ambivalent relation between political history, memory, and the ‘private’ domain of family relations.
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Buchanan, Allen, und Russell Powell. The Evolution of Moral Progress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868413.001.0001.
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The idea of moral progress played a central role in liberal political thought from the Enlightenment through the nineteenth century but is rarely encountered in moral and political philosophical discourse today. One reason for this is that traditional liberal theorists of moral progress, like their conservative detractors, tended to rely on underevidenced assumptions about human psychology and society. For the first time in history, we are developing robust scientific knowledge about human nature, especially through empirical psychological theories of morality and culture that are informed by evolutionary theory. In addition, the social sciences now provide better information about which social arrangements are feasible and sustainable and about how social norms arise, change, and come to shape moral thought and behavior. Accordingly, it is time to revisit the question of moral progress. On the surface, evolutionary accounts of morality paint a pessimistic picture, suggesting that certain types of moral progress are unrealistic or inappropriate for beings like us. In brief, humans are said to be “hard-wired” for rather limited moral capacities. However, such a view overlooks the great plasticity of human morality as evidenced by our history of social and political moral achievements. To account for these changes while giving evolved moral psychology its due, we develop a dynamic, biocultural theory of moral progress that highlights the interaction between adaptive components of moral psychology and the cultural construction of moral norms and beliefs; and we explore how this interaction can advance, impede, and reverse moral progress.
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Cavelty, Myriam Dunn. Aligning Security Needs for Order in Cyberspace. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828945.003.0006.
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Due to heightened threat perceptions, states are currently expanding their coercive power in cyberspace. They attempt to reduce the risk of escalation in (cybered-)conflict through traditional norms building. At the same time, their strategic actions remain the biggest threat to stability. Cyber-exploitations are a major part of the problem, hindering the removal of known insecurities, thus reducing the effectiveness of any future order. At the same time, the forceful role that states aspire to play in cyber-security has led to questions of legitimacy. The security arrangements that emerged in the 1990s, focused on protection and risk management, had a high degree of legitimacy because they built on a pragmatic solution of distributed security provision. Unless a future order in cyberspace takes into account the interests of companies and consumers who shape this domain in peacetime, it will be met with considerable resistance, with high costs for all sides.
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Pinto, Meital. Gender Parity in the Religious and Political Sphere of Israel. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829621.003.0005.
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This chapter explores recent struggles for gender parity in Israel. At the level of national politics, efforts to secure gender quotas in the parliament have largely failed. Some struggles for gender parity in the religious sphere have been more successful, however. Religious Jewish and Muslim women reject the idea that they need to choose between ‘your religion or your rights’, and have increasingly established their right to shape the norms of their religious community. For example, Muslim women have secured the right to have women appointed as arbitrators within Shari’a family courts; and Jewish women have secured the right to elect judges to rabbinical courts. These efforts are, to date at least, limited in scope, leaving significant forms of gender discrimination in place. However, the chapter nonetheless argues that these bottom-up struggles for gender parity within the religious sphere are significant movements towards reconciling gender equality and multiculturalism.
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Levy, David L., und Rami Kaplan. Corporate Social Responsibility and Theories of Global Governance. Herausgegeben von Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon und Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0019.
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This article develops a framework in which corporate social responsibility (CSR) represents the contested terrain of global governance. The rise of CSR is one of the more striking developments of recent decades in the global political economy. Calls for multinational corporations (MNCs) to demonstrate greater responsibility, transparency, and accountability are leading to the establishment of a variety of new governance structures—rules, norms, codes of conduct, and standards—that constrain and shape MNCs' behavior. CSR is thus not just a struggle over practices, but over the locus of governance authority, offering a potential path toward the transformation of stakeholders from external observers and petitioners into legitimate and organized participants in decision-making. This article points to two distinct perspectives on CSR; as a more socially embedded and democratic form of governance that emanates from civil society, or alternatively, as a privatized system of corporate governance that lacks public accountability.
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Haggenmacher, Peter. Sources in the Scholastic Legacy. Herausgegeben von Samantha Besson und Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0002.
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This chapter enquires into the sources of international law in the scholastics. In fact the concept of sources of law obtained general currency in legal discourse, and how international law took shape as a legal discipline only after the heyday of scholasticism. But the two main pillars of what was to become classical international law in the eighteenth century—natural law and the law of nations—were both part of the theologians’ teachings of moral philosophy, especially with the Dominicans and later the Jesuits. Examining the two concepts handed down from Antiquity, Thomas Aquinas had assigned them distinct places in his system of legal norms, while fathoming their respective grounds of validity. His endeavours were continued by his sixteenth-century Spanish followers, who set out to explore the ‘internationalist’ dimensions of the Protean concept of ius gentium as well as the ‘fundamentalist’ properties of ius naturae.
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Costley White, Khadijah. The Branding of Right-Wing Activism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879310.001.0001.
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This book examines the ways that partisan and nonpartisan online, broadcast, and print news outlets constructed the Tea Party through branding discourse and used it to address modern conflicts over race, class, gender, journalism, and politics. From the beginning of President Barack Obama’s presidency, the Tea Party was a major player in a tale of political fractiousness, populist dissent, racial progress, and surprising electoral success, and changed the tone, tenor, and shape of the political landscape through the support and promotion of the press. Despite a long history of conservative movements in US politics, the Tea Party distinctively placed the news media at its center as both an organizer and active participant. Through a discursive, narrative, and rhetorical analysis of the news reporting about the Tea Party movement, this book documents the contemporary slippages between news platforms, journalistic practice, and the norms that guide the fourth estate.
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Sanders, Rebecca. Plausible Legality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190870553.001.0001.
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After 9/11, American officials authorized numerous contentious counterterrorism practices including torture, extraordinary rendition, indefinite detention, trial by military commission, targeted killing, and mass surveillance. While these policies sparked global outrage, the Bush administration defended them as legally legitimate. Government lawyers produced memoranda deeming enhanced interrogation techniques, denial of habeas corpus, drone strikes, and warrantless wiretapping lawful. Although it rejected torture, the Obama administration made similar claims and declined to prosecute abuses. This book seeks to understand how and why Americans repeatedly legally justified seemingly illegal security policies and what this tells us about the capacity of law to constrain state violence. It argues that legal cultures shape how political actors interpret, enact, and evade legal norms. In the global war on terror, a culture of legal rationalization encouraged authorities to seek legal cover—to construct the plausible legality of human rights violations—in order to ensure impunity for wrongdoing. In this context, law served as a permissive constraint, enabling abuses while imposing some limits on what could be plausibly legalized. Cultures of legal rationalization stand in contrast with other cultures prevalent in American history, including cultures of exception, which rely on logics of necessity and racial exclusion, and cultures of secrecy, which employ plausible deniability. Looking forward, legal norms remain vulnerable to manipulation and evasion. Despite the efforts of human rights advocates to encourage deeper compliance, the normalization of post-9/11 policy has created space for the Trump administration to promote a renewed culture of exception and launch bolder attacks on the rule of law.
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Markwica, Robin. Emotional Choices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794349.001.0001.
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In coercive diplomacy, states threaten military action to persuade opponents to change their behavior. The goal is to achieve a target’s compliance without incurring the cost in blood and treasure of military intervention. Coercers typically employ this strategy toward weaker actors, but targets often refuse to submit and the parties enter into war. To explain these puzzling failures of coercive diplomacy, existing accounts generally refer to coercers’ perceived lack of resolve or targets’ social norms and identities. What these approaches either neglect or do not examine systematically is the role that emotions play in these encounters. The present book contends that target leaders’ affective experience can shape their decision-making in significant ways. Drawing on research in psychology and sociology, the study introduces an additional, emotion-based action model besides the traditional logics of consequences and appropriateness. This logic of affect, or emotional choice theory, posits that target leaders’ choice behavior is influenced by the dynamic interplay between their norms, identities, and five key emotions, namely fear, anger, hope, pride, and humiliation. The core of the action model consists of a series of propositions that specify the emotional conditions under which target leaders are likely to accept or reject a coercer’s demands. The book applies the logic of affect to Nikita Khrushchev’s decision-making during the Cuban missile crisis in 1962 and Saddam Hussein’s choice behavior in the Gulf conflict in 1990–91, offering a novel explanation for why coercive diplomacy succeeded in one case but not in the other.
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Mückenberger, Ulrich, und Katja Nebe, Hrsg. Transnationale soziale Dialoge und ihr Beitrag für den europäischen sozialen Fortschritt. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845257693.
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In our times of globalisation, an effective employment law that transcends national borders is of great public interest. In a project funded by the DFG (Germany’s central research funding organisation), the potential of transnational social dialogues in Europe to shape society innovatively was examined. To this end, 2500 agreements of European works councils and social dialogues according to the TFEU that are either specific to one industry or relate to a number of sectors, transnational company agreements and multi-actor agreements were collected, coded and comparatively assessed. Social dialogues have brought about innovations in employment law and/or have concretised abstract norms in the context of industry, as this study proves in the areas of health and safety, information and consultation, anti-discrimination rights and compatibility with European legal regulations. However, this study finds that in order for transnational social dialogues to have a sustainable effect in their approach to setting standards, they require more legal support on both a national and European level.
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Williams, Monnica T., und Terence Ching. OCD in Ethnoracial Minorities. Herausgegeben von Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0063.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a multifaceted and functionally disabling condition involving distressing obsessions and repetitive compulsions. Although OCD rates are generally invariant across US ethnoracial minority groups, there remains a paucity of knowledge about the disorder in minorities. This could be due to underrepresentation of these groups in OCD treatment centers, a major source of symptom data for OCD research. Poor minority participation also suggests stigmatic cultural attitudes toward mental illness and related services, among other barriers to treatment, in these groups. Therefore, this chapter reviews symptom presentation, various barriers to treatment, and possible cultural considerations for treatment of OCD in three ethnoracial minority groups in the United States (African Americans, Latino/Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans). It is hoped that this chapter can help readers better understand how cultural norms can shape the experience of OCD, as well as influence help seeking and treatment success in ethnic and racial minorities.
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Harper, Kristina, und Hanne Konradsen. Cultural Considerations in Body Image and Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190655617.003.0016.
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Abstract: This chapter discusses the Western cultural perspective of the body ideal and how cultural norms may influence the body image experiences of patients with cancer. The chapter begins with an overview of the sociocultural standards of appearance embraced in Western society, including the body-ideal shift throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, and how this specifically relates to physical changes that can co-occur with cancer, followed by a broader look at additional facets of Western culture (e.g., consumerism, surgical enhancement, media) that may shape the body image experience and ultimately treatment decisions of cancer patients. Specific research findings are discussed primarily in relation to body image in breast cancer with brief discussion of other cancers that impact one’s appearance. Finally, current interventions for working within the Western cultural framework are discussed, as well as clinical considerations for health care providers working with patients on body image issues in the oncology setting.
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Markwica, Robin. The Logic of Affect. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794349.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 develops the logic of affect, or emotional choice theory, as an alternative action model besides the traditional logics of consequences and appropriateness. Drawing on research in psychology and sociology, the model captures not only the social nature of emotions but also their bodily and dynamic character. It posits that the interplay between identities, norms, and five key emotions—fear, anger, hope, pride, and humiliation—can shape decision-making in profound ways. The chapter derives a series of propositions how these five key emotions tend to influence the choice behavior of political leaders whose countries are targeted by coercive diplomacy. These propositions specify the affective conditions under which target leaders are likely to accept or reject a coercer’s demands. Even when emotions produce powerful impulses, humans will not necessarily act on them, however. The chapter thus also incorporates decision-makers’ limited ability to regulate their emotions into the logic of affect.
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Hashemi, Manata. Coming of Age in Iran. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479876334.001.0001.
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The subject of intense media scrutiny, young men and women in the Islamic Republic of Iran have long been characterized as walking rebels—a frustrated, alienated generation devoid of hope and prone to oppositional practices. Coming of Age in Iran challenges these homogenizing depictions through vivid ethnographic portraits of a group of resilient lower-class youth in Iran: the face-savers. Through participant observation and interviews, the book reveals how conformism to moral norms becomes these young people’s ticket to social mobility. By developing a public face admired by those with the power and resources to transform their lives, face-savers both contest and reproduce systems of stratification within their communities. Examining the rules of the face game, Coming of Age in Iranshows how social practice is collectively judged, revealing the embedded moral ideologies that give shape to socioeconomic change in contexts all too often understood in terms of repression and resistance.
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Boero, Natalie, und Katherine Mason, Hrsg. The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment challenges the view that bodies belong to the category of “nature” and are biological, essential, and pre-social. It argues instead that bodies both shape and get shaped by human societies. As such, the body is an appropriate and necessary area of study for sociologists. The Handbook works to clarify the scope of this topic and display the innovations of research within the field. The volume is divided into three main parts: Bodies and Methodology; Marginalized Bodies; and Embodied Sociology. Sociologists contributing to the first two parts focus on the body and the ways it is given meaning, regulated, and subjected to legal and medical oversight in a variety of social contexts (particularly when the body in question violates norms for how a culture believes bodies “ought” to behave or appear). Sociologists contributing to the last part use the bodily as a lens through which to study social institutions and experiences. These social settings range from personal decisions about medical treatment to programs for teaching police recruits how to use physical force, from social movement tactics to countries’ understandings of race and national identity. Many chapters throughout the book offer extended methodological reflections, providing guidance on how to conduct sociological research on the body and, at times, acknowledging the role the authors’ own bodies play in developing their knowledge of the research subject.
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Havard, John Owen. Disaffected Parties. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833130.001.0001.
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Disaffected Parties reveals how alienation from politics effected crucial changes to the shape and status of literary form. Recovering the earliest expressions of grumbling, irritability, and cynicism towards politics, this study asks how unsettled partisan legacies converged with more recent discontents to forge a seminal period in the making of English literature—and thereby poses wide-ranging questions about the lines between politics and aesthetics. Reading works including Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy, James Boswell’s Life of Johnson, the novels of Maria Edgeworth and Jane Austen, and the satirical poetry of Lord Byron in tandem with print culture and partisan activity, this book shows how these writings remained animated by disaffected impulses and recalcitrant energies at odds with available party positions and emerging governmental norms—even as they sought to imagine perspectives that looked beyond the divided political world altogether. ‘No one can be more sick of—or indifferent to politics than I am’, Lord Byron wrote in 1820. Between the later eighteenth century and the Romantic age, disaffected political attitudes acquired increasingly familiar shapes. Yet this was also a period of ferment in which unrest associated with the global age of revolutions (including a dynamic transatlantic opposition movement) collided with often inchoate assemblages of parties and constituencies. As writers adopted increasingly emphatic removes from the political arena and cultivated familiar stances of cynicism, detachment, and retreat, their estrangement also promised to loop back into political engagement—and to make their works ‘parties’ all their own.
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Helm, Bennett W. Communal Values and Character-Oriented Reactive Attitudes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801863.003.0007.
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Whereas most accounts of the reactive attitudes and of responsibility focus on norms of action, we must also consider norms of character: norms that govern the kind of person we can or must be. We are bound by norms of character and so responsible to fellow members for who we are in the same way as for norms of action: via the interpersonal rational patterns in our reactive attitudes. Accordingly, this Chapter develops an account of pride, shame, esteem, and contempt as character-oriented reactive attitudes, clarifies the sense in which these are globalist emotions, distinguishes between personal and social forms of pride and shame, and provides a partial defense of the value of shame and contempt. The result both illuminates the distinction between guilt and shame and, more fundamentally, provides a unified account of responsibility without dividing it into aretaic and accountability faces as Gary Watson does.
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Klingler-Vidra, Robyn. The Venture Capital State. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501723377.001.0001.
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The Venture Capital State investigates the diffusion of the globally acclaimed Silicon Valley venture capital (VC) policy model. The spread of this model has been ubiquitous, with at least 45 states across a range of countries, in terms of geography, culture, and size, attempting to build local VC markets. In contrast to the transcendent exuberance for VC, policymakers in each and every state have implemented a distinct set of policies. Even states of similar population and economic sizes that are geographically and culturally proximate, and at comparable levels of industrialization, have not implemented similar policies. This book explains why: policymakers are “contextually rational” in their learning; their context-rooted norms shape preferences, underpinning their distinct valuations of studied models. The normative context of those learning about the policy – how they see themselves and what they deem as locally appropriate – informs their design. Findings are based upon deep investigations of VC policymaking in an East Asian cluster of states: Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore. These states’ VC successes reflects their ability to effectively adapt the highly-lauded model for their local context, not their policymakers’ approximation of the Silicon Valley policy model.
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Nault, Derrick M. Africa and the Shaping of International Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198859628.001.0001.
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Africa throughout its postcolonial history has been plagued by human rights abuses ranging from intolerance of political dissent to heinous crimes such as genocide. Some observers consequently have gone so far as to suggest that human rights are a concept alien to African cultures. The International Criminal Court (ICC)’s focus on Africa in recent years has reinforced the region’s reputation as a hotspot for human rights violations. But despite Africa’s notoriety concerning human rights, Africa and the Shaping of International Human Rights argues that the continent has been pivotal for helping shape contemporary human rights norms and practices. Challenging prevailing Eurocentric interpretations of human rights’ origins and evolution, it demonstrates that from the colonial era to the present Africa’s peoples have drawn attention to and prompted novel ways of thinking about human rights through their encounters with the world at large. Beginning with the depredations of King Leopold II in the Congo Free State in the 1880s and ending with the ICC’s current activities in Africa, it reveals how African events, personalities, groups, and nations have influenced the trajectory of human rights history in intriguing and critical ways, in the end enlarging and universalizing a major discourse of our time.
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Bristow, Jennie, Sarah Cant und Anwesa Chatterjee. Generational Encounters with Higher Education. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529209778.001.0001.
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The 21st century has witnessed significant changes to the structures and policies framing Higher Education. But how do these changes in norms, values, and purpose shape the generation now coming of age? Employing a generational analysis, this book offers an original approach to the study of education. Drawing on a British Academy-funded study, comprising a policy review, semi-structured interviews and focus groups with students and with academics of different generations, and an analysis of responses to the Mass Observation Study, the book explores the qualitative dimensions of the relationship between academics and students, and examines wider issues of culture and socialisation, from tuition fees and student mental health, to social mobility and employment. The book begins with a discussion of the emergence of a ‘graduate generation’, in a context where 50 per cent of young people are encouraged to go to University, on the basis that this is a personal investment in their future careers. Subsequent chapters review the policy changes that have led to this framing of Higher Education as an increasingly individualised experience, where ‘student choice’ is operationalised as the means by which Universities are funded and held to account; historical differences in the experience of Higher Education; and the impact of these changes on the role and status of academic staff and the experience of current and prospective students.
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Krook, Mona Lena, und Sarah Childs. Gender, Women, and Representation in State Politics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.402.
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The main contribution of research on women, gender, and state-level politics has been the introduction of the concept of gender and an expansion of traditional definitions of politics. These studies have continued to expand over the years, opening up some major areas of research as well as introducing challenges to feminist research on women, gender, and state-level politics. Social movements are among the key topics of recent studies. This is due to the fact that women have been largely excluded from other arenas of political participation. Work on political parties links to another major area of study. Although wide-ranging, it can be separated into research on electing versus being elected. Furthermore, women’s voting behavior and the election of female candidates are often treated as important questions in themselves. Another line of work, however, seeks to go beyond political priorities and presence to examine concrete policy outcomes. This research can be divided into three sets of questions: the behavior of female policy actors, the gendered nature of public policies, and the creation and evolution of gender equality policies. A fifth major literature points to the relationship between women, gender, and the state. The state is a central actor and topic in political science. Focusing on state-society interactions, feminists have been interested in understanding how states influence gender relations and, conversely, how gendered norms and practices shape state policies.
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Rothe, Eugenio M., und Andres J. Pumariega. Immigration, Cultural Identity, and Mental Health. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661700.001.0001.
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Immigration, Cultural Identity, and Mental Health is a unique book because it explains culture and identity from a developmental perspective, exploring the psychological, social, and biological aspects of the immigrant and refugee experience in the United States and how they help to shape the person’s cultural identity. It also covers the sociological, anthropological, political, and economic aspects of the immigrant experience and how these variables impact mental health, thus presenting the experience of migration and acculturation from a very broad and humanistic perspective, illustrated with multiple real-life case examples. The book explains how a broader access to travel and new communication technologies are responsible for the rapid global dissemination of cultural norms, values, and beliefs across national borders, facilitating a process of inter-culturation, in which both the new arrivals and members of the host culture are influenced and transformed by their interactions with one another and how American children, adolescents and young adults are at the forefront of such new multicultural identity formation. It describes the emergence of transnational identities, the meaning of pilgrimages, the experiences of return migrations and the importance of the American narrative, which is at its core, an immigrant narrative. This is a book about the American identity and how immigrants have been absorbed into American society and how they continue to enlarge and transform America and the cultural identities of its inhabitants.
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Engwicht, Nina. “We Are the Genuine People”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794974.003.0011.
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The study of legality and illegality in markets usually relies on the assumption of “consolidated” statehood. This is surprising given that the strong state is by far an exception rather than the norm in the international system. It raises the question of how illegality is socially defined and enacted in contexts in which statehood is limited; that is, when the legitimacy, capability, and willingness of political authorities to develop and enforce a coherent body of laws is restricted. Analyzing social interactions in Sierra Leone’s illegal diamond market, this chapter argues that in order to understand illegality in situations of limited statehood it is crucial to take into account how illegal economies and their relation to the legal sphere are shaped by social norms of legitimacy.
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Zaleski, Kristen, Annalisa Enrile, Eugenia L. Weiss und Xiying Wang, Hrsg. Women's Journey to Empowerment in the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927097.001.0001.
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This book presents a transnational feminist view of international actions combatting patriarchal attitudes and policies that shape gender-oppressive cultural practices. How these elements take form in the modern era and responses to them are the heart of this text. Each chapter compels readers to more closely examine contemporary violence and oppression against women and girls throughout the world within a contextual framework and the actions women are taking to change the world. The contributing authors are scholars, but they are also practitioners—experts and activists in their fields who speak to the feminist global and local issues, policies, and practices that exploit women as well as advocacy efforts in each area of the world to ameliorate suffering and promote women’s rights. Fourteen countries across five continents are represented in this compendia. Each chapter begins with a narrative of peril followed by a scholarly overview of the topic and concludes with advocacy efforts with linkages for the reader to be involved in activism toward gender equity. A transnational perspective, which undergirds the theme of the book as an approach that crosses borders, offers a unique and nuanced frame of analysis toward understanding the intersectional issues of gender, race, class, culture, religion, politics, and regional–societal norms that give rise to gender-based violence and inequity. The book discusses ways to promote empowerment to fight injustice and promote equality for women and girls throughout the world as well as in local contexts.