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1
Facchini, Francesco, Giovanni Mummolo und Micaela Vitti. „Scenario Analysis for Selecting Sewage Sludge-to-Energy/Matter Recovery Processes“. Energies 14, Nr. 2 (06.01.2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020276.
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The sewage sludges are the byproducts of the wastewater treatment. The new perspective of the wastewater value chain points to a sustainable circular economy approach, where the residual solid material produced by sewage sludge treatments is a resource rather than a waste. A sewage sludge treatment system consists of five main phases; each of them can be performed by different alternative processes. Each process is characterized by its capability to recover energy and/or matter. In this paper, a state of the art of the sludge-to-energy and sludge-to-matter treatments is provided. Then, a scenario analysis is developed to identify suitable sewage sludge treatments plants that best fit the quality and flowrate of sewage sludge to be processed while meeting technological and economic constraints. Based on the scientific literature findings and experts’ opinions, the authors identify a set of reference initial scenarios and the corresponding best treatments’ selection for configuring sewage sludge treatment plants. The scenario analysis reveals a useful reference technical framework when circular economy goals are pursued. The results achieved in all scenarios ensure the potential recovery of matter and/or energy from sewage sludges processes.
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Mason, C. A., A. Häner und G. Hamer. „Aerobic Thermophilic Waste Sludge Treatment“. Water Science and Technology 25, Nr. 1 (01.01.1992): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0017.
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The expansion in both industrial and municipal wastewater treatment in recent years has resulted in a major increase in the quantities of by-product sludge produced and has exacerbated problems of waste sludge treatment and/or disposal. The traditional method for waste sewage sludge treatment is anaerobic mesophilic digestion for sludges that are to be disposed of on agricultural land. Other disposal methods for untreated sludges include incineration, an option receiving increased interest, and ocean dumping, an option that is environmentally incompatable and used much less frequently today compared with 10 years ago. Sewage sludge can be considered to be a resource as far as its mineral nutrient composition is concerned. However, this resource cannot be exploited in agriculture because sludges are inevitably contaminated with noxious chemicals that partition into the sludge during either primary or secondary wastewater treatment. In the case sewage sludge, pathogenic and potentially pathogenic organisms are also present unless such contaminants are removed during treatment. Traditional mesophilic treatment under anaerobic conditions does not remove either noxious chemicals such as detergent residues or pathogenic organisms to a satisfactory degree. During the past decade, autothermal aerobic thermophilic pretreatment processes have been introduced as a complementary sludge treatment stage. Such aerobic pretreatment processes allow both the biodegradation of chemicals that are recalcitrant to anaerobic treatment and the thermal inactivation of pathogenic organisms. However, their introduction as a total treatment process for sludges is inhibited by their relatively poor conversion efficiencies as far as mineralization is concerned. In this contribution the biodegradation bacteria under aerobic thermophilic conditions will be described and discussed and concepts for biomass yield coefficient reduction that could enhance aerobic thermophilic sludge treatment process effectiveness will be introduced.
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da Silva, Paulo Henrique Müller, Fabio Poggiani und Jean Paul Laclau. „Applying Sewage Sludge toEucalyptus grandisPlantations: Effects on Biomass Production and Nutrient Cycling through Litterfall“. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/710614.
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In most Brazilian cities sewage sludge is dumped into sanitary landfills, even though its use in forest plantations as a fertilizer and soil conditioner might be an interesting option. Sewage sludge applications might reduce the amounts of mineral fertilizers needed to sustain the productivity on infertile tropical soils. However, sewage sludge must be applied with care to crops to avoid soil and water pollution. The aim of our study was to assess the effects of dry and wet sewage sludges on the growth and nutrient cycling ofEucalyptus grandisplantations established on the most common soil type for Brazilian eucalypt plantations. Biomass production and nutrient cycling were studied over a 36-month period in a complete randomized block design. Four experimental treatments were compared: wet sewage sludge, dry sludge, mineral fertilizer, and no fertilizer applications. The two types of sludges as well as mineral fertilizer increased significantly the biomass ofEucalyptustrees. Wood biomass productions 36 months after planting were similar in the sewage sludge and mineral fertilization treatments (about 80 tons ha−1) and 86% higher than in the control treatment. Sewage sludge application also affected positively leaf litter production and significantly increased nutrient transfer among the components of the ecosystem.
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Rockefeller, Abby A. „Sewers, Sewage Treatment, Sludge: Damage without End“. NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 12, Nr. 4 (Februar 2003): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/qlxd-wq8a-hevr-7k1b.
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It is in the nature of sewering and sewage treatment to compound environmental problems in the processof moving sewage and in attempting to remove from sewage the pollutants it carries. Spreading sewage sludge on land is but the latest in the compounding of environmental damage from sewerage. This practice must be banned and there must be a federal reorientation of all technology dealing with human excreta and the waste materials from industry and society that now are carried away by sewers. The reorientation must center on biologically based on-site pollution prevention and resource recycling technologies mandated through a revised Clean Water Act.
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Meunier, N., R. D. Tyagi und J. F. Blais. „Traitement acide pour la stabilisation des boues d'épuration“. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, Nr. 1 (01.02.1996): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-008.
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Chemical stabilization of sewage sludge is one of the most researched alternative to conventional biological digestion. The present research was therefore dedicated to studying a new acid treatment process for residual sludge from wastewater treatment, both industrial and municipal. This study demonstrated that sludge acidification (pH = 2.0–2.5) with sulphuric acid brings about a very rapid hydrolysis and mineralization of organic matter of the biomass that causes a significant reduction in sludge solids. This simple and efficient process of acidification for a partial digestion of different types of municipal (primary, secondary, and mixed) and industrial (pulp and paper) sludges could be integrated into the actual chain of treatment and stabilization of sewage sludges. Key words: sewage sludge, stabilization, digestion, acid treatment, sulphuric acid.
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Stoll, U., und K. Parameswaran. „Treatment and disposal of domestic sewage sludge and nightsoil sludge for Bangkok“. Water Science and Technology 34, Nr. 11 (01.12.1996): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0282.
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In the recent past, treatment and disposal of sewage sludge has become an expensive and environmentally sensitive problem in western countries. It is becoming a growing problem worldwide with its focus on the megacities in the newly developed countries, since sludge production will continue to increase as new sewage treatment plants are built and environmental quality standards become more stringent. With some traditional disposal routes coming under pressure, the challenge facing the wastewater treatment authorities is to find cost-effective and environmentally sound solutions whilst responding to increasing public awareness. This paper describes the development of a plan for integrated management of municipal sludges (sewage sludge, nightsoil/septage sludge) which has high security for medium-and long-term sludge utilization and disposal as the goal. It concludes that incineration and agricultural use should be implemented and operated in parallel as first priority options.
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Rio, S., C. Faur-Brasquet, L. Le Coq, D. Lecomte und P. Le Cloirec. „Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from sewage sludge: carbonization step“. Water Science and Technology 49, Nr. 1 (01.01.2004): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0041.
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Sewage sludges produced from wastewater treatment plants continue to create environmental problems in terms of volume and method of valorization. Thermal treatment of sewage sludge is considered as an attractive method in reducing sludge volume which at the same time produces reusable by-products. This paper deals with the first step of activated carbon production from sewage sludge, the carbonization step. Experiments are carried out on viscous liquid sludge and limed sludge by varying carbonization temperature and heating rate. The results show that carbonized residue properties are interesting for activated carbon production.
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Chu, C. W., C. S. Poon und R. Y. H. Cheung. „Characterization of raw sludge, chemically modified sludge and anaerobically digested sludge in Hong Kong“. Water Science and Technology 38, Nr. 2 (01.07.1998): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0095.
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Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) or Chemically Assisted Primary Sedimentation (CAPS) is being employed at the new sewage work on Stonecutters Island as part of the Strategic Sewage Disposal Scheme (SSDS) in Hong Kong. CAPS involves the use of chemical coagulants (such as lime or ferric chloride) to induce coagulation or flocculation and let these finely-divided particles form large aggregates (floc) so that they can settle out within a reasonable period of time. In this study, five sludge samples collected from different sewage treatment plants in Hong Kong were physically and chemically characterized. They were chemically modified sludge from Stonecutters Island (CAPS) raw sludge from Tai Po and Yuen Long Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) (rTP & rYL) and anaerobically digested sludge from Tai Po and Yuen Long STP (dTP & dYL). It was found that CAPS sludge was better than other 4 sludge samples in terms of settleability and dewaterability. CAPS sludge contained significant higher amounts (p<0.01) of extractable compounds than other sludges (except NO3− for dTP, NH4+ and PO43− for dYL). The concentration of total N and P in CAPS sludge were significantly higher (p<0.01) than other sludges (except dYL). The concentrations of total Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr and K in the CAPS sludge were also significantly higher (p<0.01) than other sludge samples. Most of the metals (Cr, Pb, Cr and Zn) in CAPS sludge were associated with the organically-bounded phase. It is concluded that there are significant differences in both physical and chemical properties between the chemically modified sludge and biological treated sludges.
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Scheminski, A., R. Krull und D. C. Hempel. „Oxidative treatment of digested sewage sludge with ozone“. Water Science and Technology 42, Nr. 9 (01.11.2000): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0193.
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A process to improve anaerobic biodegradation of wastewater treatment sludges is investigated. Recalcitrant organic compounds which are contained in biologically stabilized digested sludge become biodegradable by partial oxidation using ozone and ozone in combination with hydrogen peroxide respectively. By oxidation with ozone, cell walls of microorganisms were destroyed and cytoplasm dissolved in sludge water. Water insoluble substances with high molecular weight were split into smaller, water soluble and biodegradable fragments. Sludge matrix composition regarding protein, lipid and polysaccharide content changed. After ozone consumption of 0.2 gram ozone per gram organic dry matter, the degree of biodegradation of organic matter during the following anaerobic treatment increased to 42%. Due to the oxidizing pretreatment, the dewatering results of the sludges after biological decomposition deteriorated. The polymer demand to reach isoelectric point increased with ozone consumption. Compared to mechanical, thermal and thermochemical disintegration, partial oxidation by ozone achieved highest degrees of organic matter decomposition in the following anaerobic biodegradation.
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Królik, Dariusz, Przemysław Wypych und Jakub Kostecki. „Sewage Sludge Management in a Sewage Treatment Plant“. Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 29, Nr. 3 (01.09.2019): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2019-0036.
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Abstract Sewage sludge produced in municipal sewage treatment plants, because of its physicochemical and sanitary properties, is a serious threat to the environment. In order to neutralize it, various methods of processing are used, which directly affect the quantity and quality of produced sewage sludge, which in the final stage can be used naturally. Properly managed sludge management is presented on the example of a sewage treatment plant, conducting the methane fermentation process with the production of biogas.
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Orikawa, M., H. Kamahara, Y. Atsuta und H. Daimon. „Application of Hydrothermal Treatment to High Concentrated Sewage Sludge for Anaerobic Digestion Process“. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2, Nr. 3 (30.10.2013): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.3.165-168.
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Tomato and seaweed were produced by utilizing CO2 and heat discharged from power generation using biogas in Toyogawa biomass park, Japan. The biogas was obtained by anaerobic digestion with hydrothermal treatment. The hydrothermal treatment was applied to the high concentrated sewage sludge (22 % total solids (TS) dewatered sludge). The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of hydrothermal treatment on the qualities of high concentrated sewage sludge, by analyzing particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The hydrothermal treatment was investigated under 10-60 min of treatment time, 180-200 °C of temperature, 10-22 %-TS of sewage sludge concentration. The results showed that the DOC in each conditions increased through hydrothermal treatment. The highest DOC obtained was 67 % of total carbon concentration, when the temperature was 180 °C, treatment time was 60 min and sewage sludge concentration was 10 %-TS. Furthermore, the viscosity of treated sewage sludge was decreased by hydrothermal treatment. In batch anaerobic digestion test, methane gas production was confirmed. In addition, this study evaluated the energy balance of this system. Thus, the results of this study indicated that the possibility of application of hydrothermal treatment to high concentrated sewage sludge for anaerobic digestion process. Keywords: anaerobic reaction, hydrothermal treatment, sewage sludge, solubilization
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Guan, X. H., C. Shang, S. M. Yu und G. H. Chen. „Exploratory study on reusing water treatment works sludge to enhance primary sewage treatment“. Water Supply 4, Nr. 1 (01.02.2004): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0019.
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This paper focused on an exploratory study on reusing waste sludge of a local water treatment works (referred to as “alum sludge”) to enhance the removal of both SS (suspended solids) and COD (chemical oxygen demand) from sewage. Laboratory jar tests were conducted using the raw sewage and the alum sludge taken from a local sewage treatment works with variations in sludge dosages, aging times and pH conditions. It has been found that adding alum sludge at dosage around 20 mg/l as Al to the sewage can increase the SS removal by more than 20% and the COD removal by at least 15%, compared with the control tests without alum sludge addition. The pH of sewage, adjusted from 5 to 9, had little impact on the SS and COD removal induced by the alum sludge. However, the alum sludge aging time substantially affected the SS and COD removal. Experiment results suggested that sweep flocculation and physical adsorption play the key roles in enhancing both SS and COD removal from the raw sewage.
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Samson, K. A., und G. A. Ekama. „An assessment of sewage sludge stability with a specific oxygen utilization rate (SOUR) test method“. Water Science and Technology 42, Nr. 9 (01.11.2000): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0165.
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Sewage sludge treatment systems are intended to stabilize the sludge so that its disposal or reuse can be environmentally acceptable. However, stabilized sludges may still contain residual biodegradable organic matter that can be environmentally a nuisance. This paper presents a specific oxygen utilization rate [SOUR, mgO2/(gVSS·h)] batch reactor test method to quantify the residual biodegradable organic matter content of the treated (stabilized) sewage sludges. The results of the study, in which 37 SOUR batch tests were done on 10 different sewage sludges, show that the SOUR, when determined over a prolonged period (4 to 5 days), gives an indirect measure of sludge stability defined as the % soluble and particulate residual biodegradable organics in the sludge; to determine % sludge stability, it is necessary to simulate the experimental SOUR data by means of a general activated sludge model. The % sludge stability obtained for the 10 different sludges, taking due account of their soluble and particulate constituents, was consistent with that expected from the stabilization treatment systems to which the sludges were subjected.
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Jia, Li. „Treatment and Disposal Technology of Surplus Sludge in Urban and Town Sewage Treatment Plant“. E3S Web of Conferences 143 (2020): 02052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014302052.
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with the continuous acceleration of urban and town construction, the output of urban and town sewage is also increasing. To a great extent, this promotes the technological development and capacity expansion of urban and town sewage treatment plants. In the process of sewage treatment, a lot of sludge is inevitable. However, many urban and town sewage treatment plants pay more attention to the treatment of sewage and ignore the treatment of sludge. In this way, the sludge without proper treatment can be disposed at will. In the long run, this will not only affect the surrounding environment, but also hinder the development of social economy. Therefore, the urban and town sewage treatment plant should pay enough attention to the application of surplus sludge treatment and disposal technology. In this paper, the main problems existing in the treatment and disposal technology of surplus sludge in urban and town sewage treatment plants, and the treatment and disposal technology of surplus sludge in urban and town sewage treatment plants are both explored and analyzed, hoping to contribute to the long-term development of urban and town sewage treatment plants.
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Han, Dong Gang, Chao Li und Xin Hua Zhao. „Prospect of Sludge Treatment Technology in Tianjin“. Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2916–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2916.
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As the sewage treatment keeps increasing every year, the sludge output from municipal sewage plant increases dramatically. The emission of the sludge without proper treatment pollutes the water and the atmosphere again. It not only slows down the effectiveness of sewage treatment systems, but also threatens the environment and humans activity. In this paper, the current situation of sludge treatment was explored. Based on the systematic research on sludge treatment of municipal sewage plants in Tianjin, some current problems were pointed out. The advices about sludge treatment of municipal sewage plant in Tianjin are outlined.
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Janíček, František, Milan Perný, Vladimír Šály, Markus Giemza und Peter Hofmann. „Microwave Supported Treatment of Sewage Sludge“. Journal of Electrical Engineering 67, Nr. 4 (01.07.2016): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jee-2016-0042.
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Abstract This work is focused on microwave treatment of sewage sludge. The aim of our experiments was to investigate the impact of microwave radiation upon different sewage sludge parameters such as concentration of nitrates and nitrites, phosphates, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), SVI (Sludge Volume Index) and the microscopic structure of sludge. The experiments with microwave irradiation of sewage sludge indicate that moderate microwave power causes visible effects on the chemical, physical and biological properties of the sludge. The calculation of profitability and energy efficiency is also presented.
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Müller, J. „Disintegration as a key-step in sewage sludge treatment“. Water Science and Technology 41, Nr. 8 (01.04.2000): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0151.
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Fields of application of the mechanical sewage sludge disintegration are presented. Various methods of mechanical cell disintegration are described and the obtained results are compared. All methods are able to break up the flocs, but only some of them provide enough energy for the disruption of micro-organisms. The possible improvement of the anaerobic degradation process using raw sludge, excess sludge and digested sludge is shown. Excesssludge proves to be the most suitable. The use of disintegrated sludge as a carbon source for the denitrification is explained as a second field of application. External carbon sources can be substituted and the amount of sewage sludge to be disposed of is reduced at the same time. Foamingin digesters caused by filamentous micro-organisms can be reduced by disintegration of these sludges. Adsorbed gas bubbles are released and the settling properties of the sludge are improved. Another field of application is the solution of organic components of the sludge solids. The increased concentration of nitrogen and phosphorous in the supernatant causes recovery processes to be operated at a higher cost efficiency. A comparison of effort and advantages shows that disintegration is especially useful if there are problems in the sludge treatment process of the WTP.
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Masciandaro, Grazia, Eleonora Peruzzi und Steen Nielsen. „Sewage sludge and waterworks sludge stabilization in sludge treatment reed bed systems“. Water Science and Technology 76, Nr. 2 (13.04.2017): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.155.
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In this study, results about sludge stabilization in sludge treatment reed bed (STRB) systems in two different systems, Hanningfield STRB 1 (England), treating waterworks sludge, and Stenlille STRB 2 (Denmark), treating surplus activated sludge, are presented. The study mainly focused on the effectiveness of the STRBs systems in stabilizing sludge organic matter; in fact, parameters correlated to biochemical and chemico-structural properties of organic sludge matter were determined. Dewatering and sludge stabilization were effective in both STRBs, as highlighted by total and volatile dry solids trend. β-glucosidase, phosphatase, arylsulphatase, leucine amino-peptidase and butyrate esterase activities, enzymes related to C, P, S, N and overall microbial activity, respectively, significantly declined along the profile in both STRBs. The determination of humic carbon highlighted the formation of a stable nucleus of humified organic matter in both STRBs in the deepest layers, thus meaning the successful stabilization of sludge organic matter for both kind of sludges. Similar conclusions can be drawn from pyrolysis gas chromatography analysis (Py-GC), which enables the characterization of soil organic matter quality from a chemical-structural point of view. The pyrolytic indices of mineralization and humification showed that in both STRBs the sludge organic matter is well stabilized.
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Giger, W., M. Ahel, M. Koch, H. U. Laubscher, C. Schaffner und J. Schneider. „Behaviour of Alkylphenol Polyethoxylate Surfactants and of Nitrilotriacetate in Sewage Treatment“. Water Science and Technology 19, Nr. 3-4 (01.03.1987): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0225.
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Effluents and sludges from several municipal sewage treatment plants in Switzerland were analyzed for nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEO, n=3-20), nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylate (NPlEO, NP2EO), corresponding nonylphenoxy carboxylic acids (NP1EC, NP2EC) and nonylphenol (NP). These chemicals derive from nonionic surfactants of the NPnEO-type, and specific analitical techniques were used to study their behaviour during mechanical-biological sewage and subsequent sludge treatment. The parent NPnEO-surfactants, with concentrations in raw and mechanically treated sewage from 400-2200 mg/m3, were relatively efficiently removed by the activated sludge treatment. The abundances of the different metabolites varied depending on treatment conditions. The refractory nature of NPl/2EO, NP and NPl/2EC was recognized. Both biotransformations and physico-chemical processes determine the behaviour and fate of nonylphenolic substances in sewage treatment. Nitrilotriacetate (NTA) was found in primary effluents at concentrations between 430 and 1390 mg/m3. The various treatment plants showed different removal efficiencies for NTA depending on the operating conditions. Activated sludge treatment with low sludge loading rates and nitrifying conditions removed NTA with efficiencies between 95 and 99%. High sludge loading caused a decrease in NTA removal efficiencies from 70% to 39%.
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Cheng, H. F., S. Y. Chen und J. G. Lin. „Hazardous organic matters in municipal sewage sludge in Taiwan“. Water Science and Technology 44, Nr. 10 (01.11.2001): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0582.
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Application of municipal sewage sludge to agricultural land has attracted significant attention in recent years because it conserves abundant nutrients and hydrocarbons that can be used as a soil amendment. The presence of hazardous organic matters (HOMs) in sewage sludge limits the feasibility of reuse of sewage sludge. The purpose of this study was to investigate the types and the concentrations of HOMs in municipal sewage sludge in Taiwan. An efficient SFE/GC/MS method was used to determine HOMs in sludge samples. The results indicated that di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was persistently found in both aerobically and anaerobically digested sludges. 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) was only found in anaerobically digested sludges. Both DEHP and 4-NP have been characterized as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) or environmental endorine disruptors (EEDs). It suggested that sludges containing high levels of DEHP and 4-NP need further treatment and reduction of possible impacts on the environment before their reuse as soil fertilizers.
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Furness, D. T., L. A. Hoggett und S. J. Judd. „Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge“. Water and Environment Journal 14, Nr. 1 (Februar 2000): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2000.tb00227.x.
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Nascimento, Altina Lacerda, Regynaldo Arruda Sampaio, Luiz Arnaldo Fernandes, Geraldo Ribeiro Zuba Junio, João Paulo Carneiro, Márcio Neves Rodrigues und Hermann Cruz de Albuquerque. „Yield and nutrition of sunflower fertilized with sewage sludge stabilized by different processes“. Revista Ceres 60, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2013): 683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-737x2013000500012.
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The different methods of sewage sludge stabilization modify their physical chemical and biological properties, altering its efficiency when applied in agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrient levels in soil and the yield of sunflower fertilized with sewage sludge stabilized by different processes. The experiment was conducted in Cambisol, with the treatments: control (without fertilization), fertilization with sewage sludge solarized, composted, vermicomposted, limed and chemical fertilizer recommended for sunflower crop. The experimental design a randomized block with four replications. The different methods of sewage sludge treatment did not affect the yield; however, the application of sewage sludge, regardless the stabilization process adopted, was more effective than chemical fertilizer and the control treatment. Overall, fertilization with limed sewage sludge provided higher soil nutrients concentrations, while treatments with composted and vermicomposted sewage sludge showed higher levels of nutrients in the plant.
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Winter, P., und S. C. Duckham. „Analaysis of volatile odour compounds in digested sewage sludge and aged sewage sludge cake“. Water Science and Technology 41, Nr. 6 (01.03.2000): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0095.
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A number of malodorous compounds were identified in digested sludge and the corresponding sludge cakes. The major components included a number of sulfides. The levels of these compounds were monitored in order to investigate the influence of the sludge treatment process and length of cake storage on the malodour of treated sewage sludge. Two sewage treatment works (STWs) were surveyed. One of the works (Site B) produced very malodorous sludge cake, whilst the other produced a much less odorous cake (Site A). The analysis consisted of purge and trap sampling of liquefied samples followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Afteran initial screening of samples, by full mass scan GC-MS analysis, targetcompounds were identified for quantification. Sulfide levels inthe majority of the liquid digested sludges were significantly lower than that in sludge cakes. Large differences in the level of sulfides were found in stockpiled sludge cakes. The majority of malodorous sludge cakes had higher sulfide levels than less odorous sludge cakes. The most abundant compounds were dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide and dimethyltrisulfide. Thehighest sulfide levels were found during the first month of stockpiling. Whenthe odour threshold concentration of these compounds was taken into account and odour unit values were calculated, dimethyltrisulfide was found to have a proportionally greater impact on odour than any of the other compounds studied. The use of sulfide levels as indicators of malodour formation and possible strategies for reducing odour in stockpiled sludge cake are discussed.
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Tatarus, Alina, Diana Puiu, Roxana Scutariu, Marius Simion, Marcela Antoaneta Niculescu und Toma Galaon. „PCB congeners occurrence in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants in Romania“. SIMI 2019, SIMI 2019 (20.09.2019): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/simi.2019.fp39.
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Sewage sludges originating from waste water treatment plants (WWTP) act as a sink for various contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The fate of organochlorine compounds in sewage sludge is shaped by their physical-chemical properties and by environmental conditions. The high persistence of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in sewage sludge is given by an extremely reduced degradation rate which varies from months to years (the half-life of PCB 28 is 10.9 years, and PCB 52, 11.2 years). Due to their increased hydrophobicity, these carcinogenic compounds can be easily uptake by plants and transferred to the food chain. The present study investigated the occurrence of these seven PCB congeners in sewage sludge sampled from municipal waste water treatment plants from different geographical areas in Romania for a two-year period (2018 and 2019). For the analyzed PCB congeners a database was created concerning their occurrence levels in sewage sludge from these WWTPs. A total number of 62 sewage sludge samples were collected from different WWTPs between 2018-2019 and analyzed for PCB congener content using a validated GC-ECD method according to SR EN 16167/2013. In all the samples that were analyzed in this study the sum of PCB congeners was situated below the maximum allowable concentration (MAC = 0.8 mg/kg d.w.) stated by the Order 708/2004.
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Xie, Li Ping, und Xia Wu. „Effect of Wastewater Treatment Processes on the Combustion Properties of Sewage Sludge“. Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (Juni 2010): 1153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1153.
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The combustion properties of five different sewage sludges were studied by thermal gravimetric analysis in the atmosphere of “oxygen”and “nitrogen + oxygen”, respectively. The results indicate that there are not influence of wastewater treatment process and the sludges anaerobic digestion on the combustion process, but both of the “anaerobic” wastewater treatment and the sludge anaerobic digestion make the ignition temperature of sludge higher, and the temperature of anaerobic digestion sludge is the highest. The relationship among the ignition temperatures of five sludges is independent of combustion atmosphere and heating rate. However, low heating rate makes the temperature of sludge decline. The combustion reaction mechanisms have been studied with Šatava-Šesták equation. It shows that there are the same combustion reaction mechanisms for five sludges in the same atmosphere, and the heating rate hasn’t influence on them, but the combustion atmosphere has influence on them.
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Qian, Li Li, Shu Zhong Wang und Xing Ying Tang. „Experimental Study on Hydrothermal Treatment of Municipal Sewage Sludge“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (Oktober 2013): 693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.693.
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Wastewater treatment plants produced large amounts of municipal dewatered sewage sludge with about 80wt% moisture content. High moisture content is the bottleneck of sludge treatment and disposal. Hydrothermal treatment could economically disrupt sludge cells, release bound water and finally improve sludge dewaterability instead of thermal drying technology with high energy consumption. In this paper, hydrothermal treatment experiments were carried out and the combustion performance of the original sewage sludge and the hydrothermal treatment sewage sludge was analyzed to verify the possibility of burning after sludge hydrothermal treatment. The results show that the optimal reaction temperature, initial moisture content, pressure and time are 170°C, 87wt%, 0.9MPa and 40min, respectively, obtaining a final moisture content lower than 50wt% by centrifugation. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) results show that higher temperature and pressure, as well as longer reaction time are of benefit to the hydrothermal treatment of the municipal sewage sludge. Furthermore, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) of the original sewage sludge and the hydrothermal treatment sewage sludge shows that a hydrothermal treatment can improve the combustion performance of the sludge, which is beneficial to the subsequent incineration process.
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Öden, Muhammed Kamil, İrfan Özer und Bilgehan Yabgu Horasan. „Arıtma Çamurlarının Tarımsal Alanlarda Kullanım Örneklerinin Araştırılması“. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, Nr. 5 (21.05.2019): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i5.743-749.2400.
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Nowadays, due to some reasons, soil quality deteriorates, soil organic matter decreases, and plant growth is adversely affected such as damaging agricultural practices, unconscious pesticide and fertilizer use. There is also treatment sludge among the methods that will contribute to the soil. Sewage sludge, the inevitable by-product of municipal and other wastewater treatment plant operations, is a key issue in many countries due to its increasing volume and the impacts associated with its disposal. This environmentally hazardous treatment sludge can be significantly reduced by anaerobic digestion. However, the resulting gas and the residues from anaerobic digestion process need to be treated or stabilized. The use of sewage sludge in agriculture will provide both soil nutrient elements and waste sludge can be disposed with this application. Definitely, it is possible to evaluate the treatment sludges in many different areas. After cleaning the sludge from contaminants, it can be used as a good compost or soil improvement material. In this study, agricultural applications with sewage sludge were investigated.
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Cheng, H. F., S. Y. Chen und J. G. Lin. „Biodegradation of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in sewage sludge“. Water Science and Technology 41, Nr. 12 (01.06.2000): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0227.
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Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as a plasticizer in the production of polyvinyl chloride to impart flexibility to the product. Because of its mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, the presence of DEHP in sludge limits the application of sludge as a soil fertilizer. In this study, sludges were collected from three sewage treatment plants and thirteen wastewater treatment plants of different industries in Taiwan. A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was first established as an effective method for determining the concentration of DEHP in sludge. Laboratory-scale land-simulated experiments were performed to investigate the biodegradation of DEHP in sludge under various conditions (moisture, temperature, sunlight and ventilation). DEHP was found in aerobically and anaerobically digested sludges and their values significantly exceeded the restricted concentration of DEHP for sludge land application. DEHP was found to degrade in sludge under the conditions of good ventilation, sufficient sunlight and proper moisture. The indigenous microorganisms in the sludge appeared to dominate the biodegradation of DEHP in sludge. However about 70% of DEHP remained in sludge after 189 d indicating that DEHP is persistent in the environment.
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Kirk, P. W. W., und J. N. Lester. „The Behaviour of Chlorinated Organics during Activated Sludge Treatment and Anaerobic Digestion“. Water Science and Technology 20, Nr. 11-12 (01.11.1988): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0306.
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An activated sludge pilot plant was operated at 4,6 and 9d sludge ages with influent settled sewage from a full scale treatment works. The behaviour of the chlorinated organic micropollutants was examined at their background levels in sewage and significant removal was seen for dieldrin, Y-HCH, DDE, PCB and 2,4-DCPol at all sludge ages. Dieldrin, Y-HCH, DDE PCB, 2,4,5-TCPol, 2,4,6-TCPol and 2,4-DCPol were found to associate with activated sludge solids. 2,4-DCPol and 4-C-2MPol were found to be biologically degraded. Mixed primary sludge from the same sewage treatment works was incubated anaerobically with and without azide addition to prevent biological activity. Rapid removal of Y-HCH was concluded to be due to chemical degradation, while biological activity was concluded to be the mechanism for the removals of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, 2,4,6-TCPol and 2,3,4,6-TeCPol. Statistically significant increases were observed for 2,3,4,6-TeCPol in azide treated incubations and for 2,4,5-TCPol and 2,4-DCPol in both treated and untreated anaerobic sludges.
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Karlsson, I., und J. Göransson. „Thermic Sludge Treatment“. Water Science and Technology 27, Nr. 5-6 (01.03.1993): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0522.
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Chemical pretreatment changes the composition of waste water by reducing the paniculate organic matter. A lower biological sludge production from the sewage facilitates nitrification. The denitrification capacity of the sewage is decreased, but the fraction of low molecular substances is not influenced by the chemical treatment. To increase the denitrification capacity, the organic matter removed can be hydrolised into a readily degradable form and used as an electron donor. In Tampere waste water plant the sludge is hydrolysed at 150° C in a low pH environment. The carbon source was increasing the capacity of the anoxic zone. The sludge dewatering characteristics were improved. The sludge is divided into two fractions, one with paniculate organic matter, the other containing a solution of organic and inorganic substances. The heavy metals can be separated and the precipitant recovered and recycled.
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Włodarczyk, Elżbieta, Marta Próba und Lidia Wolny. „Ecotoxicity Assessment of Stabilized Sewage Sludge from Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant“. Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 22, Nr. 3 (01.09.2016): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2016-0044.
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Abstract Aim of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicity of municipal sewage sludge conditioned with polyelectrolytes, taken from selected sewage treatment plant. Using the bioindication analysis overall toxicity was assessed, which allows to know the total toxicity of all the harmful substances contained in sewage sludge, in many cases acting synergistically. To prepare a sample of sludge for the basic test, all analyses were performed with a ratio of liquid to solid of 10:1 (water extract). Daphnia pulex biological screening test was used. A dilution series of an water extract of sludge were prepared to include within its scope the lowest concentration that causes 100% effect and the highest producing less than 10% of the effect within a specified range of the assay. The results of the test were read after 24 and 48 hours. Based on the research and analysis of test results it proved that the sewage sludge conditioned with polyelectrolytes exhibit the characteristics of eco-toxic.
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Kolisch, G., und T. Rolfs. „Integrated sidestream treatment for enhanced enlargement of sewage plants“. Water Science and Technology 41, Nr. 9 (01.05.2000): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0194.
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The filtrates or centrates from dewatering of digested sludges cause high internal nitrogen loads on sewage treatment plants. Especially at poor inflow C:N ratios separate treatment of these sludge liquors can significantly relieve the biological treatment stage. We developed a new process for a biological sidestream treatment with primary sludge as the carbon source for denitrification. The process has beeen tested in laboratory-scale tests and by computer simulations. The stability of the process is being investigated in a full-scale application under practical conditions.
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Hsiao, P. C., und S. L. Lo. „Extractability and fractionation of heavy metals in chemically treated sewage sludges“. Water Science and Technology 44, Nr. 10 (01.11.2001): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0590.
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Four chemically treated sludges, lime-treated (LS), lime/sodium silicate-treated (LSS), cement-treated (CS), and cement/sodium silicate-treated (CSS) were produced form the chemical treatment of aerobic digested sewage sludge cake, using lime, cement, and sodium silicate as additives. Ex tractability and fractionation of the heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cr, and Zn) in these products and untreated sludge (S) were investigated using sequential extraction, single extraction, and 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (13C-NMR). These approaches revealed that chemical treatment of sewage sludge makes sludge Cu, Pb, and Cr more extractable. It was attributed to the irreversible dissolution of a portion of organics at very high pH during chemical treatment of sludge. The enhanced extraction of some metals having higher affinity to organics, e.g. Cu and Pb, from the chemically treated sludges was due to their complexion with the above soluble organics.
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Shagidullin, R. R., А. M. Petrov und D. V. Ivanov. „Approaches to Recultivation of Sewage Sludge Cards of Biological Treatment Facilities of the City of Kazan“. Ecology and Industry of Russia 25, Nr. 3 (10.03.2021): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2021-3-18-23.
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Quantitative, physicochemical, toxicological and microbiological characteristics of sewage sludge accumulated on sewage sludge cards of Municipal Unitary Enterprise Vodokanal in Kazan are determined. The use of sewage sludge for land restoration and as organic fertilizers is limited by the high content of bacteria of the group of Escherichia coli and heavy metals. Considering the significant volumes of sewage sludge, a method for their restoration directly in sewage sludge cards using quicklime and zeolite is proposed. Experiments have shown that the introduction of calcium oxide and activated zeolite in the amount of 2.5–5.0 % and 20–30 % by weight of the raw sludge, respectively, stops the fermentation processes, provides disinfection, dehydration and structuring of sewage sludge, promotes the immobilization of heavy metals. The intensity of ammonia release into the atmosphere was determined for different technological parameters of sewage sludge treatment.
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Iticescu, Catalina, Puiu-Lucian Georgescu, Maxim Arseni, Adrian Rosu, Mihaela Timofti, Gabriel Carp und Lucian-Ionel Cioca. „Optimal Solutions for the Use of Sewage Sludge on Agricultural Lands“. Water 13, Nr. 5 (24.02.2021): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050585.
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The use of sewage sludge in agriculture decreases the pressure on landfills. In Romania, massive investments have been made in wastewater treatment stations, which have resulted in the accumulation of important quantities of sewage sludge. The presence of these sewage sludges coincides with large areas of degraded agricultural land. The aim of the present article is to identify the best technological combinations meant to solve these problems simultaneously. Adapting the quality and parameters of the sludge to the specificity of the land solves the possible compatibility problems, thus reducing the impact on the environment. The physico-chemical characteristics of the fermented sludge were monitored and optimal solutions for their treatment were suggested so as to allow that the sludge could be used in agriculture according to the characteristics of the soils. The content of heavy metals in the sewage sludge was closely monitored because the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer does not allow for any increases in the concentrations of these in soils. The article identifies those agricultural areas which are suitable for the use of sludge, as well as ways of correcting some parameters (e.g., pH), which allow the improvement of soil quality and obtained higher agricultural production.
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Paulsrud, Bjarne, und Kjell Terje Nedland. „Strategy for land application of sewage sludge in Norway“. Water Science and Technology 36, Nr. 11 (01.12.1997): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0422.
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The Norwegian public health and environmental authorities have launched a regulation for sewage sludge handling and disposal aiming at increasing the amount of sludge to be utilised on land areas. The strategy for achieving this is to secure that only high quality sludge is being offered to agriculture and green areas; the two disposal routes acceptable for land application of sludge in Norway. Most sewage treatment plants have experienced a considerable reduction in sludge heavy metals content during the last 15-20 years and the major reason for this is believed to be the continuous control of industrial effluents discharged to the municipal sewerage system and the implementation of cleaner technologies in the industry. Health risks and odour nuisance from the sewage sludge will be almost eliminated by employing treatment processes with the main purpose of disinfection and stabilisation of the sludge.
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Werle, Sebastian, und Mariusz Dudziak. „Influence of Wastewater Treatment and The Method of Sludge Disposal on the Gasification Process“. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 21, Nr. 2 (08.07.2014): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2014-0020.
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Abstract Municipal wastewater treatment results in the production of large quantities of sewage sludge, which requires proper environmentally accepted management before final disposal. Sewage sludge is a by-product of current wastewater treatment technologies. Sewage sludge disposal depends on the sludge treatment methods used in the wastewater treatment plant (anaerobic or aerobic digestion, drying, etc.). Taking into consideration presented given this information, a study concerning the effects of wastewater treatment processes and sewage sludge drying method on the sewage sludge gasification gas parameters was performed. Gasification is a prospective alternative method of sludge thermal treatment. For the purpose of experimental investigations, a laboratory fixed bed gasifier installation was designed and built. Two types of sewage sludge feedstock, SS1 and SS2, were analyzed. Sewage sludge SS1 came from a wastewater treatment plant operating in the mechanical and biological system while sewage sludge SS2 was collected in a mechanical, biological and chemical wastewater treatment plant with simultaneous phosphorus precipitation. The sludge produced at the plants was subject to fermentation and then, after being dehydrated, dried in a cylindrical drier on shelves heated up to 260ºC (sewage sludge SS1) and using hot air at a temperature of 150ºC in a belt drier (sewage SS2). The analysis shows that the sewage sludge properties strongly depend on the wastewater sources and the wastewater treatment processes. The gasification results, presented as a function of the amount of gasification agent, show that the greater oxygen content of SS1 caused a reduction in the reaction temperature. Paradoxically, this effect caused an increase in the quantity of combustible components in the gas. As expected, increasing the air flow rate caused a decrease in the heating value of the gas produced. A higher amount of oxidizer increases the amounts of noncombustible species and the volumetric fraction of nitrogen, thus reducing the heating value of the obtained gas. The higher hydrogen content in SS1 affects the gasification gas composition. As a result, combustible components are the majority of the syngas.
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Krutyakova, V., N. Pyliak, V. Dyshliuk und O. Nikipelova. „Efficiency of application of biofertilizers on the basis of sewage sludge of treatment facilities of Odessa“. UKRAINIAN BLACK SEA REGION AGRARIAN SCIENCE 107, Nr. 3 (2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/2313-092x/2020-3(107)-9.
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Efficiency of application of biofertilizers on the basis of sewage sludge of treatment facilities of Odessa The article presents the results of the application of new biofertilizers in the technology of growing corn for grain. Biofertilizers – on the basis of sewage sludge of biological treatment plants «Southern» and «Northern» of Odesa with the addition of winter wheat straw and sunflower seed husk. The effectiveness of the application of biofertilizers based on sewage sludges was studied in a field experiment on black soil ordinary medium humus. According to the results of field research it is established that the use of new biofertilizers based on sewage sludge of biological treatment plants «Southern» and «Northern» of Odesa in corn cultivation technologies increases the quantitative characteristics of microorganisms of different ecological and trophic groups, which, in turn, helps to increase soil fertility and corn yield for grain. Keywords: biological treatment plants, bioorganic fertilizers, efficiency, ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms, rhizosphere, soil fertility.
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Dokulilová, Tereza, Tomáš Vítěz, Jan Chovanec, Robert Rouš, Monika Vítězová und Ivan Kushkevych. „Primary and Activated Sludge Biogas Production: Effect of Temperature“. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, Nr. 1 (2018): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866010023.
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Sewage sludge management is a problem of growing importance. Anaerobic sewage sludge stabilization is commonly used technology, where organic matter contained in primary and activated sewage sludge is converted into biogas, so both, pollution control and energy recovery can be achieved. The paper deals with the effect of process temperature (36 °C, 42 °C and 50 °C) on biogas production and quality during anaerobic stabilization of primary and activated sewage sludge generated during purifying process in low‑loaded activated sludge process. Primary and activated sewage sludge samples were taken at the wastewater treatment plant Brno, Czech Republic. The characteristics of sludges (dry matter and organic dry matter content, pH, conductivity, redox potential) were dermined. Biogas production and quality was measured using 3 anaerobic systems, each of 8 batch anaerobic fermenters, at the 3 different temperature conditions 36 °C, 42 °C and 50 °C. Hydraulic retention time was 20 days. Hypothesis, which predicts that the fermentation of primary and activated sludge provides dissimilar methane quantity and quality under different temperature conditions (36 °C, 42 °C and 50 °C), was partially confirmed. Temperature 42 °C significantly increased biogas production from primary sewage sludge (by 60 % in comparison with production at 36 °C). For activated sewage sludge samples no significant influence of temperature on the biogas production was observed.
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Hiraoka, M. „Advanced sludge thermal processes in Japan“. Water Science and Technology 30, Nr. 8 (01.10.1994): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0398.
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As a result of the spread of sewerage systems, the management of growing quantities of sewage sludge is becoming an urgent need. As the method of sludge management, thermal processes have mostly been applied to the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge in Japan, because of the difficulty of finding final disposal sites. This paper describes the progress of thermal processing technologies, especially focusing on drying-incineration process systems and melting-slag recycling process systems.
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Ostojski, Arkadiusz. „Elementary analysis and energetic potential of the municipal sewage sludges from the Gdańsk and Kościerzyna WWTPs“. E3S Web of Conferences 26 (2018): 00004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182600004.
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This paper aims to present municipal sewage sludge (MSS) elementary analysis and energetic potential based on measurement of heat of combustion (higher heating value HHV) and calculation of calorific values (lower heating value LHV). The analysis takes into the consideration water content in sewage sludge, at different utilization stages, in wastewater treatment plants in Gdańsk Wschód and Kościerzyna – Pomeranian Voivodeship. The study yielded the following results (in % dry matter): ash 19÷31 %, C - 31÷36 %, H - 5÷6 %, N - 4÷6 %, O - 28÷32 %, S – 1 %. Calorific value of stabilized sludges in Gdańsk was on average 13.8÷15 MJ/kg. In case of sludges not undergoing digestion from Kościerzyna WWTP, the calorific value was at the level of 17.5 MJ/kg. Thus, sewage sludges are good energy carriers. High water content though is the problem, as it lowers the useful effect of heat. There is no alternative for thermal sewage sludge neutralization, which is in conformity with valid Polish National Waste Management Plan (KPGO 2022).
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Abu-Kaddourah, Z., A. Idris, M. J. Noor und F. R. Ahmadun. „Effects of high temperature melting on the porosity and microstructure of slags from domestic sewage sludge“. Water Science and Technology 41, Nr. 8 (01.04.2000): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0148.
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Sewage treatment plant sludges continue to pose great problems in terms of volume, odour and method of disposal. Thermal treatment of sewage sludge is considered as an attractive method in reducing sludge volume, which at the same time produces reusable by-products. Studies on high temperature melting of sewage sludge, above 1200°C, show promising results where by stable and inert by-products are produced. This paper presents a part of a big project on thermal treatment of sewage sludge, carried out in University of Putra Malaysia, this part highlights the changes in the microstructure of domestic sewage sludge when subjected to different meltingprocedures; heating temperature, cooling rate, and holding time. The heating temperatures ranged between 1250°C–550°C, and the rate of cooling was between 2.5°C–10°C per minute. Using XRD analyses, itwas found that the melted slags were amorphous despite the different melting procedures applied. The SEM microphotographs indicated that some crystallization had occurred under the melting procedures; 1350°C with a cooling rate of 5°C per minute and a holding time of 45 minutes, 1400°C with a cooling rate of 2.5°C per minute and holding time of 45 minutes, and 1400°C with a cooling rate of 5°C per minute and without holding time.
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Dregulo, A. M. „A STUDY OF HEAVY METAL COMPOSITIONS AND PHOSPHATES IN POLYMER SUBSTANCES OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE BIOMASS“. Water and Ecology 25, Nr. 3 (2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.8-13.
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Introduction. Heavy metals discharged with wastewater can lead to a toxic effect on the microbiocenosis of activated sludge and significantly decrease the degree of wastewater treatment, which dictates the need for a more detailed study and search for ways to detoxify activated sludge at the recycling stage and, at the same time, solve the problems of the neutralization of sewage sludge for safe soil disposal. To ensure the adequacy of the approach to the choice of the methodology for the neutralization of sludge, including sewage sludge, it is necessary to perform compositional analysis of their organic fractions and heavy metal compositions. Methods. To determine the quantitative content of organic components in activated sludge, a sample of sludge was dried to an air-dry state and then subjected to separation into fractions using a method based on the different solubility of compounds with the use of different solvents. Then, extractants were added step by step to the weighted samples of sewage sludge weighing about 2 g each (in a volume 20 times greater than the weight of the weighted sample (40 ml)). Results. The results of the study show that polysaccharides are the dominant form of the organic fraction (polymers) in sewage sludge. Most heavy metals were identified in acidic polysaccharides, humic-like acids and lipids. Significant concentrations of phosphates were observed for the same components of polymer substances in the biomass of activated sludges. Conclusion. The products of extraction of polymer substances of the activated sludge biomass and the content of heavy metals in them may indicate the biosorption of heavy metals by zoogleal accumulations (having a polysaccharide structure) of activated sludges in aeration tanks during biological treatment. Therefore, extracellular biopolymers can be a “target” in the development of targeted technologies for the neutralization of activated sludges.
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Qian, Li Li, Shu Zhong Wang und Xing Ying Tang. „Hydrothermal Treatment Technology of Municipal Sewage Sludge“. Advanced Materials Research 908 (März 2014): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.908.457.
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In China, over 28 million tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80 wt% moisture content, was generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2011. High moisture content is the bottleneck of sludge treatment and disposal. Thermal drying technology can significantly reduce the moisture content of sludge but its cost is too high. Hydrothermal treatment technology based on cell-break principle can efficiently and economically reduce the moisture content of sludge. This paper will introduce the specific process, features, treatment effect of this technology and propose an economic evaluation. The results show that hydrothermal treatment technology is a reasonable and economical method for treating sewage sludge in cities.
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Steinle, Eberhard. „Sludge Treatment and Disposal Systems for Rural Areas in Germany“. Water Science and Technology 27, Nr. 9 (01.05.1993): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0190.
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First an overview of the systems currently in use and being discussed for sludge treatment is presented will) particular emphasis on distinguishing between the object of the system (conditioning objective of the various phases in the system) and a system concept (concept of various phases of the system in sequence to attain the disposal objective). More detailed information is given as to the salient systems as used with smaller sewage treatment plants in rural areas, such as digestion, dewatering, hygienization, composting and thermal drying. A further item of discussion is how sludge treatment influences the sewage treatment process. For the critical emissions (nitrogen, phosphorus) demanded in Germany, and thus for the degree of sewage treatment required, the load of the sewage treatment system resulting from sludge treatment needs to be taken into account. Accordingly, operation of sludge treatment and sewage purification must always be harmonized. The extent of these return loads also limits the spatial centralization of the system phases; this applies in particular to smaller sewage treatment plants in rural areas. In conclusion, an attempt is made to present a perspective for the agricultural utilization of such sludge in Germany. Since the critical values for emissions have been further tightened by new regulations, thus considerably elevating the associated sophistication of monitoring techniques, it is to be expected that the use of sewage sludge in agriculture will also be further reduced in rural areas, especially since public awareness of emission control has considerably reduced the acceptance of sewage sludge as fertilizer.
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Catallo, W. J., und J. L. Comeaux. „Reductive hydrothermal treatment of sewage sludge“. Waste Management 28, Nr. 11 (November 2008): 2213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.10.005.
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Matveev, Igor B., Serhiy I. Serbin und Nikolay V. Washchilenko. „Plasma-Assisted Treatment of Sewage Sludge“. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 44, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2016): 3023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2016.2604849.
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Dichtl, Norbert, Svenja Rogge und Katrin Bauerfeld. „Novel Strategies in Sewage Sludge Treatment“. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 35, Nr. 5 (November 2007): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.200720022.
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Lo, Kwang V., Asha Srinivasan, Ping H. Liao und Sam Bailey. „Microwave oxidation treatment of sewage sludge“. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 50, Nr. 8 (Juni 2015): 882–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2015.1019811.
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Srinivasan, Asha, Chris Young, Ping H. Liao und Kwang V. Lo. „Radiofrequency-oxidation treatment of sewage sludge“. Chemosphere 141 (Dezember 2015): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.053.
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