Dissertationen zum Thema „Séquençage de cellules uniques“
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Foulon, Sophie. „Développement du séquençage ARN ciblé sur cellules uniques en microfluidique de gouttes et applications“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLET037.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSingle cells technologies were introduced a few years ago and have been dramatically evolving ever since. These technologies have revolutionized biology, making it possible to better understand how heterogeneous cell systems works. For example, they permit to discover and follow cell subtypes, with applications in oncology or neurobiology. We have developed a technology to study the expression profile of genes of interest at the level of a single cell, using droplet-based microfluidics. By limiting the number of genes studied compared to commercial whole-transcriptome technologies, the targeted approach has several potential benefits: gaining deeper sequencing, increasing the number of cells studied, optimizing detection for low levels of expression, while reducing the complexity of data and costs. Targeting is sometimes essential, especially when the RNAs do not carry a generic primer sequence, as in the case of viral RNAs. Two applications are presented: the analysis of inflammation of the immune cells of the brain in the early stages of development, as well as the study of genetic recombination in the virus
Deprez, Marie. „Étude de l’hétérogénéité cellulaire et des dynamiques de régénération de l’épithélium respiratoire sain par analyses des signatures transcriptionnelles sur cellules uniques“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR6022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleImprovements made in nucleic acid sequencing and cell handling technologies now offer the opportunity to analyze simultaneously the content of numerous single cells (RNA, DNA, ...) by global and unbiased approaches. This single-cell ‘omics’ revolution provides a new framework to revisit the “Cell Theory”, elaborated over several centuries, and essentially based on morphological and functional features. The many cell modalities now accessible at single- cell level, such as their transcriptome, spatial localization, developmental trajectories, enrich considerably this definition, and set a renewed context to precisely reassess the definition of ‘cell types’, ‘cell states’ as well as their different interactions and fates.My thesis work initially set up ad hoc approaches and statistical framework to analyze appropriately these single-cell data, which deeply differ from standard bulk RNA-seq. High variance, presence of a huge percentage of null values, large volume of data are among the specific characteristics of these datasets. My work was centered on the main experimental model of my host laboratory, e.g. the human airway epithelium. Human airways are lined by a pseudostratified epithelium mainly composed of basal, secretory, goblet and multiciliated cells. Airways also constitute a true cellular ecosystem, in which the epithelial layer interacts closely with immune and mesenchymal cells. This coordination between cells ensures proper defense of the respiratory system and its correct regeneration in case of external aggression and injuries. A better understanding of the operating sequences in normal and physiopathological situations is relevant in pathologies such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma or cystic fibrosis.First, I characterized at a single cell level the precise and cell-specific sequence of events leading to functional regeneration of the epithelium, using a 3D model of human cells. I then built a single-cell atlas of the different cell types that are lining healthy human airways from the nose to the 12th generation of bronchi.By applying computational and statistical approaches, I have identified cell lineage hierarchies and was able to reconstruct a comprehensive cell trajectory roadmap in human airways. I not only confirmed previously described cell lineages, but I have also discovered a novel trajectory that links goblet cells to multiciliated cells, identifying novel cell populations and molecular interactors involved in the process of healthy human airway epithelium regeneration. The profiling of 12 healthy volunteers then generated a dataset of 77,969 cells, derived from 35 distinct locations. The resulting atlas is composed of more than 26 epithelial, immune and stromal cell types demonstrating the cellular heterogeneity present in the airways. Its analysis has revealed a strong proximo-distal gradient of expression in suprabasal, secretory, or multiciliated cells between the nose and lung airways. My work has also improved the characterization of rare cells, including “hillock” cells that have been previously described in mice.In conclusion, this work probably represents one of the first single-cell investigations in human airways. It brings original contributions to our understanding of differentiation’s dynamics and cellular heterogeneity in healthy human airways. The resulting resource will be extremely useful for any future single-cell investigators and also for establishing a very useful joint between clinical and biological works. As such, it will constitute a reference in any future project aiming to precisely analyze specific disease conditions
Marcy, Guillaume. „Etude des spécificités transcriptionnelles et de la compétence des progéniteurs neuraux postnataux du cerveau antérieur chez la souris“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP070/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring development, a remarkable coordination of molecular and cellular events leads to the generation of the cortex, which orchestrates most sensorimotor and cognitive functions. Cortex development occurs in a stepwise manner: radial glia cells (RGs) - the neural stem cells (NSCs) of the developing brain - and progenitor cells from the ventricular zone (VZ) and the subventricular zone (SVZ) sequentially give rise to distinct waves of nascent neurons that form cortical layers in an inside-out manner. Around birth, RGs switch fate to produce glial cells. A fraction of neurogenic RGs that lose their radial morphology however persists throughout postnatal life in the subventricular zone that lines the lateral ventricles. These NSCs give rise to different subtypes of olfactory bulb interneurons and glial cells, according to their spatial origin and location within the postnatal SVZ. These observations raise important unresolved questions on 1) the transcriptional coding of postnatal SVZ regionalization, 2) the potential of postnatal NSCs for cellular regeneration and forebrain repair, and 3) the lineage relationship and transcriptional specificities of postnatal NSCs and of their progenies. My PhD work built upon a previously published comparative transcriptional study of defined microdomains of the postnatal SVZ. This study highlighted a high degree of transcriptional heterogeneity within NSCs and progenitors and revealed transcriptional regulators as major hallmarks sustaining postnatal SVZ regionalization. I developed bioinformatics approaches to explore these datasets further and relate expression of defined transcription factors (TFs) to the regional generation of distinct neural lineages. I then developed a model of targeted ablation that can be used to investigate the regenerative potential of postnatal progenitors in various contexts. Finally, I participated to the development of a pipeline for exploring and comparing select populations of pre- and postnatal progenitors at the single cell level. Objective 1: Transcriptomic as well as fate mapping were used to investigate the relationship between regional expression of TFs by NSCs and their acquisition of distinct neural lineage fates. Our results supported an early priming of NSCs to produce defined cell types depending of their spatial location in the SVZ and identified HOPX as a marker of a subpopulation biased to generate astrocytes. Objective 2: I established a cortical lesion model, which allowed the targeted ablation of neurons of defined cortical layers to investigate the regenerative capacity and appropriate specification of postnatal cortical progenitors. Quantitative assessment of surrounding brain regions, including the dorsal SVZ, revealed a transient response of defined progenitor populations. Objective 3: We developed a transgenic mouse line, i.e. Neurog2CreERT2Ai14, which allowed the conditional labeling of birth-dated cohorts of glutamatergic progenitors and their progeny. We used fate-mapping approaches to show that a large fraction of Glu progenitors persist in the postnatal forebrain after closure of the cortical neurogenesis period. Postnatal Glu progenitors do not accumulate during embryonal development but are produced by embryonal RGs that persist after birth in the dorsal SVZ and continue to give rise to cortical neurons, although with low efficiency. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a dysregulation of transcriptional programs, which correlates with the gradual decline in cortical neurogenesis observed in vivo. Altogether, these data highlight the potential of transcriptomic studies to unravel but also to approach fundamental questions such as transcriptional changes occurring in a population of progenitors over time and participating to changes in their fate potential. This knowledge will be key in developing innovative approaches to recruit and promote the generation of selected cell types, including neuronal subtypes in pathologies
Benavente, Diaz Maria. „Investigation of the molecular diversity defining muscle stem cell heterogeneity“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS072.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAdult skeletal muscle has a remarkable regenerative capacity, being able to recover after repeated trauma. This property depends on the presence of muscle stem cells (MuSCs), which are mostly quiescent in homeostatic conditions, re-enter the cell cycle after injury and proliferate to give rise to committed myoblasts that will eventually fuse to restore the damaged fibres. Numerous studies have investigated the cell state transitions that MuSCs undergo from cell cycle entry to differentiation. Although several genetically modified reporter mice have been generated to study these events, detailed studies on the initiation of differentiation, which is generally defined by expression of the myogenic regulatory factor Myogenin, have been hampered by the lack of a reliable reporter mouse. Therefore, we developed a fluorescent reporter line where differentiating myogenic cells expressing Myogenin are marked by the expression of a tdTomato fluorescent protein. This novel knock-in mouse line allowed us to monitor the kinetics of Myogenin expression during cell differentiation in vitro, and perform preliminary experiments on the behaviour of myogenic cells in vivo by intravital imaging. Although all mouse MuSCs are characterised by the expression of the transcription factor Pax7 and they share several properties, some studies have reported differences in proliferation, engraftment ability, and sensitivity to disease of MuSCs from cranial and limb muscles. To investigate the gene regulatory networks that govern this functional heterogeneity, we have integrated single-cell transcriptomic analyses with cell biology approaches using mouse reporter lines to identify key regulators that confer distinct properties to high performing (extraocular muscles) and lower performing (limb, Tibialis anterior muscle) MuSCs in quiescence and activated states. We identified a delayed lineage progression of extraocular MuSCs in culture that was accompanied with the expression of distinct extracellular matrix remodelling factors and membrane receptors, and we validated the expression of some of these candidates at the protein level. Advanced computational analyses highlighted the dynamics underlying the maintenance of a stem-like progenitor population in extraocular MuSCs, controlled by a singular network of transcription factors acting as a co-regulating module. Taken together, these studies provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the differential properties of muscle stem cells in distinct anatomical locations
Labrunie, Antoine. „Matériaux « uniques » pour cellules solaires organiques mono-composant“. Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0044/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOver the last few years, the development of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (BHJ OSCs) led to significant increase in photovoltaic (PV) efficiency. Such devices are based on interpenetrated networks of an electron-donor material (D) and an electron-acceptor material (A) constituting the active layer. Nevertheless a careful optimization of the morphology is required to reach high power conversion efficiency. Furthermore, this optimized morphology can evolve towards spontaneous phase segregation which can be detrimental for the PV performances. To circumvent these limitations, a relatively unexplored approach relies on the use of a material where the donor and the acceptor moieties are covalently linked to each other through a nonconjugated π-connector. In this context, the work reported herein describes the synthesis and characterization of various molecular D-σ-A assemblies, as well as their preliminary evaluation as “unique” material for the realisation of single component organic solar cells (SC-OSCs). A first family of dyads and triads, based on quaterthiophene moieties as donor block, was studied. A general methodology to assemble the two D and A blocks via a Huisgen-type click-chemistry is described. Then, in the next chapters, several dyads based on a “push-pull” donor block have been synthesized and characterized. The PV performances of these compounds have been evaluated in SC-OSCs leading to power conversion efficiency up to 1.4 %, a value close to the state of the art
Geisler, Hubert. „Structuration d'hydrogels thermoactivables pour l'analyse de cellules uniques“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLS001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe present in this work a new microfluidic technology aiming at isolating single cells by the use of thermoactuable polymers. One of the polymers we use is polyNIPAM, a polymer that can expand its volume by 400% in water when the temperature is set under 32°C and can shrink down when it is set over 34°C. We use this reversible swelling capability to open and close compartments embedded in a microfluidic chip.Grafting and structuring these hydrogel features relies on thiol-en click chemistry, initiated thermally or by UV irradiation. We have developed methods and microfabrication protocols in order to diversify the substrate materials (from glass to PDMS, COC, PMMA, etc), to expand the structures thickness range (from few microns to a tenth of microns) and to strengthen our knowledge regarding the fabrication impact on the hydrogel’s behavior. A robust protocol of photolithography has finally been worked on allowing the design of any type of 2D features on a large choice of substrates.One of the realistic applications detailed here is the development of microfluidic chips aiming at isolating single cells in hydrogel compartments. (confidential)
Vianay, Benoit. „Adhérence de cellules uniques sur supports micro-structurés“. Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00455350.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVianay, Benoit. „Adhérence de cellules uniques sur supports micro-structurés“. Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10329.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe cell adhesion is a critical process involved in many fundamental biological phenomena as dierentiation, tissue repair or cell development. This thesis focuses on a study combining experiments and modelization of single cells spreading on micro-fabricated substrates. Experimental results show that the geometrical constraint imposed by the adhesiveness contrast limits the adhesion. Beyond this limitation, a reproducible organization of the actin cytoskeleton of cells spreading on micro-structured materials suggests that simple physical laws govern the process. We have developed a classication method of basic geometrical shapes observed experimentally to obtain robust statistics. Based on the Cellular Potts model, we reproduced experimental results. This energetical model shows that the basic shapes are metastable states used by cells during spreading. The model parameters are linked to relevant biological parameters. We present results that connect the curvature of interfaces to biological parameters. We show that the experimental measurement of this curvature represents the competition between the contractility of stress bers and the elasticity of the actin gel. A correspondence between the physical properties in the model and the biochemical processes that regulate and organize the cellular adhesion is possible
Lombard, Alain. „QuanTI-FRET, un outil d'imagerie pour l'analyse de la mécanotransduction dans les cellules vivantes uniques“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY055.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMany elementary cellular processes (migration, differentiation, death) are controled by a set of agents linked together by cascade reactions. Some of these signaling networks convert mechanical signals external to the cell into internal biochemical signals, a process called mechanotransduction. We seek to study these networks through a signal processing approach, in order to experimentally determine an analogous of the transfer function in time and space for mechanotransduction.Controlling the input variable is done by different type of 2D substrates which have been developped, from the simple glass surface, the adherent geometrical patterns, to the magneto-active substrates (composed of micro-pillars inserted into an elastomer) capable of stimulating locally and dynamically the cells.Measuring the biochemical output variable is done by FRET biosensors. The fluorescence emitted is collected through an inverted widefield fluorescence microscope. We set up the quantitative FRET efficiency calculus from this fluorescence without using FRET standards. It gives access to the activity in space and time of some molecules of network signalisation.Some tools are finally presented as potential candidates to perform the transfer function, among them are combination of correlation methods, and singular value decomposition used in acousto-optics. Combiantion of these tools and methods remains complex, particularly to highlight a biological behaviour from a quantitative quantity. The first use of these tools do not give any biological result, but are promising to study mechanotransduction
Traboulsi, Abdel-Meneem. „Étude à moyen-débit de la localisation d'ARNm dans les cellules humaines“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT117.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMRNA localization was discovered in 1983 in ascidian oocytes and early embryos. Since then many examples of localized RNAs have been found in many organisms, including plants, yeast, fungi, insects, fish and mammals. Localized mRNAs contribute to many biological functions, such as embryonic patterning, asymmetric cell division, cell migration, signaling, neuronal plasticity and others…Until now, only few studies analyzed RNA localization in a systematic manner. Three of them were done in Drosophila, during embryogenesis, oogenesis or larval stage and analyzed around 16000 mRNAs in total. The two other studies were done in mammalian cells and analyzed nearly 1000 mRNAs each. These studies opened a door and raised questions regarding the importance of mRNA localization in human cells and its implication in different biological processes. The goal of my thesis was thus to increase the throughput of single molecule FISH techniques (smFISH) and to study mRNA localization in HeLa cells in a systematic manner.One limitation in smFISH is the cost of the fluorescent oligonucleotide probes, which limits the number of mRNAs that can be analyzed. Therefore, I developed an alternative protocol in which probes for many genes were synthesized as a pool of oligonucleotides (40 per gene in average, more than 12000 in total). Gene-specific probes were then amplified by PCR and converted into single strand by in vitro transcription. I generated a complete protocol, starting from probe design and up to image acquisition. I was interested in studying cell cycle genes. Indeed, cell cycle genes have been extensively studied at the protein level but little is known concerning the localization of their mRNAs. During mitosis, cells go through important morphological modifications and local translation could be a mean of achieving protein localization. This screen is ongoing.In parallel to these experiments, I performed a smFISH based screen on 100 randomly chosen genes and 50 regulators of the G2/M transition of the cell cycle, using a traditional smFISH protocol. In this set-up, I took advantage of a library of HeLa cell lines, in which each cell line contains a bacterial artificial chromosome with the gene of interest tagged with GFP. Therefore, using oligonucleotides hybridizing to the GFP sequence, I could use the same probe set to study the localization of all the tagged mRNAs. A further advantage is that protein localization could be assessed simultaneously. My results indicate that two mRNAs showed a specific localization when screening 100 random genes, and 16 mRNAs among the 50 regulators of the G2/M transition. These mRNAs belong to five localization classes: "blobs", which are cytoplasmic mRNA aggregates; "clusters", which are areas of high local mRNA concentration but where individual mRNA can still be resolved; "nuclear envelope", where mRNAs concentrate around the nuclear envelope; "spindle", which are mRNAs accumulating on the cell division apparatus during mitosis, “spots" which are cytoplasmic mRNA aggregates where individual mRNA can’t be resolved and are bigger than blobs. Interestingly, colocalization between mRNA and GFP, which suggests local translation, was only found for 1 mRNA.These random and targeted screens performed at small-scale show an unexpected frequency and diversity in mRNA localization patterns, therefore pointing to new functions related to this process. This will stimulate future studies aiming at performing screenings at a higher scale
Bertrand, Sarah. „Séquençage ciblé en tant qu'outil diagnostique et pronostique dans le lymphome à cellules du manteau“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV033.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLymphoma is a cancer of the lymph nodes which are organs in which immune cells, particularly the antibody producing B cells, proliferate and differentiate before circulating in the blood and tissues to fight infection. B cell lymphoid cancers – ‘B cell lymphoma’ arise as a consequence of the occurrence of gene mutations in B cells. By affecting the functions of key B cell genes, these mutations drive the malignant transformation of the affected B cells which then begin to divide abnormally eventually destroying normal lymph node organization and function. The lymph node is divided into distinct micro-anatomical compartments or zones which are called (from the inner to outer most compartment – germinal centre, mantle zone, and marginal zone). B cell lymphoma classification follows this general organization and classifies tumours depending on the compartment of origin of the particular tumour B cell population. This classification thus defines lymphoma according to a ‘histological subtype’ with defined clinic-biological features. Among these subtypes, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a particularly aggressive form of B lymphoid cancer. This type of lymphoma is characterised by successive relapses and short survival (median is 4 to 5 years), although some patients can show long survival. Predictive biomarkers of this clinical behavior are lacking. This project aims to address this question. More specifically we propose to perform whole ‘exome’ sequencing – i.e. sequencing of all protein coding sections of all known protein coding genes in the genome – of the tumour B cell DNA from patients who show refractory or early relapsing disease compared to patients who show relatively long survival. By doing this genome scale study we hope to identify new gene mutations that can serve as molecular predictors of survival and bring new knowledges in the understanding between genetics and epigenetics in MCL
Ozier-Lafontaine, Anthony. „Kernel-based testing and their application to single-cell data“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDN0025.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSingle-cell technologies generate data at the single-cell level. They are coumposed of hundreds to thousands of observations (i.e. cells) and tens of thousands of variables (i.e. genes). New methodological challenges arose to fully exploit the potentialities of these complex data. A major statistical challenge is to distinguish biological informationfrom technical noise in order to compare conditions or tissues. This thesis explores the application of kernel testing on single-cell datasets in order to detect and describe the potential differences between compared conditions.To overcome the limitations of existing kernel two-sample tests, we propose a kernel test inspired from the Hotelling-Lawley test that can apply to any experimental design. We implemented these tests in a R and Python package called ktest that is their first useroriented implementation. We demonstrate the performances of kernel testing on simulateddatasets and on various experimental singlecell datasets. The geometrical interpretations of these methods allows to identify the observations leading a detected difference. Finally, we propose a Nyström-based efficient implementationof these kernel tests as well as a range of diagnostic and interpretation tools
Savatier, Pierre. „Structure et évolution du segment intergénique séparant les gènes de globines Delta et Beta chez les mammifères : l'origine du polymorphisme du gène de globine Beta dans les populations humaines“. Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO19034.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBlayo, Philippe. „Une approche comparative combinatoire pour la prédiction de gènes chez les eucaryotes“. Marne-la-Vallée, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MARN0159.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work deals with a computational genome processing problem : eukaryotic gene prediction. More specifically, we try to determine with accuracy the regions coding for proteins. It is possible to use sequence comparison due to the fact that coding regions (exons) are in general more conserved than non coding regions and are delimited by signals. We first present different methods related to this problem. Then we describe a new method which considers a gene as an assembly of exons that are not independent. This method tries to be as generic as possible, takes possible sequencing errors into account and requires quadratic time and linear memory space. It is implemented in the «utopia» software which was tested on different real sequences sets
Saviano, Antonio. „Physiopathologie du foie à l'échelle de la cellule unique : caractérisation de l'hétérogénéité cellulaire et identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques dans les maladies hépatiques chroniques et le cancer hépatocellulaire“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ093.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of death worldwide and the current treatments are unsatisfactory. One reason is the limited knowledge on the complexity and microenvironment of healthy and diseased liver. To address this gap, we have developed a single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) pipeline for primary human liver tissues. We have assembled an atlas of human liver cells and compared the scRNA-seq profile of normal liver and HCC. The atlas revealed an unknown heterogeneity within the main populations of liver cells, the transcriptomic zonation of endothelial cells and the existence of an epithelial progenitor in the adult liver capable of differentiating into both cholangiocytes and hepatocytes. ScRNA-seq analysis uncovered the marked cell heterogeneity of HCC, its microenvironment changes at single-cell level and the interactions between tumor cells and hepatitis B virus discovering previously unknown pathways and drivers of hepatocarcinogenesis
Eisele, Almut. „La cinétique de différentiation des cellules souches hématopoïétiques uniques après transplantation : l´état d´équilibre et l´effet de la cytokine érythropoïétine“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03028817.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHematopoietic cells are the most numerous cells in our body, and their overall short half-life requires their steady production. At the apex of the hematopoietic system resides a small number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) which give rise to all mature hematopoietic cell types through self-renewal and differentiation divisions. For long it was assumed that these HSC are a homogeneous population of multipotent cells. Technical advancements, which allowed to trace HSC at the single cell level, revealed however that single HSC behave differently with respect to the number of lineages and the relative amounts of different lineages they produce and are heterogeneous with respect to their long-term engraftment capacity. Notably different lineage restricted and biased cells, as well as cells with long-term and short-term engraftment potential have been identified in the HSC gate. One technique allowing the lineage tracing of single HSC is cellular barcoding, which relies on the introduction of an artificially created DNA fragment, the barcode, in the genome of HSCs through viral transfection. As these barcodes are transmitted to all daughter cells, the analysis of the barcode identity of progeny cells reveals which lineages and how much of each is produced by each individual HSCs.In this thesis we used a new cellular barcoding library to analyze how the different HSC subsets previously described interact and behave in the first six weeks after bulk transplantation, as well as the influence of erythropoietin (EPO) on this process. More in detail, we described the reconstitution kinetics of HSC in the myeloid (M; macrophage, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils), lymphoid (B-cells), dendritic cells, megakaryocyte and erythroid lineage (E; erythroblasts) at the single cell level. For the analysis of HSC differentiation towards the erythroid lineage we established the detection of cellular barcodes from RNA. We discovered that HSC clonal succession and clonal stability co-occur in the first weeks after transplantation, but are not evenly distributed over the different hematopoietic lineages. Notably the production of erythroid cells 2-weeks after transplantation was maintained by distinct short-lived HSC clones, while high myeloid cell production after transplantation was guaranteed by long-lived multi-outcome HSCs. In vitro EPO exposure of HSC before transplantation, did not change the overall lineage output of transplanted HSC, or HSC differentiation kinetics, lineage restrictions, and biases at the single cell level in the first six weeks after transplantation. However, after transplantation of EPO-exposed HSC long-lived unbiased multi-outcome HSCs lost preponderance with respect to cellular output. Rather, changing clones of two types of highly biased HSCs, myeloid-erythroid (ME)-biased and myeloid B-cell (MB)-biased HSC, produced now the majority (>60%) of erythroid, myeloid and B-cells. This effect was transient but stable over different EPO concentrations and after in vivo EPO treatment during transplantation. It suggests a functional compensation mechanism at work.We hope the detailed description of the engraftment kinetics of single control and EPO-exposed HSC after bulk transplantation will have relevance both for fundamental research and the clinics
Mareschal, Sylvain. „Caractérisation multi-omique des Lymphomes B Diffus à Grandes Cellules“. Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDiffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are tumors originating in the lymphatic system, accounting for 4 000 new cases per year in France. While much progress has been made regarding their treatment, one of three patients still does not respond to current immuno-chemotherapies. The present work consisted in characterizing these cancers using various high-throughput technologies, in order to identify somatic alterations that could explain this refractoriness or allow it to be suspected at diagnosis. Gene expression profiling had previously identified two subtypes with distinct outcomes, termed « Activated B-Cell like » and « Germinal Center B-cell like », which we were able to identify using a new simple diagnostic test. The development of bioinformatics software to handle CGH array data confirmed several copy number gains and losses in DLBCLs, and led to a more precise characterization of CDKN2A loss. Finally the sequencing of 14 exomes of relapsed or refractory DLBCLs produced an interesting picture of somatic mutations associated with this phenotype, and highlighted several new leads. An extensive review of the bibliography is proposed on each of these three aspects of tumoral genome alteration, as well as several new bioinformatics methods that may be applied to distinct cancer types in a near future
Chen, Wenli. „Spectroscopie diélectrique hyperfréquence de cellules uniques cancéreuses : de l'optimisation du capteur en sensibilité et répétabilité jusqu'au suivi en temps réel de stimuli chimiques“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30219/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe measurement of biological cells is a routine step in many biological investigations. Current techniques used by biologists are mainly based on staining or fluorescent labelings, which provide very precise and effective molecular and cellular observations. Within this context, the microwave dielectric spectroscopy for cell analysis represents a new and attractive method, due to the lack of cells preparation and manipulation, without adding chemicals that could interfere with other cellular constituents. Its compatibility with the analysis of single-cells, potentially in real-time monitoring, constitute also two major assets of the analysis technique. This PhD thesis therefore focused on the optimization of a microfluidic and microwave based biosensor, which is dedicated to the dielectric spectroscopy of individual biological cells, and the development of its metrology to assess the dielectric behavior of cells subjected to chemical stimuli. After a state of the art on the current techniques available to analyze single cells, we focused on the optimization of the microwave biosensor to improve its performances in terms of sensitivity and repeatability. These optimizations dealt with the microfabrication process, the component architecture through the investigation of single cell loading efficacy as well as an electromagnetic parametric study. These developments were validated first experimentally with the measurement of polystyrene beads, which present a simplified dielectric model compared to the complexity of a biological cell, followed then by living individual cells in their culture medium. The test bench was also optimized to allow the dielectric measurement of cells over time, and especially in response to a chemical stimulus. The reaction kinetics of a single-cell subjected to saponin was recorded automatically for different cells. This work opens the door to single-cell analysis with microwave dielectric spectroscopy of complex biological processes in real-time
Soule, Pierre. „Etude des mécanismes de translocation des peptides pénétrateurs de cellules (cpp) à l'aide de techniques biophysiques“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066563/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGene therapy relies on an efficient and specific delivery of drugs into targeted cells. For this purpose, the use of carriers that will help the drugs to cross the membrane, without introducing deleterious effect due to the membrane disruption, are promising. A family of such carriers is known as Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs). These peptides are short, about ten amino acids, and often cationic. They are able to translocate through the membrane with different cargos and deliver them into the cytosol. However the mechanisms are still, to a great extent, unknown. We used three biophysical techniques to gain insights into the mechanisms leading to the translocation of a CPP. i) We found the heparan sulfates to be the strongest partner of the CPP penetratin at the cell surface. This adhesion has been pointed out using the Biomembrane Force Probe, a force measuring tool. ii) We evidenced the translocation of penetratin through the lipid bilayer (without any cell mechanism) as long as it contains enough negatively charged lipids. This has been carried out using model bilayers formed at the interface between droplets generated by an inverted emulsion: water in an oil and lipid mixture. iii) To view the translocation of CPPs at the single molecule level we developed a total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) on a suspended bilayer
Franco, Claudio Areias. „Rôle du facteur de réponse au sérum dans les cellules endothéliales“. Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077158.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSerum response factor (SRF) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of cytoskeleton genes and immediate early genes, in different cell types. During my PhD training, I have studied the in vivo role of SRF in endothelial cells (ECs). We have used the Cre/loxP System to inactivate specifically SRF in ECs, both embryo and adult mouse. In the embryonic study, we used the transgenic Tie1-Cre mouse line to target SRF inactivation in ECs since 8. 5 days of mouse embryo development (E8. 5). The early stages of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are not affected by the loss of SRF. However, from E10. 5 onwards EC-specific loss of SRF leads to a reduction in capillary density and in number of branching points. Although the number of tip cells was not affected in mutants, there was a reduction in filopodia protrusion number and the actin cytoskeleton was disorganized. We also observed a major defect in the endothelial cell junctions. These defects in cellular cytoarchitecture were correlated with an in vivo and in vitro reduction in migrating capacity of ECs. The defect in migration and disorganization of the vascular network induced the formation of microaneurisms, which could be at the origin to the formation of more severe aneurisms and haemorrhages, at latter development stages and to embryonic death approximately with E14. 5. The expression of several genes is decreased in ECs, including the p-actin and VE-cadherin. Moreover, we showed that SRF is important for the VEGF and FGF signalling pathways in ECs, and in this context SRF plays a major role in the regulation of the transcription of p-actin and VE-cadherin in ECs. In the adult mice, we used the transgenic line SCL/Tal1-CreERT2 to inactivate SRF in the ECs. We showed that SRF is involved in sprouting angiogenesis in the mouse retina, but also in the model of Matrigel plug or in the model of corneal angiogenesis. Moreover, we showed that the inactivation of SRF in ECs decreases tumour-induced angiogenesis and consequently decreases the tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, the results obtained during my thesis allow me to establish that SRF has a crucial role in the process of sprouting angiogenesis and in the maintenance of the vascular integrity
Laplatine, Loïc. „Résolution spatiale en microscopie par résonance de plasmon de surface à couplage par prisme“. Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY044/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePrism-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) microscopy is an optical imaging technique invented in the late 60s'. Its main advantage lies in its high sensitivity to optical index or thickness variations at a metal surface. Therefore, the monitoring of biological reactions can be performed in real-time without labeling agent such as fluorescence or enzymes. Over the last 30 years, SPR microscopy has become the major technique in label-free biodetection. The field of application range from the determination of affinity constant in biochemistry to the detection of pathogenic bacteria via cellular biology. Until now, the propagation length of the surface plasmons has been considered as the spatial resolution limit. However, many examples do not support this statement. In this PhD thesis, we demonstrate that the resolution is also limited by optical aberrations induced by the prism used to couple light and surface plasmons. Thus, we are able to explain why the experimental resolution was usually worse than the predicted one. The analysis of the image formation and the quantification of aberrations lead us to suggest two new optical configurations optimized for resolution. We also analyze which metal exhibits the better trade-off between propagation length and sensitivity. Experimentally, we obtain a resolution between 1.5 and 4 μm depending on the direction, on field-of-view up to several mm2, and with a standard sensitivity for biodetection (monolayer of DNA). We are then able to observe simultaneously several thousands of individual eukaryote and prokaryote cells. Finally, we develop a prototype dedicated to the real-time monitoring of protein secretion by immune cells. The limits of SPR microscopy and the solutions which could allow this kind of study are discussed. Preliminary results on the improvement of bacterial detection are also presented
Faugeroux, Vincent. „Caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle de cellules tumorales circulantes dans le cancer de la prostate et le cancer bronchique non à petites cellules“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS481/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCirculating tumor cells (CTCs) represents an non invasive source of tumor material which may provide clinical and basic information. These cells derived from primary or metastatic tumors represents an heterogeneous population of very rare events which circulates in the blood. Oncology personnalized medicine is based on biopsies molecular characterization but these are sometimes which difficult to realize and poorly informative. Thereby molecular and functional characterization of CTCs presents a double interest, clinical to identify treatments biomarkers sensitivity and basic to study mechanisms underlying their tumor inititiating cell (TIC) potential. The two goals of my thesis were on the one hand to characterize by whole-exome sequencing (WES) at the single level the CTCs from patients with metastatic prostate cancers (mPCa) and on the other hand to establish and characterize CTC-derived xenografts (CDX) from patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or mPCa. For the first goal we developped a global workflow which include three technological approaches to enrich and isolate individual CTCs from different phenotype (epithelial, epithelial and mesenchymal, mesenchymal), to perform whole genome amplification (WGA) and to sequence them. WES was performed on 34 CTC samples selected according to WGA quality and on corresponding metastasis biopsies from seven patients. Two patients with phenotypic heterogeneity of CTCs were deeply analyzed. We highlighted shared mutations between CTCs and matched biopsies as well as mutations only detected in CTCs. These private CTC mutations are detected in all phenotype and particularly affect genes invlved in cytoskeleton remodeling, DNA repair or invasion. The existence of common mutations between CTCs from various phenotype suggests a phylogenic link between these cells but a divergent evolution during metastatic process. This work is submitted for publication. For the second goal, we implanted CTCs from 67 NSCLC patients and 28 mPCa patients in immunocompromised mice. We established four NSCLC CDX and one mPCa CDX. The characterization of tumor biopsies, CTCs collected at the time of xenograft, CDX and CDX-derived cell lines revealed that CTCs, CDX and cell lines miror the phenotype and mutational landscape of tumor biopsies. The more deeply characterization of one cell line show the presence of a high replicative stress and genomic instability. This result directs us to the hypothesis of a possible role of the genomic instability in CTC tumorigenicity.We demonstrated in this work that CTCs mutational landscape harbors high similairities with patients tumor biopsies in mPCa. Furthermore we observed CTC private mutations not detected in tumor biopsies. Also we showed that some CTCs from NSCLC and mPCa are tumorigenic in vivo and that these CTCs mirror mutational profile of patients tumor biopsies. These models are original and interesting tools to identify new therapeutic targets and anti-tumoral strategies and understand mechanisms underlying the TIC potential of CTCs
Riquier, Sébastien. „Dans les abysses du transcriptome : découverte de nouveaux biomarqueurs de cellules souches mésenchymateuses par analyse approfondie du RNAseq“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe development of RNA sequencing, or RNAseq, have opened the path of intensive biomarkers research in many areas of biology. The complete information of the transcriptome contained in the output data, allows a bioinformatician to surpass the current knowledge and to access, thanks to advanced computer pipelines, to signatures of new interest. In this thesis, we are showing that these potential markers, classically used in clinical and pathological conditions, can be used to characterize cell types without extensive markers profile. We have studied mesenchymal stem cells, a type of adult multipotent stem cells, strongly used in clinics but without strickly specific positive markers. Our study mainly focuses on the search for non-annotated, long non-coding RNAs. These RNAs, also called "lncRNA", constitute an emerging class of transcripts and are still lightly explored.In addition, this category presents a highly tissue-related specificity. We have developed an optimized RNAseq pipeline for the reconstruction and quantification of non-annotated lncRNAs.Using public data from RNAseq, coming from different sources of MSC and other cell types, we have identified new non-annotated lncRNAs clearly and specifically expressed in MSCs. to complete this project, we developed Kmerator.jl, a bioinformatical tool that allows to decompose a transcript in k-mer, and select specific sub-sequences, in order to search and quantify at a faster rate the signature of our candidates in a large number of RNAseq dataset. After validation of these new biomarkers of MSCs by qPCR, we used several computer tools to predict their potential functions. Finally, we analyzed single-cell RNAseq data to address the heterogeneity of expression within MSC populations
Sakakini, Nathalie. „Rôle du facteur de transcription EGR1 dans le contrôle de l' autorenouvellement des cellules souches de glioblastomes“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4071.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGlioblastoma is the most commun and agressive cerebral tumor. The current treatments combine surgery with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However these treatments are poor effective. The relapse is frequent and the rate survival is less than 18 months.The relapse is in part due to the presence of glioblastoma initiating cells (GIC). The cells have stem cell properties. They can self-renew to maintain a pool of tumor cells and they can differentiate in different kind of tumor cells. They are also able to resist to the therapies by activating mechanisms of drug efflux. The commitment of GIC toward a differentiated tumor state decreases strongly their tumorigenic potential.EGR1 transcription factor is involved in many biological processes such as proliferation and differentiation. In the GIC EGR1 expression is abnormally elevated. This level decreases when cells are differentiated. EGR1 expression is strongly correlated with stem state suggesting its contribution in the proliferation regulation of GIC or in the maintenance of this state.My aim is to characterize the role of EGR1 in the regulation of proliferating state of the GIC.We have demonstrated the involvement of EGR1 in the pathway involving the mir18a* and the genes SHH and GLI1. It contributes so to the self-renewal, to the proliferation and to the maintenance of the stem state of GIC. In addition by directly regulating the gene PDGFa EGR1 maintains this system by a second molecular loop
De, Dieuleveult Maud. „Implication des factures de remodelage de chromatine de la famille CHD dans les réseaux de régulation transcriptionnelle des cellules souches embryonnaires“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00555030.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRichard, Corentin. „Identification de biomarqueurs prédictifs de l'efficacité du nivolumab dans le traitement de patients atteints de cancer bronchique non à petites cellules de stade avancé“. Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCI008/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe recent introduction of immunotherapy has disrupted the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nivolumab, an antibody targeting the immune checkpoint inhibitor PD-1, has shown remarkable results in seconde-line setting after failure of standard first-line chemotherapy. However, only a quarter of patients benefits from this therapy. To date, no predictive biomarker of the therapeutic efficacy of nivolumab has been identified in a clear and consensual manner. The research for predictive biomarkers of efficacy or resistance to this treatment is, therefore, a major challenge.The emergence of high-throughput sequencing over the past decade has had a significant impact on clinical and fundamental research, making possible to understand the genetics of a tumor as a whole. These new techniques are in addition to other already proven techniques such as immunophenotyping or immunohistochemistry available to researchers for extensive analysis of tumor and patient characteristics.The objective of this work was to identify predictors of the efficacy of nivolumab in the treatment of advanced NSCLC using these different technologies. To do this, our study focused on a multicentre cohort of 115 NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab in the second- or third-line after failure of a cytotoxic doublet. Within the limits of sample availability and quality, the genetic, transcriptomic and immunohistochemical profiles of the tumor as well as the clinical and immunological profiles of the patients were analysed.Our results highlight major predictive markers of response to nivolumab. Thus, a good response to the first-line cytotoxic doublet promotes optimal efficacy of subsequent online nivolumab. In addition, regular monitoring of the evolution of a patient's immunosuppressive myeloid cells and cytotoxic cells expressing TIM-3 can detect primary or secondary resistance to treatment. On the other hand, the joint estimation of PD-L1 and CD8 protein expressions by RNA sequencing is a major predictive marker of response. Its predictive capacity surpasses that of the PD-L1 estimate alone and that of other previously established transcriptomic signatures composed of a larger number of genes. Finally, the study of tumor exome sequencing shows the importance of extensive analysis of tumor genetics and the need not only to focus on the estimation its mutation burden.In this work, we were able to identify predictive markers of the efficacy of nivolumab in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Our results highlight the importance of using several technologies for the characterization of tumor biology and patient immunity in a process of biomarker discovery and the construction of predictive models of the efficacy of immunotherapies
Tondeur, Sylvie. „Cellule souches hématopoïétiques et cellules souches embryonnaires humaines : analyse du transcriptome et mise en ligne des données par la création d'un atlas d'expression“. Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON1T012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDNA-microarray based transcriptome study can monitor the expression of a whole genome in one experiment and has completely changed our manner to conceive biological questions. We applied this technology to the study of stem cells. The transcriptome analysis of human embryonic stem cells (hESC), a main model of pluripotent stem cells, led us to better define molecular mechanisms of pluripotency. Of note we compared hESC to human oocytes in order to identify intinsic determinants of pluripotency. Affymetrix Exon ST 1. 0 microarrays are high resolution platforms that can measure the expression of all the exons of a genome. We used this new microarray to map exonic expression profile (exome) of hematopoietic stem cells and mature blood cells. Our work showed hematopoietic specific alternative splicing events (NEDD9, CD74) and an alternative switch for some transcripts during maturation (INPP4B, PTPLA, CXCL3, COMMD6). Alternatively spliced genes are notably involved in cell motility and immune response. Finally, we created a web atlas, Amazonia! (http://amazonia. Transcriptome. Eu/), for an easy access to public transciptome data. Gene expression profiles can be visualised as histograms or colored matrixes in more than 5,000 samples regrouped in thematic pages such as «stem cell», «hematology» or «exon»
Assou, Saïd. „Étude du transcriptome du développement embryonnaire précoce humain : ovocyte et cellules souches embryonnaires“. Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJeandard, Damien. „Import d'ARN dans les mitochondries de cellules humaines : identification à grande échelle et applications thérapeutiques“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMutations in the human mitochondrial genome are often associated with severe neuromuscular disorders. The first part of my thesis project consisted in the development of a therapeutic strategy based on the mitochondrial import of RNA molecules. I demonstrated that the stable expression of recombinant RNA molecules in human cells induced the decrease of the pathogenic mutation load in mitochondrial DNA. In the second part, I developed a nex method, CoLoC-seq, for the large-scale identification of RNA species localized in the mitochondria. By applying this method to human cells, I confirmed the mitochondrial targeting of some non-coding cytosolic RNAs and identified new potentially imported RNAs. These data will broaden the knowledge on the pathway of RNA targeting into the mitochondria, its mechanisms and regulation, and will allow optimization of the therapeutic strategies based on RNA import
Smirnov, Alexandre. „Investigation of the mechanism of 5S rRNA import into human mitochondria“. Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6042.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAledani, Tamadir Hamid Wadi. „Expression des ARNm et des microARN dans les cellules de cumulus humains : impact de l'âge maternel“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT011/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe oocyte develops into a follicle where it is in close contact with cumulus cells (CCs), of somatic origin. The two cell types undergo a bidirectional communication via gap junctions, which results in the regulation and coordination of the metabolism during oocyte development and maturation. We assume that gene expression and regulation in the CCs play a crucial role in functions that are essential for oocyte growth and competence acquisition. The present study may be subdivided in two parts. In the first part we used deep sequencing to investigate the repertoire of miRNAs in the cumulus cells and the oocyte. MicroRNAs that are noncoding RNA sequences whose length is approximately 19-25 nucleotides have emerged as important regulators in many biological processes including aging. Our data showed that 32 miRNAs were specifically expressed in human cumulus cells while only 3 miRNAs were identified in MII human oocyte. The impact of maternal age on gene expression in cumulus cells was addressed in a second part of my thesis work. While the correlation of oocyte competence decline with advancing maternal age is well established, little is known on its molecular basis. In a first attempt to address this issue, we used microarrays to study gene expression profiles of human cumulus cells according to maternal age. Remarkably, maternal age greatly impacted expression of genes that are critical for oocyte maturation such as genes involved in angiogenesis, TGF-β signaling, and insulin signaling pathways. Also, using bioinformatic tools, we identified miRNAs that potentially target some of the genes involved in the aging-impacted processes and pathways; this could candidate them as new biomarkers to predict premature ovarian aging and oocyte quality and competence
Magalhaes, Milena. „La méthylation de l'ADN est altérée dans les cellules nasales et sanguines des patients atteints de mucoviscidose“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT024.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-threatening recessive genetic disease in the Caucasian population. It is characterized by airway obstruction, respiratory infection and inflammation. Morbidity and mortality are mainly due to lung disease, which is variable among CF patients, even for those having the same genotype. Contributing factors are mutations in CFTR (the disease-causing gene), modifier genes, but also environmental factors and epigenetics. The main goal of this project was to determine whether there was a correlation between DNA methylation and the severity of CF lung disease. We built the METHYLCF cohort (49 p.Phe508del homozygous CF patients and 24 healthy controls) and a DNA biobank from whole blood and nasal epithelial cells (NEC). CF patients were stratified accordion to their FEV1% predicted, adjusted to age. We profiled DNA methylation at 14 modifier genes using bisulfite conversion and next-generation sequencing (454 Roche). Genome-wide DNA methylation was analyzed with the 450K Beadchip (Illumina). Selected differentially methylated sites (DMS) were validated by pyrosequencing. Using the candidate modifier gene approach, we showed that two CF modifier genes were differentially methylated in CF patients compared to controls: EDNRA in blood and HMOX1 in blood and NEC. Methylation of EDNRA, HMOX1 and GSTM3 was associated with lung disease severity in NEC. Interestingly, low DNA methylation levels at GSTM3 were associated with the GSTM3*B allele, a polymorphic 3-bp deletion that has a protective effect on CF patients. In addition, through the genome-wide analysis, we identified 1267 DMS, associated with 638 genes, between CF patients and controls and 187 DMS, associated with 116 genes, between severe CF and mild CF patients. DMS were enriched at predicted enhancers, which may represent regulatory sequences, and also at intergenic regions. Gene ontology analyses highlighted cellular processes relevant to CF, i.e. cell adhesion and inflammatory and immune response. Interestingly, 80 out of 638 differentially methylated genes were differentially expressed in publicly available NEC transcriptomic data. Six out of 9 selected DMS were validated and five out of six DMS were replicated in an independent set of patients. Additionally, 23 DMS, 10 of which were intergenic, correlated with FEV1% predicted. Our study has shown that DNA methylation is altered in blood and NEC of CF patients. Small DNA methylation changes were observed at known CF modifier genes; more dramatic DNA methylation changes were found at other genes that may impact lung function. Collectively, these epigenomic variations may lead to different degrees of lung disease severity in CF patients
Menudier-Lachaise, Aline. „Rôles biologiques des enzymes de N-déglycosilation : recherche du gène de l'Endo-N-acétyl-[bêta]-D-glucosaminidase de radis (Raphanus sativus)“. Limoges, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIMO0019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBachy, Charles. „Phylogénie, diversité et dynamique temporelle chez les ciliés tintinnidés marins“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769949.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePagliaro, Sarah Beatriz De Oliveira. „Transcriptional control induced by bcr-abl and its role in leukemic stem cell heterogeneity. Single-Cell Transcriptome in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Pseudotime Analysis Reveals Evidence of Embryonic and Transitional Stem Cell States Single Cell Transcriptome in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Pseudotime Analysis Reveals a Rare Population with Embryonic Stem Cell Features and Druggable Intricated Transitional Stem Cell States A novel neuronal organoid model mimicking glioblastoma (GBM) features from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) Experimental and integrative analyses identify an ETS1 network downstream of BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)“. Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASQ032.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChronic myeloid leukemia is a clonal hematopoietic malignancy, characterized by the acquisition of the t (9;22) translocation leading to Ph1 chromosome and its counterpart BCR-ABL oncogene, in a very primitive hematopoietic stem cell. CML is a model of targeted therapies as the proof of concept of the feasibility of targeting the tyrosine kinase (TK) activity BCR-ABL using TK inhibitors (TKI) has been shown to lead to major responses and remissions. However, the current problems encountered in these therapies are primitive leukemic stem cells resistance and their persistence which is thought to be related to the heterogeneity of the stem cells at diagnosis leading to clonal selection of cells resisting to TKI therapies. I have applied the technology of single cell transcriptome analysis to CML cells using a panel of genes involved in different pathways combined with trajectory inference analysis to the gene expression pattern. The results showed a transitional stem cell states including embryonic genes identified in CML cells at diagnosis which could contribute to LSC resistance and persistence. Furthermore, the oncoprotein Bcr-Abl is the constitutively active tyrosine kinase produced by the chimeric BCR-ABL gene in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The transcriptional targets of Bcr-Abl in leukemic cells have not been extensively studied. A transcriptome experiment using the hematopoietic UT7 cell line expressing BCR-ABL, has identified the overexpression of eukaryotic elongation factor kinase 2 (eEF2K) which plays a major role in the survival of cells upon nutrient deprivation. Overall, the data suggest that overexpression of eEF2K in CML is associated with an increased sensitivity to nutrient-deprivation
Lejmi, Esma. „Rôle de la Nétrine-4 dans l'angiogenèse pathologique“. Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077089.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInhibition of angiogenesis is a promising way for treatment of many diseases. To study the adaptation to angiogenesis, we compared gene expression patterns in endothelial cells (EC) after long term exposure to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or vehicle alone. We focused our search to anti-angiogenic genes up-regulated in angiogenic EC. We found that VEGF induced selectively in EC the overexpression of netrin-4 (N4). The Netrin family members (N1, N3, N4) can bind to two distinct classes of death receptors namely DCC/Neogenin and UncSA, B, C, D. We showed that Netrin-4 has opposite effects on endothelial cells and mural cells. Netrin-4 inhibits endothelial cells proliferation migration and tubologenesis through binding to Neogenin and recruitment of UncSB; and induces mural cells migration and endothelial cells coverage in a coculture model through binding to DCC and UncSD. In vivo, Netrin-4 significantly reduced pathological angiogenesis in matrigel and laser-induced choroïdal neovascularization models. Moreover, Netrin-4 overexpression delayed tumor angiogenesis in a model of subcutaneous xenograft. Immunohistochemistry analysis of tumor sections showed a decrease of vessels density and an increase of pericytes coverage. We propose that Netrin-4 acts as an anti-angiogenic factor which can normalize tumor vasculature to make it more efficient for drug delivery
Rojo, Mendoza Sandra Elena. „Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of gonadal development“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066658/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn mammals, sex determination and development is a complex process that involves genetic networks acting synergistically or antagonistically. Testis formation is initiated by SRY+SF1 up-regulation of SOX9 expression beyond a critical level, resulting in the activation of male-specific program and ovaries repression. In females, SRY absence results in the activation of ovarian development and testis repression. Errors in the process result in gonadal dysgenesis (DSD). Although, we begin to know the genes involved in gonad development, mutations in these genes explain only few DSD cases, and the mechanism leading to abnormal sexual development remain misunderstood. DMRT1 regulates sex-determination in different species. Its role in mammalian sex-determination is unclear. We identified the first point mutation in human DMRT1 associated with a lack of testis-determination. Functional analyses revealed the mechanism by which this mutation could lead to DSD. Showing that, differently to mouse, human DMRT1 is involved in primary testis-determination and that at molecular level sex-determination a very conserved process. Further studies using exome sequencing on patients with 46,XY DSD identify pathogenic mutations in 2 SOX genes: SOX7 & SOX8. Suggesting a possible functional redundancy amongst SOX genes in sex-determination. We identified mutations in GATA4 associated with 46,XY DSD, establishing a role for this gene as a DSD cause. The functional consequences of these mutations on their biological activity were assessed using classical approaches. Our results indicate changes in biological activity of the mutated proteins but in some cases don’t reveal the mechanisms involved in DSD. Therefore, the development of novel in-situ cellular models may provide a tool to identify these mechanisms. Using mouse embryonic stem cells we’re developing novel cellular models to understand the biological effect of these mutations in the appropriate environment
Fievet, Loïc Marc André. „Caractérisation phénotypique et fonctionnelle des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses natives de la moelle osseuse humaine adulte“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30137.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWithin the bone marrow (BM), hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are hosted in a specialized 3D microenvironment, called "niche", regulating their behavior (e.g. self-renewal, commitment to lineages, proliferation and survival). This niche is composed of several cells such as vascular endothelial, perivascular, and osteoblastic cells. Perivascular mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) play a key role in the formation of the microenvironment, both through expression of pro-hematopoietic factors, and their ability to differentiate towards osteoblastic lineage. Therefore, MSCs sub-populations are of crucial physiological importance in the regulation of hematopoiesis, but also for bone formation and regeneration. Recently described in mice at the single-cell level, BM MSCs subsets remain unexplored in humans, as well as their respective roles in the niche. By characterizing these sub-populations, and deciphering their native properties, it will be possible to shape ex vivo the physiological niches in 3D, addressing the major scientific challenges for understanding human hematopoiesis and osteogenesis. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing approaches to characterize the human BM stroma and described key hematopoietic niche factors highly conserved between species. We identified subsets of cells expressing different hematopoietic regulatory genes, spanning endothelial cells, mural cells, and especially MSCs with distinct osteoblastic and adipogenic trajectories. Of interest, our data suggest a simple branching differentiation hierarchy with the presence of a multipotent subset: the CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cells at the origin of the other MSCs subpopulations. We confirmed the enrichment of the CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cell subset expressing the Leptin receptor (LEPR+) in the CD45-/CD271+/CD200+ BM fraction as well as their in-situ localization using histological approaches on human biopsies. Secondly, we developed an ex vivo isolation method to preserve and amplify the BM CAR cells, and then studied their self-organization in 3D culture. We found that CAR derived organoids sustained high angiogenesis, secreted CSH niche cytokines, and spontaneously recapitulates early intramembranous bone formation in vitro. Using bioinformatics models and genome editing techniques, we highlighted the role of the WDR35 protein and the primary cilia in osteoblastic differentiation mediated by the Hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways. Finally, we have shown that ectopic xenotransplantation of CSM-derived organoids could give rise to mature human osteoblasts while forming a niche for CSHs after hematopoietic humanization of immunocompromised NSG mice. Our study is the first map of the human BM stroma at a single-cell resolution, and CAR cells cultured in 3D represent a new tool useful in basic research as well as in regenerative medicine
Djiana, Rose. „Régulation de la croissance des plantes par la lumière : caractérisation et étude de l'expression de deux peroxydases cationiques des parois de cellules de lin (linum usitatissimum)“. Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES045.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCarron, Léopold. „Analyse à haute résolution de la structure spatiale des chromosomes eucaryotes Boost-HiC : Computational enhancement of long-range contacts in chromosomal contact maps Genome supranucleosomal organization and genetic susceptibility to disease“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS593.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGenetic information is encoded in DNA, a huge-size nucleotidic polymer. In order to understand DNA folding mechanisms, an experimental technique is today available that quantifies distal genomic contacts. This high-throughput chromosome conformation capture technique, called Hi-C, reveals 3D chromosome folding in the nucleus. In the recent years, the Hi-C experimental protocol received many improvements through numerous studies for Human, mouse and drosophila genomes. Because most of these studies are performed at poor resolution, I propose bioinformatic methods to analyze these datasets at fine resolution. In order to do this, I present Boost-HiC, a tool that enhanced long-range contacts in Hi-C data. I will then used our extended knowledge to compare 3D folding in different species. This result provides the basis to determine the best method for obtaining genomic compartements from a chromosomal contact map. Finally, I present some other applications of our methodology to study the link between the borders of topologically associating domains and the genomic location of single-nucleotide mutations associated to cancer
Gasc, Cyrielle. „Capture de gènes par hybridation couplée au séquençage de nouvelle génération pour l'exploration d'échantillons métagénomiques. : Génomique et écologie microbienne“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF1MM24.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMicroorganisms are the most diverse and abundant life forms on Earth and are key players in thefunctioning of all biological processes. Nevertheless, PCR and metagenomics strategies aiming to describemicrobial communities are hampered by their huge diversity. Indeed, these molecular methods only drive to apartial description of communities and do not systematically allow linking functions back to the identities of themicroorganisms. Hybridization capture applied to complex metagenomic samples has demonstrated its efficiency to reveal all known and unknown diversity of targeted biomarkers, and to enrich their flanking regions over a few hundred bp facilitating the discovery of gene associations.Thus, this work aimed at developing a new hybridization capture method capable of specifically enrichinglarge genomic regions from complex samples allowing to associate structure and functions of communities. Thedevelopment of this method required the design of capture probes, the use of a high molecular weight DNAextraction method, and the elaboration of a capture protocol dedicated to the enrichment of large genomicfragments (up to 50 kbp).The validation of the hybridization capture method on an environmental soil sample uncovered all itspotential. Applied to the 16S rRNA gene, this strategy revealed greater microbial diversity than conventionalmolecular methods and improved phylogenetic resolution up to the species level thanks to the reconstruction offull-length genes. Applied to a functional gene, the method enabled the reconstruction of large genomic regionscarrying the targeted biomarker and its flanking regions over several tens of kbp, leading to the identification ofmicroorganisms with specific metabolic functions. Hybridization capture thus appears as a promising alternativemethod for environmental diagnosis, through providing a better knowledge of microbial communities
Bertrand, Claire. „Long non-coding RNAs in cancer : the role of HOTAIR in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066632/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe human genome is pervasively transcribed into thousands of non-coding transcripts. Numerous studies underline the diversity and importance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in genome regulation and their impact on development and diseases. Processes of cancer progression are extensively studied, in particular the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) that enables epithelial cancer cells to invade other tissues to form metastases. If several lncRNAs have been associated with EMT, their molecular function is not clearly defined. Using a well-established in vitro cell model of EMT and high-throughput RNA sequencing approaches, we defined a catalogue of annotated and novel lncRNAs significantly deregulated between epithelial and mesenchymal states of HEK cells. Among them, we identified HOTAIR, linked to cancer metastasis and described as a scaffold RNA guiding chromatin-modifying complexes PRC2 and LSD1/CoREST/REST. Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we showed that HOTAIR is not an inducer of the EMT per se but a major regulator of cell proliferation rate, migratory and invasive capacities. We generated stable cell-lines over expressing HOTAIR transcripts lacking PRC2- or LSD1-interacting domains. Transcriptome analysis and phenotypic studies showed that LSD1-binding domain is crucial for HOTAIR-mediated gene regulation. Altogether, our results give new insights into lncRNAs role in EMT, with a better understanding of HOTAIR-mediated gene regulation mechanism and its role in the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype by cancer cells. Further studies will be performed to deeper investigate lncRNAs role in EMT, particularly for previously unannotated lncRNAs
Bris, Céline. „Influence de la génétique mitochondriale en pathologie : apport des techniques de séquençage haut débit Deep sequencing shows that oocytes are not prone to accumulate mtDNA heteroplasmic mutations during ovarian ageing Novel NDUFS4 gene mutation in an atypical late-onset mitochondrial form of multifocal dystonia“. Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0093.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMitochondrial diseases are common metabolic disorders characterized by strong clinical and genetic heterogeneity, in particular due to the dependence on 2 genomes, nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and the concept of mitochondrial heteroplasmy. The purpose of this work was to develop a strategy for the analysis of the mtDNA through next-generation sequencing (NGS), and then to apply it to the study of mitochondrial diseases and those related to aging: primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ovarian aging. After validating the performances of our NGS strategy for the detection and quantification of mtDNA variations, we confirmed the power of systematic analysis of the whole mitochondrial genome with the use of uroepithelial cells for mitochondrial diseases diagnosis and the identification of novel mtDNA variants. However, these advances generate new challenges such as the interpretation of low percentages of mtDNA mutations or the prediction of the pathogenicity of new variants. For aging-related diseases, we have identified the possible protective role of the mitochondrial haplogroups T and H in women, respectively in the occurrence and severity of POAG, suggesting that mtDNA influence is drivenby gender, and thus the importance of gender stratification for association studies. By contrast, we did not observe any accumulation of mtDNA abnormalities in early ovarian aging. In perspective, we report the identification of a nDNA mutation in an atypical phenotype, highlighting the complexity of mitochondrial diseases diagnosis, due to this double genome
Lei, Lin. „Identification of portal mesenchymal stem cells and derived myofibroblasts in liver fibrosis“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2020SORUS099.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePrevious work has demonstrated that portal myofibroblasts (PMFs) significantly contributed to liver fibrogenesis and modulated angiogenesis in liver fibrosis. The main aim of this thesis was to elucidate the landscape of portal mesenchymal cells, with a particular focus on a portal mesenchymal stem cell niche. We characterized the murine normal liver portal mesenchymal cell landscape. Importantly, we revealed a portal mesenchymal cell population with the features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), designated portal mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) that possessed the ability to give rise to PMFs in vitro. Furthermore, we identified Slit2 as a new marker of PMSCs based on scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq analysis. In vivo, we observed PMSC expansion (measured by the expression of Slit2) in liver from both animal fibrosis models (DDC and CDAA) and patients with chronic liver disease (NASH, PSC and other liver disease). Notably, we defined the specific gene signatures for PMSCs and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), respectively. By using these markers, we provide further evidence indicating that PMSCs expand in correlation with fibrogenesis and angiogenesis in different murine and human liver diseases, whereas the HSCs gene signatures did not vary. In conclusion, our work collectively offers insights into the components and functions of the mammalian liver portal mesenchymal cell populations, and in particular, identify and characterize PMSCs and their derived myofibroblasts, opening up the possibility for the development of novel targeted drugs or biomarkers of clinical significance with increased precision
Woringer, Maxime. „Tools to analyze single-particle tracking data in mammalian cells“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS419.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis work aims at providing tools to dissect the regulation of transcription in eukaryotic cells, with a focus on single-particle tracking of transcription factors in mammalian cells. The nucleus of an eukeryotic cell is an extremely complex medium, that contains a high concentration of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) and other small molecules (ATP, etc). How these molecules interact with transcription factors, and thus influence transcription rates is an area of intense investigations. Although some of these interactions can be captured by regular biochemistry, many of them, including weak, non-covalent interactions remain undetected by these methods. Live-cell imaging and single-particle tracking (SPT) techniques are increasingly used to characterize such effects. The inference of biophysical parameters of a given transcription factor (TF), such as its diffusion constant, the number of subpopulations or its residence time on DNA, are crucial to understanding how TF dynamics and transcription intertwine. Accurate and validated SPT analysis tools are needed. To be used by the community, SPT tools should not only be carefully validated, but also be easily accessible to non-programmers. They should also be designed to take into account known biases of the imaging techniques. In this work, we first propose a tool, accessible through a web interface, based on the modeling of the diffusion propagator. We validate it extensively and show that it exhibits state-of-the art performance. We apply this tool to two experimental settings: (1) the study of catalysis-enhanced diffusion in-vitro and (2) the analysis of the dynamics of the c-Myc transcription factor in mammalian cells
Nkiliza, Aurore. „Intérêt du transcriptome de cellules mononucléées périphériques sanguines dans l’étude des mécanismes moléculaires de la maladie de Parkinson“. Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S058/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleParkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with genetic determinants not only contributing to rare familial forms of the disease but also involved in prevalent sporadic forms by interacting with environmental factors. Thanks to the identification of these determinants, several molecular mechanisms contributing to the disease have been found highlighting also its complexity. In order to better understand the molecular perturbations underlying the disease, we performed whole transcriptome analyses using microarrays and RNA sequencing (RNAseq) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Parkinson’s disease patients with genetic and sporadic forms of the disease as well as healthy controls.We identified several dysregulated genes in the cells of Parkinson’s disease patients with a G2019S LRRK2 mutation and sporadic patients compared to healthy controls. Pathways and cellular processes related to those genes mainly display disturbances of EIF2 signaling common to G2019S LRRK2 mutation carriers and sporadic patients. These data pinpoint potential perturbations of translation and RNA splicing both related to RNA metabolism. Involvement of RNA metabolism is also observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Parkinson’s disease patients carrying mutations of ATXN2 gene encoding for ataxin-2 protein. It is mainly known as a regulator of the stability, the splicing and the translation of mRNA. Such RNA-mediated perturbations seem to be a common to all forms of Parkinson’s disease and might be a physiological mechanism of the disease. RNAseq data from Parkinson’s disease patients having or not deleterious mutations are in agreement with this hypothesis showing quantitative and qualitative discrepancies of splicing variants inside genes involved in RNA metabolism but also in known molecular pathways of the disease.As a conclusion, our results support the current view of RNA metabolism association with neurodegenerative disorders. In Parkinson’s disease, those alterations could involve quantitative and qualitative variations of splicing variants inside genes involved in RNA metabolism but also in known perturbed molecular pathways of the disease. Further analyses of these dysregulations should be helpful to determine their specificity and evaluate their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets
Chami, Bayan. „Développement de technologie µLAS pour la séparation des acides nucléiques“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30206.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNucleic acids size-separation is an important, routinely used process for diagnosis, forensic analysis, and sequencing. This process is regularly performed using slab gels in research laboratories and using capillary electrophoresis for high throughput analysis in forensic laboratories. In attempts to simplify, reduce the cost and speed up the analysis, microchip technologies, that perform the same function, have been developed, which offered reduced analysis time, sample consumption, cost, and labor in addition to portability, automation and multiplexing. Today, with the advancement of micro and nanofabrication technologies, tens of studies emerge every year on new microchip separation devices for nucleic acids, proteins, particles, cells, bio-vesicles etc. Using different physical principles, each of these devices could separate specific types of molecules or specific size ranges. Our work discusses the development of a microchip technology for the se! paration of nucleic acids; double stranded DNA molecules of different size ranges, single stranded DNA and RNA. The technology called "µLAS" has been created in 2016. It works on the principle of simultaneous fractionation and concentration of nucleic acids in a microfluidic device using opposing electro-hydrodynamic actuation in a viscoelastic polymer sieving matrix. The group had demonstrated the use of the technology for the fractionation of dsDNA over the range of 300-50000 bp, the application of the technology for the diagnosis of Huntington's disease, and the analysis of circulating DNA. Further developments have extended the separation range to 100's of Kbps using microchip and capillary formats. In the capillary format, the technology performs fast analysis of circulating DNA. In the framework of my PhD, I worked on the optimization of chip-based µLAS technology in order to extend the range of separation sizes to DNA molecules from 25 bp to 150 Kbp and to achieve the separation of RNA molecules. This optimization required modeling of size fractionation based on bidirectional electro-hydrodynamic actuation in viscoelastic flows, which accurately reproduces the experimental data. The study of the microchip geometry, different polymer matrix formulations and actuation parameters allows us to show that µLAS is at the forefront of the state of the art thanks to a positioning with respect to all microchip separation techniques
Cazin, Coralie. „Dissecting the impact of cellular senescence on muscle regeneration“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS070.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTissue regeneration is a process of replacing lost or damaged cells upon injury. Cellular senescence is a physiological response to stress characterized by a stable cell cycle arrest and is associated with various biological and pathological processes. My Ph.D. project aims to investigate in vivo senescence during muscle regeneration, including its identities, functions, and dynamics. It has been demonstrated that cellular senescence could facilitate optimal wound healing. We previously demonstrated that injury-induced senescence promotes reprogramming in the skeletal muscle, notably through IL-6 (Chiche et al., 2017). Firstly, I showed that senescence was peaking at day 3 post-injury and terminated by day 15 post injury. Then, I found that FAPs is the primary cell type that becomes senescent by RNA sequencing (both bulk population and single-cell). Besides, senescent FAPs enhance myogenesis in vitro in a paracrine manner. Of note, P57 is the major CKI which mediates the FAPs-associated senescence. Importantly, there is a significant reduction of the injury-induced senescence in the P57 null mice. Lastly, we found Mcl-1 is overexpressed in the senescent FAPs, suggesting the potential usage of MCL-1 inhibitors as senolytic drugs.Taken together, my ph.D show that FAPs are senescent upon muscle injury, which is P57-dependent and might be important to muscle regeneration by enhancing myogenesis. These findings strongly support a beneficial role of senescence during muscle regeneration, which has direct implications in muscular degenerative diseases and muscle aging
Joubel, Anita. „Analyse protéomique du suppresseur de tumeur p53 : modifications post-traductionelles et protéines partenaires“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10035.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe tumor suppressor protein p53 is involved in many signaling pathways and is the most frequently mutated protein in cancers. The mechanisms for the regulation of p53 activity involve post-translational modifications and partner proteins for which literature is phletoric and fragmentary. ln the present study, we have developed a proteomics approach, coupling immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, to investigate p53 post-translational modifications and protein partners. First, we sequenced the full p53 protein immunoprecipitated from the Cos-l cells. This lead to the identification and localization of several known phosphorylations on serine residues S 15, S33, S315 and S392 as weIl as several known acetylations on lysine residues: K305, K370, K372, K373, K381 and K382. Acetylation sites are being reported for the tirst time on monkey p53 from Cos-l cells on lysine 319,357 and 386. Second, we looked for partner proteins that can bind to p53 in non cancerous (MCFlOA cells) versus cancerous (MCF7) human breast epithelial cells. Our results report a series of putative interacting partners among which the serine protease inhibitor maspin. The complex between p53 and maspin was validated by westem-blotting, localized in the nucleus and found in the noncancerous MCFlOA cells only. The p53/maspin interaction could represent a new regulatory mechanism for the activity of p53
Galtier, Eloïse. „Etude du dégradosome à ARN de la bactérie pathogène Helicobacter pylori“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC002.
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