Zeitschriftenartikel: „Sem1“

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Varady, Krista A., Surabhi Bhutani, Monica C. Klempel und Benoît Lamarche. „Improvements in LDL particle size and distribution by short-term alternate day modified fasting in obese adults“. British Journal of Nutrition 105, Nr. 4 (30.09.2010): 580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510003788.

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Alternate day modified fasting (ADMF) beneficially modulates several indicators of CHD risk, but its effects on LDL particle size have never been tested. Accordingly, we examined the effects of ADMF on LDL particle size and distribution in obese adults. Sixteen obese subjects participated in a 10-week trial with three consecutive phases: (1) 2-week control phase; (2) 4-week ADMF controlled feeding phase; (3) 4-week ADMF self-selected feeding phase. After 8 weeks of diet, body weight and waist circumference were reduced (P < 0·05) by 5·6 (sem0·9) kg and 4·0 (sem0·9) cm, respectively. LDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations decreased (P < 0·05) by 25 (sem10) % and 32 (sem6) %, respectively. Peak LDL particle size increased (P < 0·05) from 266 (sem1) to 268 (sem1) Å. Additionally, the proportion of small LDL particles decreased (P < 0·05) from 13 (sem2) % to 9 (sem3) %, while the proportion of large LDL particles increased (P < 0·05) from 68 (sem4) % to 76 (sem4) % post-treatment. These findings suggest that ADMF is an effective diet strategy for increasing LDL particle size and decreasing the proportion of small, dense LDL particles in obese adults.

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Rotondo, Serenella, Katarzyna Krauze-Brzósko, Stefano Manarini, Nicola Martelli, Romina Pecce, Virgilio Evangelista, Maria Benedetta Donati und Chiara Cerletti. „Inhibition by soya isoflavones of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function: possible relevance for the beneficial effects of soya intake“. British Journal of Nutrition 99, Nr. 2 (Februar 2008): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507797052.

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Lower CVD incidence is reported in Asian populations consuming soya-containing food. As polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are involved in the risk of CVD, we investigated the modulatory effect of soya isoflavones on several PMN functions and their molecular mechanismsin vitro. PMN, isolated from blood from healthy subjects, were tested upon activation with 1 μm- n-formyl-methyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) for superoxide anion production (ferric cytochrome c reduction) and released elastase (chromogenic test). PMN homotypic aggregates stimulated by fMLP or P-selectin in dynamic conditions were detected by optical microscopy. PMN, mixed with thrombin-activated, washed platelets, formed cell aggregates, measured by flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of Pyk2, a focal adhesion kinase, was studied by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with specific antibodies. Genistein, daidzein and equol inhibited superoxide anion production (IC500·25 (sem0·1), 21·0 (sem4·2) and 13·0 (sem2·8) μm, respectively); the release of elastase was prevented by genistein (IC5063 (sem17) μm). PMN homotypic aggregates, stimulated by fMLP, were significantly reduced (24 (sem12) and 51 (sem14) % of control) by 100 μmgenistein and equol. P-selectin-induced aggregates were reduced to 19 (sem6), 44 (sem10) and 28 (sem9) % of control by 100 μmgenistein, daidzein and equol, respectively. Genistein, daidzein and equol also significantly reduced mixed platelet-PMN aggregates (IC504·0 (sem0·9), 57 (sem6) and 66 (sem23) μm, respectively). In PMN challenged by fMLP or P-selectin, activation of Pyk2 was prevented by isoflavones. The cardioprotective effect of soya-containing food might be linked to reduction of PMN activation and PMN-platelet interaction, novel targets for the biological effects of soya isoflavones.

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Berry, Mary J., Anne L. Jaquiery, Mark H. Oliver, Jane E. Harding und Frank H. Bloomfield. „Neonatal milk supplementation in lambs has persistent effects on growth and metabolic function that differ by sex and gestational age“. British Journal of Nutrition 116, Nr. 11 (14.12.2016): 1912–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516004013.

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AbstractThe perinatal environment has a major influence on long-term health and disease risk. Preterm birth alters early-life environment and is associated with altered metabolic function in adulthood. Whether preterm birthper seor the early nutritional interventions used to support growth in preterm infants underpins this association is unknown. Lambs born preterm, following dexamethasone induction of labour, or spontaneously at term were randomised to receive nutrient supplementation, analogous to the milk fortifier used clinically or water as a control for the first 2 weeks after birth. Thereafter, nutrition was not different between groups. Growth was monitored, and the glucose–insulin axis function was assessed in juvenile (4 months) and adult life (14 months). Early nutrition influenced adult metabolic function and body composition to a greater extent than preterm birth. In supplemented females, arginine-stimulated insulin secretion was increased in preterm but reduced in term-born juveniles compared with controls (repeated-measures ANOVAP<0·01). In supplemented preterm males, adult weight, ponderal index (PI) and fasting insulin concentrations were elevated compared with preterm controls (weight, 75 (sem3)v. 69 (sem2) kg; PI, 48·0 (sem2·1)v. 43·7 (sem1·7) kg/m3; fasting insulin, 0·19 (sem0·02)v. 0·10 (sem0·02) ng/ml). Conversely, supplemented term-born males had reduced adult weight, PI and fasting insulin concentrations compared with term-born controls (weight, 64 (sem2)v. 70 (sem2) kg; PI, 44·4 (sem1·8)v. 48·2 (sem1·7) kg/m3; fasting insulin, 0·09 (sem0·02)v. 0·14 (sem0·02) ng/ml; all group×supplement interactionsP<0·05). Adult metabolic health may reflect both gestational age at birth and early nutrition. Human studies are urgently needed to investigate the adult sex-specific health implications of neonatal nutritional strategies.

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Nymo, Siren, Silvia R. Coutinho, Linn-Christin H. Torgersen, Ola J. Bomo, Ingrid Haugvaldstad, Helen Truby, Bård Kulseng und Catia Martins. „Timeline of changes in adaptive physiological responses, at the level of energy expenditure, with progressive weight loss“. British Journal of Nutrition 120, Nr. 2 (07.05.2018): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518000922.

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AbstractDiet-induced weight loss (WL) is associated with reduced resting and non-resting energy expenditure (EE), driven not only by changes in body composition but also potentially by adaptive thermogenesis (AT). When exactly this happens, during progressive WL, remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the timeline of changes in RMR and exercise-induced EE (EIEE), stemming from changes in body compositionv. the presence of AT, during WL with a very-low-energy diet (VLED). In all, thirty-one adults (eighteen men) with obesity (BMI: 37 (sem4·5) kg/m2; age: 43 (sem10) years) underwent 8 weeks of a VLED, followed by 4 weeks of weight maintenance. Body weight and composition, RMR, net EIEE (10, 25 and 50 W) and AT (for RMR (ATRMR) and EIEE (ATEIEE)) were measured at baseline, day 3 (2 (sem1) % WL), after 5 and 10 % WL and at weeks 9 (16 (sem2) %) and 13 (16 (sem1) %). RMR and fat mass were significantly reduced for the first time at 5 % WL (12 (sem8) d) (P<0·01 andP<0·001, respectively) and EIEE at 10 % WL (32 (sem8) d), for all levels of power (P<0·05), and sustained up to week 13. ATRMRwas transiently present at 10 % WL (−460 (sem690) kJ/d,P<0·01). A fall in RMR should be anticipated at ≥5 % WL and a reduction in EIEE at ≥10 % WL. Transient ATRMRcan be expected at 10 % WL. These physiological adaptations may make progressive WL difficult and will probably contribute to relapse.

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Henry, R., G. E. Peoples und P. L. McLennan. „Muscle fatigue resistance in the rat hindlimbin vivofrom low dietary intakes of tuna fish oil that selectively increase phospholipidn-3 docosahexaenoic acid according to muscle fibre type“. British Journal of Nutrition 114, Nr. 6 (12.08.2015): 873–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515002512.

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AbstractDietary fish oil (FO) modulates muscle O2consumption and contractile function, predictive of effects on muscle fatigue. High doses unattainable through human diet and muscle stimulation parameters used engender uncertainty in their physiological relevance. We tested the hypothesis that nutritionally relevant FO doses can modulate membrane fatty acid composition and muscle fatigue. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomised to control (10 % olive oil (OO) by weight) or low or moderate FO diet (LowFO and ModFO) (HiDHA tuna fish oil) for 15 weeks (LowFO: 0·3 % FO, 9·7 % OO, 0·25 % energy as EPA+DHA; ModFO: 1·25 % FO, 8·75 % OO, 1·0 % energy as EPA+DHA). Hindlimb muscle function was assessed under anaesthesiain vivousing repetitive 5 s burst sciatic nerve stimulation (0·05 ms, 7–12 V, 5 Hz, 10 s duty cycle, 300 s). There were no dietary differences in maximum developed muscle force. Repetitive peak developed force fell to 50 % within 62 (sem10) s in controls and took longer to decline in FO-fed rats (LowFO 110 (sem15) s; ModFO 117 (sem14) s) (P<0·05). Force within bursts was better sustained with FO and maximum rates of force development and relaxation declined more slowly. The FO-fed rats incorporated higher muscle phospholipid DHA-relative percentages than controls (P<0·001). Incorporation of DHA was greater in the fast-twitch gastrocnemius (Control 9·3 (sem0·8) %, LowFO 19·9 (sem0·4), ModFO 24·3 (sem1·0)) than in the slow-twitch soleus muscle (Control 5·1 (sem0·2), LowFO 14·3 (sem0·7), ModFO 18·0 (sem1·4)) (P<0·001), which was comparable with the myocardium, in line with muscle fibre characteristics. The LowFO and ModFO diets, emulating human dietary and therapeutic supplement intake, respectively, both elicited muscle membrane DHA enrichment and fatigue resistance, providing a foundation for translating these physiological effects to humans.

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Viegas, Ivan, João Rito, Ivana Jarak, Sara Leston, Albert Caballero-Solares, Isidoro Metón, Miguel A. Pardal, Isabel V. Baanante und John G. Jones. „Contribution of dietary starch to hepatic and systemic carbohydrate fluxes in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labraxL.)“. British Journal of Nutrition 113, Nr. 9 (02.04.2015): 1345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515000574.

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In the present study, the effects of partial substitution of dietary protein by digestible starch on endogenous glucose production were evaluated in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). The fractional contribution of dietary carbohydratesv.gluconeogenesis to blood glucose appearance and hepatic glycogen synthesis was quantified in two groups of seabass fed with a diet containing 30 % digestible starch (DS) or without a carbohydrate supplement as the control (CTRL). Measurements were performed by transferring the fish to a tank containing water enriched with 5 %2H2O over the last six feeding days, and quantifying the incorporation of2H into blood glucose and hepatic glycogen by2H NMR. For CTRL fish, gluconeogenesis accounted for the majority of circulating glucose while for the DS fish, this contribution was significantly lower (CTRL 85 (sem4) %v.DS 54 (sem2) %;P< 0·001). Hepatic glycogen synthesis via gluconeogenesis (indirect pathway) was also significantly reduced in the DS fish, in both relative (CTRL 100 (sem1) %v.DS 72 (sem1) %;P< 0·001) and absolute terms (CTRL 28 (sem1)v.DS 17 (sem1) μmol/kg per h;P< 0·001). A major fraction of the dietary carbohydrates that contributed to blood glucose appearance (33 (sem1) % of the total 47 (sem2) %) had undergone exchange with hepatic glucose 6-phosphate. This indicated the simultaneous activity of hepatic glucokinase and glucose 6-phosphatase. In conclusion, supplementation of digestible starch resulted in a significant reduction of gluconeogenic contributions to systemic glucose appearance and hepatic glycogen synthesis.

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Ndou, S. P., R. M. Gous und M. Chimonyo. „Prediction of scaled feed intake in weaner pigs using physico-chemical properties of fibrous feeds“. British Journal of Nutrition 110, Nr. 4 (23.01.2013): 774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512005624.

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The objective of the present study was to predict scaled feed intake (SFI) using the physico-chemical measurements of feed bulk, such that gut capacity can be estimated in weaner pigs. A basal feed with 13·7 MJ digestible energy and 180 g crude protein per kg DM was diluted to six inclusion levels (0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 g/kg DM) using lucerne hay, maize cob, maize stover, sawdust, sunflower husks or grass hay (veld grass). A total of 124 pigs weighing 18·1 (sd1·37) kg body weight were used. Water-holding capacity (WHC; g water/g DM), bulk density (g DM/ml), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and acid-detergent fibre (ADF) influenced the SFI. The quadratic relationship between SFI and WHC was SFI = 19·1 (sem3·49)+10·04 (sem1·61) WHC–1·11 (sem0·17) WHC2(P< 0·01). SFI was also related (P< 0·01) to NDF and ADF by quadratic functions SFI = 24·3 (sem3·55)+0·12 (sem0·229) NDF − 0·00 012 (sem0·000036) NDF2and SFI = 30·2 (sem1·95)+0·112 (sem0·0232) ADF–0·000343 (sem0·0000612) ADF2, respectively. Using broken-stick analyses, the gut capacity was attained when WHC = 4·53 (sem1·25) g water/g DM, NDF = 367 (sem29) g/kg DM and ADF = 138 (sem77) g/kg DM. In conclusion, although threshold values for each were different, WHC, NDF and ADF contents of bulk feeds provide relationships with SFI that can be used to predict gut capacity in weaner pigs.

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Justino, Priscilla F. C., Luis F. M. Melo, Andre F. Nogueira, Jose V. G. Costa, Luara M. N. Silva, Cecila M. Santos, Walber O. Mendes et al. „Treatment withSaccharomyces boulardiireduces the inflammation and dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract in 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis in mice“. British Journal of Nutrition 111, Nr. 9 (06.02.2014): 1611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513004248.

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Intestinal mucositis is an important toxic side effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment.Saccharomyces boulardiiis known to protect from intestinal injury via an effect on the gastrointestinal microbiota. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect ofS. boulardiion intestinal mucositis induced by 5-FU in a murine model. Mice were divided into saline, saline (control)+5-FU or 5-FU+S. boulardii(16 × 109colony-forming units/kg) treatment groups, and the jejunum and ileum were removed after killing of mice for the evaluation of histopathology, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and non-protein sulfhydryl group (mainly reduced glutathione; GSH), nitrite and cytokine concentrations. To determine gastric emptying, phenol red was administered orally, mice were killed 20 min after administration, and the absorbance of samples collected from the mice was measured by spectrophotometry. Intestinal permeability was measured by the urinary excretion rate of lactulose and mannitol following oral administration.S. boulardiisignificantly reversed the histopathological changes in intestinal mucositis induced by 5-FU and reduced the inflammatory parameters: neutrophil infiltration (control 1·73 (sem0·37) ultrastructural MPO (UMPO)/mg, 5-FU 7·37 (sem1·77) UMPO/mg and 5-FU+S. boulardii4·15 (sem0·73) UMPO/mg); nitrite concentration (control 37·00 (sem2·39) μm, 5-FU 59·04 (sem11·41) μmand 5-FU+S. boulardii37·90 (sem5·78) μm); GSH concentration (control 477·60 (sem25·25) μg/mg, 5-FU 270·90 (sem38·50) μg/mg and 5-FU+S. boulardii514·00 (sem38·64) μg/mg). Treatment with S.Boulardiisignificantly reduced the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β by 48·92 and 32·21 % in the jejunum and 38·92 and 61·79 % in the ileum. In addition,S. boulardiidecreased the concentrations of chemokine (C–X–C motif) ligand 1 by 5-fold in the jejunum and 3-fold in the ileum. Interestingly,S. boulardiireduced the delay in gastric emptying (control 25·21 (sem2·55) %, 5-FU 54·91 (sem3·43) % and 5-FU+S. boulardii31·38 (sem2·80) %) and induced the recovery of intestinal permeability (lactulose:mannitol ratio: control 0·52 (sem0·03), 5-FU 1·38 (sem0·24) and 5-FU+S. boulardii0·62 (sem0·03)). In conclusion,S. boulardiireduces the inflammation and dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract in intestinal mucositis induced by 5-FU.

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Dai, Yanyan, Fan Yang, Nan Zhou, Lijun Sha, Shanshan Zhou, Junle Wang und Xiaonan Li. „A post-weaning fish oil dietary intervention reverses adverse metabolic outcomes and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression in postnatal overfed rats“. British Journal of Nutrition 116, Nr. 9 (07.11.2016): 1519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516003718.

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AbstractEarly life is considered a critical period for determining long-term metabolic health. Postnatal over-nutrition may alter glucocorticoid (GC) metabolism and increase the risk of developing obesity and metabolic disorders in adulthood. Our aim was to assess the effects of the dose and timing of a fish oil diet on obesity and the expression of GC-activated enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD1) in postnatal overfed rats. Litter sizes were adjusted to three (small litter (SL)) or ten (normal litter) rats on postnatal day 3 to induce overfeeding or normal feeding. The SL rats were divided into three groups after weaning: high-dose fish oil (HFO), low-dose fish oil (LFO) and standard-diet groups. After 10 weeks, the HFO diet reduced body weight gain (16 %,P<0·05), improved glucose intolerance and decreased hyperlipaemia levels (P<0·05) in SL rats, but the LFO diet did not have any effect on the same rats. Moreover, we chose postnatal week 3 (W3), 6 (W6) and 8 (W8) as the intervention time points at which to begin the 10-week HFO diet, and found that the HFO diet improved glucose utilisation and lipid metabolism at all time points. However, body weight of SL rats was reversed to normal levels by the post-weaning intervention (461 (sem9·1)v. 450 (sem2·0)). 11β-HSD1 mRNA expression in the adipose tissue (49 (sem7·5)v. 161 (sem18·3),P<0·05) and hepatic tissue (11 (sem0·9)v. 16 (sem1·5),P<0·05) was decreased by the HFO diet at W3, but not at W6 or W8 (P>0·05). In conclusion, the post-weaning HFO diet could reverse adverse outcomes and decrease tissue GC activity in postnatal overfed rats.

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Osetrina, Daria A., Aleksandra M. Kusova, Aydar G. Bikmullin, Evelina A. Klochkova, Aydar R. Yulmetov, Evgenia A. Semenova, Timur A. Mukhametzyanov, Konstantin S. Usachev, Vladimir V. Klochkov und Dmitriy S. Blokhin. „Extent of N-Terminus Folding of Semenogelin 1 Cleavage Product Determines Tendency to Amyloid Formation“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, Nr. 10 (18.05.2023): 8949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108949.

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It is known that four peptide fragments of predominant protein in human semen Semenogelin 1 (SEM1) (SEM1(86–107), SEM1(68–107), SEM1(49–107) and SEM1(45–107)) are involved in fertilization and amyloid formation processes. In this work, the structure and dynamic behavior of SEM1(45–107) and SEM1(49–107) peptides and their N-domains were described. According to ThT fluorescence spectroscopy data, it was shown that the amyloid formation of SEM1(45–107) starts immediately after purification, which is not observed for SEM1(49–107). Seeing that the peptide amino acid sequence of SEM1(45–107) differs from SEM1(49–107) only by the presence of four additional amino acid residues in the N domain, these domains of both peptides were obtained via solid-phase synthesis and the difference in their dynamics and structure was investigated. SEM1(45–67) and SEM1(49–67) showed no principal difference in dynamic behavior in water solution. Furthermore, we obtained mostly disordered structures of SEM1(45–67) and SEM1(49–67). However, SEM1(45–67) contains a helix (E58-K60) and helix-like (S49-Q51) fragments. These helical fragments may rearrange into β-strands during amyloid formation process. Thus, the difference in full-length peptides’ (SEM1(45–107) and SEM1(49–107)) amyloid-forming behavior may be explained by the presence of a structured helix at the SEM1(45–107) N-terminus, which contributes to an increased rate of amyloid formation.

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Faza, Marius Boulos, Stefan Kemmler, Sonia Jimeno, Cristina González-Aguilera, Andrés Aguilera, Ed Hurt und Vikram Govind Panse. „Sem1 is a functional component of the nuclear pore complex–associated messenger RNA export machinery“. Journal of Cell Biology 184, Nr. 6 (16.03.2009): 833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200810059.

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The evolutionarily conserved protein Sem1/Dss1 is a subunit of the regulatory particle (RP) of the proteasome, and, in mammalian cells, binds the tumor suppressor protein BRCA2. Here, we describe a new function for yeast Sem1. We show that sem1 mutants are impaired in messenger RNA (mRNA) export and transcription elongation, and induce strong transcription-associated hyper-recombination phenotypes. Importantly, Sem1, independent of the RP, is functionally linked to the mRNA export pathway. Biochemical analyses revealed that, in addition to the RP, Sem1 coenriches with components of two other multisubunit complexes: the nuclear pore complex (NPC)-associated TREX-2 complex that is required for transcription-coupled mRNA export, and the COP9 signalosome, which is involved in deneddylation. Notably, targeting of Thp1, a TREX-2 component, to the NPC is perturbed in a sem1 mutant. These findings reveal an unexpected nonproteasomal function of Sem1 in mRNA export and in prevention of transcription-associated genome instability. Thus, Sem1 is a versatile protein that might stabilize multiple protein complexes involved in diverse pathways.

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Antoni, Rona, Kelly L. Johnston, Adam L. Collins und M. Denise Robertson. „Intermittentv. continuous energy restriction: differential effects on postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism following matched weight loss in overweight/obese participants“. British Journal of Nutrition 119, Nr. 5 (06.03.2018): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517003890.

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AbstractThe intermittent energy restriction (IER) approach to weight loss involves short periods of substantial (>70 %) energy restriction (ER) interspersed with normal eating. Studies to date comparing IER to continuous energy restriction (CER) have predominantly measured fasting indices of cardiometabolic risk. This study aimed to compare the effects of IER and CER on postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism following matched weight loss. In all, twenty-seven (thirteen male) overweight/obese participants (46 (sem3) years, 30·1 (sem1·0) kg/m2) who were randomised to either an IER intervention (2638 kJ for 2 d/week with an overall ER of 22 (sem0·3) %,n15) or a CER intervention (2510 kJ below requirements with overall ER of 23 (sem0·8) %) completed the study. Postprandial responses to a test meal (over 360 min) and changes in anthropometry (fat mass, fat-free mass, circumferences) were assessed at baseline and upon attainment of 5 % weight loss, following a 7-d period of weight stabilisation. The study found no statistically significant difference in the time to attain a 5 % weight loss between groups (median 59 d (interquartile range (IQR) 41–80) and 73 d (IQR 48–128), respectively,P=0·246), or in body composition (P≥0·437). For postprandial measures, neither diet significantly altered glycaemia (P=0·266), whereas insulinaemia was reduced comparatively (P=0·903). The reduction in C-peptide tended (P=0·057) to be greater following IER (309 128 (sem23 268) to 247781 (sem20 709) pmol×360 min/l)v. CER (297 204 (sem25 112) to 301 655 (sem32 714) pmol×360 min/l). The relative reduction in TAG responses was greater (P=0·045) following IER (106 (sem30) to 68 (sem15) mmol×360 min/l) compared with CER (117 (sem43) to 130 (sem31) mmol×360 min/l). In conclusion, these preliminary findings highlight underlying differences between IER and CER, including a superiority of IER in reducing postprandial lipaemia, which now warrant targeted mechanistic evaluation within larger study cohorts.

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Polley, Kristine R., Mary K. Miller, Mollie Johnson, Roger Vaughan, Chad M. Paton und Jamie A. Cooper. „Metabolic responses to high-fat diets rich in MUFAv. PUFA“. British Journal of Nutrition 120, Nr. 1 (25.06.2018): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518001332.

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AbstractDietary fatty acid (FA) composition may influence metabolism, possibly affecting weight management. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a 5-d diet rich in PUFAv. MUFA. A total of fifteen normal-weight men participated in a randomised cross-over design with two feeding trials (3 d lead-in diet, pre-diet visit, 5-d PUFA- or MUFA-rich diet, post-diet visit). The 5-d diets (50 % fat) were rich in either PUFA (25 % of energy) or MUFA (25 % of energy). At pre- and post-diet visits, subjects consumed breakfast and lunch test meals, rich in the FA for that 5-d diet. Indirect calorimetry was used for 4 h after each meal. There were no treatment differences in fasting metabolism acutely or after the 5-d diet. For acute meal responses before diet, RER was higher for PUFAv. MUFA (0·86 (sem0·01)v. 0·84 (sem0·01),P<0·05), whereas diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) was lower for PUFAv. MUFA (18·91 (SEM1·46)v. 21·46 (SEM1·34) kJ,P<0·05). After the 5-d diets, the change in RER was different for PUFAv. MUFA (−0·02 (sem0·01)v. 0·00 (sem0·01),P<0·05). Similarly, the change in fat oxidation was greater for PUFAv. MUFA (0·18 (sem0·07)v. 0·04 (sem0·06) g,P<0·05). In conclusion, acutely, a MUFA-rich meal results in lower RER and greater DIT. However, after a 5-d high-fat diet, the change in metabolic responses was greater in the PUFA diet, showing the metabolic adaptability of a PUFA-rich diet.

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Veldhorst, Margriet A. B., Klaas R. Westerterp und Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga. „Gluconeogenesis and protein-induced satiety“. British Journal of Nutrition 107, Nr. 4 (18.07.2011): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511003254.

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Increased gluconeogenesis (GNG) has been suggested to contribute to protein-induced satiety via modulation of glucose homoeostasis. The objective was to determine GNG and appetite in healthy human subjects after a high-proteinv.a normal-protein diet and to assess whether GNG contributes to protein-induced satiety. A total of twenty-two healthy subjects (ten men and twelve women: age 23 (sem1) years, BMI 22·1 (sem0·5) kg/m2) received an isoenergetic high-protein (30/0/70 % of energy from protein/carbohydrate/fat) or normal-protein diet (12/55/33 % of energy from protein/carbohydrate/fat) for 1·5 d in a randomised cross-over design. Appetite ratings were measured using visual analogue scales (VAS); endogenous glucose production and GNG were measured via infusion of [6,6-2H2]glucose and ingestion of2H2O. Moreover, fasting glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were measured. Glycogen stores were lowered at the start with a glycogen-lowering exercise test. During the high-protein compared with the normal-protein diet, GNG was increased and appetite was suppressed (GNG: 148 (sem7)v.133 (sem6) g/24 h,P < 0·05; and 24 h area under the curve for hunger: 694 (sem46)v.1055 (sem52) mmVAS × 24 h,P < 0·001; fullness: 806 (sem59)v.668 (sem64) mm VAS × 24 h,P < 0·05; desire to eat: 762 (sem48)v.1004 (sem66) mm VAS × 24 h,P < 0·001). There was no correlation between appetite ratings and GNG. Glucose concentration was lower (4·09 (sem0·10)v.4·89 (sem0·06) mmol/l,P < 0·001) and β-hydroxybutyrate concentration was higher (1349 (sem139)v.234 (sem25) μmol/l,P < 0·001) after the high-protein compared with the normal-protein diet. In conclusion, after a high-protein diet, GNG was increased and appetite was lower compared with a normal-protein diet; however, these were unrelated to each other. An increased concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate may have contributed to appetite suppression on the high-protein diet.

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Faza, Marius Boulos, Stefan Kemmler und Vikram Govind Panse. „Sem1“. Nucleus 1, Nr. 1 (Januar 2010): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/nucl.1.1.10424.

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Hashani, Medain, Roberta Bajrami und Kosovare Ukshini. „The impact of tax changes on the liquidity of construction companies in the developing market“. Journal of Governance and Regulation 11, Nr. 2, special issue (2022): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv11i2siart3.

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Studies to date show that taxes have a very high impact on company liquidity (Law & Yuen, 2019; Drogalas, Lazos, Koutoupis, & Pazarskis, 2019). The International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2022) shows the need to release tax procedures and their monitoring in the Republic of Kosovo. Kosovo law is such that it disables the timely liquidity of construction companies which has an impact on the reduction of construction companies’ projects. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the effects of changing the tax laws, namely the law on corporate income tax, personal income, and value-added tax (VAT) on the liquidity of construction companies in Kosovo. For this paper, we employ survey data collected from accountants and financial managers who through the questionnaire have reflected on the need to change the law on personal income, corporate income, and VAT. The models for measuring latent variables are structural equation models 1 and 2 (SEM1 and SEM2) and the ordinary least squares (OLS) models. The empirical results of the SEM1 and first OLS model (OLS1) reveal that the current law on corporate income tax and the law on personal income tax have negative effects on the liquidity of construction companies in the Republic of Kosovo and the empirical results from the SEM2 and second OLS model (OLS2) show that the current law on value-added tax has significant negative effects on the liquidity of construction companies in the Republic of Kosovo.

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Rymer, C., G. F. Hartnell und D. I. Givens. „The effect of feeding modified soyabean oil enriched with C18 : 4n-3 to broilers on the deposition ofn-3 fatty acids in chicken meat“. British Journal of Nutrition 105, Nr. 6 (22.11.2010): 866–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510004502.

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Supplementing broiler diets with conventional vegetable oils has little effect on the long-chainn-3 PUFA (LCn-3 PUFA) content of the meat. The present study investigated the effect on fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics of chicken meat when broilers were fed oil extracted from soyabeans (SDASOY) that had been genetically engineered to produce C18 : 4n-3 (stearidonic acid (SDA), 240 mg/g oil). Three diets were fed to 120 birds (eight replicate pens of five birds) from 15 d to slaughter (41–50 d). Diets were identical apart from the oil added to them (45 and 50 g/kg as fed in the grower and finisher phases, respectively), which was either SDASOY, near-isogenic soya (CON) or fish oil (FISH). The LCn-3 PUFA content of the meat increased in the order CON, SDASOY and FISH. In breast meat with skin, the SDA concentration was 522, 13 and 37 (sem14·4) mg/100 g meat for SDASOY, CON and FISH, respectively. Equivalent values for C20 : 5n-3 (EPA) were 53, 13 and 140 (sem8·4); for C22 : 5n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)) 65, 15 and 101 (sem3·5); for C22 : 6n-3 (DHA) 19, 9 and 181 (sem4·4). Leg meat (with skin) values for SDA were 861, 23 and 68 (sem30·1); for EPA 87, 9 and 258 (sem7·5); for DPA 95, 20 and 165 (sem5·0); for DHA 29, 10 and 278 (sem8·4). Aroma, taste and aftertaste of freshly cooked breast meat were not affected. Fishy aromas, tastes and aftertastes were associated with LCn-3 PUFA content of the meat, being most noticeable in the FISH leg meat (both freshly cooked and reheated) and in the reheated SDASOY leg meat.

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Datz, Craig A., Robert C. Backus und Kevin L. Fritsche. „Dietary diacylglycerol oil has no effect on hypertriacylglycerolaemia in lipoprotein lipase-deficient cats“. British Journal of Nutrition 102, Nr. 7 (28.04.2009): 1024–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509353234.

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A commercially available vegetable oil containing a high concentration (87 %, w/w) of diacylglycerol (DAG) has been investigated in humans and animals for potential beneficial effects in reducing serum TAG concentrations in fasting and postprandial states. Effects of DAG oil as a sole dietary fat source (25 % metabolisable energy) were evaluated in a feline model of hypertriacylglycerolaemia. Eleven adult (1·5 (sem0·1) years) male cats deficient of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) catalytic activity from a heritable point mutation of theLPLgene were acclimatised to a semi-purified diet containing TAG oil for 21 d. After assignment into two groups, pair-matched by serum TAG concentrations (range 6·1–31·6 mmol/l), the cats were fed the diet with either TAG or DAG oil for 8 d. The dietary fat source was crossed-over and presented for 8 d more. Non-fasting serum concentrations of TAG, cholesterol and NEFA were measured on days 6–8 and days 14–16. Dietary fat source (DAGv.TAG) did not significantly affect food intake (491 (sem16)v.486 (sem14) kJ/kg0·67), body weight or serum concentrations (mmol/l) of TAG (37·1 (sem4·5)v.33·9 (sem3·4)), cholesterol (4·8 (sem0·3)v.4·8 (sem0·2)) and NEFA (1·4 (sem0·2)v.1·4 (sem0·2)). The results show that for a feeding trial of 8 d, DAG oil was well accepted and tolerated by cats but did not reduce hypertriacylglycerolaemia resulting from a deficiency of LPL catalytic activity.

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Utzschneider, Kristina M., Jennifer L. Bayer-Carter, Matthew D. Arbuckle, Jaime M. Tidwell, Todd L. Richards und Suzanne Craft. „Beneficial effect of a weight-stable, low-fat/low-saturated fat/low-glycaemic index diet to reduce liver fat in older subjects“. British Journal of Nutrition 109, Nr. 6 (31.07.2012): 1096–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002966.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia and can progress to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. We sought to determine whether dietary fat and saturated fat content alter liver fat in the absence of weight change in an older population. Liver fat was quantified by magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after 4 weeks on an isoenergetic low-fat/low-saturated fat/low-glycaemic index (LGI) (LSAT: 23 % fat/7 % saturated fat/GI < 55) or a high-fat/high-saturated fat/high-GI (HSAT: 43 % fat/24 % saturated fat/GI>70) diet in older subjects. In the present study, twenty subjects (seven males/thirteen females; age 69·3 (sem1·6) years, BMI 26·9 (sem0·8) kg/m2) were randomised to the LSAT diet and fifteen subjects (six males/nine females; age 68·6 (sem1·8) years, BMI 28·1 (sem0·9) kg/m2) to the HSAT diet. Weight remained stable. Liver fat decreased significantly on the LSAT diet (median 2·2 (interquartile range (IQR) 3·1) to 1·7 (IQR 1·8) %,P= 0·002) but did not change on the HSAT diet (median 1·2 (IQR 4·1) to 1·6 (IQR 3·9) %). The LSAT diet lowered fasting glucose and total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and raised TAG (P< 0·05), while the HSAT diet had no effect on glucose or HDL-cholesterol but increased total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (P< 0·05). Fasting insulin and homeostasis model of insulin resistance did not change significantly on either diet, but the Matsuda index of insulin sensitivity improved on the LSAT diet (P< 0·05). Assignment to the LSATv.HSAT diet was a predictor of changes in lipid parameters but not liver fat. We conclude that diet composition may be an important factor in the accumulation of liver fat, with a low-fat/low-saturated fat/LGI diet being beneficial.

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Murota, Kaeko, Rainer Cermak, Junji Terao und Siegfried Wolffram. „Influence of fatty acid patterns on the intestinal absorption pathway of quercetin in thoracic lymph duct-cannulated rats“. British Journal of Nutrition 109, Nr. 12 (19.11.2012): 2147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512004564.

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Since it is known that dietary fats improve the bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin, we purposed to investigate whether this effect is due to increased lymphatic transport of quercetin. In rats with implanted catheters in the thoracic lymph duct, we administered quercetin into the duodenum with TAG emulsions containing either long-chain fatty acids (LCT) or medium-chain fatty acids (MCT). Controls received quercetin together with a glucose solution. LCT administration increased the lymphatic output of quercetin (19·1 (sem1·2) nmol/8 h) as well as the lymph-independent bioavailability of the flavonol, determined as area under the plasma concentration curve (1091 (sem142) μm× min). Compared with glucose administration, MCT neither increased the lymphatic output (12·3 (sem1·5) nmol/8 h) nor the bioavailability of quercetin (772 (sem99) μm× min) significantly (glucose group: 9·8 (sem1·5) nmol/8 h and 513 (sem55) μm× min, respectively). Because LCT are released within chylomicrons into the intestinal lymph while MCT are mainly released into the portal blood, we conclude from the present results that dietary fats that are mainly composed of LCT improve quercetin bioavailability by increasing its transport via the lymph, thereby circumventing hepatic first-pass metabolism of the flavonol. In addition, LCT could enhance quercetin absorption by improving its solubility in the intestinal tract.

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Torrens, Christopher, Lucilla Poston und Mark A. Hanson. „Transmission of raised blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction to the F2generation induced by maternal protein restriction in the F0, in the absence of dietary challenge in the F1generation“. British Journal of Nutrition 100, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2008): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508921747.

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We have previously demonstrated that maternal protein restriction during pregnancy leads to raised blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction in the offspring (F1). Here we show that these characteristics are transmitted to the F2offspring through the maternal line, in the absence of any additional challenges to the F1. Female Wistar rats were fed either a control (18 % casein) or protein-restricted diet (PR; 9 % casein) throughout pregnancy. Female F1offspring, maintained on standard chow postpartum, were mated with breeding males to produce F2progeny. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) in male F2offspring was assessed by tail-cuff plethysmography at age 100 d and vascular function of small mesenteric arteries by wire myography at age 80 and 200 d. SBP was raised in PR F2offspring compared with controls (control 122·1 (sem2·3) mmHg,n7; PR 134·7 (sem3·2) mmHg,n6;P < 0·01) and endothelial function, assessed by vasodilatation to acetylcholine, was impaired at both age 80 d (% maximal response: control 89·7 (sem2·6),n14; PR 72·7 (sem4·4),n15;P < 0·01) and 200 d (effective concentration equal to 50 % of maximum (pEC50): control 7·67 (sem0·10),n10; PR 7·33 (sem0·07),n8;P < 0·05). The present study demonstrates that both raised blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction are passed via the maternal line to grand-offspring in the absence of any additional dietary challenges to their F1mothers. Risk factors for chronic disease may therefore be heritable by non-genomic processes.

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Maraki, Maria, Nektarios Christodoulou, Niki Aggelopoulou, Faidon Magkos, Katerina P. Skenderi, Demosthenes Panagiotakos, Stavros A. Kavouras und Labros S. Sidossis. „Exercise of low energy expenditure along with mild energy intake restriction acutely reduces fasting and postprandial triacylglycerolaemia in young women“. British Journal of Nutrition 101, Nr. 3 (23.06.2008): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508012233.

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A single bout of prolonged, moderate-intensity endurance exercise lowers fasting and postprandial TAG concentrations the next day. However, the TAG-lowering effect of exercise is dose-dependent and does not manifest after light exercise of low energy cost ( < 2 MJ). We aimed to investigate whether superimposing mild energy intake restriction to such exercise, in order to augment total energy deficit, potentiates the hypotriacylglycerolaemic effect. Eight healthy, sedentary, premenopausal women (age 27·1 (sem1·3) years; BMI 21·8 (sem0·9) kg/m2) performed two oral fat tolerance tests in the morning on two different occasions: once after a single bout of light exercise (100 min at 30 % of peak oxygen consumption; net energy expenditure 1·04 (sem0·01) MJ) coupled with mild energy intake restriction (1·39 (sem0·22) MJ) on the preceding day, and once after resting coupled with isoenergetic feeding on the preceding day (control). Fasting plasma TAG, TAG in the TAG-rich lipoproteins (TRL-TAG) and serum insulin concentrations were 18, 34 and 30 % lower, respectively, after exercise plus diet compared with the control trial (P < 0·05). Postprandial concentrations of plasma TAG and TRL-TAG were 19 and 27 % lower after exercise plus diet compared with the control condition (P < 0·01), whereas postprandial insulin concentrations were not different. It is concluded that a combination of light exercise along with mild hypoenergetic diet may be a practical and feasible intervention to attenuate fasting and postprandial triacylglycerolaemia, especially for people who cannot exercise for prolonged periods of time at moderate-to-high intensities, such as many sedentary individuals.

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Ramakers, Julian D., Ronald P. Mensink, Marleen I. Verstege, Anje A. te Velde und Jogchum Plat. „An arachidonic acid-enriched diet does not result in more colonic inflammation as compared with fish oil- or oleic acid-enriched diets in mice with experimental colitis“. British Journal of Nutrition 100, Nr. 2 (August 2008): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507901257.

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Fish oils (FO) – rich in EPA and DHA – may protect against colitis development. Moreover, inflammatory bowel disease patients have elevated colonic arachidonic acid (AA) proportions. So far, effects of dietary AAv.FO on colitis have never been examined. We therefore designed three isoenergetic diets, which were fed to mice for 6 weeks preceding and during 7 d dextran sodium sulfate colitis induction. The control diet was rich in oleic acid (OA). For the other two diets, 1·0 % (w/w) OA was exchanged for EPA+DHA (FO group) or AA. At 7 d after colitis induction, the AA group had gained weight (0·46 (sem0·54) g), whereas the FO and OA groups had lost weight ( − 0·98 (sem0·81) g and − 0·79 (sem1·05) g, respectively;P < 0·01v.AA). The AA group had less diarrhoea than the FO and OA groups (P < 0·05). Weight and length of the colon, histological scores and cytokine concentrations in colon homogenates showed no differences. Myeloperoxidase concentrations in plasma and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration in colon were decreased in the FO group as compared with the OA group. We conclude that in this mice model an AA-enriched diet increased colonic AA content, but did not result in more colonic inflammation as compared with FO- and OA-enriched diets. As we only examined effects after 7 d and because the time point for evaluating effects seems to be important, the present results should be regarded as preliminary. Future studies should further elucidate differential effects of fatty acids on colitis development in time.

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Kragelund, Birthe B., Signe M. Schenstrøm, Caio A. Rebula, Vikram Govind Panse und Rasmus Hartmann-Petersen. „DSS1/Sem1, a Multifunctional and Intrinsically Disordered Protein“. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 41, Nr. 5 (Mai 2016): 446–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2016.02.004.

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Tremarin, Camila da Silva, Karina Rabello Casali, Luise Meurer und Beatriz D'Agord Schaan. „Capsaicin-induced metabolic and cardiovascular autonomic improvement in an animal model of the metabolic syndrome“. British Journal of Nutrition 111, Nr. 2 (21.08.2013): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513002493.

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The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increased risk of cardiac mortality, as it is characterised by the clustering of multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Studies have shown that capsaicin (red pepper) may be useful as a nutraceutical, ameliorating metabolic profile and cardiovascular function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cardiovascular and metabolic effects of orally administered capsaicin in rats with the MetS. Neonate spontaneously hypertensive rats were injected with monosodium glutamate and subjected to one of the following three treatments by oral administration for 14 d, between 27 and 30 weeks: low-dose capsaicin (CAP05,n18, synthetic capsaicin powder diluted in a vehicle (10 % ethyl alcohol) plus 0·5 mg/kg body weight (BW) of capsaicin); high-dose capsaicin (CAP1,n19, synthetic capsaicin powder diluted in a vehicle (10 % ethyl alcohol) plus 1 mg/kg BW of capsaicin); control (C,n18, vehicle). Lee's index, lipid/metabolic profile, and cardiovascular parameters with the rats being conscious, including arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) variability, as well as aortic wall thickness (haematoxylin and eosin staining) and CD68 (cluster of differentiation 68) antibody levels (monocyte/macrophage immunostaining) were evaluated. Weight, Lee's index, and lipid and metabolic parameters, as well as AP and HR and aortic wall thickness, were similar between the groups. Capsaicin determined HR variability improvement (16·0 (sem9·0), 31·0 (sem28·2) and 31·3 (sem19·0) ms2for the C, CAP05 and CAP1 groups, respectively,P= 0·003), increased vascular sympathetic drive (low-frequency component of systolic AP variability: 3·3 (sem2·8), 8·2 (sem7·7) and 12·1 (sem8·8) mmHg2for the C, CAP05 and CAP1 groups, respectively,P< 0·001) and increased α-index (spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity). The present data show that capsaicin did not improve lipid and glucose abnormalities in rats with the MetS. However, beneficial cardiovascular effects were observed with this nutraceutical.

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Gauvin, Raynald. „From the Scanning Electron Microscope to the Scanning Electron Macroscope with X-Ray Microanalysis in the ESEM“. Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 792–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760003645x.

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Recently, a new correction procedure has been proposed in order to perform X-Ray microanalysis in the ESEM or in the VP-SEM1. This new correction procedure is based on this equation:where I is the measured intensity at a given pressure P, Ip is the intensity that would be generated without any gas in the microscope (the corrected intensity) and Im is the intensity with complete scattering of the electron beam. Im is therefore the contribution of the skirt on I. In equation (1), fp is the fraction of the incident beam, which is not scattered by the gas above the specimen, and it can be obtained from Monte Carlo simulations or from an analytical equation.

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Kolog Gulko, Miriam, Gabriele Heinrich, Carina Gross, Blagovesta Popova, Oliver Valerius, Piotr Neumann, Ralf Ficner und Gerhard H. Braus. „Sem1 links proteasome stability and specificity to multicellular development“. PLOS Genetics 14, Nr. 2 (05.02.2018): e1007141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007141.

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Harrison, Matthew, und Simon C. Langley-Evans. „Intergenerational programming of impaired nephrogenesis and hypertension in rats following maternal protein restriction during pregnancy“. British Journal of Nutrition 101, Nr. 7 (09.09.2008): 1020–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508057607.

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Associations between birth weight and CVD in adult life are supported by experiments showing that undernutrition in fetal life programmes blood pressure. In rats, the feeding of a maternal low-protein (MLP) diet during gestation programmes hypertension. The present study aimed to assess the potential for a nutritional insult to impact across several generations. Pregnant female Wistar (F0) rats were fed a control (CON;n10) or MLP (n10) diet throughout gestation. At delivery all animals were fed a standard laboratory chow diet. At 10 weeks of age, F1generation offspring were mated to produce a second generation (F2) without any further dietary change. The same procedure produced an F3generation. Blood pressure in all generations was determined at 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age and nephron number was determined at 10 weeks of age. F1generation MLP-exposed offspring exhibited raised (P < 0·001) systolic blood pressure (male 143 (sem4) mmHg; female 141 (sem4) mmHg) compared with CON animals (male 132 (sem3) mmHg; female 134 (sem4) mmHg). Raised blood pressure and reduced nephron number was also noted in the F2generation (P < 0·001) and this intergenerational transmission occurred via both the maternal and paternal lines, as all three possible offspring crosses (MLP × CON, CON × MLP and MLP × MLP) were hypertensive (132 (sem3) mmHg) compared with CON animals (CON × CON; 123 (sem2) mmHg). No effect was noted in the F3generation. It is concluded that fetal protein restriction may play a critical role in determining blood pressure and overall disease risk in a subsequent generation.

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Castellano, L. M., R. M. Hammond, V. M. Holmes, D. Weissman und J. Shorter. „Epigallocatechin-3-gallate rapidly remodels PAP85-120, SEM1(45-107), and SEM2(49-107) seminal amyloid fibrils“. Biology Open 4, Nr. 9 (28.08.2015): 1206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.010215.

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Bohn, Stefan, Eri Sakata, Florian Beck, Ganesh R. Pathare, Jérôme Schnitger, Istvan Nágy, Wolfgang Baumeister und Friedrich Förster. „Localization of the regulatory particle subunit Sem1 in the 26S proteasome“. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 435, Nr. 2 (Mai 2013): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.069.

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Li, Min, Jian-Hua Piao, Yuan Tian, Wei-Dong Li, Ke-Ji Li und Xiao-Guang Yang. „Postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to GM-resistant starch-enriched rice and the production of fermentation-related H2in healthy Chinese adults“. British Journal of Nutrition 103, Nr. 7 (24.11.2009): 1029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509992820.

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Consumption of resistant starch (RS)-enriched foods is associated with decrease in the postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses, accompanied by the production of fermentation-related gases in the large bowel. The present study aimed to determine the postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to the GM RS-enriched rice and the fermentation-related production of H2in young and healthy Chinese adults. A total of sixteen young adults (nine men and seven women) were recruited and divided into three groups. Their postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to 40 g glucose, carbohydrates of RS or wild-type (WT) rice were tested by a crossover model with a washout period of 7 d. The concentrations of blood glucose and insulin as well as breath H2were measured before and after food intake. Although the mean concentrations of fasting blood glucose, insulin and breath H2were similar, consumption of the RS rice significantly decreased the values of glycaemic index (GI) and insulin index (II), as compared with the intake of WT rice (48·4 (sem21·8)v.77·4 (sem34·9) for GI, 34·2 (sem18·9)v.54·4 (sem22·4) for II,P < 0·05), respectively. Conversely, intake of the RS rice meal significantly elevated the concentrations of breath H2, as compared with WT rice (38·9 (sem17·6)v.10·5 (sem3·7) parts per million for peak levels of breath H2,P < 0·05) through a period of 16-h tests. Consumption of the GM RS-enriched rice meal decreased the postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses and promoted RS fermentation-related production of H2in the large bowel of young and healthy Chinese adults.

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Wang, Yanwei, Jing Sun, Chen Deng, Shouzhen Teng, Guoxin Chen, Zhenhua Chen, Xuean Cui et al. „Plasma membrane‐localized SEM1 protein mediates sugar movement to sink rice tissues“. Plant Journal 109, Nr. 3 (06.12.2021): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15573.

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Scanlon, Michael J., David C. Henderson und Brad Bernstein. „SEMAPHORE1 functions during the regulation of ancestrally duplicated knox genes and polar auxin transport in maize“. Development 129, Nr. 11 (01.06.2002): 2663–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.11.2663.

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The expression of class 1 knotted1-like homeobox (knox) genes affects numerous plant developmental processes, including cell-fate acquisition, lateral organ initiation, and maintenance of shoot apical meristems. The SEMAPHORE1 gene product is required for the negative regulation of a subset of maize knox genes, the duplicated loci rough sheath 1 and gnarley1 (knox4). Recessive mutations in semaphore1 result in the ectopic expression of knox genes in leaf and endosperm tissue. Genetic analyses suggest that SEMAPHORE1 may regulate knox gene expression in a different developmental pathway than ROUGH SHEATH2, the first-identified regulator of knox gene expression in maize. Mutations at semaphore1 are pleiotropic, disrupting specific domains of the shoot. However, unlike previously described mutations that cause ectopic knox gene expression, semaphore1 mutations affect development of the embryo, endosperm, lateral roots, and pollen. Moreover, polar transport of the phytohormone auxin is significantly reduced in semaphore1 mutant shoots. The data suggest that many of the pleiotropic semaphore1 phenotypes result from defective polar auxin transport (PAT) in sem1 mutant shoots, and support models correlating down-regulated knox gene expression and PAT in maize shoots.

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Kudratkhodjaeva, Nargis Akbarovna, Oyistakhon Yuldashalievna Usmonova und Zulkhumor Nazarovna Usmonova. „Issue Of External Sema In Uzbek Language“. American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, Nr. 10 (30.10.2020): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue10-50.

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This article is devoted to analyzing the issue of external sema in Uzbek language. Relative sema is a component that adds an additional semantic subtlety to a seme containing a core sema, making the word it possesses grammatically related to the second word.

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Clegg, Miriam E., Megan Pratt, Ciara M. Meade und C. Jeya K. Henry. „The addition of raspberries and blueberries to a starch-based food does not alter the glycaemic response“. British Journal of Nutrition 106, Nr. 3 (18.05.2011): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511001450.

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It is now known that health benefits associated with diets rich in fruit and vegetables may be partly derived from intake of polyphenols. Berry polyphenols may influence carbohydrate metabolism and absorption and hence postprandial glycaemia. To date, studies related to polyphenol effects on the glycaemic response have been completed only in liquids using either monosaccharides or disaccharides. It remains to be determined whether berries known to be rich in polyphenols can reduce the glycaemic response (GR) to a solid polysaccharide meal. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether berries alter postprandial hyperglycaemia and consequently the GR to a starchy food. Blood glucose was tested on seven occasions, on three occasions using a reference food and on four occasions using pancakes supplemented with either raspberries or blueberries or control pancakes containing similar amounts of fructose and glucose. Results showed that there were no differences in GR (blueberry 51·3 (sem5·7); raspberry 54·7 (sem5·6); blueberry control 43·9 (sem4·2); raspberry control 41·8 (sem6·4)), GR area under the curve or satiety index between any of the tests. The present study indicates that the ability of berries to reduce blood glucose from starch-based foods is unsubstantiated.

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Sanchugova, Daria, Aleksandra Kusova, Aydar Bikmullin, Vladimir Klochkov und Dmitriy Blokhin. „The Structure of Fibril-Forming SEM1(86-107) Peptide Increasing the HIV Infectivity“. BioNanoScience 11, Nr. 1 (14.01.2021): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12668-020-00822-1.

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Cresti, Julianna R., Abramo J. Manfredonia, Christopher E. Bragança, Joseph A. Boscia, Christina M. Hurley, Mary D. Cundiff und Daniel A. Kraut. „Proteasomal conformation controls unfolding ability“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, Nr. 25 (14.06.2021): e2101004118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101004118.

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The 26S proteasome is the macromolecular machine responsible for the bulk of protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. As it degrades a ubiquitinated protein, the proteasome transitions from a substrate-accepting conformation (s1) to a set of substrate-processing conformations (s3 like), each stabilized by different intramolecular contacts. Tools to study these conformational changes remain limited, and although several interactions have been proposed to be important for stabilizing the proteasome’s various conformations, it has been difficult to test these directly under equilibrium conditions. Here, we describe a conformationally sensitive Förster resonance energy transfer assay, in which fluorescent proteins are fused to Sem1 and Rpn6, which are nearer each other in substrate-processing conformations than in the substrate-accepting conformation. Using this assay, we find that two sets of interactions, one involving Rpn5 and another involving Rpn2, are both important for stabilizing substrate-processing conformations. Mutations that disrupt these interactions both destabilize substrate-processing conformations relative to the substrate-accepting conformation and diminish the proteasome’s ability to successfully unfold and degrade hard-to-unfold substrates, providing a link between the proteasome’s conformational state and its unfolding ability.

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Tomko, Robert J., und Mark Hochstrasser. „The Intrinsically Disordered Sem1 Protein Functions as a Molecular Tether during Proteasome Lid Biogenesis“. Molecular Cell 53, Nr. 3 (Februar 2014): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2013.12.009.

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Sanchugova, D. A., A. G. Bikmullin, V. V. Klochkov, A. V. Aganov und D. S. Blokhin. „Spatial structure of the fibril-forming SEM1(86–107) peptide in a complex with dodecylphosphocholine micelles“. Russian Chemical Bulletin 70, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2021): 2422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-021-3362-5.

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40

French, Kinsley C., Nadia R. Roan und George I. Makhatadze. „Structural Characterization of Semen Coagulum-Derived SEM1(86–107) Amyloid Fibrils That Enhance HIV-1 Infection“. Biochemistry 53, Nr. 20 (12.05.2014): 3267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi500427r.

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Han, Limin, Jingyun Wu, Mimi Wang, Zhentao Zhang, Dian Hua, Shufeng Lei und Xingbo Mo. „RNA Modification-Related Genetic Variants in Genomic Loci Associated with Bone Mineral Density and Fracture“. Genes 13, Nr. 10 (18.10.2022): 1892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13101892.

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Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified more than 500 loci for bone mineral density (BMD), but functional variants in these loci are less known. The aim of this study was to identify RNA modification-related SNPs (RNAm-SNPs) for BMD in GWAS loci. We evaluated the association of RNAm-SNPs with quantitative heel ultrasound BMD (eBMD) in 426,824 individuals, femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) BMD in 32,961 individuals and fracture in ~1.2 million individuals. Furthermore, we performed functional enrichment, QTL and Mendelian randomization analyses to support the functionality of the identified RNAm-SNPs. We found 300 RNAm-SNPs significantly associated with BMD, including 249 m6A-, 28 m1A-, 3 m5C-, 7 m7G- and 13 A-to-I-related SNPs. m6A-SNPs in OP susceptibility genes, such as WNT4, WLS, SPTBN1, SEM1, FUBP3, LRP5 and JAG1, were identified and functional enrichment for m6A-SNPs in the eBMD GWAS dataset was detected. eQTL signals were found for nearly half of the identified RNAm-SNPs, and the affected gene expression was associated with BMD and fracture. The RNAm-SNPs were also associated with the plasma levels of proteins in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, PI3K-Akt signaling, NF-kappa B signaling and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, the plasma levels of proteins (CCL19, COL1A1, CTSB, EFNA5, IL19, INSR, KDR, LIFR, MET and PLXNB2) in these pathways were found to be associated with eBMD in Mendelian randomization analysis. This study identified functional variants and potential causal genes for BMD and fracture in GWAS loci and suggested that RNA modification may play an important role in osteoporosis.

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Li, Jinqing, Zichao Yang, Han Liu, Mengjie Qiu, Tingting Zhang, Wenjuan Li, Zhaofeng Li et al. „ADS-J1 disaggregates semen-derived amyloid fibrils“. Biochemical Journal 476, Nr. 6 (29.03.2019): 1021–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20180886.

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Abstract Semen-derived amyloid fibrils, comprising SEVI (semen-derived enhancer of viral infection) fibrils and SEM1 fibrils, could remarkably enhance HIV-1 sexual transmission and thus are potential targets for the development of an effective microbicide. Previously, we found that ADS-J1, apart from being an HIV-1 entry inhibitor, could also potently inhibit seminal amyloid fibrillization and block fibril-mediated enhancement of viral infection. However, the remodeling effects of ADS-J1 on mature seminal fibrils were unexplored. Herein, we investigated the capacity of ADS-J1 to disassemble seminal fibrils and the potential mode of action by applying several biophysical and biochemical measurements, combined with molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. We found that ADS-J1 effectively remodeled SEVI, SEM186–107 fibrils and endogenous seminal fibrils. Unlike epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a universal amyloid fibril breaker, ADS-J1 disaggregated SEVI fibrils into monomeric peptides, which was independent of oxidation reaction. MD simulations revealed that ADS-J1 displayed strong binding potency to the full-length PAP248–286 via electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. ADS-J1 might initially bind to the fibrillar surface and then occupy the amyloid core, which eventually lead to fibril disassembly. Furthermore, the binding of ADS-J1 with PAP248–286 might induce conformational changes of PAP248–286. Disassembled PAP248–286 might not be favorable to re-aggregate into fibrils. ADS-J1 also exerts abilities to remodel a panel of amyloid fibrils, including Aβ1–42, hIAPP1–37 and EP2 fibrils. ADS-J1 displays promising potential to be a combination microbicide and an effective lead-product to treat amyloidogenic diseases.

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Oomen, J. M., P. M. C. M. Waijers, C. van Rossum, B. Hoebee, W. H. M. Saris und M. A. van Baak. „Influence of ß2-adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms on diet-induced thermogenesis“. British Journal of Nutrition 94, Nr. 5 (November 2005): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051516.

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The sympathetic nervous system is involved in the control of energy metabolism and expenditure. Diet-induced thermogenesis is mediated partly by the ß-adrenergic component of this system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of genetic variation in the ß2-adrenoceptor in diet-induced thermogenesis. Data from twenty-four subjects (fourteen men and ten women; BMI 26·7(sem 0·8) kg/m2; age 45·2(sem1·4) years) with different polymorphisms of the ß2-adrenoceptor at codon 16 (Gly16Gly, Gly16Arg or Arg16Arg) were recruited for this study. Subjects were given a high-carbohydrate liquid meal, and the energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio, and plasma concentrations of NEFA, glycerol, glucose, insulin and catecholamines were measured before and over 4 h after the meal. The AUC of energy expenditure (diet-induced thermogenesis) was not significantly different between polymorphism groups, nor was the response of any of the other measured variables to the meal. In a multiple regression model, the only variable that explained a significant proportion (32 %) of the variation in diet-induced thermogenesis was the increase in plasma adrenaline in response to the meal (P<0·05). The ß2-adrenoceptor codon16 polymorphisms did not contribute significantly. In conclusion, an independent contribution of the codon 16 polymorphism of the ß2-adrenoceptor gene to the variation in thermogenic response to a high-carbohydrate meal could not be demonstrated. The interindividual variation in thermogenic response to the meal was correlated with variations in the plasma adrenaline response to the meal.

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Ingerslev, Anne Krog, Peter Kappel Theil, Mette Skou Hedemann, Helle Nygaard Lærke und Knud Erik Bach Knudsen. „Resistant starch and arabinoxylan augment SCFA absorption, but affect postprandial glucose and insulin responses differently“. British Journal of Nutrition 111, Nr. 9 (10.02.2014): 1564–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513004066.

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The effects of increased colonic fermentation of dietary fibres (DF) on the net portal flux (NPF) of carbohydrate-derived metabolites (glucose, SCFA and, especially, butyrate), hormones (insulin, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide) and NEFA were studied in a healthy catheterised pig model. A total of six pigs weighing 59 (sem1·6) kg were fitted with catheters in the mesenteric artery and in the portal and hepatic veins, and a flow probe around the portal vein, and included in a double 3 × 3 cross-over design with three daily feedings (at 09.00, 14.00 and 19.00 hours). Fasting and 5 h postprandial blood samples were collected after 7 d adaptation to each diet. The pigs were fed a low-DF Western-style control diet (WSD) and two high-DF diets (an arabinoxylan-enriched diet (AXD) and a resistant starch-enriched diet (RSD)). The NPF of insulin was lower (P= 0·04) in AXD-fed pigs (4·6 nmol/h) than in RSD-fed pigs (10·5 nmol/h), despite the lowest NPF of glucose being observed in RSD-fed pigs (203 mmol/h,P= 0·02). The NPF of total SCFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate were high, intermediate and low (P< 0·01) in AXD-, RSD- and WSD-fed pigs, respectively, with the largest relative increase being observed for butyrate in response to arabinoxylan supplementation. In conclusion, the RSD and AXD had different effects on the NPF of insulin and glucose, suggesting different impacts of arabinoxylan and resistant starch on human health.

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Levi, Giovanni, Nicolas Narboux-Nême und Martine Cohen-Solal. „DLX Genes in the Development and Maintenance of the Vertebrate Skeleton: Implications for Human Pathologies“. Cells 11, Nr. 20 (18.10.2022): 3277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11203277.

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Skeletal shape and mechanical properties define, to a large extent, vertebrate morphology and physical capacities. During development, skeletal morphogenesis results from dynamic communications between chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and other cellular components of the skeleton. Later in life, skeletal integrity depends on the regulatory cascades that assure the equilibrium between bone formation and resorption. Finally, during aging, skeletal catabolism prevails over anabolism resulting in progressive skeletal degradation. These cellular processes depend on the transcriptional cascades that control cell division and differentiation in each cell type. Most Distal-less (Dlx) homeobox transcription factors are directly involved in determining the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts and, indirectly, of osteoclasts. While the involvement of Dlx genes in the regulation of skeletal formation has been well-analyzed thanks to several mutant mouse models, the role of these genes in the maintenance of bone integrity has been only partially studied. The importance of Dlx genes for adult bone tissues is evidenced by their central role in the regulatory pathways involving Osx/Sp7 and Runx2, the two major master genes of osteogenesis. Dlx genes appear to be involved in several bone pathologies including, for example, osteoporosis. Indeed, at least five large-scale GWAS studies which aimed to detect loci associated with human bone mineral density (BMD) have identified a known DLX5/6 regulatory region within chromosome 7q21.3 in proximity of SEM1/FLJ42280/DSS1 coding sequences, suggesting that DLX5/6 expression is critical in determining healthy BMD. This review aims to summarize the major findings concerning the involvement of Dlx genes in skeletal development and homeostasis and their involvement in skeletal aging and pathology.

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Wilmes, Gwendolyn M., Megan Bergkessel, Sourav Bandyopadhyay, Michael Shales, Hannes Braberg, Gerard Cagney, Sean R. Collins et al. „A Genetic Interaction Map of RNA-Processing Factors Reveals Links between Sem1/Dss1-Containing Complexes and mRNA Export and Splicing“. Molecular Cell 32, Nr. 5 (Dezember 2008): 735–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2008.11.012.

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Jantti, J., J. Lahdenranta, V. M. Olkkonen, H. Soderlund und S. Keranen. „SEM1, a homologue of the split hand/split foot malformation candidate gene Dss1, regulates exocytosis and pseudohyphal differentiation in yeast“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96, Nr. 3 (02.02.1999): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.3.909.

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Kondo, Yoshitaka, Chihana Higashi, Mizuki Iwama, Katsuyuki Ishihara, Setsuko Handa, Hiroyuki Mugita, Naoki Maruyama, Hidenori Koga und Akihito Ishigami. „Bioavailability of vitamin C from mashed potatoes and potato chips after oral administration in healthy Japanese men“. British Journal of Nutrition 107, Nr. 6 (15.09.2011): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511003643.

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Potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers contain vitamin C (VC) and commercial potato chips have more VC content per wet weight by dehydration during frying. However, intestinal absorption of VC from orally ingested potatoes and its transfer to the blood remains questionable. The present study was designed to determine whether the dietary consumption of potatoes affects VC concentration in plasma and urinary excretion of VC in human subjects. After overnight fasting, five healthy Japanese men between 22 and 27 years of age consumed 87 g mashed potatoes and 282 g potato chips. Each portion contained 50 mg of VC, 50 mg VC in mineral water and mineral water. Before and after a single episode of ingestion, blood and urine samples were collected every 30 min or 1 h for 8 h. When measured by subtraction of the initial baseline value before administration of potatoes from the values measured throughout the 8 h test period, plasma VC concentrations increased almost linearly up to 3 h. Subsequently, the values of potato-fed subjects were higher than those of water, but did not differ significantly from those of VC in water (P = 0·14 andP = 0·5). Less VC tended to be excreted in urine during the 8 h test than VC in water alone (17·0 (sem7·5) and 25·9 (sem8·8)v.47·9 (sem17·9) μmol/mmol creatinine). Upon human consumption, mashed potatoes and potato chips provide VC content that is effectively absorbed in the intestine and transferred to the blood. Clearly, potatoes are a readily available source of dietary VC.

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Marinangeli, Christopher P. F., und Peter J. H. Jones. „Whole and fractionated yellow pea flours reduce fasting insulin and insulin resistance in hypercholesterolaemic and overweight human subjects“. British Journal of Nutrition 105, Nr. 1 (01.09.2010): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510003156.

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The objective of the present study was to compare whole pea flour (WPF) to fractionated pea flour (FPF; hulls only) for their ability to reduce risk factors associated with CVD and diabetes in overweight hypercholesterolaemic individuals. Using a cross-over design, twenty-three hypercholesterolaemic overweight men and women received two-treatment muffins/d containing WPF, FPF or white wheat flour (WF) for 28 d, followed by 28 d washout periods. Daily doses of WPF and FPF complied with the United States Department of Agriculture's recommended level of intake of half a cup of pulses/d (approximately 50 g/d). Dietary energy requirements were calculated for each study subject, and volunteers were only permitted to eat food supplied by the study personnel. Fasting insulin, body composition, urinary enterolactone levels, postprandial glucose response, as well as fasting lipid and glucose concentrations, were assessed at the beginning and at the end of each treatment. Insulin concentrations for WPF (37·8 (sem3·4) pmol/ml,P = 0·021) and FPF (40·5 (sem3·4) pmol/ml,P = 0·037) were lower compared with WF (50·7 (sem3·4) pmol/ml). Insulin homeostasis modelling assessment showed that consumption of WPF and FPF decreased (P < 0·05) estimates of insulin resistance (IR) compared with WF. Android:gynoid fat ratios in women participants were lower (P = 0·027) in the WPF (1·01 (sem0·01) group compared with the WF group (1·06 (sem0·01). Urinary enterolactone levels tended to be higher (P = 0·087) in WPF compared with WF. Neither treatment altered circulating fasting lipids or glucose concentrations. In conclusion, under a controlled diet paradigm, a daily consumption of whole and fractionated yellow pea flours at doses equivalent to half a cup of yellow peas/d reduced IR, while WPF reduced android adiposity in women.

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García-Oliver, Encar, Pau Pascual-García, Varinia García-Molinero, Tineke L. Lenstra, Frank C. P. Holstege und Susana Rodríguez-Navarro. „A novel role for Sem1 and TREX-2 in transcription involves their impact on recruitment and H2B deubiquitylation activity of SAGA“. Nucleic Acids Research 41, Nr. 11 (17.04.2013): 5655–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt272.

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