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Weisbuch, François, and Jirka Schatz. "Characterizing interlayer edge placement with SEM contours." Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS 18, no. 02 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jmm.18.2.021203.
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Zhao, Zhouxiang, Hongwu Wu, Meng Zhang, Shiqiang Fu, and Kang Zhu. "Fiber Orientation Reconstruction from SEM Images of Fiber-Reinforced Composites." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (2023): 3700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063700.
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The orientation of fibers in composites reinforced with short fibers can provide insight into the microstructure of the material and considerably affect its macroscopic characteristics. However, the present standard techniques for detecting fiber orientation and length based on microscopic image processing have faults in practical applications, including high effort, low efficiency, and unreliable measurement results. In this study, a method for measuring fiber orientation based on 3D reconstructions of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images is provided. The geodesic active contour (GAC) model is applied to segment the fibers in the SEM images. Matching the fiber contours with the scale-invariant feature transformation (SIFT) algorithm successfully extracts 3D orientation information from the fiber contours. The unit vector of the fiber axis is fitted from the extracted point cloud using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. With a maximum deviation of 3.83° and an average deviation of 1.50°, the measurement findings of this method are substantially comparable to those of the image-measuring instrument. This paper offers a quantitative approach to studying the microstructure of short fiber-reinforced composites, thereby furnishing objective evidence to support the development and research of such materials.
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Lakshmanan, N., B. K. Raghuprasad, N. Gopalakrishnan, R. Sreekala, and G. V. Rama Rao. "Comparative study on damage identification from Iso-Eigen-Value-Change contours and smeared damage model." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 35, no. 6 (2010): 735–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2010.35.6.735.
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Danilatos, G. D. "Gas-flow field in the environmental SEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (1992): 1298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100131127.
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The study of the gas flow in the environmental SEM (ESEM) is important both for the instrument design and for determining the environmental conditions around the specimen. Some results from such a study were published previously and the present report is a continuation from the same work. The Monte Carlo simulation method for the gas flow was used. Of particular importance is the question on the flow field contours as the specimen approaches the pressure limiting aperture (PLA) and the question on the mass density of the supersonic jet formed above the plane of the PLA and on the mass density immediately below the aperture.A conically shaped PLA is preferred for several reasons; one such reason is that it allows the preservation of a stagnation pressure environment over the specimen surface for a short distance down to one PLA diameter (D): In Fig. 1 the specimen is placed 1.2 mm (i.e. 3 PLA diameters) below the aperture, and from the number density contours no effect is observed over the specimen surface.
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Lin, Manqing, Lan Zhang, Xiqi Liu, Yuanyou Xia, Jiaqi He, and Xiaosu Ke. "The Meso-Analysis of the Rock-Burst Debris of Rock Similar Material Based on SEM." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (April 3, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9168908.
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In order to explore the specimen failure characteristics during rock-burst under different gradient stress conditions, in this paper, a novel experimental technique was proposed; a common series of tests under two gradient stress paths were conducted on rock similar material specimens using the true-triaxial gradient and hydraulic-pneumatic combined test apparatus. And plaster was used as the rock similar material. In the experimental process, several rock-burst debris with area sizes of 100 mm2 were collected, and the fractal dimensions of typical detrital section crystal contours were analyzed and calculated using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method. The results showed that the specimens’ failure characteristics which had been induced by the two gradient stress processes were various. Also, the mesoscopic morphology of the rock-burst detrital section had effectively reflected its macroscopic failure characteristics. It was found that the fractal dimensions of the crystal contours of the specimen’s detrital section had fractal characteristics, and the box-counting dimension based on the SEM image could quantitatively describe the rock-burst failure characteristics. Furthermore, under the same magnification, the fractal dimensions of the crystal contours of the splitting failures were found to be relatively smaller than those of the shearing failures.
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Bonta, Steven. "The lens of firstness: Shamanic/Aboriginal culture as cosmos-sign." Semiotica 2018, no. 221 (2018): 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0139.
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AbstractHaving identified previously (Bonta 2015) the Peircean Category Firstness as the semiotic basis (or cultural Prime Symbol) for Australian Aboriginal culture, this paper examines the “lens” of Firstness as it is manifest in a variety of aboriginal (or “Shamanic”) cultures worldwide. By studying the semiotic contours of religion, language, social organization, and art, we find systemic prioritization of Firstness in its various manifestations, across a wide range of aboriginal cultures from Australia to the Indian Subcontinent to aboriginal Siberia and the New World. Shamanic culture, despite its ethnic and geographic variety, may therefore be represented as a semiotic type – and, in addition, one that, in its pristine form, is nearly extinct.
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Amato, Philip A., Mark Lelental, and Ray C. Bowen. "Quantitative image analysis of superconductor thin film microstructure: The use of conditional, multiparametric, shape-analysis algorithms." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 11 (1993): 2799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.2799.
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We have developed a novel approach for quantifying the microstructure of granular thin films using digital image processing and analysis. In the past, conventional scanning electron microscopy of thin films has generated qualitative information on the surface topography and film microstructure. However, when coupled to digital image analysis, the amount or degree of surface contours (i.e., granularity) in SEM micrographs can be quantified in a rapid and reproducible manner. Briefly, SEM micrographs are digitized and the edge boundaries on the film surface are enhanced by a gradient filter; granularity is then quantified by calculating the %AREA covered by the edges with respect to the entire field. Objects of a particular shape, such as phase impurity particles, can be selectively deleted from the image using a specific sequence of shape analysis algorithms and parameter values. In this manner, the contributions of edges from the phase impurity particles is minimized in the final measurement of real surface contours. Statistical analysis of the data yields quantitative information concerning variations in microdomains within single thin films and can detect statistically significant differences among samples. This method is being used in the characterization of the microstructure of superconducting thin films for optimization of their electrical and magnetic properties.
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Colas-Blaise, Marion. "Texte, textualisation et pratique : Le devenir de l'énonciation." Semiotica 2017, no. 219 (2017): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2017-0065.
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RésuméConvoquant le cadre théorique de la sémiotique (post-)greimassienne, cette contribution se propose de cibler quelques-unes des étapes ayant marqué la réflexion sur l’énonciation depuis les années 1970–1980, avant d’esquisser les contours d’une sémiotique de l’énonciation comme pratique située. Ainsi, après avoir rappelé que la théorie de l’énonciation « énoncée » (Greimas et Courtés 1979) invite à repérer les marques laissées dans le texte par l’énonciation, qui est présupposée, virtuelle et hypothétique, nous visons à rendre compte de la dynamique de la constitution du texte (textualisation) en mettant l’accent, d’une part, sur l’énonciation « vivante » (Fontanille 2003 [1998] ; cf. la conversion de la marque en trace) et, d’autre part, sur le geste énonciatif d’une instance sensible pourvue d’une corporalité (cf. la conversion de la marque en empreinte, Fontanille 2011). Enfin, une sémiotique de l’énonciation comme acte ou pratique nous conduit à prendre en considération d’autres strates du parcours de l’expression (Fontanille 2008) que celle du texte, en particulier celle du support-objet. L’accent est également mis sur l’environnement (le cadre institutionnel, socioéconomique et culturel). Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à évaluer la portée et la pertinence du concept de dispositif.
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Laval, J. Y., M. H. Berger, and C. Cabanel. "In Situ Electrical and Microstructural Characterization of Individual Boundaries." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100164143.
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In order to get direct information on the relationships between the structural and electrical properties of interfaces, we developed in situ experiments in TEM-STEM and SEM for the characterization of the local behaviour of majority and minority carriers. In particular, we described here our new technique for local determination of interfacial potential barriers in electronic ceramics. This information is completed by voltage contrast imaging in SEM at 1 kV which enables a full map of the distribution of these interfacial barriers to be obtained.The TEM experiment is schematized in fig. 1. A tungsten microelectrode (100 nm diameter) can be micromanipulated in situ and gently set down on the TEM sample. The contact between the microelectrode and the sample is shown sharply by the modification of extinction contours in each adjacent grain (Fig. 2ab).
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Jamshidi, Maryam, and Cavus Falamaki. "Image analysis method for heterogeneity and porosity characterization of biomimetic hydrogels." F1000Research 9 (December 15, 2020): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27372.1.
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This work presents an image processing procedure for characterization of porosity and heterogeneity of fully hydrated hydrogels based on the analysis of cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) images. An algorithm consisting of different filtering, morphological transformation, and thresholding steps to denoise the image whilst emphasizing the hydrogel fibres edges for extracting the pores features is explained. Finally, the information of hydrogel porosity and heterogeneity is presented in form of pore size distribution, spatial contours maps and kernel density dot plots. The obtained results reveal that a non-parametric kernel density plot effectively determines the spatial heterogeneity and porosity of the hydrogel.
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Apkarian, R. P. "Condenser-objective lens SE microscopy: application for high - resolution imaging of cell membranes." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100127359.
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Recent developments in high brightness field emission (FE) and LaB6 electron sources for scanning electron microscopes (SEM) equipped with condenser-objective lens specimen stages has resulted in the collection of secondary electron (SE) signals that contain unsurpassed high resolution topographic contrasts. High resolution low loss images were described for a condenser-objective lens SEM when SE contrasts were first being scrutinized. The low energy SE-I imaging mode contains contrasts generated by only specimen specific SE-I and II. The SE-I signal is produced by the primary electron beam interaction with the specimen surface before a scattering event occurs and can be best collected when SE-IIIs are eliminated and SE-IIs are suppressed. High resolution SE-I topographic contrasts include particle contrast (resolution of particles < 10 nm), relief contrast (imaging of very small contours), and edge brightness contrast (sum of beam diameter and SE range).
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Musekamp, Jens, Thorsten Reiber, Holger Claus Hoche, Matthias Oechsner, Matthias Weigold, and Eberhard Abele. "Influence of LPBF-Surface Characteristics on Fatigue Properties of Scalmalloy®." Metals 11, no. 12 (2021): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11121961.
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Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has indisputable advantages when designing new components with complex geometries due to toolless manufacturing and the ability to manufacture components with undercuts. However, fatigue properties rely heavily on the surface condition. In this work, in-process surface parameters (three differing contour parameter sets) and post-process surface treatments, namely turning and shot peening, are varied to investigate the influence of each treatment on the resulting fatigue properties of LPBF-manufactured specimens of the aluminium–magnesium–scandium alloy Scalmalloy®. Therefore, metallographic analysis and surface roughness measurements, as well as residual stress measurements, computer tomography measurements, SEM-analyses, tensile and fatigue tests, along with fracture surface analysis, were performed. Despite the fact that newly developed in-process contour parameters are able to reduce the surface roughness significantly, only a minor improvement in fatigue properties could be observed: Crack initiation is caused by sharp, microscopic notches at the surface in combination with high tensile residual stresses at the surface, which are present on all in-process contour parameter specimens. Specimens using contour parameters with high line energy show keyhole pores localized in the subsurface area, which have no effect on crack initiation. Contours with low line energy have a slightly positive effect on fatigue strength because less pores can be found at the surface and subsurface area, which even more greatly promotes an early crack initiation. The post-process parameter sets, turning and shot peening, both improve fatigue behaviour significantly: Turned specimens show lowest surface roughness, while, for shot peened specimens, the tensile residual stresses of the surface radially shifted from the surface towards the centre of the specimens, which counteracts the crack initiation at the surface.
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Balan, Nikita N., Vladidmir V. Ivanov, Alexey V. Kuzovkov, Evgenia V. Sokolova, and Evgeniy S. Shamin. "Basic approaches to simulation of resist mask formation in computational lithography." Modern Electronic Materials 6, no. 1 (2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/j.moem.6.1.55056.
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Main currently used resist mask formation models and problems solved have been overviewed. Stages of "full physical simulation" have been briefly analyzed based on physicochemical principles for conventional diazonapthoquinone (DNQ) photoresists and chemically enhanced ones. We have considered the concepts of the main currently used compact models predicting resist mask contours for full-scale product topologies, i.e., VT5 (Variable Threshold 5) and CM1 (Compact Model 1). Computation examples have been provided for full and compact resist mask formation models. Full resist mask formation simulation has allowed us to optimize the lithographic stack for a new process. Optimal thickness ratios have been found for the binary anti-reflecting layers used in water immersion lithography. VT5 compact model calibration has allowed us to solve the problem of optimal calibration structure sampling for maximal coverage of optical image parameters space while employing the minimal number of structures. This problem has been solved using cluster analysis. Clustering has been implemented using the k-means method. The optimum sampling is 300 to 350 structures, the rms error being 1.4 nm which is slightly greater than the process noise for 100 nm structures. The use of SEM contours for VT5 model calibration allows us to reduce the rms error to 1.18 nm for 40 structures.
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Dandagi, Shivaprasad, Umesh Bhushi, Virupaxi Bagodi, and Deepankar Sinha. "Strategic management of technical university: structural equation modelling approach." Journal of Modelling in Management 11, no. 1 (2016): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-05-2014-0034.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the constructs and establish causal relationship between factors for strategically governing a technical university in Indian context. Further, the paper carries out a systemic study to emphasize on the need for these universities to design strategies that are endurable and sustainable. Design/methodology/approach – A structured questionnaire survey was carried out (207 responses). Factor analysis was carried out to bring out the latent variables representing the attributes, and later, the causality between these variables was established using structural equation modelling (SEM). These relationships between the factors helped in developing a robust system dynamic model for strategic management of technical universities. Findings – The peak points on the contours for varying strategic orientation revealed the adaptability and the time required for attaining that level of adaptability. The contour plots also revealed the limiting values in each case. Finally, it is concluded that university adaptability increases with increasing strategic orientation. The analysis also revealed that the process by which the technical universities formulate their strategies is an important determinant of various factors. Originality/value – Universities looking to implement strategic management-related methodologies for the improved management focusing on developing effective methods for developing strategy can be expected to yield better performance, rather than concentrating on the technologies and supporting infrastructures.
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Koinkar, Vilas N., and Bharat Bhushan. "Scanning and transmission electron microscopies of single-crystal silicon microworn/machined using atomic force microscopy." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 12 (1997): 3219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0421.
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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is commonly used for microwear/machining studies of materials at very light loads. To understand material removal mechanism on the microscale, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies were conducted on the microworn/machined single-crystal silicon. SEM studies of micromachined single-crystal silicon indicate that at light loads material is removed by ploughing. Fine particulate debris is observed at light loads. At higher loads, cutting type and ribbon-like debris were observed. This debris is loose and can be easily removed by scanning with an AFM tip. TEM images of a wear mark generated at 40 μN show bend contours in and around the wear mark, suggesting that there are residual stresses. Dislocations, cracks, or any special features were not observed inside or outside wear marks using plan-view TEM. Therefore, material is mostly removed in a brittle manner or by chipping without major dislocation activity, crack formation, and phase transformation at the surface. However, presence of ribbon-like debris suggests some plastic deformation as well.
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Shalaby, Abouzeid M. "Isomorphic Hilbert spaces associated with different complex contours of the $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric (-x4) theory." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 11n12 (2014): 1450059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14500596.
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In this work, we stress the existence of isomorphisms which map complex contours from the upper half to contours in the lower half of the complex plane. The metric operator is found to depend on the chosen contour but the maps connecting different contours are norm-preserving. To elucidate these features, we parametrized the contour [Formula: see text] considered in Phys. Rev. D 73, 085002 (2006) for the study of wrong sign x4 theory. For the parametrized contour of the form [Formula: see text], we found that there exists an equivalent Hermitian Hamiltonian provided that a2c is taken to be real. The equivalent Hamiltonian is b-independent but the metric operator is found to depend on all the parameters a, b and c. Different values of these parameters generate different metric operators which define different Hilbert spaces. All these Hilbert spaces are isomorphic to each other even for the parameter values that define contours with ends in two adjacent wedges. As an example, we showed that the transition amplitudes associated with the contour [Formula: see text] are exactly the same as those calculated using the contour [Formula: see text], which is not [Formula: see text]-symmetric and has ends in two adjacent wedges in the complex plane.
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Jamshidi, Maryam, and Cavus Falamaki. "Image analysis method for heterogeneity and porosity characterization of biomimetic hydrogels." F1000Research 9 (April 12, 2021): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27372.2.
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This work presents an image processing procedure for characterization of porosity and heterogeneity of hydrogels network mainly based on the analysis of cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) images and can be extended to any other type of microscopy images of hydrogel porous network. An algorithm consisting of different filtering, morphological transformation, and thresholding steps to denoise the image whilst emphasizing the edges of the hydrogel walls for extracting either the pores or hydrogel walls features is explained. Finally, the information of hydrogel porosity and heterogeneity is presented in form of pore size distribution, spatial contours maps and kernel density dot plots. The obtained results reveal that a non-parametric kernel density plot effectively determines the spatial heterogeneity and porosity of the hydrogel.
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Eckert, Aubrey, Nevin Martin, Ryan G. Coe, Bibiana Seng, Zacharia Stuart, and Zachary Morrell. "Development of a Comparison Framework for Evaluating Environmental Contours of Extreme Sea States." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010016.
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Environmental contours of extreme sea states are often utilized for the purposes of reliability-based offshore design. Many methods have been proposed to estimate environmental contours of extreme sea states, including, but not limited to, the traditional inverse first-order reliability method (I-FORM) and subsequent modifications, copula methods, and Monte Carlo methods. These methods differ in terms of both the methodology selected for defining the joint distribution of sea state parameters and in the method used to construct the environmental contour from the joint distribution. It is often difficult to compare the results of proposed methods to determine which method should be used for a particular application or geographical region. The comparison of the predictions from various contour methods at a single site and across many sites is important to making environmental contours of extreme sea states useful in practice. The goal of this paper is to develop a comparison framework for evaluating methods for developing environmental contours of extreme sea states. This paper develops generalized metrics for comparing the performance of contour methods to one another across a collection of study sites, and applies these metrics and methods to develop conclusions about trends in the wave resource across geographic locations, as demonstrated for a pilot dataset. These proposed metrics and methods are intended to judge the environmental contours themselves relative to other contour methods, and are thus agnostic to a specific device, structure, or field of application. The metrics developed and applied in this paper include measures of predictive accuracy, physical validity, and aggregated temporal performance that can be used to both assess contour methods and provide recommendations for the use of certain methods in various geographical regions. The application and aggregation of the metrics proposed in this paper outline a comparison framework for environmental contour methods that can be applied to support design analysis workflows for offshore structures. This comparison framework could be extended in future work to include additional metrics of interest, potentially including those to address issues pertinent to a specific application area or analysis discipline, such as metrics related to structural response across contour methods or additional physics-based metrics based on wave dynamics.
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Mohamed, Omar Ahmed, Syed Hasan Masood, and Jahar Lal Bhowmik. "Influence of processing parameters on creep and recovery behavior of FDM manufactured part using definitive screening design and ANN." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 6 (2017): 998–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2015-0198.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of process parameters of fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing process on viscoelastic responses (creep compliance and recoverable compliance) of FDM built parts using a novel experimental design technique. Design/methodology/approach As part of the process characterization, a recently developed class of three-level design methodology – definitive screening design (DSD) – was used in this study to fit a second-order polynomial regression model. Artificial neural network (ANN) was also used to determine the optimal process parameters to improve creep compliance and recoverable compliance. The relationship between layer thickness, air gap, raster angle, build orientation, road width, number of contours and creep performance of FDM fabricated part was thereafter established empirically. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to examine and characterize the morphology of the structures for some samples. Findings This study found that the creep resistance of FDM-manufactured part is significantly influenced by layer thickness, air gap, raster angle and number of contours and it can be improved by optimizing the settings of the selected parameters. The relationship between FDM process parameters and creep properties was determined, with the best creep performance observed by using 0.127 mm of layer thickness, zero air gap, zero raster angle, build orientation of 17.188°, road width of 0.4572 mm and 10 contours. Finally, the result is verified by confirmation experiments. The results prove that a DSD is a very effective design in characterizing the influence of process parameters on creep properties of FDM-built part at the lowest cost. Originality/value The originality of this paper lies in characterizing and optimizing the effect of process parameters on creep performance of FDM manufactured part that has not been studied in all previous studies. The paper highlights, for the first time, how the application of DSD can overcome most of the limitations encountered in the conventional techniques. This study can be used as a guide to the different additive manufacturing users of various industries and the results provide a good technical database on how FDM process parameters influence the creep performance of manufactured parts.
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Russ, J. C., T. M. Hare, R. P. Christensen, K. T. Hare, and J. C. Russ. "SEM low magnification stereoscopic technique for mapping surface contours: application to measurement of volume differences in human teeth due to polishing." Journal of Microscopy 144, no. 3 (1986): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1986.tb02810.x.
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Atif, Rasheed, Madeleine Combrinck, Jibran Khaliq, et al. "Solution Blow Spinning of High-Performance Submicron Polyvinylidene Fluoride Fibres: Computational Fluid Mechanics Modelling and Experimental Results." Polymers 12, no. 5 (2020): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051140.
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Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to investigate characteristics of high-speed air as it is expelled from a solution blow spinning (SBS) nozzle using a k-ε turbulence model. Air velocity, pressure, temperature, turbulent kinetic energy and density contours were generated and analysed in order to achieve an optimal attenuation force for fibre production. A bespoke convergent nozzle was used to produce polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fibres at air pressures between 1 and 5 bar. The nozzle comprised of four parts: a polymer solution syringe holder, an air inlet, an air chamber, and a cap that covers the air chamber. A custom-built SBS setup was used to produce PVDF submicron fibres which were consequently analysed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) for their morphological features. Both theoretical and experimental observations showed that a higher air pressure (4 bar) is more suitable to achieve thin fibres of PVDF. However, fibre diameter increased at 5 bar and intertwined ropes of fibres were also observed.
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Brandt, Bjoern, and Torsten Rabe. "Structuring of LTCC Substrates by a Combination of Pressure-Assisted Sintering and Hot-Embossing." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, CICMT (2015): 000297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-tha24.
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A novel technology for the structuring of LTCC surfaces is introduced. The material is shaped in a zero-shrinkage process by embossing a glassy carbon mold into the softened LTCC directly after termination of the shrinkage. Three commercially available LTCC compositions (Ceramtape GC, Heratape CT707, and DP951) were tested. Diverse raised and lowered structures including rings, grids, and characters were fabricated. Different material behavior was observed for the tested compositions. Promising results were achieved with Ceramtape GC. Embossing of precise, 40 μm deep circular cavities and 50 μm high raised characters is demonstrated. Processing of 100 × 100 mm2 substrates is possible. DP951 showed very good moldability, but also unwanted material displacement due to evaporating lead. A high displacement capacity but uneven heights of embossed structures were observed on CT707 samples. SEM investigations proved the precise transfer of surface contours from the mold to the LTCC. Thereby, the high potential of the hot-embossing process for micro-patterning of LTCC is illustrated.
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Chen, Liang-Chia, and Chie-Chan Ho. "Submerged Arc Spray Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles with Desired Form Sphericity Using Process Characterization and Optimization." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 2 (2008): 518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.d248.
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This article presents a study on process characterization and optimization of the metal nanoparticle fabrication process known as the submerged arc spray nanoparticle synthesis system (SANSS) for obtaining desired geometric sphericity of nanoparticles. The geometric shape characteristics of nanoparticles pose significant impact on innovative product and process design. The sphericity and surface roughness of prepared TiO2 nanoparticles can vary widely and are influenced by the process parameters being employed in the SANSS. To improve this, an in-situ nanofluid sampling and measurement approach was developed to analyze the particle shape characteristics and characterize the nanoparticle synthesis process. The particle shape contours obtained from FE-SEM and TEM were employed to quantify the TiO2 nanoparticle sphericity and analyze the effect of process parameters on particle roundness. The optimized process parameters were identified using the Taguchi method. Our results proved that the average sphericity of TiO2 particles prepared using the optimized process parameters was effectively improved up to three folds.
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Słomińska, Lucyna, Roman Zielonka, Leszek Jarosławski, et al. "High pressure impact on changes in potato starch granules." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 17, no. 4 (2015): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2015-0070.
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Abstract Air dry potato starch (84.9% d.s.) was subjected to pressurizing under the pressure of 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 2000 MPa for 1 h. The physical properties of pressurized starch, such as morphology, surface and crystalline structure, gelatinization parameters, were studied by means of scanning and atomic force microscopy (SEM/AFM), X-ray diffraction (X-ray), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The susceptibility to the amylolytic enzyme (α-amylase) was also measured. Application of pressure in the range of 50–2000 MPa results in an increase in the compressed potato starch bulk density, change in the contours of the granules from oval to polyhedral, increase in the roughness of the granule surface, vanishing of the X-ray reflexes generated by the orthogonal structure and weakening of the reflexes generated by the hexagonal structure, lowering of the enthalpy of starch gelatinization, and the enhancement of hydrolytic susceptibility of starch granules to the amylolytic enzyme.
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Zhou, Han, Yikun Li, Ying Gu, Zetian Shen, Xixu Zhu, and Yun Ge. "A deep learning based automatic segmentation approach for anatomical structures in intensity modulation radiotherapy." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 18, no. 6 (2021): 7506–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2021371.
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<abstract> <sec><title>Objective</title><p>To evaluate the automatic segmentation approach for organ at risk (OARs) and compare the parameters of dose volume histogram (DVH) in radiotherapy. Methodology: Thirty-three patients were selected to contour OARs using automatic segmentation approach which based on U-Net, applying them to a number of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), breast, and rectal cancer respectively. The automatic contours were transferred to the Pinnacle System to evaluate contour accuracy and compare the DVH parameters.</p> </sec> <sec><title>Results</title><p>The time for manual contour was 56.5 ± 9, 23.12 ± 4.23 and 45.23 ± 2.39min for the OARs of NPC, breast and rectal cancer, and for automatic contour was 1.5 ± 0.23, 1.45 ± 0.78 and 1.8 ± 0.56 min. Automatic contours of Eye with the best Dice-similarity coefficients (DSC) of 0.907 ± 0.02 while with the poorest DSC of 0.459 ± 0.112 of Spinal Cord for NPC; And Lung with the best DSC of 0.944 ± 0.03 while with the poorest DSC of 0.709 ± 0.1 of Spinal Cord for breast; And Bladder with the best DSC of 0.91 ± 0.04 while with the poorest DSC of 0.43 ± 0.1 of Femoral heads for rectal cancer. The contours of Spinal Cord in H &amp; N had poor results due to the division of the medulla oblongata. The contours of Femoral head, which different from what we expect, also due to manual contour result in poor DSC.</p> </sec> <sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The automatic contour approach based deep learning method with sufficient accuracy for research purposes. However, the value of DSC does not fully reflect the accuracy of dose distribution, but can cause dose changes due to the changes in the OARs volume and DSC from the data. Considering the significantly time-saving and good performance in partial OARs, the automatic contouring also plays a supervisory role.</p> </sec> </abstract>
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Poom, Leo. "Visual Inter-Attribute Contour Completion." Perception 30, no. 7 (2001): 855–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3222.
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A new visual phenomenon, inter-attribute illusory (completed) contours, is demonstrated. Contour completions are perceived between any combination of spatially separate pairs of inducing elements (Kanizsa-like ‘pacman’ figures) defined either by pictorial cues (luminance contrast or offset gratings), temporal contrast (motion, second-order-motion or ‘phantom’ contours), or binocular-disparity contrast. In a first experiment, observers reported the perceived occurrence of contour completion for all pair combinations of inducing elements. In a second experiment they rated the perceived clarity of the completed contours. Both methods generated similar results—contour completions were perceived even though the inducing elements were defined by different attributes. Ratings of inter-attribute clarity were no lower than in either of the two corresponding intra-attribute conditions and seem to be the average of these two ratings. The results provide evidence for the existence of attribute-invariant Gestalt processes, and on a mechanistic level indicate that the completion process operates on attribute-invariant contour detectors.
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Cremasco, Suzana Santi. "O artigo 485, VII, do Novo Código de Processo Civil e o reconhecimento de competência pelo árbitro como pressuposto processual negativo no processo judicial." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 14, Issue 53 (2017): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2017001.
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RESUMO: O novo Código de Processo Civil – Lei nº 13.105/2015 –, embora tenha respeitado a sistemática da arbitragem trazida pela Lei nº 9.307/1996, contemplou alguns avanços importantes na interface entre a arbitragem e o processo judicial. Uma das maiores inovações, sem dúvida, é o reconhecimento da convenção de arbitragem pelo árbitro como causa de extinção do processo sem resolução de mérito (art. 485, VII, parte final), em claro prestígio ao princípio da competência-competência tão consolidado no universo arbitral. Ao fazê-lo, o legislador de 2015 cria uma nova modalidade de pressuposto processual negativo no processo judicial. Analisar esse novo pressuposto, os seus contornos e os seus limites na nova codificação brasileira é o objeto e o desafio deste trabalho. ABSTRACT: The new Civil Procedure Code – Law 13.105/2015 – respected the arbitration system brought by Law 9.307/1996 as well as contemplated some important advances in the interface between the arbitration and the judicial process. One of the greatest innovations, undoubtedly, is the recognition of the arbitration agreement by the arbitrator as a cause of dismissal without prejudice (article 485, VII, final part), in clear prestige to the competence-competence principle consolidated in the arbitral universe. In doing so, the 2015 legislator creates a new modality of negative procedural presupposition in the judicial process. To analyze this new presupposition, its contours, and its limits in the new Brazilian code is the object and the challenge of this paper.
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Berger, Anne, Yen-Chun Chen, Jacqueline Gatzemeier, Felix N. Buechi, and Hubert Andreas Gasteiger. "Importance of Directed Water Removal: Intruding Microporous Layer Material into the Gas Diffusion Layer Substrate." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 37 (2023): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02371766mtgabs.
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Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are an essential component of net zero emission scenarios by the International Energy Agency (IEA), most prominent in the heavy-duty transportation sector.[1-2] During operation, the PEMFC is subject to different operating conditions, particularly wet conditions where liquid water removal is crucial. It was observed that a microporous layer (MPL), commonly consisting of a carbon component (e.g. carbon black, carbon fibers) and a hydrophobic binder (e.g. PTFE), placed at the interface of the catalyst layer (CL) and the gas diffusion layer substrate (GDL-S), has a large impact on the water removal properties. Among other advantages, the addition of an MPL can guide the localization of water clusters in the GDL.[3] However, if interfaces exhibit large interfacial gaps, as was demonstrated for the CL/MPL interface,[4] liquid water can accumulate in the large openings, thereby creating a mass transport barrier. Seeking to understand the importance of interfaces, which can either guide water formation or create obstacles, this study further investigates the MPL/GDL-S interface. We created an intruding MPL by pressing the MPL slurry into the GDL-S using mechanical force (further on referred to as “intruded-GDL”) and compared it to a GDL, where the MPL sits quasi on top (further on referred to as “sheet-GDL”). Figure 1a shows a cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM image) of the sheet-GDL, while Figure 1b shows an intruded-GDL. The boundaries between the MPL material and the GDL-S are marked in red. The MPL/GDL-S interface of the sheet-GDL is relatively flat, following only the surface contour of the GDL-S, while the MPL/GDL-S interface of the intruded-GDL is pressed into the GDL-S and locally penetrates deeper into the GDL-S. It is also visible that the penetration into the GDL-S is inhomogeneous. We characterized the altered morphology using SEM (see Figure 1), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and x-ray tomographic microscopy (XTM). We found that the MPL of the intruded-MPL intrudes significantly into the GDL-S and preferably fills the larger pores of the GDL-S. Both types of GDLs were subject to single-cell fuel cell testing under various operating conditions. We found that the intruding MPL poses an additional oxygen transport resistance at dry conditions compared to the sheet-GDL. Under conditions where liquid water formation can be expected, the intruded-GDL starts to have an advantage compared to the sheet-GDL. From the data obtained in this study, a delicate interplay between the additional dry transport resistance, the missing macropores that were filled with MPL material, and the guided water removal properties can be deduced. We can derive an improved water removal mechanism for the intruded-GDL as a cause of the structural changes, which can serve as a guideline to improve GDL design parameters. References [1] IEA, Net Zero by 2050 2021,https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050. [2] D. A. Cullen, K. C. Neyerlin, R. K. Ahluwalia, R. Mukundan, K. L. More, R. L. Borup, A. Z. Weber, D. J. Myers, A. Kusoglu, Nat. Energy 2021, 6, 462-474. [3] J. T. Gostick, M. A. Ioannidis, M. W. Fowler, M. D. Pritzker, Electrochem. commun. 2009, 11, 576-579. [4] I. V. Zenyuk, E. C. Kumbur, S. Litster, J. Power Sources 2013, 241, 379-387. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation under the Sinergia grant number 180335. Figure 1 . SEM cross-sectional images different GDL configurations: a) a sheet-GDL; b) an intruded-GDL. The contours of the MPL material is marked with red lines. The MPL of the sheet-GDL is situated on top of the GDL-S, following the GDL-S surface contour, while the MPL of the intruded-GDL intrudes into larger pores of the GDL-S in an inhomogeneous manner. Figure 1
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Director, Hannah M., Adrian E. Raftery, and Cecilia M. Bitz. "Improved Sea Ice Forecasting through Spatiotemporal Bias Correction." Journal of Climate 30, no. 23 (2017): 9493–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0185.1.
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A new method, called contour shifting, is proposed for correcting the bias in forecasts of contours such as sea ice concentration above certain thresholds. Retrospective comparisons of observations and dynamical model forecasts are used to build a statistical spatiotemporal model of how predicted contours typically differ from observed contours. Forecasted contours from a dynamical model are then adjusted to correct for expected errors in their location. The statistical model changes over time to reflect the changing error patterns that result from reducing sea ice cover in the satellite era in both models and observations. For an evaluation period from 2001 to 2013, these bias-corrected forecasts are on average more accurate than the unadjusted dynamical model forecasts for all forecast months in the year at four different lead times. The total area, which is incorrectly categorized as containing sea ice or not, is reduced by 3.3 × 105 km2 (or 21.3%) on average. The root-mean-square error of forecasts of total sea ice area is also reduced for all lead times.
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D’Iglio, Claudio, Sergio Famulari, Marco Albano, et al. "Intraspecific variability of the saccular and utricular otoliths of the hatchetfish Argyropelecus hemigymnus (Cocco, 1829) from the Strait of Messina (Central Mediterranean Sea)." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (2023): e0281621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281621.
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Mesopelagic species are enjoining increasing attention due to the growing impact of fisheries activities on deep marine biocenosis. Improving the knowledge base on mesopelagic species is required to enhance their conservation due to the knowledge gaps regarding many species and families. In this context, otoliths can be fundamental to assessing their life history, ecomorphological adaptation to the deep environment and stock composition. The present paper aims to explore the saccular and utricular otoliths morphology and intra-specific variability of the hatchetfish, Argyropelecus hemigymnus, from the Strait of Messina. Lapilli and sagittae were collected from 70 specimens and separated into four size classes. Morphometric, shape and SEM investigations were performed to describe their morphology, contours, and external structural organization, also studying their intraspecific variability related to sample sizes and differences between otolith pairs. Results showed an otolith morphology different from those reported in the literature with fluctuating asymmetry in sagittae and lapilli belonging to Class IV, and a high otolith variability between all the size classes. Data herein described confirm the otoliths singularity of the population from the Strait of Messina, shaped by a unique marine environment for oceanographic and ecological features.
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Bouzouaid, Samia, and Hachem Chaib. "Effects of glass powder and Gypsum (Timchemt) on the thermal and mechanical properties of plaster bricks." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 1 (2024): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n1-004.
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The present research aims to study the effect of glass powder extracted from the glass waste disposal area in Ouargla (southern Algeria) on the thermo mechanical properties of plaster bricks. Therefore, density, compressive strength, flexural strength, thermal conductivity, and thermal resistance were measured in the laboratory using mixtures generated through the response surface methodology (RSM). This RSM technique was used to assess the influence of gypsum (95% – 100%) and glass powder (0% – 5%) on the behavior of hardened plaster bricks. The experimental results and RSM evaluation show a significant increase in compressive and flexural strength at the maximum and minimum levels of Timchemt and glass powder, and detailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses supported the results. Consequently, quadratic mathematical models were developed using the RSM method applied to the obtained results. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) yielded a (P-value <0.05) and correlations exceeding 91% for all the studied parameters. Probability plots showed excellent correlation between predicted and experimental values, and the 2D and 3D contours of the RSM demonstrated that the fitted models work very well and can provide the appropriate relationship between the selected parameters and thermo mechanical properties.
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Panjan, Peter, Peter Gselman, Matjaž Panjan, et al. "Microstructure and Surface Topography Study of Nanolayered TiAlN/CrN Hard Coating." Coatings 12, no. 11 (2022): 1725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111725.
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The microstructure and surface topography of PVD hard coatings are among the most important properties, as they significantly determine their mechanical, tribological and other properties. In this study, we systematically analyzed the microstructure and topography of a TiAlN/CrN nanolayer coating (NL-TiAlN/CrN), not only because such coatings possess better mechanical and tribological properties than TiAlN and CrN monolayer coatings, mainly because the contours of the individual layers, in the cross-sectional STEM or SEM images of such coatings, make it easier to follow topographic and microstructural changes that occurred during its growth. We investigated the effects of the substrate rotation modes on the microstructure and surface topography of the NL-TiAlN/CrN coating, as well as on the periodicity of the nanolayer structure. The influence of the substrate material and the ion etching methods were also studied, while special attention was given to the interlayer roughness and influence of non-metallic inclusions in the steel substrates on the growth of the coating. The topographical features of the NL-TiAlN/CrN coating surface are correlated with the observations from the cross-sectional TEM and FIB analysis. Selected non-metallic inclusions, covered by the NL-TiAlN/CrN coating, were prepared for SEM and STEM analyses by the focused ion beam. The same inclusions were analyzed prior to and after deposition. We found that substrate rotation modes substantially influence the microstructure, surface topography and periodicity of the NL-TiAlN/CrN layer. Non-metallic inclusions in the substrates cause the formation of shallow craters or protrusions, depending on their net removal rates during the substrate pretreatment (polishing and ion etching), as compared to the matrix.
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Baumann, Brian C., Walter Bosch, Amit Bahl, et al. "Development and validation of contouring guidelines for post-cystectomy adjuvant radiation of bladder cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 2_suppl (2016): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.2_suppl.409.
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409 Background: Several organizations are developing clinical trials to evaluate adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for bladder cancer patients at elevated risk of locoregional failure (LF). However, the clinical target volumes (CTVs) & organs at risk (OARs) for this treatment have not been defined in detail. Our purpose was to define multi-institutional consensus CTVs & OARs for male & female bladder cancer patients undergoing adjuvant RT in clinical trials. Methods: We convened a multi-disciplinary group of bladder cancer specialists from 9 centers in 3 countries. 5 radiation oncologists (ROs) & 7 urologists participated in the development of the proposed contours. The group proposed initial language for the CTVs & OARs and contoured them on CT scans of a male & female cystectomy patient with input from ≥ 1 urologist at each center. Using the binomial maximum-likelihood estimates method, we generated 95% level initial contours. We evaluated the contours for level of agreement using the Landis & Koch interpretation of the K statistic. Based on the initial contouring, the group updated its descriptions of the CTVs & OARs. To determine if the revised language produced consistent contours, the cystectomy bed (CB) contour was redrawn on the CT sets by an additional 5 ROs. Results: The group proposed that patients at elevated risk for LF with R0 resections should be treated to the pelvic nodes alone (internal/external iliac, distal common iliac & presacral) whereas patients with ≥ R1 resections should be treated to the pelvic nodes & CB. The group proposed the rectum, bowel space, bone marrow & urinary diversion as OARs. The level of agreement for the initial CTVs & OARs from the group varied substantially (Table). Consensus language to describe CTV & OAR structures where the initial contours varied was successfully developed. Contours & feedback from the validation group are being analyzed. Conclusions: Initial descriptions of CTVs & OARs have been successfully developed. External validation & feedback are pending. The results will be applicable to clinical trials of adjuvant RT in bladder cancer. [Table: see text]
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Wrang, Linus, Eirini Katsidoniotaki, Erik Nilsson, Anna Rutgersson, Jesper Rydén, and Malin Göteman. "Comparative Analysis of Environmental Contour Approaches to Estimating Extreme Waves for Offshore Installations for the Baltic Sea and the North Sea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010096.
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At the stage of design load analysis for offshore installations such as wave energy systems, a critical step is the determination of environmental cases to be evaluated for the definition of the characteristic design load. A commonly used methodology for load case selection, applied in multiple studies and recommended by technical specifications and guidelines, is the environmental contour approach. Here, 50-year environmental contours were generated for four study sites located in the North Sea, Skagerrak and the Baltic Sea by considering both observations and hindcast (model) data. For the construction of the contours, the well-established inverse first-order method (I-FORM) and a modified version using principal component analysis (PCA) were both examined. Furthermore, a 2-dimensional peaks-over-threshold (2D POT) method was evaluated. It was found that a version of the regular I-FORM was able to produce satisfactory contours which properly accounted for the highest waves. When using PCA, the dependency in the data was not properly captured by the probability functions under consideration. The 2D POT method, where applicable, was found to underestimate the extreme sea states. Comparisons between contours obtained from observations and hindcast data showed that the contours may differ substantially depending on the site and method, and thus care must be exercised when using hindcast data for such purposes.
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Mikulić, Antonio, and Joško Parunov. "Environmental Contours in the Adriatic Sea for Design and Analysis of Marine Structures." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 5 (2023): 899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11050899.
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The environmental contours represent an approach for defining extreme environmental conditions, resulting in extreme responses of marine structures with a given return period. Over the past decade, an increasing number of studies have been developed dealing with the methods for defining environmental contours and enhancing their practical application in different marine environments. In the present study, environmental contours describing significant wave heights and peak wave periods are created for the Adriatic Sea. This small semi-enclosed sea basin within the Mediterranean Sea encounters increasing maritime and offshore activities. Considering also a great but still unused potential for the installation of renewable energy facilities, the main motives for the presented study are concluded. The environmental contours are established based on 24 years of hindcast wave data extracted from the WorldWaves database. Joint distributions consisting of the marginal distribution of significant wave height and conditional distributions of peak wave periods are used as a basis for the creation of environmental contours using the IFORM and ISORM methods. Return periods of 1 year, 25 years, and 100 years are considered relevant for the marine operation, design of ships, and offshore structures, respectively. A possibility of environmental contour practical application to the calculation of global wave loads upon ship structures is presented. Based on the uncertainty assessment performed, conservative environmental contours for the whole Adriatic are also presented.
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Wang, Guifang, Zuraina Dato Mansor, and Yee Choy Leong. "Fostering Digital Excellence: A Multidimensional Exploration of the Collective Effects of Technological Adaptability, Employee Competitiveness, and Employee Dynamic Capabilities on Employee Digital Performance in Chinese SMEs." International Journal of Social Science Research 12, no. 1 (2024): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v12i1.21774.
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This study is grounded in a specific Eastern cultural region, undertaking a multidimensional exploration. We meticulously examined the intricate interplay between employee competitive attitudes (ECA) and behaviors (ECB), employee dynamic capability (EDC), and Competitive climate (CC), converging these factors to redefine the contours of Employee Digital Performance (EDP). The survey data for this study were collected from SMEs in four Chinese provinces: Shanghai, Guizhou, Guangdong, and Anhui. The analysis was conducted utilizing CB-SEM (AMOS) to analyze the newly conceptualized framework. The research findings unveil a profound reality: in the digital era, Technological Adaptability (TA), Employee Competitive Attitudes, Employee Competitive Behaviors, and Employee Dynamic Capabilities all exert positive influences on Employee Digital Performance. The study indicates that technological adaptability, as a forward variable of employee competitive attitude and employee competitive behavior, positively influences employees' competitive attitudes and behaviors. Employees possessing competitive attitudes and behaviors enhance their dynamic capabilities, thereby promoting employee digital performance. Furthermore, the research indicates that the Competitive Climate moderates Employee Competitive Behaviors, and Employee Competitive Attitudes drive Employee Dynamic Capabilities, enhancing Employee Digital Performance. In the process of Chinese SMEs striving for digital advantages, this research provides a distinctive perspective. It offers actionable insights into harnessing employees’ traits and capabilities within the continually evolving digital ecosystem.
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Kozma, P., I. Kovács, and G. Benedek. "Late Maturation (Age >5 Years) of Long-Range Spatial Interactions in Humans." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (1997): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970113.
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We have studied the development of long-range spatial interactions in children (age 5 – 14 years) with normal vision. In our field study involving 410 normal children we used a battery of contour-integration cards that were developed earlier to test amblyopic patients (Kovács, Polat, and Norcia, paper presented at ARVO 1996). Each card consisted of a closed chain of collinearly aligned Gabor patches (contour) and a background of randomly oriented and positioned Gabor patches (noise). Subjects were asked to identify the location of the contour, and also to trace the contour within each card. The value of P was varied across cards (1.1 > P > 0.65), where P is the ratio of noise spacing to contour spacing. It is assumed that long-range, orientation-specific facilitatory interactions connect collinear contour segments together for P < 1. The strength of long-range interactions is defined by the minimal value of P yielding contour segregation. Children in the 13 – 14 years age group were able to see most of the contours ( Pmin < 0.7), while 5 – 6-year-old children missed the contours in about half of the cards ( Pmin < 0.9). This result indicates a very late maturation of long-range spatial interactions. It is possible that the late formation of horizontal connections in superficial layers of the human primary visual cortex (Burkhalter et al, 1993 Journal of Neuroscience13 1916 – 1931) is the neural basis of our developmental finding.
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Sichacá, Martín Barajas, and Yutaro Kabata. "Projection of crosscap." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 16, no. 09 (2019): 1950130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887819501305.
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The apparent contour of a surface in [Formula: see text]-space can be investigated in terms of singularity theory. We show the precise bifurcation diagrams of the apparent contours of generic crosscap surfaces with respect to orthogonal projections. Especially, our bifurcation diagrams contain also the information of the projected images of the singular sets of crosscap surfaces.
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Bach, Joachim S. "ENVIRONMENTAL CONTOUR ESTABLISHMENT BASED ON OPENLY AVAILABLE EMODNET WAVE AND WIND DATA FOLLOWING HEFFERNAN AND TAWN METHODOLOGIES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.waves.37.
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In this paper, I present methodologies and routines for inference of environmental contours based on openly available data from the European EMODnet service, specifically wind and wave timeseries from oil platform 6200146. The conditional marginal distribution models, known as environmental contours, is established based on measured wind and wave heights, at platform 6200146 located in the North Sea. The data is provided through the openly available data platform, EMODnet. The environmental contour model is established by fitting univariate distributions to each data-series independently, whereafter an extremal dependence structure is established following methodologies outlined in (Janet E. heffernan, 2004).
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Freedman, Eric G. "The Role of Diatonicism in the Abstraction and Representation of Contour and Interval Information." Music Perception 16, no. 3 (1999): 365–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285797.
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Previous research on melody recognition indicates that listeners can recognize contour information when melodies are retained for brief intervals and can recognize interval information of melodies held in longterm memory. However, past research has failed to control for the diatonicism and familiarity of the melodies. In three experiments, the relative contributions of contour and interval information during the abstraction of novel diatonic and nondiatonic sequences are examined. Listeners recognize the melodic contours of melodies held over an extended retention interval. Additionally, listeners use the diatonic context to recognize both the contour and interval information. In nondiatonic contexts, listeners rely predominantly on the contour information. In addition, musically experienced listeners can recognize both the contour and interval information, whereas musically inexperienced listeners rely predominantly on the contour information. Recognition of melodic contour remained relatively accurate during a 24-hr retention interval. Thus, the results indicate that the diatonic scale mediates the abstraction of interval information. Listeners seem to acquire a musical schema for diatonic melodies.
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Yu, Xia, Yu Long Li, and Tao Li. "The Texture Effect on the Dynamic Fracture Properties of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B." Key Engineering Materials 715 (September 2016): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.715.74.
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In this work, Mode I dynamic fracture experiments are conducted on pre-cracked three point bending specimens by using modified split-Hopkinson pressure bar. Two sets of specimens with different initial textures are considered here: one set of the specimens are machined from a hot rolled AZ31B Mg alloy plate with a bigger grain size. The others are treated by four pass of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) after they are cut from the initial material. They are with the finer grain size. Digital image correlation (DIC) technique is used to determine the strain contours around the crack tip and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) is employed to analyze the texture evolution after tests. It is found that the dynamic fracture toughness of finer grain specimen is higher than that of coarse grain specimen. The fracture toughness of both sets of specimens is enhanced by increasing the loading rates. Texture analysis shows the formation of tensile twinning in the ligament ahead of the crack tip in the coarse grain specimen but no sign in fine grain specimen. The brittle features e. g. cleavage planes and twinning lamellas are observed on the fracture surface of coarse grain specimen by scanning electron microscope (SEM). However, the relative ductile features such as micro-voids surrounding by tear ridges present on the fracture surface of fine grain specimen.
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Mamaeva, S., I. Kononova, V. Alekseev, et al. "Determination of Blood Parameters using Scanning Electron Microscopy as a Prototype Model for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Radiation Therapy for Cervical Cancer." International Journal of Biomedicine 11, no. 1 (2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/article11(1)_oa6.
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Using the method of SEM in patients with cervical cancer (CC) during radiation therapy (RT) revealed differences in the size and morphology of nanoparticles (NP) localized on the outer surface of the erythrocyte membrane. We found that NP-V (“viruses”) objects localized on the surface of the erythrocyte membrane of CC patients before RT have more distinct contours and are smaller in comparison with the number of NP-EV (extracellular vesicles) arising during RT. Our previous study showed that NP-V objects are evenly distributed not only on the surface of erythrocytes but also in blood plasma, and that during the RT the amount of NP-V decreases, while NP-EV both increases and decreases. The linear size of the NP-EV is characterized by a Gaussian distribution, while the NP-V has a normal size distribution in certain ranges with different mean values. We found that the number of NP-Vs having different linear dimensions differ significantly. Using X-ray radiation, we established characteristic elemental composition of NP. The PCR method was used to determine the HPV DNA in blood samples from CC patients. The revealed differences in the morphology and composition of NP, as well as the data of PCR analysis, possibly indicate their different nature and can be used as a criterion for assessing the effectiveness of RT and the recovery period.
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Skakov, M. K., V. V. Baklanov, G. K. Zhanbolatova, A. Zh Miniyazov, Ye A. Kozhakhmetov, and A. V. Gradoboev. "RESEARCH OF THE STRUCTURAL-PHASE STATE OF TUNGSTEN SURFACE LAYER CROSS-SECTION AFTER CARBIDIZATION IN A BEAM-PLASMA DISCHARGE USAGE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY METHODS." NNC RK Bulletin, no. 2 (July 6, 2023): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52676/1729-7885-2023-2-89-96.
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This paper presents research results on the structural-phase state of a tungsten surface layer cross-section after carbidization in a beam-plasma discharge. Tungsten surface carbidization in a beam-plasma discharge was conducted in a plasma-beam installation (PBI). Research on the cross-section structure of the surface layer of tungsten samples after carbidization at temperatures of 1000 °C, 1200 °C, and 1400 °C was conducted using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the results of SEM studies, a multilayer EMF map and local elemental analysis were obtained, based on which the depth of penetration of carbon atoms into tungsten was evaluated. It is established that the penetration depth is ~20 µm. The surface layer fine structure was researched using TEM. For TEM analysis of the tungsten sample cross-section with a carbidized layer, sections were prepared by ion thinning using an Ion Slicer EM-09100 IS unit. According to the research results, it was revealed that after carbidization, tungsten is available in the surface layer mainly in the composition of carbides WC and W2C. On bright-field TEM images of the cross-section of the surface layer of tungsten samples after carbidization at a temperature of 1200 °C and 1400 °C, bending extinction contours are revealed, which indicate the elastically stressed state of the sample surface layer, which leads to bending-torsion of the foil.
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Zhao, Rongchang, Min Wu, Xiyao Liu, Beiji Zou, and Fangfang Li. "Orientation Histogram-Based Center-Surround Interaction: An Integration Approach for Contour Detection." Neural Computation 29, no. 1 (2017): 171–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00911.
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Contour is a critical feature for image description and object recognition in many computer vision tasks. However, detection of object contour remains a challenging problem because of disturbances from texture edges. This letter proposes a scheme to handle texture edges by implementing contour integration. The proposed scheme integrates structural segments into contours while inhibiting texture edges with the help of the orientation histogram-based center-surround interaction model. In the model, local edges within surroundings exert a modulatory effect on central contour cues based on the co-occurrence statistics of local edges described by the divergence of orientation histograms in the local region. We evaluate the proposed scheme on two well-known challenging boundary detection data sets (RuG and BSDS500). The experiments demonstrate that our scheme achieves a high [Formula: see text]-measure of up to 0.74. Results show that our scheme achieves integrating accurate contour while eliminating most of texture edges, a novel approach to long-range feature analysis.
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Abousalem, Zib ziab. "3D from 2D for Nano images using images processing methods." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 14, no. 2 (2014): 5437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v14i2.2064.
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The scanning electron microscope (SEM) remains a main tool for semiconductor and polymer physics but TEM and AFM are increasingly used for minimum size features which called nanomaterials. In addition some physical properties such as microhardness, grain boundaries and domain structure are observed from optical and polarizing microscope which gives poor information and consequentially the error probability of discussion will be high.Thus it is natural to squeeze out every possible bit of resolution in the SEM, optical and polarizing microscopes for the materials under test. In our paper we will tackling this problem using different image processing techniques to get more clarify and sufficient information.In the suggested paper we will obtain set of images for prepared samples under different conditions and with different physical properties. These images will be analyzed using the above mentioned technique which starting by converting the prepared samples images (gray scale or colored images) to data file (*.dat) in two dimensional using programming. The 2D data will convert to 3D data file using FORTRAN programming. All images will subject to the generate filter algorithm for 3D data file. After filtering the 3D data file we can establish histogram, contours and 3D surface to analysis the image. Another technique will be prepared using Visual FORTRAN for steepest descent algorithm (SDA) which gives the vector map for the obtained data. Finally the depth from one single still image will be created and determine using OpenGL library under Visual C++ language, as well as, perform texture mapping. The quality of filtering depends on the way the data is incorporated into the model. Data should be treated carefully. From our paper we can analysis any part from any image without reanalysis the image, all size of the image as in this paper we take three samples with different size (256 * 256), (400 * 400), (510 * 510), this method decrees the cost of hardware and sample.
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Abousalem, Zib ziab. "3D from 2D for Nano images using images processing methods." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 14, no. 2 (2014): 5437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v14i2.2065.
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The scanning electron microscope (SEM) remains a main tool for semiconductor and polymer physics but TEM and AFM are increasingly used for minimum size features which called nanomaterials. In addition some physical properties such as microhardness, grain boundaries and domain structure are observed from optical and polarizing microscope which gives poor information and consequentially the error probability of discussion will be high. Thus it is natural to squeeze out every possible bit of resolution in the SEM, optical and polarizing microscopes for the materials under test. In our paper we will tackling this problem using different image processing techniques to get more clarify and sufficient information. In the suggested paper we will obtain set of images for prepared samples under different conditions and with different physical properties. These images will be analyzed using the above mentioned technique which starting by converting the prepared samples images (gray scale or colored images) to data file (*.dat) in two dimensional using programming. The 2D data will convert to 3D data file using FORTRAN programming. All images will subject to the generate filter algorithm for 3D data file. After filtering the 3D data file we can establish histogram, contours and 3D surface to analysis the image. Another technique will be prepared using Visual FORTRAN for steepest descent algorithm (SDA) which gives the vector map for the obtained data. Finally the depth from one single still image will be created and determine using OpenGL library under Visual C++ language, as well as, perform texture mapping. The quality of filtering depends on the way the data is incorporated into the model. Data should be treated carefully. From our paper we can analysis any part from any image without reanalysis the image, all size of the image as in this paper we take three samples with different size (256 * 256), (400 * 400), (510 * 510), this method decrees the cost of hardware and sample.
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Zamorov, V., M. Zamorova, D. Krupko, N. Matvienko, Y. Leonchyk, and Y. Kvach. "Shape Analysis of Otoliths of the Round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (Gobiiformes, Gobiidae), from the Black Sea Basin." Zoodiversity 55, no. 4 (2021): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/zoo2021.04.317.
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The aim of this study was to assess the discriminability of the stocks of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus based on the shape of its otoliths. Recent otolith-shape-based species and stock discrimination studies were using otolith contours in sagittal plane and we are following this approach. We hypothesized the possibility of existence of several geographically separated populations of the round goby. Round gobies have been sampled from different locations of the North-Western Black Sea, otoliths were removed in course of the full biological analysis and photographed in sagittal plane. Principal components of the otolith contour were processed by linear discriminant analysis aiming to cross-validate the discriminability of round gobies placed at different geographical locations. This would allow demonstration of different stocks or populations. This research allows to conclude the limited applicability of otolith contours for discrimination of stocks or populations of round goby based on multiple annual samples. However, neither classification matrices of discriminant analysis nor cluster analysis dendrograms showed a single pattern except for the high year to year otoliths variability. This allows to hypothesise a strong response of contour formation to habitat and feeding conditions. However, this assumption needs to be verified by further studies.
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Lehar, Steven. "Directional Harmonic Theory: A Computational Gestalt Model to Account for Illusory Contour and Vertex Formation." Perception 32, no. 4 (2003): 423–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5011.
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Visual illusions and perceptual grouping phenomena offer an invaluable tool for probing the computational mechanism of low-level visual processing. Some illusions, like the Kanizsa figure, reveal illusory contours that form edges collinear with the inducing stimulus. This kind of illusory contour has been modeled by neural network models by way of cells equipped with elongated spatial receptive fields designed to detect and complete the collinear alignment. There are, however, other illusory groupings which are not so easy to account for in neural network terms. The Ehrenstein illusion exhibits an illusory contour that forms a contour orthogonal to the stimulus instead of collinear with it. Other perceptual grouping effects reveal illusory contours that exhibit a sharp corner or vertex, and still others take the form of vertices defined by the intersection of three, four, or more illusory contours that meet at a point. A direct extension of the collinear completion models to account for these phenomena tends towards a combinatorial explosion, because it would suggest cells with specialized receptive fields configured to perform each of those completion types, each of which would have to be replicated at every location and every orientation across the visual field. These phenomena therefore challenge the adequacy of the neural network approach to account for these diverse perceptual phenomena. I have proposed elsewhere an alternative paradigm of neurocomputation in the harmonic resonance theory (Lehar 1999, see website), whereby pattern recognition and completion are performed by spatial standing waves across the neural substrate. The standing waves perform a computational function analogous to that of the spatial receptive fields of the neural network approach, except that, unlike that paradigm, a single resonance mechanism performs a function equivalent to a whole array of spatial receptive fields of different spatial configurations and of different orientations, and thereby avoids the combinatorial explosion inherent in the older paradigm. The present paper presents the directional harmonic model, a more specific development of the harmonic resonance theory, designed to account for specific perceptual grouping phenomena. Computer simulations of the directional harmonic model show that it can account for collinear contours as observed in the Kanizsa figure, orthogonal contours as seen in the Ehrenstein illusion, and a number of illusory vertex percepts composed of two, three, or more illusory contours that meet in a variety of configurations.
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Wardani, Dianita, Agus Khumaidi, Rizal Fahmi, Imah Luluk Kusminah, and Basuki Rahmat. "Coating Inspection on Sea Transportation Equipment (Ship) Using Image Processing." Indonesian Journal of Innovation Multidisipliner Research 2, no. 2 (2024): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.69693/ijim.v2i2.133.
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Research in the last decade, particularly in this research there are methods and steps for completion, namely 4 process steps, including: First of all, take samples and image data from the parts of the ship that are being repaired and maintained, Then, in making the prototype tool resulting from the coating, it is assembled using several tools, mini PC is installed with a web camera, next the image for the observation further processes and processed using the edge method contours detection with the help of cany to obtain the contrast and contour from the ship's hull. For next process, uses Neural Network for image creation processes taken from prototype plating or plating on observed ship parts. Some mixed results from the process. The images taken areand thenthe data obtained is processed and its form is observedfor shape, pattern,corrosion, contour and so on layers formed. There are two classifications of RGB and GLCM results, the rejected results can match the corrosion spot found on the hull, and the accepted results mean no corrosion spot found.
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Shi, Y. J., S. Wang, Z. J. Jakubek, and B. Simard. "A vacuum ultraviolet laser single-photon zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopic study of the 2E3/2 ground electronic state of CH3Br+." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 6 (2004): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-051.
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The vacuum ultraviolet laser single-photon zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectrum of the [Formula: see text]2E3/2 ground electronic state of the methyl bromide cation is reported. The spectrum is dominated by the origin band 000 of the transition [Formula: see text]2E3/2 ← [Formula: see text]1A1. In addition, the 210 band and the 311 hot band are observed. All observed bands show similar rotational contours. Simulation of the rotational contour of the origin band yields the first ionization energy of methyl bromide (85 031.2 ± 1.0 cm1) and the rotational constants of the cation in its ground electronic state. Key words: methyl bromide, vacuum ultraviolet laser, single-photon excitation, zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy.