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Bachmann, Carmen, Lars Tegtmeier, Johannes Gebhardt und Marcel Steinborn. „The “sell in May” effect: an empirical investigation of globally listed private equity markets“. Managerial Finance 45, Nr. 6 (10.06.2019): 793–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-07-2018-0322.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the so-called “Sell in May” effect in globally listed private equity markets based on monthly data covering the period 2004–2017. Design/methodology/approach Ordinary least squares regressions, generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity regressions and robust regressions are used to investigate the existence of the “Sell in May” effect in globally listed private equity markets. Additionally, the authors conduct robustness checks by dividing the sample period into two subperiods: pre-financial and post-financial crisis periods. Findings The authors find limited statistically significant evidence for the “Sell in May” effect. In particular, the authors observed a statistically significant “Sell in May” effect when taking time-varying volatility into account. These findings indicate that the “Sell in May” effect is driven by time-varying volatility. By contrast, economic significance as measured by visual return inspection and the magnitude of the estimated “Sell in May” coefficients in combination with their positive signs was found to be considerable. Practical implications The findings are important for all kinds of investors and asset managers who are considering investing in listed private equity. Originality/value The authors present a novel study that examines the “Sell in May” effect for globally listed private equity markets by using LPX indices, offering valuable insight into this growing asset class.
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Kochman, Dr Ladd, und Dr David Bray. „Sell in May and Go Away Exposed!“ Research in Economics and Management 2, Nr. 5 (30.09.2017): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rem.v2n5p172.
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<p><em>Despite continuing success for the sell-in-May effect, returns from the January-February segment of the six-month period proved surprisingly flat. Between 1995 and 2015, March-April and November-December had mean returns of 5.11 percent and 3.33 percent, respectively, while January-February averaged -0.04 percent. Nonetheless, the annualized return for November-April was nearly six times greater than that for May-October.</em><em></em></p>
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Degenhardt, Thomas, und Benjamin R. Auer. „The “Sell in May” effect: A review and new empirical evidence“. North American Journal of Economics and Finance 43 (Januar 2018): 169–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2017.09.003.
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Waggle, Doug, und Pankaj Agrrawal. „Is the “sell in May and go away” adage the result of an election-year effect?“ Managerial Finance 44, Nr. 9 (10.09.2018): 1070–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-12-2017-0505.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a plausible explanation for the “sell in May” anomaly observed in US stock markets. A heretofore unexplained strategy of selling stock in May and not returning to the market until November has been shown to outperform a simple strategy of buying and holding stock all year long. Design/methodology/approach The authors compare the seasonal performance of three US size-based portfolios for the May–October and November–April periods considering whether or not they were in years with US congressional elections, which occur every two years. Findings While the sell-in-May effect appears to persist in the long run, the authors find that the anomaly is not present in non-election years. There is no significant difference between the May–October and November–April stock returns in non-election years. The observed sell-in-May effect is driven by poor stock returns in the May–October periods leading up to US presidential or congressional elections and subsequent strong performance in the November–April periods immediately following elections. Originality/value The paper offers an election-year effect as an explanation of the sell-in-May anomaly that has been observed in the US stock market. Other possible explanations of the effect, such as seasonal affective disorder, the weather, and daylight savings time, have not gained widespread acceptance.
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Schabek, Tomasz, und Henrique Castro. „“Sell not only in May”. Seasonal Effect on Emerging and Developed Stock Markets“. Dynamic Econometric Models 17, Nr. 1 (28.12.2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/dem.2017.001.
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Hayati, Restu, Mimelientesa Irman und Lintang Nur Agia. „Sell in May and Go Away or Just Another January Effect? Studied of Anomaly in Indonesia Stock Exchange“. International Journal of Economics Development Research (IJEDR) 1, Nr. 1 (02.01.2020): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37385/ijedr.v1i1.27.
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Sell in May and go away is a phenomenon of return anomaly that starts in May and lasts until October. These months are called the worst months of stocks. Conversely, the months of November to April are often referred to as the best months of the stock where a higher rate of return is achieved throughout the year. Although it has not been proven academically, this phenomenon has been mentioned by various media in Indonesia such as Kontan, CNN Indonesia, and Tempo Business which are predicted to correct the JCI throughout 2017.
The purpose of this study is to prove the phenomenon of sell in May and go away on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, and find out whether the average best return of the month is affected by the high return in January.
The results prove that even though the average returns increase in November-April was due to the high return in January, but there was no sell in May and go away on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Under these conditions, the direction of the relationship between risk and return is the opposite that directs the Indonesia Stock Exchange to the efficient market hypothesis.
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Afik, Zvika, Yaron Lahav, Efi Sayar und Rami Yosef. „You Can Do Better than “Sell in May” It Is not Halloween, but It May Be Passover and Hanukah“. International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, Nr. 10 (23.09.2016): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n10p121.
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Sell in May, known also as the Halloween effect, continues to persist in many parts of the world and to puzzle researchers and practitioners. Prior research found that in a few certain countries this effect is not statistically significant or does not exist. This paper shows that although Halloween effect is not significant in Israel, it can be easily replaced by another profitable calendar strategy, holding the market index just for the months of April and December each year and investing the money in the risk-free asset for the rest of the year. This strategy may not persist in the future, however it is puzzling how it prevailed over 20 years since the inception of a prime Tel Aviv market index. We show that the superior performance of this strategy compared to its natural benchmarks is robust using risk-adjusted measures over multiple sub-periods in our sample.
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Borowski, Krzysztof. „Analysis of Sell-in-May-and-Go-Away Strategy on the Markets of 122 Equity Indices and 39 Commodities“. International Journal of Economics and Finance 7, Nr. 12 (24.11.2015): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v7n12p119.
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The problem of efficiency of financial markets has always been one of the most important, including, among others, calendar effects. The sell-in-May-and-go-away (also called Halloween) effect is worth considering from the point of view of assessing the portfolio management effectiveness and behavioral finance. This paper tests the sell-in-May-and-go-away strategy and its modifications on the market of 122 equity indices and 39 commodities in the eight approaches, depending on the investment time horizon (October-15<sup>th</sup> May, November-15<sup>th</sup> May, October-1<sup>st</sup> May, November-1<sup>st</sup>May) and types of computed rates of return (accrued rates of return and average daily geometric rates of return). Calculations presented in this paper indicate the presence of the sell-in-May-and-go-away effect on the analyzed markets in the classic time frame, as well as in the different time frames. ation in the country. Markets determine nominal exchange rate should prevail in the economy. The country should regulate its foreign reserve policy by setting a threshold, above which excess deposit should be plough back to the domestic economy inform of investments rather than support excessive importation.<p> </p>
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Lee, Sam (Sunghan), Shailendra Pandit und Richard H. Willis. „Equity Method Investments and Sell-Side Analysts' Information Environment“. Accounting Review 88, Nr. 6 (01.06.2013): 2089–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-50539.
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ABSTRACT: We study the joint effects of intercompany investing and reporting of equity method investments on the accuracy and dispersion of analysts' annual earnings-per-share (EPS) forecasts. We compare firm-year observations with and without equity method investments. We posit two non-mutually exclusive explanations for how equity method investments may affect analyst forecast properties. The Opacity Effect posits that the condensed equity method disclosures increase information asymmetry, increasing analysts' forecast errors and forecast dispersion. The Diversification Effect suggests that the diversification of the investor and its investee earnings streams enhances earnings predictability, decreasing analysts' forecast errors and forecast dispersion. Our findings are consistent with both effects operating in the analyst forecasting task. Additional analyses are consistent with the Opacity Effect dominating. This occurrence results, on net, in less accurate and more dispersed forecasts for firm-years with equity method investments. JEL Classifications: G14, M41
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Sakakibara, Shigeki, Takashi Yamasaki und Katsuhiko Okada. „The Calendar Structure of the Japanese Stock Market: The ‘Sell in May Effect’ versus the ‘Dekansho-bushiEffect’“. International Review of Finance 13, Nr. 2 (25.02.2013): 161–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irfi.12003.
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Masek, Lawrence. „The Doctrine of Double Effect, Deadly Drugs, and Business Ethics“. Business Ethics Quarterly 10, Nr. 2 (April 2000): 483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857887.
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Abstract:Manuel Velasquez and F. Neil Brady apply the doctrine of double effect to business ethics and conclude that the doctrine allows a pharmaceutical company to sell a drug with potentially fatal side effects only if it also has the good effect of saving lives. This forbids the sale of many common products, such as automobiles and alcohol. My account preserves the virtues of the doctrine of double effect without making it too restrictive. I apply the doctrine to a pharmaceutical company’s decision to market a drug with dangerous side effects and argue that free markets often offer the best way to compare the good and bad effects of business decisions. I conclude that the doctrine does allow a business to sell a potentially fatal product that does not save lives, provided that it warns consumers about the danger.
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Baskoro, Faldy, Ir Nunung Nuryartono und Ir Tb Nur Ahmad Maulana. „Determinant Factor of Indonesia Banking Industry to Issued Bond in 2006-2014“. International Journal of Economics and Finance 7, Nr. 12 (24.11.2015): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v7n12p130.
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<p>Due to global economic crisis which occured in 2008, has caused the volatility of the market and increasing the market risk. Moreover, the banking industry issued Basel III Act as a respond in order to strengthen the stability of the financial sector and prevent the negative effect on the economy from the crisis that may occur in the future. Based on Basel III Act, the banking industry is expected to meet the requirement through internal and external business activity. Furthermore, the aim of this study is to analyze which factor that determined the volume of bond issued based on internal and external factors of the company. The result shows that CAR, NIM, and BI Rate have significant effect on the volume of bond issued. span class="hps">has always been one of the most important, including, among others, calendar effects. The sell-in-May-and-go-away (also called Halloween) effect is worth considering from the point of view of assessing the portfolio management effectiveness and behavioral finance. This paper tests the sell-in-May-and-go-away strategy and its modifications on the market of 122 equity indices and 39 commodities in the eight approaches, depending on the investment time horizon (October-15<sup>th</sup> May, November-15<sup>th</sup> May, October-1<sup>st</sup> May, November-1<sup>st</sup>May) and types of computed rates of return (accrued rates of return and average daily geometric rates of return). Calculations presented in this paper indicate the presence of the sell-in-May-and-go-away effect on the analyzed markets in the classic time frame, as well as in the different time frames. ation in the country. Markets determine nominal exchange rate should prevail in the economy. The country should regulate its foreign reserve policy by setting a threshold, above which excess deposit should be plough back to the domestic economy inform of investments rather than support excessive importation.</p><p> </p>
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Li, Quan Li, Nan Huang, Guo Jiang Wan, L. S. Zhao und Xu Yan Tang. „Ultra-Thin Film of Chitosan and Sulfated Chitosan Coating on Titanium Oxide by Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly Method“. Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (Februar 2007): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.645.
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The ultra-thin film composed of chitosan (CS) and sulfated chitosan (SCS) was assembled on the titanium oxide surface by layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly methods. The titanium oxide film was treated by NaOH solution, followed by successively dipping the substrates in 5mg/ml sulfated chitosan (SCS) and 5mg/ml chitosan (CS) solutions alternatively, We hypothesized that this biologic coating may have the property of good biocompatibility, antibacteriostatic effect, anticoagulant activitves and enhancing sell biocompatibility.
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Magnusson, Gylfi. „It is not SAD if you Sell in May: Seasonal Effects in Stock Markets Revisited“. International Economic Journal 33, Nr. 4 (11.07.2019): 585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2019.1641539.
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Sun, Keke. „Bundling, Vertical Differentiation, and Platform Competition“. Review of Network Economics 17, Nr. 1 (26.03.2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rne-2017-0046.
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Abstract This paper studies the bundling strategies of two firms that each sell a horizontally differentiated platform and a complementary good. When the complementary goods are vertically differentiated, the firm that sells the superior one can commit to a more aggressive pricing strategy through bundling. In the presence of asymmetry in externalities between the two sides in the platform market, bundling may be profitable without foreclosing the rival when platforms implement cross subsidies from the high-externality side (developers) to the low-externality side (consumers). Bundling has a positive effect on welfare because it allows for better internalization of the indirect network effects and reduces the developer cost of multi-homing, but it also has a negative effect because some consumers consume less-preferred components. Consequently, bundling is socially desirable when platforms are not too differentiated and the vertical differentiation between the complementary goods is high.
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Hobbs, Jeffrey, David L. Kaufman, Hei-Wai Lee und Vivek Singh. „Stock Returns And Disagreement Among Sell-Side Analysts“. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 34, Nr. 3 (07.05.2018): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v34i3.10171.
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Asymmetric information, investor optimism, and unbiased prices hypotheses are the main hypotheses proposed for explaining how investors’ difference of opinion may impact stock returns. We use a new measure for divergence in investor beliefs among sell-side analysts to test these three hypotheses. Our initial findings are not supportive of either the asymmetric information or the investor optimism hypotheses. However, since these two hypotheses predict opposing effects of divergence in opinion on stock returns, the effects could neutralize their respective impacts on stock prices. Our further empirical analysis though suggests that this is not the case. The weight of the evidence presented suggests thatwithin the sell-side, the difference of opinion does not impose a bias on future stock returns.
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Czupryna, Marcin, Michał Jakubczyk und Paweł Oleksy. „Order Book Dynamics of Fine Wine Exchange“. Journal of Wine Economics 15, Nr. 4 (November 2020): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2020.41.
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AbstractIn this paper, we explore the order book dynamics on the Liv-ex fine wine exchange. More specifically, by using the order book data, we examine new buy and sell order submissions and cancellations and various factors that may have an effect on the intensity of the trade process on both sides of the market. Our findings indicate the existence of significant relationships between the expected number of bids, offers, or order withdrawals and wine producers, contract type, bottle format, case size, weekday, and age. In particular, the wine age positively affects the buy and sell order submissions, but only up to a certain point, after which the number of orders starts to decrease. (JEL Classifications: D40, G12, G14, L66)
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Beyer, Anne, und Ilan Guttman. „The Effect of Trading Volume on Analysts’ Forecast Bias“. Accounting Review 86, Nr. 2 (01.03.2011): 451–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.00000030.
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ABSTRACT: This study models the interaction between a sell-side analyst and risk-averse investors. It derives an analyst’s optimal earnings forecast and investors’ optimal trading decisions in a setting where the analyst’s payoff depends on the trading volume the forecast generates as well as on the forecast error. In the fully separating equilibrium, we find that the analyst biases the forecast upward (downward) if his private signal reveals relatively good (bad) news. The model predicts that: (1) the analyst biases the forecast upward more often than downward and the forecast is on average optimistic; (2) the magnitude of the analyst’s bias is increasing in the per-share benefit from trading volume he receives; and (3) the analyst’s expected squared forecast error may increase in the precision of his private information. Finally, we characterize the circumstances under which the (rational) analyst acts as if he overweights or underweights his private information.
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Egan-McKenna, Gini. „"May I Help?"“. Practicing Anthropology 12, Nr. 2 (01.04.1990): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.12.2.n765723xum8km4v0.
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The growing empowerment of American Indian people to effect positive adjustments in their personal and community lives will shape and control Indian-related research in the future. American Indian consulting firms, organizations, urban centers, and individual tribes are increasingly defining the scope and nature of research on those issues that most directly affect their lives and communities. This paper discusses collaboration and support for the self-determination goals of Indian people as central to my decision to work with and for Indian people.
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Lawrence, Helena, Adrian Furnham und Alastair McClelland. „Sex Does Not Sell: Effects of Sexual Advertising Parameters on Women Viewers’ Implicit and Explicit Recall of Ads and Brands“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 128, Nr. 2 (28.01.2021): 692–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512521990352.
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This study investigated implicit and explicit memory effects of sexual and non-sexual advertisements embedded in either a sexual or non-sexual program among women viewers. We predicted that sexual appeals would facilitate implicit memory for the brand, and we explored whether program-type (sexual or non-sexual) and its associated congruity would impact or moderate recall of the surrounding advertisement among a small sample (n = 52) of exclusively women advertisement viewers. Sexual (versus non-sexual) advertising led to significantly worse implicit memory for the brand logo but better explicit recall for the advertisement scene itself. There was no effect of sexual appeals on explicit brand name recall, and no significant effect on advertisement recall of the program type. There was a significant interaction effect for program type and advertisement type for explicit recall of the advertisement scene, in which program-type moderated sexual advertisement recall. These results suggest that sexual advertising may increase memory for the advertisement at the expense of recalling the brand advertised. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed.
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Roszkowski, Adam J., und Nivine Richie. „The impact of Mad Money recommendations during bull and bear markets“. International Journal of Managerial Finance 12, Nr. 1 (01.02.2016): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-04-2014-0053.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine semi-strong market efficiency by observing the behavioral finance implications of Jim Cramer’s recommendations in bull vs bear markets. The authors extend the literature by analyzing investor reaction through the lenses of prospect theory, overreaction, and herding. Design/methodology/approach – The authors test for abnormal returns in response to Mad Money buy and sell recommendations. The authors use a sample of buy and sell recommendations from MadMoneyRecap.com from July 28, 2005 through February 9, 2009. The 3.5-year time period is the most recent and comprehensive set of Mad Money recommendations that has been tested to date. Findings – The results indicate market inefficiency at the semi-strong level. Furthermore, the findings highlight the loss aversion tendencies of investors in regards to prospect theory of Kahneman and Tversky (1979) as well as the disposition effect of Shefrin and Statman (1985). Evidence also exists consistent with the herding and overreaction hypotheses. Practical implications – The evidence suggests contrarian behavior in which investors respond positively to good news in bad times – perhaps, in effort to stay the course and at least break even. This behavior may suggest that losers tend to hold on to losses in hopes of recouping them. Thus, positive information in bad times could further persuade market participants to hang on to or buy more of losers, while also persuading non-shareholders to buy in as well. Originality/value – Though other studies including Kenny and Johnson (2010) have estimated abnormal returns in response to analyst recommendations, to the knowledge, none has examined behavioral implications of investor reaction to buy and sell recommendations in both bull and bear markets. Furthermore, the study captures a longer bull and bear market and covers two definitions of such markets.
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Martín García, Rodrigo, Enrique Ventura Pérez und Raquel Arguedas Sanz. „Temporal optimisation of signals emitted automatically by securities exchange indicators“. Cuadernos de Gestión 20, Nr. 3 (27.11.2020): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5295/cdg.170851rm.
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Stock exchange indicators deliver buy/sell signals that enable analysts to improve the results of a strategy based strictly on fundamental analysis. Nonetheless, since the automatic implementation of signals as they appear may not yield optimal returns, the present paper analysed the suitability of using a series of technical indicators as guidance for portfolio results. A second aim pursued was to study how delaying the implementation of indicator signals may enhance profitability. A simulation was performed for the years 2005-2016 using the most representative index for the Spanish stock exchange, the IBEX35 and all its constituent securities, along with seven indicators (RoC, RSI, SMA, EMA, MACD, Bollinger bands and Stochastic Oscillator) and a total of 81 combinations of buy/sell lag times. The definition of three non-overlapping sub-periods to guarantee the reliability of the findings yielded a total of 61 236 simulated portfolios. The conclusion drawn from the results was that for certain combinations of indicators, delaying the implementation of buy/sell signals improves returns. More specifically, optimal lag times identified for RSI and EMA signals were shown to deliver statistically significant improvements in portfolio returns, irrespective of the period studied. Those findings were consistent the results of an alternative simulation in which the five securities that were both the most liquid and had the greatest impact on the index were not considered, to rule out the possible effect of the relative weight of securities on either portfolio returns or their normalisation.
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Mikhail, Michael B., Beverly R. Walther und Richard H. Willis. „When Security Analysts Talk, Who Listens?“ Accounting Review 82, Nr. 5 (01.10.2007): 1227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2007.82.5.1227.
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Regulators' interest in analyst reports stems from the belief that small investors are unaware of the conflicts sell-side analysts face and may, as a consequence, be misled into making suboptimal investment decisions. We examine who trades on security analyst stock recommendations by extending prior research to focus on investor-specific responses to revisions. We find that both large and small traders react to analyst reports; however, large investors appear to trade more than small traders in response to the information conveyed by the analyst's recommendation and earnings forecast revision (proxied by the magnitudes of the recommendation change and the earnings forecast revision, respectively). We also find that small investors do not fully account for the effects of analysts' incentives on the credibility of analyst reports, as captured by the type of recommendation (i.e., upgrade versus downgrade or buy versus sell). In particular, small investors not only trade more than large investors following upgrade and buy recommendations, but also trade more following upgrade and buy recommendations than they do following downgrade and hold/sell recommendations. Furthermore, we observe that, on average, small traders are net purchasers following recommendation revisions regardless of the type of the recommendation; large traders tend to be net sellers following downgrades and sells. Consequently, large traders generate statistically positive returns from their trading, while small traders generate statistically negative returns from their trading. These findings are consistent with large investors being more sophisticated processors of information, and provide some support for regulators' concerns that analysts may more easily mislead small investors.
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Adams, Renée B., Roman Kräussl, Marco Navone und Patrick Verwijmeren. „Gendered Prices“. Review of Financial Studies 34, Nr. 8 (09.04.2021): 3789–839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhab046.
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Abstract We provide evidence that culture is a source of pricing bias. In a sample of 1.9 million auction transactions in 49 countries, paintings by female artists sell at an unconditional discount of 42.1%. The gender discount increases with measures of country-level gender inequality—even in artist fixed effects regressions. Our results are robust to accounting for potential gender differences in art characteristics and their liquidity. Evidence from two experiments supports the argument that women’s art may sell for less because it is made by women. However, the gender discount reduces over time as gender equality increases.
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Prieto-Gonzalez, Mayelin. „Supreme Court Limits Permissible Scope of Government’s Ability to Force Medication of Mentally Ill Defendants“. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, Nr. 4 (2003): 737–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00144.x.
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On June 16, 2003, the Supreme Court ruled that forced administration of antipsychotic drugs to a defendant facing serious criminal charges is appropriate in order to render that defendant competent to stand trial, but only in limited circumstances. The treatment must be medically appropriate, substantially unlikely to have side effects that may undermine the fairness of the trial, and necessary to significantly further important government interests, after taking account of less-intrusive alternatives.Charles Sell, a former dentist, had a long history of mental illness. He had been hospitalized twice, in 1982 and 1984, after expressing paranoid ideas to law enforcement officials. In May 1997, Sell was charged with fifty-six counts of mail fraud, six counts of Medicaid fraud, and one count of money laundering. He was released on bail after a magistrate determined that he was currently competent to stand trial.
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Lobschat, Lara, Ernst C. Osinga und Werner J. Reinartz. „What Happens Online Stays Online? Segment-Specific Online and Offline Effects of Banner Advertisements“. Journal of Marketing Research 54, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2017): 901–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmr.14.0625.
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Many firms are allocating increasing parts of their advertising budgets to banner advertising. Yet, for firms that predominantly sell offline, existing research provides little guidance on online advertising decisions. In this study, the authors analyze the impact of banner advertising on consumers’ online and offline behavior across multiple distinct campaigns for one focal firm, which predominantly sells through the offline channel. Results suggest that banner and TV advertising increase website visit incidence for consumers who have not visited the focal firm's website in the previous four weeks (nonrecent online consumers). For these consumers, banner and TV advertisements indirectly increase offline sales through website visits. For consumers who have visited the firm's website in the previous four weeks (recent online consumers), the authors find evidence for a cross-campaign, brand-building effect of banner advertising, and TV ads also directly affect offline purchases. Overall, the findings indicate that for firms that predominantly (or even exclusively) sell offline, banner advertising is most suitable to generate awareness for a firm's new products among nonrecent online consumers, and to build their brand(s) among recent online consumers.
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Hu, Ming, Zizhuo Wang und Yinbo Feng. „Information Disclosure and Pricing Policies for Sales of Network Goods“. Operations Research 68, Nr. 4 (Juli 2020): 1162–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.2019.1950.
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Amazon and Apple, which sell tablet devices, have adopted different implicit information policies and developed distinct “reputations” about their tablets’ sales volume release. With Amazon, “even a number as basic, and presumably impressive, as how many Kindle e-readers the company sells is never released.” With Apple, iPhone and iPad sales numbers are always released, even if they are disappointing. In the paper “Information Disclosure and Pricing Policies for Sales of Network Goods,” the authors study the sales information release policy, disclosure versus nondisclosure, for selling network goods subject to market size uncertainty. They identify two countervailing effects, a prodisclosure “Matthew effect” and an antidisclosure saturation effect, that drive the firms’ sales information disclosure policies. In addition, the authors also study the situation where the firm can decide on an all-or-nothing information disclosure policy together with endogenized prices, including state-independent pricing, contingent preannounced pricing, and contingent pricing without commitment.
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Ahmad Al-smadi, Ayman Abdalmajeed, Mahmoud Khalid Almsafir und Nur Hanis Hazwani Binti Husni. „Trends and Calendar effects in Malaysia’s Stock Market“. Accounting and Finance Research 6, Nr. 1 (02.02.2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v6n1p18.
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Investing can help a person's wealth to generate more, and investing in stock is proven as one of the most profitable forms of available investment. The benefits gained in stock broking are immediate Buy/Sell which investor can sell part of their investment any time and at low transaction cost. However, investing in stock will require investor to observe the market, as market can be a volatile place and investor need to acquire knowledge of what they actually are doing. This study will discuss the price trends over the year, and how it will get affected by the seasonality in Malaysia, which also known as the calendar effects. The factor to be investigated in this study is the price on holiday’s season, the January effect or any other monthly seasonality. The daily price of KPJ Healthcare Berhad for the year 2011 is the sample was chosen in this study. Further this study, data used is derived from the weak-form efficient markets hypothesis, which is the price history and case study. Regression method is used in this study in order to help achieving the findings. This should be a continuous study, and adding on more other factors, such as wars and economic crises, and traders, investors and other speculators. This paper has proved the existence of calendar anomalies in KPJ's stock price for Chinese New Effect, Aidilfitri Effect and Christmas Effect. However, the price changes are believed more likely due to the investors tormenting about central banks raising interest rates to restrain rising inflation. Other than that, for Aidilfitri Effect and Christmas Effect, further study should be perform since the raise of the stock market, may be due to the world’s stock market begin to be stronger after the European sovereign debt crisis to Spain and Italy in August. Conversely, there are positive returns for January. However, the findings are non-related to the January effect. This is because January effect arises due to tax-loss selling, which Malaysia has a different tax system compared to other countries. Shareholders in Malaysia are not necessary to pay any taxes on the return they gained from share trading.
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ZAHARIADIS, NIKOLAOS. „Selling British Rail“. Comparative Political Studies 29, Nr. 4 (August 1996): 400–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414096029004002.
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Using a multiple streams model, which is based on work by Kingdon, the study explains the quest to sell British Rail. It argues that privatization depends on the interplay of three streams or factors in opportune moments: problems, solutions, and politics. The key to understanding the process is coupling, the notion that the effects of these factors are not additive; rather, only a combination of all three at the same time can produce the desired outcome. The essential features of the answer to the privatization puzzle, therefore, are the institutional position and strategy of policy entrepreneurs who join the streams together and the effect of policy windows on impeding or enhancing the coupling chances of specific solutions. The study refines Kingdon's argument by specifying the conditions under which a policy may be in search of a rationale.
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Hassanabadi, A., H. Nassiri Moghaddam und H. Kermanshahi. „Effect of microbial phytase on apparent digestibility of amino acids and minerals in diet of female broiler chickens“. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010759.
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Phytic acid is the main storage form of P in grains and seeds. Cereals and grain legumes that are commonly used as poultry feed ingredients have similar phytate levels, approximating 0.25 percent of dry matter (Ravindran et al., 1995). There is not enough phytase activity in the digestive tract of chickens to digest phytate (Maenz and Classen, 1998). Phytate contributes to environmental pollution by reducing mineral and N bioavailability. The capacity of phytic acid to bind minerals reduces the utilization of P, Ca, Zn, Fe and N from plant ingredients by chickens (Sell et al., 2000). Phytate may form complexes with proteases, such as trypsin and pepsin in the gastrointestinal tract (Singh and Kricorian, 1982). These complexes may reduce the activity of digestive enzymes with a subsequent decrease in the digestibility of dietary proteins. It has been reported that microbial phytase improves the utilization of amino acids (Ravindran et al., 1999) and minerals in broiler chicks. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of microbial phytase on the apparent digestibility of amino acids (AA) and some minerals in the diet of female broiler chickens.
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Huettner, David A., und Mike Merritt. „Oil Industry Mergers: Structural Impacts And Antitrust Merger Guidelines“. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 6, Nr. 3 (21.10.2011): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v6i3.6289.
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Oil industry mergers and consolidations of recent years have included some of the largest firms in the US oil industry. Cost and efficiency pressures have also led many firms, both merging and non-merging, to close, consolidate or sell many production, refining and marketing assets and to consolidate exploration and production programs worldwide. This paper examines the effects of recent mergers on US oil industry structure using the 1982 Justice Department merger guidelines to exemplify the types of factors antitrust authorities may have considered in permitting mergers to play a large role in the oil industry restructuring of the 1980s.
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Hatzigeorgiadis, Antonis, Vassiliki Pappa, Anastasia Tsiami, Theodora Tzatzaki, Kalliopi Georgakouli, Nikos Zourbanos, Marios Goudas, Nikos Chatzisarantis und Yannis Theodorakis. „Self-regulation strategies may enhance the acute effect of exercise on smoking delay“. Addictive Behaviors 57 (Juni 2016): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.01.012.
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Johnson, Devon S., Breagin K. Riley und Shintaro Sato. „The adverse effect of doctors’ skepticism toward prescription drugs“. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 11, Nr. 3 (04.09.2017): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-08-2016-0041.
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Purpose This study examines the use of high-expertise sources such as doctors to sell dietary supplements and the use of skeptical statements toward approved drugs in the act of selling dietary supplements. Design/methodology/approach The research questions are addressed by means of a scenario experiment that manipulated two independent variables: expertise (high- vs low-expertise) and skepticism toward prescription drugs (present vs absent). Findings Surprisingly, skeptical statements from a low-expertise source toward a prescription drug made while selling dietary supplements was found to have an insignificant effect on selling effectiveness (willingness to recommend and perceived product effectiveness). However, when a high-expertise source (doctor) did the same, selling effectiveness was reduced. Research limitations/implications The paper identifies a boundary condition for competitive selling claims of dietary supplements. Doctors are likely to get away with claims regarding the efficacy of dietary supplements until they criticize a more credible prescription drug in favor of supplements. Practical implications Claims made by a low-expertise sources and high-expertise sources in the act of selling dietary supplements must be carefully considered. Conventional wisdom tactics may be ineffective. Originality/value This paper uniquely demonstrates the role of competitive skepticism at different levels of expertise. The findings of this study suggest that managers, in especially the multi-level marketing industry, should reconsider some of their selling tactics.
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Muthmainnah, Fatimah, und Fergyanto E. Gunawan. „The Effects of the Students’ Hierarchy of Needs in an Indonesian Private Academy on the Intention to Buy in Social Commerce“. CommIT (Communication and Information Technology) Journal 14, Nr. 2 (09.11.2020): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/commit.v14i2.6641.
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In line with Internet users’ growth in Indonesia, many people buy and sell goods and services through social networking sites. This activity is social commerce, and it primarily affects the millennials, such as private academy students. The research is conducted to determine the effects of the hierarchy of needs in a private academy in Indonesia on students’ intentions to buy in social commerce. Facebook, Instagram, and Whatsapp are the used social commerce in the research. The questionnaire is answered by 126 respondents consisting of indicators from Maslow’s hierarchical needs. The analysis technique is Partial Least Square (PLS) with the SmartPLS 3.0 program. Hypothesis test results show that transcendence, self-actualization, cognitive needs, and physiological needs have no significant effect on the intention to buy in social commerce. Meanwhile, esteem needs, safety needs, aesthetic needs, and belonging and love needs affect intention to buy.
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Forbes, Samantha Jay, Guiliana Mustiga, Alberto Romero, Tobin David Northfield, Smilja Lambert und Juan Carlos Motamayor. „Supplemental and Synchronized Pollination May Increase Yield in Cacao“. HortScience 54, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2019): 1718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12852-18.
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Artificial pollination management strategies are a potential solution to improving the livelihoods of smallholder cacao farmers by increasing crop productivity in situations when pollination services are limiting. However, field-based research trials evaluating the yield benefits of artificial pollination management strategies within intensified cacao systems are lacking. Thus, in an intensively managed cacao system, we evaluated the effects of artificial pollination condition (i.e., pollen genotype, pollination intensity, and pollination synchrony) on fruit development and yield in three high-yielding cacao clones. Artificial pollination, regardless of intensity, significantly increased fruit set and yield. Pollination synchrony had a significant effect on cherelle survivorship; older cherelles had greater survival rates across all developmental stages than younger cherelles. Yield differed between genotype crosses and varied according to the pollen donor used, highlighting the importance of understanding self- and cross-compatibility when selecting clones for cultivation. Pollination intensity had no significant effect on harvested yield, indicating that more rigorous research is needed to identify the pollination intensity required for optimized yield under artificial pollination conditions. We conclude that strategies to enhance flowering, pollination rates, and pollination synchrony while ensuring adequate tree nutrition may increase productivity in cacao. Future research evaluating numerous cacao clones across multiple years and locations may help us to understand the region-specific effects of intensive management strategies on the long-term sustainability of enhancing cacao tree productivity.
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Teixeira, Felipe Wolk, Roberto Meurer und André Alves Portela Santos. „O que motiva a realização de intervenções cambiais? Análise das atuações do Banco Central do Brasil no mercado BRL/USD“. Brazilian Review of Finance 11, Nr. 2 (02.07.2013): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/rbfin.v11n2.2013.4008.
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In this paper we study what drives buy-side and sell-side probabilities of intervention by the Brazilian Central Bank (BCB) on the USD/BRL spot market between 1999 and 2010. BCB’s forex interventions seem to be related to the exchange rate returns and volatility as well as to the spread between domestic and foreign interest rates. Lagged interventions also appear to have an effect on current interventions. Our findings suggest that the operation of the policymaker in the forex market may serve as a signaling of a possible coordination between BCB’s foreign and monetary policies along with the possibility of an unofficial adoption of an exchange rate band.
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Valizadeh, Mohammadreza. „Instructing Reading Comprehension Strategies: Effects on EFL Learners’ Self-Efficacy in Reading“. Shanlax International Journal of Education 9, S1-May (10.05.2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/education.v9is1-may.4001.
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This experimental study, using pretest-intervention-posttest design, investigated whether or not teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) learners to use comprehension strategies when they read English passages, increases their self-efficacy in reading. The participants were 55 EFL learners in Turkey who were at lower-intermediate level based on the results of the Oxford Quick Placement Test. Data were gathered via a Reading Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. The whole treatment/control period lasted for 11 weeks during a reading course. The experimental group (n = 28) received instruction in reading comprehension strategies (i.e., previewing, scanning for details, skimming, identifying the topic and main idea, finding supporting details, making inferences, understanding the author’s purpose, making predictions, dealing with unfamiliar words, using context clues, and summarizing). The control group (n = 27) received instruction by traditional teaching methods (i.e., reading, paraphrasing, translating, and answering the exercises).The results of the Mann-Whitney U Test indicated that instruction in English reading comprehension strategies had a positive effect on EFL learners in terms of increasing their self-efficacy in reading.
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Johnston, Rick. „Does Analyst Stock Ownership Affect Reporting Behavior?“ Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 16, Nr. 02 (20.05.2013): 1350008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091513500082.
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An analyst who owns stock in the company she covers may be tempted to protect or enhance her personal interests. This paper examines how this potential conflict of interest affects the reporting of sell-side analysts by identifying and collecting two samples, the first from Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Form 144 filings, and the second from voluntary ownership disclosures. Ordered probit analyses show that owning analyst recommendations are slightly more cautious than those of the control analysts. There is little robust evidence that stock ownership leads to optimistic analyst reporting, however findings indicate that analysts who are consistently optimistic are owners. The results are consistent with a conclusion that analyst stock ownership, unlike other potential incentives, may not be a significant concern since in many cases multiple nonowning analysts also provide reports. Being an outlier potentially reduces any benefit to the owning analyst and risks her personal reputation. In the absence of a detrimental effect, ownership offers a potential benefit as a credible signal of an analyst's conviction in a company's prospects.
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Schuessler, John M. „The Deception Dividend: FDR's Undeclared War“. International Security 34, Nr. 4 (April 2010): 133–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2010.34.4.133.
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When do leaders resort to deception to sell wars to their publics? Dan Reiter and Allan Stam have advanced a “selection effects” explanation for why democracies win the wars they initiate: leaders, because they must secure public consent first, “select” into those wars they expect to win handily. In some cases, however, the “selection effect” breaks down. In these cases, leaders, for realist reasons, are drawn toward wars where an easy victory is anything but assured. Leaders resort to deception in such cases to preempt what is sure to be a contentious debate over whether the use of force is justified by shifting blame for hostilities onto the adversary. The events surrounding the United States' entry into World War II is useful in assessing the plausibility of this argument. President Franklin Roosevelt welcomed U.S. entry into the war by the fall of 1941 and attempted to manufacture events accordingly. An important implication from this finding is that deception may sometimes be in the national interest.
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Khatua, Sitangshu, und H. K. Pradhan. „Indication of Overreaction with or without Stock Specific Public Announcements in Indian Stock market“. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 39, Nr. 3 (Juli 2014): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920140303.
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Stock market overreacts to both anticipated and unanticipated stock-specific news. But even in the absence of any firm-specific news, evidences of extreme price changes have been observed in the stock market. This particular phenomenon creates the need of further study to examine the existence of overreaction even if there is no specific public news in the market. The present study tries to find out how stocks overreact in the case of unspecified events in comparison to specified news in the Indian stock market. Specified events can be monitored up to a certain extent because of their known and repetitive nature. The magnitude of uniqueness of the unspecified events increases uncertainty. Information diffusion is more asymmetric, which leads to more stock market overreaction. The study also examines whether there is a relationship between the magnitude of price reversals and the magnitude of gain or loss in the stock market return. Significant cumulative abnormal returns are found, indicating the existence of an overreaction effect. It is also found that the magnitude of price reversal is inversely proportional to the stock return during the event period. The overreaction effect continues up to about two days after the event date, for the present sample. Thus, the study provides an understanding of overreaction effects, which would enable investors to prepare trading strategies for higher returns. It can be said that the Indian stocks show strong overreaction and reversal effect. It shows that a trading strategy can be used to make contrarian profit from the overreaction and reversal exhibited by the Indian stocks. An investor could buy the largest percentage losers stocks or sell largest percentage gainers stocks, then sell the former one and buy the latter one after two trading days. In this way, the optimum utilization of overreaction effects may increase investors' return. Overreaction is more prominent in the case of unspecified events rather than specified events. Stock prices overreact to private news but underreact to subsequent public announcements. Overreaction increases due to information asymmetry and leakage. In the case of any macro/global issues, overreaction is also more because of market integration and globalization.
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Razavi, Pooya, Hadi Shaban-Azad, Wen Jia Chai, Jia Wei Zhang, Ngoc-Han Nguyen und Ryan T. Howell. „Benefits Associated With Experiential and Material Purchases May Depend on Culture“. Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, Nr. 5 (19.09.2019): 626–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619875146.
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Spending money on experiences, compared to materials, is often associated with more happiness. This experiential advantage, however, is developed based on samples from Western cultures. To investigate the boundaries of this effect, we studied participants from three divergent cultures (Iran, Malaysia, and the United States; N = 1,718) and examined the benefits associated with different purchase types across material–experiential and solitary–social dimensions. Results indicated a cross-culturally robust experiential advantage in terms of affiliative outcomes (i.e., positive other-focused emotions and relational enhancement), even when we accounted for the sociality of the purchases. However, the results were less consistent with the experiential advantage in terms of happiness and self-focused outcomes (i.e., self-focused emotions and self-elevation). Interestingly, experiential-solitary purchases were associated with stronger self-focused benefits among Iranians. We discuss possible explanations for this effect and offer recommendations for future research. Data and analysis code are publicly available at https://osf.io/n39gj/
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Riley, Leslie, Mark Dybdahl und Robert Hall. „Fertilization of Algal Resources By an Exotic Snail May Facilitate Invasion“. UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 27 (01.01.2003): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2003.3555.
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We studied positive and negative effects of snail consumers on their resource to determine if positive consumer effects may be facilitating invasion. Consumer- resource interactions often focus on losses to the resource, even though the resource might benefit if consumers recycle nutrients. The New Zealand mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, an exotic in western U.S. rivers, attains high densities and dominates macroinvertebrate communities. In one well-studied river, it consumes the majority of primary productivity, cycles most nitrogen and can grow faster at higher densities. In field experiments, we tested the hypothesis that this invasive grazer stimulates algal growth via nitrogen excretion, which might explain its self-facilitation and invasiveness. Using in-stream cages subdivided into "with snails" and "without snails" sections, we examined the response of periphytic algae to snail grazing and excretion and snail excretion alone at various levels of snail biomass. We found that chlorophyll a and GPP (gross primary production) decreased as the biomass of snails increased in the grazed sections. Snail excretion, in the absence of grazing, increased both chlorophyll a and GPP, demonstrating a positive effect of snails on the resource, consistent with the nutrient recycling and enrichment hypothesis. We found no evidence for increased algal growth at intermediate snail densities in grazed treatments, as predicted by the Herbivore Optimization Curve hypothesis. However, the difference in chlorophyll a between "with snails" and "without snails" treatments increased as snail biomass increased. This suggests that snail compensation of the resource, through excretion, decreases at extremely high levels of grazing pressure and the net effect of snail grazing becomes negative. Together, these results suggest that invasiveness in some rivers may be fostered by this self-facilitation and recycling of essential nutrients.
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Dameh, Majd, Pauline Norris und James Green. „New Zealand pharmacists experiences, practices and views regarding antibiotic use without prescription“. Journal of Primary Health Care 4, Nr. 2 (2012): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc12131.
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INTRODUCTION: Very few studies have investigated pharmacists views, experiences and practices regarding the use of antibiotics without prescription. This study aimed to explore through self-report and hypothetical scenarios what factors determine New Zealand pharmacists behaviour and attitudes towards non-prescription use of antibiotics. METHODS: A purposeful sample of 35 registered community pharmacists of differing ethnic backgrounds was selected from a mixture of pharmacies that predominantly either serve New Zealand European customers or customers of other ethnicities. Semi-structured interviews including general background questions and six hypothetical scenarios were used for the investigation. Pharmacists ethnicity, education, years of experience, and customers ethnicity may influence their views, experiences and practices regarding the use of antibiotics without prescription. Customer demand or expectation, business orientation and competitiveness within community pharmacies, standards and practice of fellow pharmacists, ethics and professionalism, legislation, enforcement of the legislation, and apprehension of the consequences of such practice were hypothesised to have an effect on antibiotic use or supply without prescription by pharmacists. FINDINGS: The supply of antibiotics without prescription is not common practice in New Zealand. However, personal use of antibiotics without prescription by pharmacists may have been underestimated. Pharmacists were aware of legalities surrounding selling and using antibiotics and practised accordingly, yet many used antibiotics without prescription to treat themselves and/or spouses or partners. Many pharmacists also reported that under certain legislative, and regulatory and situational conditions they would sell antibiotics without a prescription. CONCLUSION: Views and practices regarding antibiotic use without prescription by community pharmacists require further exploration. KEYWORDS: Non-prescription antibiotics; hypothetical scenarios; legislation enforcement; New Zealand
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T. Asamoah, Kofi, Josephine Akpalu, Yacoba Atiase und Ernest Yorke. „A case of Cushing Syndrome due to accidental intake of dexamethasone: a call for enforcement of regulatory laws“. Ghana Medical Journal 55, Nr. 2 (01.06.2021): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v55i2.9.
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Cushing syndrome could be a complication of long-term steroid use, resulting in a wide range of clinical presentations. Whereas some patients take medically prescribed doses of conventional medicines, including steroids for various ailments, others inadvertently consume unspecified doses by adulterating traditional medicines with these orthodox medications to increase their therapeutic appeal. Furthermore, some individuals with access to conventional medications may sell them in unlabelled packages as traditional medicines (TMs) to unsuspecting customers. This may lead to undesirable side effects and safety concerns. The case report highlights the problem of poorly regulated access to medications and makes suggestions to protect patrons' health of traditional medicines.
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Bullock, Graham, Christopher Johnson und Brian Southwell. „Activating values to stimulate organic food purchases: can advertisements increase pro-environmental intentions?“ Journal of Consumer Marketing 34, Nr. 5 (14.08.2017): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-12-2015-1643.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine different strategies for an increasing adoption of “environmentally friendly” products. Scholars have consistently shown that consumers with strong biospheric and altruistic beliefs are more likely to purchase these products, while marketers are increasingly appealing to consumers’ self-interest in their efforts to sell their “green” products. This paper explores this divide and offers a potential explanation for it, using the concept of value activation. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents results of two survey experiments that test this explanation in the context of organic food advertisements. In a simulated trip to a grocery store, participants were exposed to advertisements designed to activate the six different values in Schwartz’s framework. After viewing the advertisements, participants were asked to select among organic and non-organic options in six product categories – milk, bread, eggs, spinach, potatoes and chocolate. Findings The study’s results suggest that while advertisements designed to activate values may have limited effect on consumer intentions, those that relate to protecting the health of oneself and one’s family are most likely to increase organic purchases. Originality/value This paper is one of the first of its kind to explicitly test whether advertisements designed to activate a range of human values can increase consumers’ intention to engage in pro-environmental behaviors. The two studies reveal that value-based advertisements may have a stronger effect on the organic purchasing intentions of specific demographic groups (e.g. consumers who are aged under 40, lack a college degree and do not identify as liberal).
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Hidayat, Rahmat, und Intisari Haryanti. „The Effect of Price and Taste on The Purchase“. Almana : Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis 4, Nr. 2 (10.08.2020): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36555/almana.v4i2.1403.
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Many business people who open a culinary business as a human need that serves fast food and drinks. Based on the habit of these people who prefer to buy fast food and drinks, it will benefit these business people, one of which is a culinary or restaurant business. Ranging from snacks to heavy food. Consisting of regional food, and even Korean food. Competition between culinary businesses is increasingly high. Aisy Drink is one of the hundreds of culinary businesses that sell fast food and beverages. Many menu choices provided, such as fried rice, noodles, and kebabs. Likewise, the drink, there are many choices of flavors. By carrying out the theme of hospitality, this place is a favorite choice of youth and other circles. However, buyers are increasingly here increasingly quiet. The results of observations by researchers with other similar businesses, the price in Aisy Drink is quite expensive, both food and drinks. The food was pegged at a price above twenty thousand, while the drinks were in the range of fifteen thousand rupiahs. The researcher is interested in researching this matter and the researcher hopes that this research can become an example for other prospective entrepreneurs, especially graduates from STIE Bima.
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Kostrzewa, Maciej, Radosław Laskowski, Michal Wilk, Wiesław Błach, Angelina Ignatjeva und Magdalena Nitychoruk. „Significant Predictors of Sports Performance in Elite Men Judo Athletes Based on Multidimensional Regression Models“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 21 (06.11.2020): 8192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218192.
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Background: This research aimed to identify the most significant predictors of sports level using regression modeling. Methods: This study examined 16 judokas (aged 23 (±2.5)) from four weight categories, with four athletes in each category (66 kg, 73 kg, 81 kg and 90 kg). Each athlete was a member of the Polish National Team, an international master class (IM) or national master class (M). The tests were carried out twice (every two weeks) during the pre-competitive season in the morning, after a 10-min warm-up. The tests were performed according to the following protocol: Explosive Strength Lower Limbs (ExSLL) [W], Strength Endurance Lower Limbs (SELL) [%], Explosive Strength Upper Limbs (ExSUL) [W], Strength Endurance Upper Limbs (SEUL) [%]. The relationships between the dependent variable (ranking score) and the other analyzed variables (predictors) were estimated using the one-factor ridge regression analysis. Results: There were significant intergroup and intragroup differences in the results of explosive strength and strength endurance of the lower and upper limbs. The best predictors were identified using regression modeling: ExSLL, SELL, and SEUL. Conclusions: Increasing the value of these predictors by a unit should significantly affect the scores in the ranking table. Correlation analysis showed that all variables that are strongly correlated with the Polish Judo Association (PJA) ranking table scores may have an effect on the sports performance.
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Ren, Charlotte R., und Chao Guo. „Middle Managers’ Strategic Role in the Corporate Entrepreneurial Process: Attention-Based Effects“. Journal of Management 37, Nr. 6 (22.02.2011): 1586–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206310397769.
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This article examines the strategic role of middle managers in the corporate entrepreneurial process from an attention-based perspective. By integrating literatures from multiple disciplines, the authors delineate the attention-based effects on how middle managers provide the impetus for different types of entrepreneurial opportunities (i.e., exploratory vs. exploitative initiatives). Specifically, middle managers, constrained by the attention structures of the firm, likely prescreen entrepreneurial opportunities from lower organizational levels and attend primarily to those that align with the strategic orientation of the firm. This tendency may be moderated by the presence of other players, middle managers’ structural positions, and the availability of slack resources. Moreover, in their efforts to sell initiatives to top management, middle managers may leverage “policy windows”—patterned regularities and irregularities in and around the organization—to exploit existing attention structures to their advantage or perhaps to dismantle those structures.
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Dzubinski, Leanne, Amy Diehl und Michelle Taylor. „Women’s ways of leading: the environmental effect“. Gender in Management: An International Journal 34, Nr. 3 (07.05.2019): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-11-2017-0150.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a model describing how women enact executive leadership, taking into account gendered organizational patterns that may constrain women to perform leadership in context-specific ways. Design/methodology/approach This paper discusses gendered organizations, role congruity theory and organizational culture and work context. These strands of theory are interwoven to construct a model describing ways in which executive-level women are constrained to self-monitor based on context. Findings The pressure on women to conform to an organization’s executive leadership culture is enormous. Executive women in strongly male-normed executive leadership contexts must exercise strong gendered self-constraint to break through the glass ceiling. Women in strongly male-normed contexts using lessened gendered self-constraint may encounter a glass cliff. Women in gender-diverse-normed contexts may still operate using strong gendered self-constraint due to internalized gender scripts. Only in gender-diverse-normed contexts with lessened gendered-self-restraint can executive women operate from their authentic selves. Practical implications Organizational leaders should examine their leadership culture to determine levels of pressure on women to act with gendered self-constraint and to work toward creating change. Women may use the model to make strategic choices regarding whether or how much to self-monitor based on their career aspirations and life goals. Originality/value Little has been written on male-normed and gender-diverse-normed contexts as a marker for how executive-level women perform leadership. This paper offers a model describing how different contexts constrain women to behave in specific, gendered ways.
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Arik, Oguzhan Ahmet. „Mixed integer programming approach for seasonal anomalies in stock markets: A case study for BIST“. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 5, Nr. 2 (11.09.2018): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v5i2.3651.
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This paper proposes a mixed integer programming approach for seasonal anomalies in stock markets and presents a case study for the XU030 index in the stock market of Istanbul Stock Exchange (BIST). Stock markets are significant for economies of countries all over the world. Investors get economical wealth or lose some of their investment by selling and buying stocks. Therefore, buying and selling times of stocks are so important. This paper investigates a well-known effect called as ‘Sell in May and Go Away’ by proposing a MIP approach that searches best times for buying and selling of stocks in a year. Furthermore, this paper includes a numerical example of XU030 stock prices for the past 5 years and shows that most of the XU030 stocks have seasonal anomalies.Keywords: First keyword, second keyword, third keyword, forth keyword.