Thematische Bibliographien / Self-employed natural person

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Self-employed natural person“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 11. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Self-employed natural person"

Bagirova, Ganna. „LEGISLATION OF THE SOCIAL AND LEGAL STATUS OF SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS IN UKRAINE“. Journal of International Legal Communication 1 (29.06.2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32612/uw.27201643.2021.1.pp.31-39.

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Nowadays in countries with developed industry, there is a marked shift from formal to informal employment. In this context, the impact of self-employment on the development of the state should be one of the topical issues in the debate on employment policy. Due to the development of the platform economy, self-employment is developing as the main or additional source of income. The development of Ukraine as a socially oriented state governed by the rule of law is determined by the level of development of all state spheres, including self-employment of the population of state institutions, including the institution of personal income taxation. As of today, in countries with developed industry, there is a marked shift from formal to informal employment. In this context, the impact of self-employment on the development of the state should be one of the topical issues in the debate on employment policy. Due to the development of the platform economy, self-employment is developing as the main or additional source of income. The development of Ukraine as a socially oriented state governed by the rule of law is determined by the level of development of all state spheres, including self-employment of the population of state institutions, including the institution of personal income taxation. It was emphasized that the above-mentioned provisions of international legal acts became the basis for consolidation of the principles of labor freedom and the prohibition of forced labor in the Constitution of Ukraine. In turn, these constitutional principles are the normative and legal basis for the consolidation of the principle of freedom of labor agreement within the framework of labor law. It has been established that the establishment in the national legislation of the principle of freedom of the labor contract should enable an employed person and an employer who exercises the right to recruit staff to determine the working conditions that are most appropriate for them. The terms of the employment contract should not be burdensome for their parties and disturb. In such situations, the legislator prefers social rather than economic rights, since social law is more closely connected with the natural right of a person to life and freedom and security.

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Ermakov, Aleksandr Nikolayevich. „MULTIVARIANT LEGAL STATUS OF A CITIZEN AND ITS ROLE IN DEFINING THE COMPETENCE OF ARBITRATION COURTS“. Current Issues of the State and Law, Nr. 8 (2018): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2018-2-8-48-60.

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This study is devoted to the question of qualification of the legal status of a citizen in a dispute arising in the field of economic activity, and its impact on the determination of the jurisdiction of the arbitration court. On the example of cases on debt collection from the guarantor-citizen it is noted that the latter can participate in the disputed legal relations as an natural person, as an self-employed entrepreneur or as the founder of a legal body. It is the legal status of a person, as established judicial practice shows, that is the key argument in determining the legal within jurisdiction of the case. It seems that this circumstance in itself cannot determine the nature of the dispute, which previously drew the attention of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation It is important to take into account the specific legal nature of material legal relations, as well as the nature of the interest of its participants. It is concluded that it is necessary to take into account the abovementioned aspects in the aggregate when determining the jurisdiction of arbitration courts of the cases of the analyzed category. In order to ensure the legal certainty and effectiveness of the protection of the rights of persons in the field of business and economic activity, proposed a technical and legal solution to this problem.

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Howe, Melissa, Alexis Howard, Wendy Hsieh und Lissette M. Piedra. „UNIMAGINED FUTURES: THE PARADOX OF FAMILISM AND ELDERCARE AMONG AGING LATINOS IN THE CHICAGOLAND AREA“. Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2624.

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Abstract Scholars of gerontology highlight the ways aging varies cross-culturally. Whereas North Americans tend to describe “successful aging” as the maintenance of social and physical independence, Latin Americans tend to view aging as a natural process of social transition. In this study, we conducted a content analysis of nine focus groups (N =101) and 20 interviews with Latino older adults in the Chicagoland area to examine how they characterize successful aging and view the health declines that accompany aging. We found that Latino older adults often used rhetoric associated with “successful aging,” which tended to emphasize the maintenance of independence and physical functioning. Even immigrant respondents employed this language, suggesting that descriptions of “good old age,” may be more culturally transferable than previously thought. At the same time, the cultural values of respeto and familismo also emerged. Regardless of the participant’s nativity status, centrality of family and the importance of respect represented constant sources of support. Still, adherence to these values came with considerable drawbacks for those intensely focused on self-sacrifice for the sake of their families. Taken together, “successful old age” was defined by the participants as one in which a person maintains physical independence in the context of an interdependent, kin-focused, social life. This paradoxical combination of valuing independence and familial interdependence produced a number of benefits and challenges for Latino adults as they transitioned into to older adulthood.

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Imtiaz, Masudul H., Delwar Hossain, Volkan Y. Senyurek, Prajakta Belsare, Stephen Tiffany und Edward Sazonov. „Wearable Egocentric Camera as a Monitoring Tool of Free-Living Cigarette Smoking: A Feasibility Study“. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, Nr. 10 (06.11.2019): 1883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz208.

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Abstract Introduction Wearable sensors may be used for the assessment of behavioral manifestations of cigarette smoking under natural conditions. This paper introduces a new camera-based sensor system to monitor smoking behavior. The goals of this study were (1) identification of the best position of sensor placement on the body and (2) feasibility evaluation of the sensor as a free-living smoking-monitoring tool. Methods A sensor system was developed with a 5MP camera that captured images every second for continuously up to 26 hours. Five on-body locations were tested for the selection of sensor placement. A feasibility study was then performed on 10 smokers to monitor full-day smoking under free-living conditions. Captured images were manually annotated to obtain behavioral metrics of smoking including smoking frequency, smoking environment, and puffs per cigarette. The smoking environment and puff counts captured by the camera were compared with self-reported smoking. Results A camera located on the eyeglass temple produced the maximum number of images of smoking and the minimal number of blurry or overexposed images (53.9%, 4.19%, and 0.93% of total captured, respectively). During free-living conditions, 286,245 images were captured with a mean (±standard deviation) duration of sensor wear of 647(±74) minutes/participant. Image annotation identified consumption of 5(±2.3) cigarettes/participant, 3.1(±1.1) cigarettes/participant indoors, 1.9(±0.9) cigarettes/participant outdoors, and 9.02(±2.5) puffs/cigarette. Statistical tests found significant differences between manual annotations and self-reported smoking environment or puff counts. Conclusions A wearable camera-based sensor may facilitate objective monitoring of cigarette smoking, categorization of smoking environments, and identification of behavioral metrics of smoking in free-living conditions. Implications The proposed camera-based sensor system can be employed to examine cigarette smoking under free-living conditions. Smokers may accept this unobtrusive sensor for extended wear, as the sensor would not restrict the natural pattern of smoking or daily activities, nor would it require any active participation from a person except wearing it. Critical metrics of smoking behavior, such as the smoking environment and puff counts obtained from this sensor, may generate important information for smoking interventions.

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Radivojevic, Biljana. „Economic structures of the rural population in Yugoslavia“. Stanovnistvo 37, Nr. 1-4 (1999): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv9904119r.

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The inter-dependence of demographic and economic development both determines and is reflected in the economic structure of the population. Industrialization and the process of deagrarization have strongly influenced the changes in rural population structures. The underdeveloped economy of Yugoslavia before the II World War of mostly agrarian character and underdeveloped industry was characterized by excess labor force in villages and substantial agrarian overpopulation. Preferential treatment of industry during the post-war period, based on the outpouring of savings from agriculture, hindered agricultural activity and created discrepancy in the level or industrial and agricultural development. This led to mass migration of rural population into cities and its engagement in non-agricultural activities. Hence, by changing the structure of the economy, the process of accelerated urbanization also changed the economic structure of the population. The transfer of rural population continued throughout the period following the II World War. It was very intensive during certain periods and far in excess of the natural growth in agricultural population. Abandoning agriculture and migration to cities has had numerous negative effects, particularly because of its immoderate and rapid development. Senilization and feminization of villages practically left them without labor force, while agriculture became a neglected economic activity. Based on the 1981 census, 45.5% of population in non-urban settlements of Yugoslavia were economically active, 4.9% were self-employed, while 49.6% were dependents. The rate of economically active population in these settlements was somewhat higher than for the total urban and non-urban population. The economically active population in non-urban settlements is still most highly concentrated in the agricultural sector, followed by industry and mining. Thus, in 1991, 77.6% of the economically active population of central Serbia were employed in these three sectors (of which 58.1 % in agriculture). The other three sectors with relative importance are construction, transport and communication, and trade. The decline in agricultural population is one of the most significant changes in the social and economic structure of population in Yugoslavia. In the period from 1953 to 1991, it declined by over 3 million persons, while its share in the total decreased almost four times. Based on the 1981 census, 93.9% of total agricultural population of Yugoslavia lived in villages. At the same time, it accounted for 43.9% of population in those settlements. The downward tendency in agricultural population has continued in recent years as is shown by the 1991 census data for territories in which it was fully conducted. With the decline in agricultural population there was also recorded a decline in the number of persons actively engaged in agriculture as well as a decline in their share in the work force of non-?urban settlements_ Based on the 1981 census, almost every second person living in these settlements was an agricultural producer. General rate of economic activity of agricultural population amounted to 59.7% and was higher than the rate for total non-urban population (45.5%) because of higher engagement of border age categories of the economically active population in agricultural activities.

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Lvova, M. I., T. V. Bakunova und T. A. Koltsova. „Sustainable development as an alternative goal of economic actors in modern society“. Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, Nr. 4 (21.03.2019): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-4-452-455.

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The article deals with the content of the category “sustainable development”. Through the understanding of the signs of sustainable development, the goals of economic entities are substantiated, the directions of transformation of the economic system in accordance with the goals of sustainable development are determined. The goal of modern society is to make more and more profit. The current crisis reveals the limits of profit: markets are becoming global, and further expansion of production is impossible, and credit opportunities to expand demand are becoming limited, which, in turn, are limited by the relatively declining incomes of the population. With the apparent improvement in the quality of life, GDP growth and other indicators, dissatisfaction with the modern economy increases. Since it is quite difficult to abandon the usual goals, the goals of economic entities should be refracted under the pressure of public interest. The spokesman of the public interest is government, but the initiative must come from the mass of the subject, able by his behavior to steer economic development in a new direction is households and individuals, including the self-employed. Orientation of households, each person is not on the maximization of utility, and harmonious creation is the goal of sustainable development. In accordance with this goal, there is no dependence on the constant increase and maintenance of income, the need to intensify labor, high dependence on the level of technology development. In conclusion, the authors suggest that the change of the socio-economic development of society in the direction of sustainable development involves the abandonment of big business, the possible introduction of full or partial policy of protectionism, full state control over the branches of natural monopolies (electricity, utilities, transport, etc.), the nomination as criteria for assessing the development of non-cost indicators of production and capital growth, and indicators of preservation of the biosphere and individual satisfaction with living conditions.

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Šoltés, Viktor, und Katarína Repková Štofková. „THE IMPACT OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ON REGIONAL DISPARITIES“. CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (21.09.2016): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.760.

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The structure of the business environment, as part of the socio-economic situation, indirectly affects a citizen’s quality of life. A “friendly” business environment has a positive effect on job formation, thus helping with employment. A country encourages formation and development of large enterprises through various incentives that reduce regional disparities, especially in less-developed regions. Nevertheless, a huge majority of enterprises in the European Union are small- and medium-sized. Self-employed persons are considered a specific form of business. Their activity is strongly influenced by state policy. This paper analyzes the business environment in regions of the Slovak Republic. Its principal aim is to examine the development of regional disparities and the related quality of citizens’ lives. An evaluation of statistical data of the structure of the business environment in the Slovak Republic indicated a change in legal units in relation to business. Although the number of legal units are stable, the number of legal persons has increased and that of natural persons-entrepreneurs decreased. Deepening of regional disparities was not observed across regions of the Slovak Republic.

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Ślusarz, Grzegorz. „ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NATURALLY VALUABLE RURAL AREAS“. Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, Nr. 6 (10.12.2018): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7769.

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In the literature, the qualities of the natural environment are commonly indicated as a factor conducive to development. The main objective of the paper is an attempt to assess the development of the SME sector in valuable natural areas and its potential in shaping the socio-demographic processes of these areas, which are a kind of barometer for the development of a specific territory. The research covered five districts of the Podkarpacie region with the largest share of areas covered by various forms of nature protection – over 60%. These districts include: Bieszczadzki – 100%, Leski – 98.2%, Sanocki – 82.5%, Przemyski – 70.7%, Krośnienski – 63.4%. The comparative analysis covered the years 2013-2017. The research shown that theoretical advantages resulting from possessing valuable natural resources do not translate into the development of economic functions. Despite the high rate of enterprises per 10,000 inhabitants, their potential is too weak impetus for economic development (entities employing up to 10 persons dominate, of which a large part is made up of self-employed, economically weak firms). This results in a low attractiveness to live in these areas and unfavourable demographic processes.

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Tait, Gordon, Jo Lampert, Nan Bahr und Pepita Bennett. „Laughing with the lecturer: the use of humour in shaping university teaching“. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 12, Nr. 3 (01.07.2015): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.53761/1.12.3.7.

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This paper addresses the ways in which humour is used by university academics to shape teaching personas. Based upon the work of Mauss and Foucault, and employing semi-structured, in-depth interviews with a range of university teachers, this research suggests that most tertiary teachers deliberately fashion various kinds of teaching persona, which they then perform in lectures and tutorials. The use of humour is widely seen as an important component within this form of self-shaping, as it fits within dominant frameworks of expectation regarding contemporary models of “edutainment”. This research demonstrates that a wide range of practices of the self—including physical, verbal, and relational elements—are employed by academics as part of shaping various humorous teaching personas. Some boundaries exist limiting the use of these pedagogic characters; for example, arguments about natural ability with humour prefigure who is most likely to deploy humour as a practice of professional selfformation. Also, professional concerns regarding seniority and job security are also factored into decision-making regarding those humorous personas likely to be considered appropriate within particular tertiary teaching contexts.

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Shahidi, Faraz V., Carles Muntaner, Ketan Shankardass, Carlos Quiñonez und Arjumand Siddiqi. „The effect of welfare reform on the health of the unemployed: evidence from a natural experiment in Germany“. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 74, Nr. 3 (08.01.2020): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-213151.

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BackgroundOver the past several decades, governments have enacted far-reaching reforms aimed at reducing the generosity and coverage of welfare benefits. Prior literature suggests that these policy measures may have deleterious effects on the health of populations. In this study, we evaluate the impact of one of the largest welfare reforms in recent history—the 2005 Hartz IV reform in Germany—with a focus on estimating its effect on the health of the unemployed.MethodsWe employed a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences (DID) design using population-based data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, covering the period between 1994 and 2016. We applied DID linear probability modelling to examine the association between the Hartz IV reform and poor self-rated health, adjusting for a range of demographic and socioeconomic confounders.ResultsThe Hartz IV reform was associated with a 3.6 (95% CI 0.9 to 6.2) percentage point increase in the prevalence of poor self-rated health among unemployed persons affected by the reform relative to similar but unaffected controls. This negative association appeared immediately following the implementation of the reform and has persisted over time.ConclusionGovernments in numerous European and North American jurisdictions have introduced measures to further diminish the generosity and coverage of welfare benefits. In line with growing concerns over the potential consequences of austerity and associated policy measures, our findings suggest that these reform efforts pose a threat to the health of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Self-employed natural person"

Konečný, Jakub. „Daňové souvislosti přechodu z podnikající fyzické osoby na společnost s ručením omezeným“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444241.

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The thesis focuses on transformation of business from a natural person to a limited liability company, especially in terms of accounting and tax aspects. The theoretical part presents the basic aspects of business of natural persons and limited liability companies and analyses possible solutions for transformation from one form of business to another. The practical part analyses the possibilities of a specific entrepreneur who is interested in transferring his business to a limited liability company.

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JIŘIČKOVÁ, Irena. „Optimalizace zdaňování fyzických osob daní z příjmů fyzických osob se zaměřením na reformu veřejných financí 2008“. Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-46066.

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This thesis is focused on the optimization of taxing natural persons with income tax. The goal is tax optimization at natural person income tax using particular possibilities of natural person taxation concentrating on public finance reform in 2008. Various ways of taxation self-employed persons in 2007 and 2008 are compared. In tax period 2007 it is possible to use common taxation of married couples, dividing incomes and expenses among cooperative persons and furthermore variants of taxation on all the incomes by self-employed person. Tax period 2008 offers using cooperative person and taxation on all incomes of particular enterpriser. Calculation of tax liability allows for social security contribution and health insurance belonging to other obligatory levies of an enterpriser.

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Bücher zum Thema "Self-employed natural person"

Briggs, Andrew, Hans Halvorson und Andrew Steane. How is science to be carried forward, and its conclusions reported? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808282.003.0004.

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The chapter appraises science as an intellectual activity that is appropriately carried out on its own terms. Consequently, it is not appropriate to introduce references to God as a component part of a mathematical proof, nor of a system of forces in the natural world, nor of a sequence of impersonal processes in the biosphere. This does not mean that it is inappropriate to be thankful to God and to celebrate all these aspects of the world as gifts. They can be employed as opportunities to express appreciation through studying and understanding them better in their own right. Nevertheless, there may be processes, such as those which shape a person’s self-identity, in which it is appropriate to recognize God’s more direct role. Good practice concerning acknowledgements sections in scientific publications such as doctoral theses and journal articles is then discussed.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Self-employed natural person"

Strban, Grega, und Luka Mišič. „Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Slovenia“. In IMISCOE Research Series, 391–403. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_26.

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Abstract The Slovenian welfare system in its main part consists of a contribution-funded, professional social insurance scheme, composed of compulsory insurance branches, which mirror traditional social risks (contingencies) such as unemployment, old-age, sickness, etc., and a subsidiary tax-funded, residence-based social assistance scheme, which is aimed at preventing poverty and social exclusion. In general, all gainfully employed persons in Slovenia (e.g. workers, self-employed persons) enjoy coverage within the social insurance scheme, irrespective of their nationality or residence status. Citizenship and/or (long-term) residence is however required when accessing means-tested social assistance benefits. Migrants’ access to social rights – with the majority of foreign residents originating from ex-Yugoslav countries – is thereby fore and foremost dependent upon the nature of the benefit (means-tested or not) and their economic (in)activity or (long-term) residence.

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Lock, Tobias. „Article 16 CFR“. In The EU Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759393.003.536.

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Bausell, R. Barker. „Multiple-Study Replication Initiatives“. In The Problem with Science, 152–72. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197536537.003.0008.

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The “mass” replications of multiple studies, some employing dozens of investigators distributed among myriad sites, is unique to the reproducibility movement. The most impressive of these initiatives was employed by the Open Science Collaboration directed by Brian Nosek, who recruited 270 investigators to participate in the replication of 100 psychological experiments via a very carefully structured, prespecified protocol that avoided questionable research practices. Just before this Herculean effort, two huge biotech firms (Amegen and Bayer Health Care) respectively conducted 53 and 67 preclinical replications of promising published studies to ascertain which results were worth pursuing for commercial applications. Amazingly, in less than a 10-year period, a number of other diverse multistudy replications were also conducted involving hundreds of effects. Among these were the three “many lab” multistudy replications based on the Open Science Model (but also designed to ascertain if potential confounders of the approach itself existed, such as differences in participant types, settings, and timing), replications of social science studies published in Science and Nature, experimental economics studies, and even self-reported replications ascertained from a survey. Somewhat surprisingly, the overall successful replication percentage for this diverse collection of 811 studies was 46%, mirroring the modeling results discussed in Chapter 3 and supportive of John Ioannidis’s pejorative and often quoted conclusion that most scientific results are incorrect.

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Gross, Alan G. „Richard Dawkins: The Mathematical Sublime“. In The Scientific Sublime. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190637774.003.0016.

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In an episode of The Simpsons, “Black Eyed, Please,” Ned Flanders has a nightmare. He visits his “personal hell” where they “worship famous atheist Richard Dawkins, author of The God Delusion,” a devilish figure in the process of “making Catholic-saint stew.” Irreverent enough to be attracted to the program’s irreverence, and enough of a celebrity to be asked to do the show’s voice-over, Dawkins is content to appear as a parody of himself. But his skepticism is no act. It is deep-seated, with roots in his early childhood. Concerning his 18-month-old self, Dawkins says: …At Christmas a man called Sam dressed up as Father Christmas and entertained a children’s party in Mrs. Walter’s house. He apparently fooled all the children, and finally took his departure amid much jovial waving and ho-ho-ho-ing. As soon as he left, I looked up and breezily remarked to general consternation, “Sam’s gone!”… This precocious skepticism blossoms in Dawkins’s later views, a set of convictions in which science does not so much supplement as substitute for religion: “a friend . . . persuaded me of the full force of Darwin’s brilliant idea and I shed my last vestige of theistic credulity probably about the age of sixteen.” To Dawkins, biology is no more—and no less—than a rigorous skepticism applied to the living world. No need for Father Christmas. Without question, Dawkins’s vision of biology, a living world ruled by mathematics, is a “grand conception,” readily comparable to the origin stories of Weinberg, Greene, Randall, and Hawking, a saga of “how unordered atoms could group themselves into ever more complex patterns until they ended up manufacturing people.” In his work, Dawkins has employed mathematics to create, as Adam Smith said of Copernicus, “another constitution of things, more natural indeed, and such as the imagination can more easily attend to, but more new, more contrary to common opinion and expectation, than any of those appearances themselves.”

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Rangeti, Innocent, und Bloodless (Rimuka) Dzwairo. „uMngeni Basin Water Quality Trend Analysis for River Health and Treatability Fitness“. In River Basin Management - Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94844.

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One of the main challenges facing the potable water production industry is deterioration of the quality of raw water. Drinking water that does not meet quality standards is unfit for consumption. Yet, this quality is a function of various factors, key among them being quality of the raw water from which it is processed. This is because costs related to potable water treatment are related to the nature of raw water pollutants and the degree of pollution. Additionally, survival of aquatic species depends on self-purification of the water bodies through attenuation of pollutants, therefore, if this process is not efficient it might result in dwindling of the aquatic life. Hence, this chapter presents spatial and temporal water quality trends along uMngeni Basin, a critical raw water source for KwaZulu-Natal Province, in South Africa. As at 2014 the basin served about 3.8 million people with potable water. Results from this study are discussed in relation to uMngeni River’s health status and fitness for production of potable water treatment. Time-series and box plots of 11 water quality variables that were monitored at six stations over a period of eight years (2005 to 2012), were drawn and analysed. The Mann Kendall Trend Test and the Sen’s Slope Estimator were employed to test and quantify the magnitude of the quality trends, respectively. Findings showed that raw water (untreated) along uMngeni River was unfit for drinking purposes mainly because of high levels of Escherichia coli. However, the observed monthly average dissolved oxygen of 7 mg/L, that was observed on all stations, suggests that the raw water still met acceptable guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. It was noted that algae and turbidity levels peaked during the wet season (November to April), and these values directly relate to chlorine and polymer dosages during potable water treatment.

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„inputs in the same regions. Further, some of these areas, especially Shoa, form the industrial backbone of Ethiopia. This is due, of course, to Addis Ababa and its strong gravitational pull on new industries. The danger with such extreme concentrations is that they tend to soak up a wide range of scarce resources. Indeed, from a short run point of view, allocational choices could further exacerbate the position. The availability of a reliable and relatively efficient infrastructure would no doubt invite planners to place important new industrial enterprises in this heartland, just as the need to extract a high marketed proportion from incremental agricultural output would further divert scarce chemical fertilisers to the already developed and high income agricultural regions. And inexorably small-scale industries also prosper in these developed areas. Thus, of the total number 1,485 private manufacturing establishments, 1,164 are located in Addis Ababa, Shoa and Eritrea; these account for 82 per cent of the 15200 persons employed. It is also clear that some agriculturally prosperous regions score well on certain nutritional indicators, while highly industrialised ones do better than most on other indicators which are dependent on urban services. Those which are neither fare poorly. These data also point out the abysmally low general levels of these indicators across the board (see Saith [1983: Tables 2, 3]). One major source of regional disparities lies in the variations in geo-natural conditions. Areas with variable weather are not conducive to agricultural or local industrial growth. The scattered and semi-nomadic populations of Wollo, Hararghe and Sidamo are thus subjected to frequent disasters through droughts which decimate both people and livestock. It has been argued in the case of Wollo and Hararghe that the famines of 1974/5 were due to exchange entitlement failures (see Sen [1981: Chapter 7]). While the stricken population certainly lost most of its purchasing power, this should not hide the fundamentally fragmented nature of the Ethiopian regional economy. This implies a lack of market integration of an extreme kind. Very considerable grain movements would be required in normal times to compensate for the wide regional variations in the degree of self-sufficiency in foodgrains [Ghose, this volume: Table 7]. In theory, the flow of such movements would be governed by regional price variations which would invite food inflows up to a point where the disposition of supplies would equilibrate prices after adjusting for transport costs. Reality appears to follow a rather different course. Tables 1 and 2 reveal remarkably high price differentials across the board. The average quotations are taken from important markets at awraja or woreda levels in October 1981, and hence can be used as an index of market integration. Gojjam displays the lowest variability in intra-regional prices for most crops, while Tigrai, Wollo, Gamo Goffa and Bale seem highly volatile. The food deficit areas expectedly show higher prices, but the differentials are remarkably high, as a comparison of Hararghe and Tigrai with Gojjam and Gondar reveals. The variability is generally greater in the case of the four inferior crops on which the poorer population depends. Thus, teff and wheat have the lowest coefficients of variation, and sorghum the highest. Relative prices of the different crops also alter ranks frequently. Detailed data indicate a remarkably dissimilar price structure and growth rates even between contiguous, well-connected awrajas of the same province, with“. In The Agrarian Question in Socialist Transitions, 159–61. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203043493-19.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Self-employed natural person"

Meinert, David, Dane Peterson, John Criswell und Martin Crossland. „Would Regulation of Web Site Privacy Policy Statements Increase Consumer Trust?“ In InSITE 2006: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2952.

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Proponents of e-commerce have known for some time that limited participation by consumers partially reflects their concern over the privacy of personal information. To address consumer concerns, web site operators have employed security mechanisms, including privacy policy statements to increase their perceived trustworthiness. While empirical evidence is limited, there is some question regarding the ability of privacy policy statements to engender significantly greater levels of trust. The limited effectiveness of such statements may reflect their voluntary implementation, self-enforcement, and\or significant variance (protection and enforcement) from one web site to another. One possible remedy would be the imposition of legally mandated statements. This study examined the efficacy of legally mandated privacy policies vis-a-vis both voluntary statements of varying degrees of protection and the absence of any such statement. The results were mixed, as legally mandated privacy policy statements were found to be comparable to strong voluntary statements, but superior to none, weak or moderate policies. Perhaps more important, the nature of the privacy policy statement interacted with type of information requested.

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Runcan, Remus. „TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE“. In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b1/v3/31.

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According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

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