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1
Suprasegmental phonology and segmental form: Segmental variation in the English of Dutch speakers. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1986.
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2
United Nations. Conference on Trade and Development Board. Session. High-level segment. The impact of financial crisis on trade, investment and development: Regional perspectives : High-level segment of the forty-fifth session of the Trade and Development Board, 22 October 1998. New York: UN, 1999.
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3
James, Allan R. Suprasegmental Phonology and Segmental Form: Segmental Variation in the English of Dutch Speakers. De Gruyter, Inc., 1986.
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4
McKinlay Gardner, R. J., und David J. Amor. Autosomal Reciprocal Translocations. Herausgegeben von R. J. McKinlay Gardner und David J. Amor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199329007.003.0005.
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This chapter reviews in detail the question of carriers of autosomal reciprocal translocations and the genetic risks implied for potential offspring of theirs. Examples are offered of the various possibilities due to malsegregation in gametes of theirs: adjacent-1, adjacent-2, 3:1, and the (very rare) 4:0 malsegregation. The chapter provides advice on determining the most likely modes of segregation, according to the different forms of translocation (length of centric segment, length of translocated segment, sizes of derivative chromosomes). The chapter discusses the practical problem of the apparently balanced translocation but which is associated with phenotypic abnormality. Associations with infertility are noted.
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Rine, P. Jesse. Evangelical Higher Education. Herausgegeben von Michael D. Waggoner und Nathan C. Walker. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199386819.013.27.
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Although they represent a relatively small segment of the private nonprofit postsecondary sector, evangelical colleges and universities carry on the educational legacy of America’s earliest institutions of higher education. The evangelical segment is a rich tapestry woven from multiple dimensions of institutional diversity. This chapter first explores the historical development of these institutions, their philosophical and religious commitments, and their organizational structures and campus ethos. Attention then turns to contemporary forms of evangelical higher education and distinguishing institutional features such as denominational status, confessional and behavioral membership requirements, and the curricular orientation and delivery format of the academic program. The chapter concludes with a discussion of contemporary challenges to the future of evangelical higher education. These include concerns related to fiscal health, faculty recruitment, and curricular direction.
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Ramsay, Allan. Discourse. Herausgegeben von Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0006.
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When people use language, they produce and exchange sequences of connected sentences. This article provides an overview of the devices that can be used to organize extended discourses. It also gives a detailed description of discourse level phenomena and incremental interpretation. It explores the various devices (choices of words and word order, forms of reference, use of explicit links) that are used to indicate the structure of an extended discourse and to explain the relationships between its parts, in other words to see how a discourse is broken into segments and how such segments are organized. It deals with the issues involved in identifying and relating the notion that discourses consisting of more than a single sentence are composed of related segments are not contentious, where there is much less agreement.
7
Winyard, Paul. Human kidney development. Herausgegeben von Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0343.
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The kidneys perform diverse functions including excretion of nitrogenous waste products, homeostasis of water, electrolytes and acid–base balance, and hormone secretion. The simplest functional unit within the kidneys is the nephron, which consists of specialized segments from glomerulus, through proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Human nephrogenesis starts with two stages of transient kidneys, termed the pronephros and mesonephros, and ends with development of a permanent organ from the metanephros on each side. The latter consists of just a few hundred cells when it is formed in the fifth week of pregnancy but progresses to a nephron endowment of between 0.6 to 1.3 million by the time nephrogenesis is completed at 32–36 weeks of gestation. Key events during this process include outgrowth of the epithelial ureteric bud from the mesonephric duct, interactions between the bud and the metanephric blastema (a specific region of mesenchyme) that cause the bud to branch and mesenchyme to condense, epithelialization of the mesenchyme to form proximal parts of the nephron, and differentiation of segment specific cells. Molecular control of these events is being unpicked with data from human genetic syndromes and animal models, and this chapter highlights several of the most important factors/systems involved. Increased understanding of development is not just relevant to congenital kidney malformations, but may also be important in designing rational therapies for diseases of the mature kidney where recapitulation of developmental pathways is common.
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Varol, Ozan O. Hollow Hope. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626013.003.0022.
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Although militaries derive substantial benefits from democracy, coup makers may become disillusioned with democratic governance if democracy fails to live up to its promises. The transition from dictatorship to democracy may usher in a period of economic and social instability, with no segment of society spared its ravages. As democracy proves to be more of a foe than a friend, impatient military leaders, as in Brazil and Argentina, may morph from reformers into tyrants. In both cases, the military, having lost its optimism for democratic governance, instituted the very form of government (a dictatorship) that it had attempted to purge before.
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Lavini, F., C. Dall’Oca und L. Renzi Brivio. Principles of monolateral external fixation. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.012014.
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Monolateral external fixation is a system for the stabilization, reduction, and manipulation of bone segments by means of bone anchorage consisting of pins fastened to an external frame. Monolateral external fixators in their various forms have the advantage that they allow the use of half-pins (bicortical pins that do not penetrate both sides of the soft tissue envelope), thereby avoiding major damage to the neurovascular structures contralateral to the insertion point. The simple structure of monolateral systems permits rapid application and simplified preoperative planning, both of which are features particularly appreciated in traumatology.
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McKinlay Gardner, R. J., und David J. Amor. Autosomal Structural Rearrangements. Herausgegeben von R. J. McKinlay Gardner und David J. Amor. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199329007.003.0014.
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This chapter considers the question of autosomal deletions and duplications, first from the aspect of presumed mechanisms by which they may arise, and then followed by a lengthy (but not encyclopedic) listing of specific imbalances. This listing is informed by the increased knowledge enabled by modern molecular karyotyping, and a number of conditions are those only of twenty-first century discovery. Conditions are listed by the chromosome involved, and each section is headed by a diagram showing the specific segments under consideration. In each, wherever known, a comment is made on possible de novo versus inherited forms, and inferences are drawn as to any recurrence risk in a future pregnancy.
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Ben-Shalom, Ram. Medieval Jewry In Christendom. Herausgegeben von Martin Goodman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0008.
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This article begins in the early Middle Ages, and specifically addresses questions concerning the economic and political situation of Jewry in Western Europe. The period of the high Middle Ages follows, with a focus on developments in community life and the character of Jewish society. The discussion considers the Jewish foundation myths that were born in the twelfth century in an attempt to explain and interpret the social and cultural changes of the time. It examines the nature of the interaction and the form of discourse that characterized the medieval relations between a Christian majority and a Jewish minority culture. It also describes the legal status of the Jews in Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire. The article also discusses Jewish life in Spain, since, for a significant segment of the period under study, Spain was under Muslim rule.
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Livermore, Roy. All at Sea. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717867.003.0009.
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According to first-generation plate tectonics, sea-floor spreading was nice and simple. Plates were pulled apart at mid-ocean ridges, and weak mantle rocks rose to fill the gap and began to melt. The resulting basaltic magma ascended into the crust, where it ponded to form linear ‘infinite onion’ magma chambers beneath the mid-ocean tennis-ball seam. At frequent intervals, vertical sheets of magma rose from these chambers to the surface, where they erupted to form new ocean floor or solidified to form dykes, in the process acquiring a magnetization corresponding to the geomagnetic field at the time. Mid-ocean ridge axes were defined by rifted valleys and divided into segments by transform faults with offsets of tens to hundreds of kilometres, resulting in the staircase pattern seen on maps of the ocean floor. All mid-ocean ridges were thus essentially identical. Such a neat and elegant theory was bound to be undermined as new data were acquired in the oceans.
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Conrad, Sebastian, und Philipp Ther. On the Move: Mobility, Migration, and Nation, 1880–1948. Herausgegeben von Helmut Walser Smith. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0025.
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This article charts the trajectories of this cross-border mobility, both inward and outward-bound, keeping three general issues in mind. After the late nineteenth century, Germany was on the move. Population growth, the increasing pull of the cities, and economic opportunities in the industrial centers all contributed to a flight of people from rural areas. These massive and frequently overlapping forms of mobility demonstrate the degree to which German history was embedded in transnational processes. Migration was one of the forms through which large segments of the population experienced global entanglement first hand. Mobility connected different levels of experience and tied the local and regional to the national and the global. Secondly, migration was framed in the logic of economic order and labor markets. Mobility operated in a contested field in which the dynamics of cross-border movement constantly undermined, and at the same time dialectically reinforced, senses of nationality. This article concludes with a note on mass migration during and after the Second World War.
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Ekirch, Roger. Sleep in western culture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0018.
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Although a universal necessity, sleep, as the past powerfully indicates, is not a biological constant. Before the Industrial Revolution, sleep in western households differed in a variety of respects from that of today. Arising chiefly from a dearth of artificial illumination, the predominant form of sleep was segmented, consisting of two intervals of roughly 3 hours apiece bridged by up to an hour or so of wakefulness. Notwithstanding steps taken by families to preserve the tranquillity of their slumber, the quality of pre-industrial sleep was poor, owing to illness, anxiety, and environmental vexations. Large portions of the labouring population almost certainly suffered from sleep deprivation. Despite the prevalence of sleep-onset insomnia, awakening in the middle of the night was thought normal. Not until the turn of the nineteenth century and sleep’s consolidation did physicians view segmented sleep as a disorder requiring medication.
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Butz, Martin V., und Esther F. Kutter. Primary Visual Perception from the Bottom Up. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0008.
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This chapter addresses primary visual perception, detailing how visual information comes about and, as a consequence, which visual properties provide particularly useful information about the environment. The brain extracts this information systematically, and also separates redundant and complementary visual information aspects to improve the effectiveness of visual processing. Computationally, image smoothing, edge detectors, and motion detectors must be at work. These need to be applied in a convolutional manner over the fixated area, which are computations that are predestined to be solved by means of cortical columnar structures in the brain. On the next level, the extracted information needs to be integrated to be able to segment and detect object structures. The brain solves this highly challenging problem by incorporating top-down expectations and by integrating complementary visual information aspects, such as light reflections, texture information, line convergence information, shadows, and depth information. In conclusion, the need for integrating top-down visual expectations to form complete and stable perceptions is made explicit.
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Li, Jing, und Xiao-Ying Huang. Nanostructured crystals: An unprecedented class of hybrid semiconductors exhibiting structure-induced quantum confinement effect and systematically tunable properties. Herausgegeben von A. V. Narlikar und Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.16.
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This article describes the structure-induced quantum confinement effect in nanostructured crystals, a unique class of hybrid semiconductors that incorporate organic and inorganic components into a single-crystal lattice via covalent (coordinative) bonds to form extended one-, two- and three-dimensional network structures. These structures are comprised of subnanometer-sized II-VI semiconductor segments (inorganic component) and amine molecules (organic component) arranged into perfectly ordered arrays. The article first provides an overview of II-VI and III-V semiconductors, II-VI colloidal quantum dots, inorganic-organic hybrid materials before discussing the design and synthesis of I-VI-based inorganic-organic hybrid nanostructures. It also considers the crystal structures, quantum confinement effect, bandgaps, and optical properties, thermal properties, thermal expansion behavior of nanostructured crystals.
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Eisele, Alexander, und Eric Nowak. Market Innovations for (Non-Bank) Financing of SMEs in Light of the Crisis and New Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0012.
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This chapter summarizes and empirically evaluates new regulatory policies as well as market innovations in the financial sector and their potential impact on SME financing. Using survey and balance sheet data for European SMEs, we find empirical evidence in line with the existing literature highlighting a recent deterioration in bank-based SME financing. More importantly, we provide empirical evidence suggesting that the negative macroeconomic effects of future restricted bank lending, due to new regulation, could be mitigated by policies allowing for and supporting new forms of market-based SME financing. To evaluate the financial and real effects of innovations in SME financing, we exploit the staggered introduction of SME equity and bond segments in different European countries, and show that they have been successful in providing non-bank financing to SMEs.
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Penman, Alan, Kimberley Crowder und William M. Watkins. 50 Studies Every Ophthalmologist Should Know. Herausgegeben von Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190050726.001.0001.
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50 Studies Every Ophthalmologist Should Know succinctly summarizes the most important and clinically relevant studies published in the mainstream ophthalmology literature in the past forty years. Emphasis has been placed on landmark studies, that changed thinking and practice in the field, rather than studies that are most frequently cited. Most are randomized controlled trials that have helped shape current ophthalmology practice guidelines. However, some important observational (cohort, case-control, and descriptive) studies are also included. The book is divided into seven sections, corresponding to anatomical segment or disease of the eye (cornea, cataract, glaucoma, vitreoretinal, macula, uveal tract, and orbit/eyelids/extraocular muscles/optic nerve). Each chapter finishes with an illustrative clinical case, and includes a reference to the relevant section of the practice guidelines of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. The book is not aimed solely at ophthalmologists, however. Every practicing physician, no matter his or her specialty, should be familiar with the relation of the eye to the rest of the human body, and with the use and value of the ophthalmoscope. Ophthalmology has a particular relevance to physicians working in primary care, internal medicine, neurology, neurosurgery, pediatrics, and emergency medicine.
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JESUS JÚNIOR, A. J. A CONTRIBUIÇÃO JURÍDICA DA MARINHA DO BRASIL NO DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONOMICO, SOCIAL E PROTEÇÃO AMBIENTAL NA REGIÃO DOS MUNICÍPIOS DE CORUMBÁ E LADÁRIO-MS. Arco Editores, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.48209/978-65-00-17551-6.
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Considerando a presença secular da Marinha do Brasil nos municípios de Corumbá e Ladário, objetiva-se levar ao conhecimento do meio acadêmico e sociedade civil, com vistas a evidenciar, de maneira geral, a importância da força naval na fronteira Oeste do país e de forma específica fortalecer a consciência marítima no consciente coletivo das populações das regiões apreciadas e demonstrar a contribuição econômica, social e proteção ambiental da marinha nas regiões de Corumbá e Ladário. Para tanto se procede à metodologia de pesquisa documental com ênfase em documentos públicos, administrativos e jurídicos. Desse modo, observa-se que ao serem analisados os dados pertinentes a orçamento, pagamento de pessoal, licitações, recolhimento de impostos e na proteção e fiscalização dos aspectos ambientais, permite-se concluir que juridicamente a marinha brasileira contribui de forma difusa e coletiva para o desenvolvimento econômico e social da região, irrigando recursos nos mais diversos segmentos, em projetos sociais relevantes e no apoio fiscalizador de atividades que possam trazer danos ambientais.
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Graf, David F. The Silk Road between Syria and China. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0015.
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This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the archaeological and written evidence for the so-called Silk Roads and the development of trade along them between the second century BC and the end of the Han dynasty in the early second century AD. The Silk Road trade at the Chinese end originated epiphenomenally on the practice of state tribute and diplomatic embassies, as tribute in kind and diplomatic gifts were resold by their enterprising recipients. As trade developed along the routes westwards and gained its own momentum, its value was harnessed by the state in the form of heavy customs dues. Rather than a coordinated route utilized by merchants travelling the length of the terrain between China and Rome, the picture emerging is that of segmented trade involving various merchants.
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Vogt, Manuel. Mobilization and Conflict in Multiethnic States. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190065874.001.0001.
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Why are ethnic movements more likely to turn violent in some multiethnic countries than in others? Focusing on the long-term legacies of European colonialism, this book presents two ideal-typical logics of ethnic group mobilization—one of violent competition and another of nonviolent emancipatory opposition. The book’s theory first explains why ethnic grievances are translated into either violent or nonviolent forms of conflict as a function of distinct ethnic cleavage types, resulting from different colonial experiences. Violent intergroup conflict is least likely where settler colonialism resulted in persistent stratification, with ethnic groups organized as ethnoclasses. Such stratified societies are characterized by an equilibrium of inequality, in which historically marginalized groups lack both the organizational strength and the opportunities for armed rebellion. In contrast, where colonialism and decolonization divided ethnic groups into segmented, unranked subsocieties that feature distinct socioeconomic and cultural institutions, ethnic mobilization is more likely to trigger violent conflict. Second, the theory links this structural explanation to the political actors at the heart of ethnic movements—in particular, ethnic organizations. It elucidates how these organizations fuel the risk of civil conflict in segmented unranked societies, but peacefully promote the empowerment of historically marginalized groups in stratified societies. The book draws on an innovative mixed-methods design that combines large-n statistical analyses—using new data on the linguistic and religious segmentation of ethnic groups, as well as on ethnic organizations—with case studies based on original field research in four different countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
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Fine, Derek M., und Sana Waheed. Renal Complications. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0042.
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Renal disease in persons with HIV has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality since the onset of the epidemic. HIV nephropathy (HIVAN) was the most common form of kidney disease initially seen, but in the post-antiretroviral therapy (ART) era it is much less common. Other renal conditions associated with HIV infection include immune complex disease and classic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The pathologic spectrum of renal disease in patients with HIV is extensive. Some conditions, including HIVAN, improve following treatment of the virus with ART. Acute kidney injury is much more common in HIV-infected patients and is associated with a sixfold increase in mortality. Patients with HIV are also much more likely to require renal replacement therapy, including dialysis and renal transplantation. ART may also contribute to renal disease in patients with HIV.
23
Pitt, Matthew. Needle EMG findings in different pathologies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0007.
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In this chapter, the inability of electromyography (EMG) to be able to further progress the diagnosis of myopathy on its own—requiring muscle biopsy and other modalities such as genetics to complete this process—is emphasized. The role of EMG particularly in the era of genetics is discussed. Findings in neurogenic abnormality are next described and the important hereditary conditions such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), distal SMA, Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome, segmental anterior horn cell disease, conditions with progressive bulbar palsy, SMARD1, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia with spinal muscle are discussed in detail. The differential diagnosis of 5q SMA type 1 is specifically outlined. Acquired forms of anterior horn disease, including Hirayama disease, poliomyelitis and enteropathic motor neuropathy, Hopkins syndrome, tumours, and vascular lesions are covered. There is discussion of the use of physiological tests to monitor progress in SMA, with tests including compound muscle action potential amplitude and motor unit number estimation. Finally, the important correlation between muscle biopsy and EMG is highlighted.
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Mithun, Marianne. Modality and Mood in Iroquoian. Herausgegeben von Jan Nuyts und Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.12.
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This chapter focuses on languages that differ typologically from Western languages, those of the Iroquoian family. It deals with mood: the marking of “sentence types,” and the marking of (ir)realis, but its main concern is the more complex issue of the expression of modality. While most models of modality are based on languages with modal auxiliaries, Iroquoian languages lack auxiliaries, but they contain rich inventories of forms expressing traditional modality functions. First the semantic categories delimited by modality expressions are laid out. Next, pathways of formal development are traced, showing how the qualificational function of modality markers can drive prosodic, segmental, and syntactic changes. Finally, pathways of semantic development are investigated, illustrating that the changes undergone by Iroquoian modality markers are similar to, e.g., Germanic modal auxiliaries. Viewing modality as a set of distinctions conveyed by markers at varying stages of formal and functional development helps to explain the diversity we find.
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Mantovani, Everardo Chartuni. Diferentes abordagens sobre agricultura irrigada no Brasil: História, Política Pública, Economia e Recurso Hídrico. Herausgegeben von Alysson Paolinelli und Durval Dourado Neto. Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/9786587391113.
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A obra Diferentes abordagens sobre agricultura irrigada no Brasil foi organizada em dois livros e em seis importantes partes: História, Política Pública, Economia, Recurso Hídrico, Técnica e Cultura e dentro da visão de integração que sempre foi a forma de atuar do ex-ministro da Agricultura Alysson Paolinelli, contando com 117 autores de várias instituições públicas e privadas, possibilitando uma literatura que se propõe uma referência para o setor. Este livro participa de importante estratégia da Escola Superior de Agricultura“Luiz de Queiroz" que integra, anualmente ao seu corpo técnico-científico, uma personalidade com especiais serviços prestados ao Brasil, tal como o ex-ministro Alysson Paolinelli que, durante o período de 2020 a 2022, é o Terceiro Titular da Cátedra Luiz de Queiroz de Sistemas Agropecuários Integrados. As publicações técnicas, como esta obra, são muito importantes para o desenvolvimento da agricultura irrigada porque subsidiam e orientam ações das iniciativas pública e privada, pelo fato de os profissionais desses setores apresentarem soluções eminentemente técnicas, com base científica, visando transformar conhecimento em riqueza para o benefício de todos os segmentos da sociedade.
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Harris, Ron. Going the Distance. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691150772.001.0001.
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Before the seventeenth century, trade across Eurasia was mostly conducted in short segments along the Silk Route and Indian Ocean. Business was organized in family firms, merchant networks, and state-owned enterprises, and dominated by Chinese, Indian, and Arabic traders. However, around 1600 the first two joint-stock corporations, the English and Dutch East India Companies, were established. This book tells the story of overland and maritime trade without Europeans, of European Cape Route trade without corporations, and of how new, large-scale, and impersonal organizations arose in Europe to control long-distance trade for more than three centuries. It shows that by 1700, the scene and methods for global trade had dramatically changed: Dutch and English merchants shepherded goods directly from China and India to northwestern Europe. To understand this transformation, the book compares the organizational forms used in four major regions: China, India, the Middle East, and Western Europe. The English and Dutch were the last to leap into Eurasian trade, and they innovated in order to compete. They raised capital from passive investors through impersonal stock markets and their joint-stock corporations deployed more capital, ships, and agents to deliver goods from their origins to consumers. The book explores the history behind a cornerstone of the modern economy, and how this organizational revolution contributed to the formation of global trade and the creation of the business corporation as a key factor in Europe's economic rise.
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Heath, Deana. Colonial Terror. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192893932.001.0001.
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Focusing on India between the early nineteenth century and the First World War, Colonial Terror explores the centrality of the torture of Indian bodies to the law-preserving violence of colonial rule—of some of the ways in which, in other words, extraordinary violence was embedded in the ordinary operation of colonial states. Although enacted largely by Indians on Indian bodies, particularly by subaltern members of the police, the book argues that torture was facilitated, systematized, and ultimately sanctioned by first the East India Company and then the Raj because it benefitted the colonial regime, since rendering the police a source of terror played a key role in the construction and maintenance of state sovereignty. Drawing upon the work of both Giorgio Agamben and Michel Foucault, Colonial Terror contends, furthermore, that it is only possible to understand the terrorizing nature of the colonial police in India by viewing colonial India as a ‘regime of exception’ in which two different forms, or levels, of exceptionality were in operation, one wrought through the exclusion of particular groups or segments of the Indian population from the law and the other by ‘petty sovereigns’ in their enactment of illegal violence in the operation of the law. It was in such fertile ground, in which colonial subjects were both included within the domain of colonial law while also being abandoned by it, that torture was able to flourish.
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Matos, Juliana Martins de Mesquita. Tecnologias Sustentáveis para a produção, transformação e comercialização de produtos da agricultura familiar. Editora Universidade de Brasília, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/9786558461470.
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Nos tempos atuais, onde a ganância e o egoísmo se espalham por toda a sociedade, como uma doença infectocontagiosa, cabe-nos, de quando em vez, trazer à luz aspectos que não deveriam ser negligenciados e nem colocados em segundo plano nas mais diversas esferas do conhecimento e da vida. A obra aqui apresentada tem o propósito de debater aspectos polêmicos da produção de alimentos, primordial à nossa existência, bem como de apresentar caminhos plausíveis para a produção, onde o respeito ao homem, aos indivíduos e à natureza possam coexistir. A produção de alimentos baseada nos princípios da agroecologia contribui para essa coexistência, permitindo a inserção de agricultores familiares no segmento alimentício, para além da geração de emprego e renda no campo. Novos olhares sobre fazeres e saberes “antigos” são de forma respeitosa discutidos. A agricultura familiar é apresentada, com seus desafios e potencialidades, perpassando por soluções que tratam desde o sistema de produção orgânica, transformação de produtos e resíduos agrícolas, como pela produção de café, hortaliças e flores. Trabalhos de pesquisadores, professores, técnicos e estudantes do Centro Vocacional Tecnológico em Agroecologia e Agricultura Orgânica da Universidade de Brasília (CVTUnB), em parceria com o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronegócios, por meio desta obra, buscam colocar em evidência processos e tecnologias adaptadas à agricultura familiar. Que essa obra possa ser amplamente difundida e que sirva de inspiração para estudantes, professores, pesquisadores e produtores rurais na promoção de mudanças que contribuam para o processo de inclusão de pessoas, grupos e comunidades.
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Thiessen, Joel, und Sarah Wilkins-Laflamme. None of the Above. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479817399.001.0001.
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This book examines the nearly one-quarter of American and Canadian adults who say they have no religion. Who are they? Why, and where, has this population grown? How do religious nones in the United States and Canada compare? What are the dynamics of being a religious none in contemporary America and Canada, and how does this willful distance from organized religion impact other aspects of daily and social life? This book turns to survey and interview data to answer these questions against the backdrop of three theoretical frameworks in the sociology of religion: stages of decline, individualization and spiritualization, and polarization. The central claim is that there is a gradual religious decline happening in stages across time and generations and at different rates in various social, cultural, and regional contexts, leading to the rise of religious nones. Yet, this form of decline does not imply the disappearance of all things religious and spiritual, as a diversity of spiritual beliefs and practices along with nonbelief and secular attitudes coexist and are constantly evolving. The decline of organized religion among large segments of the American and Canadian populations also does not mean that religion is necessarily less relevant for everyday interactions and social life. If anything, that there are now large groups of religious and nonreligious individuals coexisting in both countries could mean there is a greater social divide and distance in moral and political values and behaviors along religious/nonreligious lines, as well as in interactions and attitudes between the religious and nonreligious.
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Beeston, Alix. In and Out of Sight. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690168.001.0001.
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This book reappraises the connections between modernist writing and photography in the light of new work in visual culture studies that emphasizes the interplay between still and moving images. Arguing for the importance of photography to the work of four major modernist authors—Gertrude Stein, Jean Toomer, John Dos Passos, and F. Scott Fitzgerald—it proposes a new theory of composite literary form in the first half of the twentieth century. Segmented and reiterative, composite modernist writing is shaped by the figure of the woman-in-series, whose appearances and disappearances map its connective and disconnective structure. Understood in relation to the syntax of visual spacing in serial photography, the formal interstices that define modernist writing emerge as textual sites in which the dominant social and political order of modernity is negotiated and reshaped. These gaps signify both as marks of trauma, the wounds of representation according to typologies of race, gender, and class, and as a means for evading or defending against this trauma: a zone of withdrawal and recalcitrance for female characters. Moving in and out of sight, from presence to absence and back again, the woman-in-series in modernist writing destabilizes oppositions of power and vulnerability as they relate to the interactions of subjects and objects in the representational realm.
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Catapan, Dariane Cristina, Hrsg. Temáticas contemporâneas das ciências sociais aplicadas. Latin American Publicações, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47174/lap2020.ed.0000082.
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O livro “Temáticas contemporâneas das ciências sociais aplicadas vol. 1”, editado e publicado pela Latin American Publicações Ltda., reúne sete capítulos que tratam sobre temas de relevância no contexto das ciências sociais aplicadas. Assim, os trabalhos deste livro abordam o cuidador familiar na relação familiar e a satisfação/insatisfação nagestão do cuidado, como forma de verificar os principais motivos de satisfação e/ou insatisfação dos cuidadores informais em relação à tarefa de cuidar. O próximo trabalho discute a velhice pelo olhar do adulto contemporâneo, analisando as imagens visuaisde idosos na mídia, com o objetivo de mostrar como o sonho social de envelhecer mantendo a juventude é explorado publicitariamente, apoiado por vários segmentos profissionais e institucionais que oferecem produtos e recursos para a conversão desse sonho em realidade. O próximo trabalho discute a ação empresarial na escola e os impactos no trabalho docente e as suas resistências associadasà cultura escolar, que analisa a introdução da lógica empresarial na gestão da escola pública estadual entre os anos de 2015-2020. Em seguida, analisa-se o estabelecimento da tradição de investigação mendeliana sob a perspectiva epistemológica de Larry Laudan, e tem o objetivo apresentar aos leitores alguns aspectos da epistemologia de Larry Laudan, contextualizando seu ponto de vista de que a ciência avança por meio da resolução de problemas. Depois, o próximo trabalho discute a cobertura da guerra de Angola pelos jornais brasileiros, estudo que procura destacar o papel do jornalismo de guerra, que vem mitificando a profissão do jornalista. O penúltimo trabalho discute a gestão do risco no setor público, por meio de uma revisão de pesquisa empírica que pretende abordar com maior primazia a gestão do risco no setor público, uma vez que, o setor público apresenta uma estrutura muito mais alargada e complexa do que o setor privado. E, por fim, o último trabalho discute a gestão por competências , pois cada vez mais o mundo corporativo exige rapidez na prestação dos serviços públicos e privados, exige colaboradores menos burocráticos que utilizem a comunicação na realização de suas tarefas e na resolução dos problemas organizacionais Desta forma agradecemos todos os autores e autoras pelo esforço colocados em seus trabalhos e esperamos contribuir com a comunidade científica, no avanço do conhecimento científico.
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Belamarić, Josip, Dražen Pejković und Ana Šverko. Istraživanja u urbanističkom planiranju : pedagoška bilježnica vol. 2 = Urban Planning Research : Pedagogical Notebook Vol. 2. Herausgegeben von Hrvoje Bartulović, Saša Begović, Dražen Pejković, Ana Šverko und Ivana Vlaić. University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31534/9789536116850.
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The Second Pedagogical Notebook is a continuation of the first ‘notebook’, dedicated to the Urban Planning Research course. The course and the notebook were created by Prof. Ivana Šverko, with the aim of offering students of architecture in Split the basics of urban planning research in a Mediterranean context. The idea behind the pedagogical notebook is to contribute to the recognition of the research phase as an essential starting point in the entire, complicated process of urban planning and design, as well as an understanding of research methodologies in specific spatial and social conditions. One of the ideal real-world templates for realising this goal is Zrinsko- Frankopanska Street, which developed along one of the Split peninsula’s Roman centuriation lines. This street connects the historical southern city harbour with the newer, northern one. Zrinsko-Frankopanska is an exceptionally important city street, and along its length there are a range of buildings dating from the ancient period to the 21st century, with almost every historical period represented. It is here that the most diverse range of public facilities can be found. The students mapped, studied, and analysed this city street, using historical and morphological analysis of spatial connections, greenery, the relationship between the public and the private, the accessible and inaccessible spaces, purpose, urban equipment, and so on. In doing so, they also noted relevant everyday human activities such as disposing of rubbish, as well as things such as the position and content of graffiti. They also included morphography – the description of forms without reference to their sources and development process – in their analytical approach. After the research phase, the students were instructed to target the problems they detected by proposing improvements to the existing elements, or by redesigning them. They were also required to open up the possibility of alternate uses for the space, up to the point in the design process when an architect or designer would usually take over. By presenting the study of a specific segment in this book, we wish to help students consider the complexity of the urban tissue, define the basic urban elements, research development processes, the typological and morphological characteristics of constriction and, ultimately, to identify everything that constitutes the “urban space as a whole”. We wish to guide them so that with their unique knowledge and tools, and their inclusion of all the other relevant professions in the processes of urban planning, they can become architects with sound professional and ethical principles, and develop into a new generation of responsible city-builders.
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Barsoum, Rashad S. Schistosomiasis. Herausgegeben von Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0194_update_001.
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The urinary system is the primary target of Schistosoma haematobium infection, which leads to granuloma formation in the lower urinary tract that heals with fibrosis and calcification. While the early lesions may be associated with distressing acute or subacute symptoms, it is the late lesions that constitute the main clinical impact of schistosomiasis. The latter include chronic cystitis, ureteric fibrosis, ureterovesical obstruction or reflux which may lead to chronic pyelonephritis. Secondary bacterial infection and bladder cancer are the main secondary sequelae of urinary schistosomiasis.The kidneys are also a secondary target of S. mansoni infection, attributed to the systemic immune response to the parasite. Specific immune complexes are responsible for early, often asymptomatic, possibly reversible, mesangioproliferative lesions which are categorized as ‘class I’. Subsequent classes (II–VI) display different histopathology, more serious clinical disease, and confounding pathogenic factors. Class II lesions are encountered in patients with concomitant salmonellosis; they are typically exudative and associated with acute-onset nephrotic syndrome. Classes III (mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis) and IV (focal segmental sclerosis) are progressive forms of glomerular disease associated with significant hepatic pathology. They are usually associated with immunoglobulin A deposits which seem to have a significant pathogenic role. Class V (amyloidosis) occurs with long-standing active infection with either S. haematobium or S. mansoni. Class VI is seen in patients with concomitant HCV infection, where the pathology is a mix of schistosomal and cryoglobulinaemic lesions, as well as amyloidosis which seems to be accelerated by the confounded pathogenesis.Early schistosomal lesions, particularly those of the lower urinary tract, respond to antiparasitic treatment. Late urological lesions may need surgery or endoscopic interventions. As a rule, glomerular lesions do not respond to treatment with the exception of class II where dual antiparasitic and antibiotic therapy is usually curative. Patients with end-stage kidney disease may constitute specific, yet not insurmountable technical and logistic problems in dialysis or transplantation. Recurrence after transplantation is rare.
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Alexander, D. J., N. Phin und M. Zuckerman. Influenza. Herausgegeben von I. H. Brown. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0037.
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Influenza is a highly infectious, acute illness which has affected humans and animals since ancient times. Influenza viruses form the Orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types A, B, and C on the basis of the antigenic nature of the internal nucleocapsid or the matrix protein. Infl uenza A viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918 when it has been estimated that between 50–100 million deaths occurred worldwide.There are two important viral surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The HA binds to sialic acid receptors on the membrane of host cells and is the primary antigen against which a host’s antibody response is targeted. The NA cleaves the sialic acid bond attaching new viral particles to the cell membrane of host cells allowing their release. The NA is also the target of the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antiviral agents that include oseltamivir and zanamivir and newer agents such as peramivir. Both these glycoproteins are important antigens for inducing protective immunity in the host and therefore show the greatest variation.Influenza A viruses are classified into 16 antigenically distinct HA (H1–16) and 9 NA subtypes (N1–9). Although viruses of relatively few subtype combinations have been isolated from mammalian species, all subtypes, in most combinations, have been isolated from birds. Each virus possesses one HA and one NA subtype.Last century, the sudden emergence of antigenically different strains in humans, termed antigenic shift, occurred on three occasions, 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2), resulting in pandemics. The frequent epidemics that occur between the pandemics are as a result of gradual antigenic change in the prevalent virus, termed antigenic drift. Epidemics throughout the world occur in the human population due to infection with influenza A viruses, such as H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, or with influenza B virus. Phylogenetic studies have led to the suggestion that aquatic birds that show no signs of disease could be the source of many influenza A viruses in other species. The 1918 H1N1 pandemic strain is thought to have arisen as a result of spontaneous mutations within an avian H1N1 virus. However, most pandemic strains, such as the 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1, are considered to have emerged by genetic re-assortment of the segmented RNA genome of the virus, with the avian and human influenza A viruses infecting the same host.Influenza viruses do not pass readily between humans and birds but transmission between humans and other animals has been demonstrated. This has led to the suggestion that the proposed reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses takes place in an intermediate animal with subsequent infection of the human population. Pigs have been considered the leading contender for the role of intermediary because they may serve as hosts for productive infections of both avian and human viruses, and there is good evidence that they have been involved in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses; particularly the spread of H1N1 viruses to humans. Apart from public health measures related to the rapid identification of cases and isolation. The main control measures for influenza virus infections in human populations involves immunization and antiviral prophylaxis or treatment.