Thematische Bibliographien / Secondary market analysis

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Secondary market analysis“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 13. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Secondary market analysis"

Dinku, A., B. Abede, A. Lemma und M. Shako. „Analysis of beef cattle marketing channels under transaction costs in rural Ethiopia“. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 11, Nr. 1 (02.07.2021): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v11i1.54465.

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The study was designed to analyze beef cattle marketing channel choice under transaction costs. Multistage sampling technique was used to acquire primary data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Multinomial Logit Model. The findings verified that most of the respondents (49%) were selling at the village markets, followed by farm gate and secondary market with 28% and 23%, respectively. The model results revealed that the probability of selling at farm gate and village market versus selling at secondary market increased with season sales, indicating level of market uncertainty. The results affirmed the probability of selling at village market versus selling at secondary market outlet increased with knowledge of buyer and decreased with trust in buyers. Other significant predictors were volume of beef cattle supplied, farmers' experience, and education level. Thus, policies aimed at improving the smallholder farmers’ access to cattle marketing channels should be informed by these factors. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(1): 37-48, June 2021

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Webster, Thomas J., und Michael Szenberg. „Spectral analysis of secondary market mexican external debt prices“. International Advances in Economic Research 1, Nr. 1 (Februar 1995): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295846.

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Gavazza, Alessandro, Alessandro Lizzeri und Nikita Roketskiy. „A Quantitative Analysis of the Used-Car Market“. American Economic Review 104, Nr. 11 (01.11.2014): 3668–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.11.3668.

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Quantitatively, we investigate the allocative and welfare effects of secondary markets for cars. An important source of gains from trade in these markets is the heterogeneity in the willingness to pay for higher-quality (newer) goods, but transaction costs are an impediment to instantaneous trade. Calibration of the model successfully matches several aggregate features of the US and French used-car markets. Counterfactual analyses show that transaction costs have a large effect on volume of trade, allocations, and the primary market. Aggregate effects on consumer surplus and welfare are relatively small, but the effect on lower-valuation households can be large. (JEL D23, L62, L81)

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Wolski, Rafal. „Co-Integration Test of Selected Indexes on the Share Market and Index of Housing Real Estate Prices“. Real Estate Management and Valuation 28, Nr. 1 (01.03.2020): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2020-0009.

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AbstractThe integration of financial markets is an ongoing process throughout the world. Research shows that, from Australia through Europe to the United States, the capital and real estate markets are integrating, influencing each other. Although this process seems obvious, only research can show whether it actually occurs. Identifying these relationships is important for analyzing the entire market. Many methods, such as estimating the cost of equity, have been developed with the stock market in mind. Meanwhile, real estate valuation requires the cost of equity. Market integration is the rationale for using equity market methods on the real estate market.Aim of the work - the research is aimed at verifying whether there is cointegration between the secondary housing market and the stock market. A research hypothesis was put forward: the stock market and secondary housing market are integrated.Research methodology - the study used co-integration analysis using the Engle-Granger test. The study was conducted in the period from the third quarter of 2006 to the fourth quarter of 2018.Result - The tests carried out showed the existence of co-integration in one out of 36 cases for the explanatory variable - the delayed WIG index and the explained variable in the average price of residential real estate on the secondary market for the 7 largest Polish cities.Originality / Value - demonstrating the co-integration of markets justifies the use of analytical methods developed for stock markets on real estate markets. The research has no equivalent study on the Polish market. Similar analyses were carried out, but not for the stock and real estate market.

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Eke, Patrick O., Kehinde A. Adetiloye und Esther O. Adegbite. „An Analysis of Bond Market Liquidity and Real Sector Output in Selected African Economies“. E+M Ekonomie a Management 23, Nr. 4 (01.12.2020): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2020-4-011.

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There is increasing traction in the literature on the activities of the secondary securities’ market especially with bonds on financial development, with little known on its functional linkage to real sector growth. Following popular theories on bond financing, this study sought to fill this gap by examining if functional tie exists between the secondary bond markets and real sector output among fourteen African countries with functional bond markets and complete data. Among the variables adapted for use are real gross domestic product per capital, corporate bond issues, industrial output, corporate bond turnover, financial education, electricity consumption and institutional quality. The study tested through unit roots to augmented Toda-Yamamoto non-causality and co-integration approach to investigate both the short- and long-term relationships among the different variables. A priori, it was expected that market information would engender capital raising through bond issues and fund allocation. The study however, discovers that corporate bond turnover does not cause industrial output growth, neither does it cause corporate bond issue. An important short run result indicates that the impact of financial education is gradually being felt in the bond markets. For most of the long-run relationships, the study accepted the Null hypothesis. This implies that the investing public do not absorb the usefulness of the market information, which may explain the thinness and shallowness of African corporate bond market overtime. The liquidity signalling effects is however found to influence regulatory institutional quality in the long-run. An accelerated financial market liberalization and tax incentives for private sector provision of market infrastructure are recommended among others for improvement in the African bond markets investigated, among others.

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Wibisono, Gunawan, Isnur Widaryanto und Cahyo Nugroho. „Analysis of secondary market policies of radio frequency spectrum in indonesia“. MATEC Web of Conferences 218 (2018): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821803016.

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The radio frequency spectrum is an important factor in improving service quality and expanding the network of cellular operators. Operators attempt to obtain additional spectrum allocations through the practice of merging or taking over the radio spectrum, where the process is dependent on ministerial approval. In Indonesia, its implementation produces different treatment in terms of the use of radio frequency spectrum, some are accompanied by divestment another are not. This process is not through the mechanism of the secondary market spectrum. Based on the practice of secondary market spectrum in other countries, it provides business certainty to operators and gives maximum value in the spectrum. In this research, secondary market policy for Indonesia is proposed, where evaluation and analysis will be done using regulation impact analysis (RIA). Three proposed secondary market alternatives include to keep current conditions (alternative 1), secondary market mechanism with direct trading (alternative 2), and broker mechanism with independent supervision (alternative 3). Assessment will be done using cost base analysis (CBA) based on plus minus implications (PMI), and decision will be made based on multi criteria analysis (MCA). According RIA based analysis, the results obtained that alternative 3 provides many advantages compared to 2 other alternatives. The impact of benefits of alternative 3 includes increasing spectrum requirements, frequency spectrum structuring, the need for legal certainty and equality of the process of transferring frequency spectrum.

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Borders, T. F., J. E. Rohrer und T. E. Vaughn. „Limitations of Secondary Data for Strategic Marketing in Rural Areas“. Health Services Management Research 13, Nr. 4 (November 2000): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148480001300402.

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Market research is an important element of the strategic marketing process. By understanding the healthcare needs of a market area, hospital and health system managers can set priorities for new services and allocate resources appropriately. The process of market research often begins with an evaluation of health status and socioeconomic indicators collected from secondary sources. Unfortunately, indicators that have been recommended in the literature may not be feasible for use in rural markets because of their lack of statistical precision or inability to differentiate healthcare service needs. This study evaluated the statistical precision and variability of 79 secondary health status and socioeconomic measures reported at the county level in Iowa, USA, a largely rural state. Our findings suggest that many readily available health status and socioeconomic indicators do not discriminate need among rural health care markets. Only six health status and two socioeconomic indicators met our statistical precision and variability criteria. These findings have important implications for managers planning health services in rural localities. Managers of rural health systems may need to employ alternative market research methods, such as analysis of claims-based utilization rates or community health surveys.

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Vallée, Thomas, Gino Baudry und Patrice Guillotreau. „To Discard or to Co-Produce by Recycling Waste: An Illustrative Analysis Involving Output Constraint“. International Game Theory Review 21, Nr. 03 (September 2019): 1950001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198919500014.

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This theoretical paper investigates a multi-market Cournot model where a particular firm may process its waste from the primary market to sell them as co-products on a secondary market. Unlike the usual models found in the jointness in production literature based on costs and economies of scope, our model introduces the technical relationship between both outputs as a physical output constraint. We show the conditions under which a co-producing strategy is optimal for the firm. We find that an optimal share of waste processing depends on the structural conditions of the two markets.

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Wolski, Rafal. „Listing of Developer Companies as a Predictor of the Situation on the Residential Real Estate Market“. Real Estate Management and Valuation 26, Nr. 4 (01.12.2018): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2018-0032.

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Abstract The stock exchange is considered one of the most important financial institutions in the market economy. The stock market reacts to the state of the economy almost immediately, and, in the end, the quotations of companies affect the state of other markets. The author decided to look at companies from the WIG Real Estate index as important entities shaping the real estate market. When comparing the situation on the capital market with the situation on the residential real estate market, one could, building an appropriate model, conclude how much these markets interact. Purpose - The purpose of the article is to present the links between two important markets, the capital market, with real estate companies as its representatives, and the secondary housing market. In order to achieve the goal, a research hypothesis was formulated: the economic situation on the real estate companies market will be reflected in the situation on the secondary housing market. Design/methodology/approach - Cross-sectional regression analysis was used in the study. Using the data from the Warsaw Stock Exchange and the National Bank of Poland, regression models where price changes in the secondary housing market are explained by the quotations of real estate companies and selected stock exchange indices were built. The study was carried out from the first quarter of 2011 to the third quarter of 2017. Findings - Two models were built in which the rates of return on investments in real estate companies explain the price changes in the secondary housing market in a statistically significant way. Thus, the research hypothesis was positively verified, showing that the real estate market and the stock market of real estate companies are interrelated. Originality/Value - The alternative method of analyzing the real estate market can be considered as the original value of the presented results. A demonstration of the connections between both markets allows us to validate the methods used on the stock market to analyze the real estate market. An example application is the use of methods for estimating the cost of capital from the stock market in the real estate market.

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P., Rifky Aldila, und Andy Kristafi A. „ANALYSIS OF PARKING FEASIBILITY CAPACITY AT LANDUNGSARI MARKET, DAU DISTRICT, MALANG REGENCY“. Journal Innovation of Civil Engineering (JICE) 2, Nr. 1 (09.05.2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/jice.v2i1.11033.

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Landungsari Market is one of the traditional markets built by the local village government to accelerate the village economy. Previously, Landungsari Market was a temporary market but with an increase in sellers who were moved from the original Merjosari market so that the local government made the Landungsari market a permanent market today. With the increasing number of seller stalls in the Landungsari market, the parking lot in the Landungsari market has decreased so that it demands the possibility of illegal parking occurs in some areas of the market. The research objective was to determine the characteristics of parking, parking feasibility, and parking solutions. The data used are primary data and secondary data. The results obtained in this study are the number of parking spaces is still less than the number of parking vehicles, namely for two-wheeled parking lots, the parking needs exceed the normal capacity, while the average motorbike parking space unit is 129 parking spaces and the average The car park space unit is 11 parking spaces, so with this condition, it is deemed inappropriate parking facilities and additional parking lots to increase the parking capacity of vehicles, especially for two-wheeled vehicles

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Secondary market analysis"

Perez, Julian. „Music Festivals: A Secondary Market Analysis“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1338.

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While the majority of the literature on secondary markets for tickets in the entertainment industry focuses on concerts and sporting events, this study aims to shed light specifically on the music festival resale market. Music festivals have risen in prominence in recent years, particularly among millennials, during the time that the internet has dramatically facilitated the resale of tickets through online marketplaces. With many of the top festivals selling out rapidly, a great deal of music fans turn to secondary markets for tickets. However, very little is known about the behavior of secondary markets for music festivals due to information not being readily available to the public. This study uses demand-side data including transaction prices and quantities acquired from one of the largest online secondary ticket marketplaces to examine market behavior. My findings show that on average, prices decline for music festivals as they approach, but that there are years for certain festivals where this isn’t the case. Other results show that markets for festivals with multiple weekends operate differently and that special artist performances such as band reunions can have a significant positive effect on consumer demand. Lastly, the majority of all ticket sales are found to take place in the final 30 days before music festivals transpire.

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El-Hodiri, Nagla'a. „An analysis of high school tracking and its effects on labor market outcomes“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280010.

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The process of accumulating human capital formally begins when individuals enter the education system. It is widely accepted that tracking students plays an important role in human capital production. This dissertation focuses on the practice and consequences of tracking students at the high school level. I use a variety of methods to analyze how students are assigned to tracks, the effects of tracks on the human capital stock, the flow of services from that stock, and to explore whether tracking affects the decision to drop out of high school. The analysis provides new perspectives in the economics of human capital and has important implications for education policy. Although tracking students by perceived ability is a long-standing practice, its merits have been hotly debated over the years. Chapter 3 explores one of the four tenants of tracking, whether or not it is a fair and accurate process. I analyze the possibility of racial or gender discrimination in track assignment and find that there is evidence of some racial discrimination in the case of African Americans and Latinos. The evidence of discrimination leads me to question whether tracking is indeed an accurate process. This has direct implications for education policy, as accuracy in track assignment is critical for the pedagogical goals of tracking. Chapter 4 considers whether or not tracking students in high school affects their productivity, as measured by their wages, once they enter the labor force. I present the school and work profiles of individuals in the different tracks, develop several stylized facts, and analyze the effect of tracking on the wage rate. I conclude that the value of an additional year of schooling is different across tracks. The decision to drop out of high school is both a private decision and a social decision. In chapter 5, I examine how peer effects can influence the decision to drop out for both high ability and low ability students. The model and evidence suggest that students already at risk for dropping out might be more likely to do so if they are placed in a track with similarly at-risk students.

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Perry, Laura Melissa. „A Case Study Market Analysis of Acceleration Mechanisms in Florida| Dual Enrollment Positioning“. Thesis, Nova Southeastern University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3708735.

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A Case Study Market Analysis of Acceleration Mechanisms in Florida: Dual Enrollment Positioning. Laura Melissa Perry, 2013: Applied Dissertation, Nova Southeastern University, Abraham S. Fischler School of Education. ERIC Descriptors: Acceleration (Education), Competition, Dual Enrollment, Marketing, Recruitment

This applied dissertation explored dual enrollment viability when compared to other acceleration mechanisms: (a) advanced placement, (b) advanced international certificate of education, (c) international baccalaureate, and (d) college-level examination program. This multicase, qualitative study explored the competitiveness of dual enrollment versus other acceleration mechanism using Porter's model and the strengths-weaknessesopportunities-threats analysis as the theoretical frameworks. The study used one-on-one interviews to gather primary comparative information. Five groups were interviewed: (a) the vendors of the acceleration mechanisms, (b) state education officials, (c) district personnel, (d) high school representatives, and (e) higher education representatives. The acceleration mechanisms' educational objectives, their positioning, and any acceleration mechanisms' benefits to the various stakeholders were examined. Dual enrollment was compared to the other acceleration mechanisms to develop recommendations for improving the competitive positioning and viability of dual enrollment in Florida.

The study found that acceleration-mechanism options were complex and dynamic programs that were highly influenced by government policies and funding. Educational entities viewed the value of acceleration mechanisms differently, especially dual enrollment. All groups agreed that acceleration mechanisms provided rigorous curriculum for high school students to prepare for college. However, educational entities first wanted to protect their own interests and funding. In terms of dual enrollment, financial considerations remained a substantial motivation for the program. The study showed that all acceleration mechanisms offered benefits to participating students. However, the multifaceted and ever-changing nature of acceleration mechanisms provided no clear advantages or benefits for dual enrollment versus other acceleration mechanisms. Several recommendations are made that addressed concerns about the long-term value of dual enrollment for Florida institutions and students.

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Ayuk, Elizabeth. „Challenges faced by non-EU immigrants in the Swedish labour market - A Secondary Analysis“. Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-27022.

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Immigrants in Sweden are often problematized in political and media debates especially in relation to lack of integration into the labor market. This study is based on secondary data analysis on the challenges that highly educated non-EU immigrants face in the process of integration into the Swedish labor market. Previous knowledge on the topic was found at the Malmö and Lund University Libraries and their databases. The aim of this study is to identify the challenges for non-EU immigrants to integrate into Swedish labor market, and to find out if the jobs they get is compatible to their academic qualifications obtained from their home countries. Also, it is to identify measures taken by the government to facilitate immigrants’ access to the labor market. The theories I used in this study are integration, human capital, and discrimination. The findings revealed that, poor knowledge of the Swedish language, lack of social network, discrimination and lack of recognition of immigrant’s educational qualifications were the main obstacles faced by highly educated immigrants from integrating into the labor market. Also, the findings reveal that the job positions of the highly educated immigrants in the Swedish labor market were lower than the educational qualifications they have from their countries of origin. In addition, the government had identified some of these challenges and have discussed plans for possible policy development to tackle these challenges.

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Hu, Xiaofan, und Lars Andreas Sundberg. „The Degree of Underpricing in the Swedish Market : An analysis of the most relevant factors influencing IPO underpricing between main and secondary markets“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-94622.

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Underwriters evaluate the optimum price of IPO issued shares and conduct underpricing based on a higher degree of risk and information asymmetry. These are calculated under a series of determined risk proxies that adjust the most suitable offering and opening price of IPOs in both main and second tier markets. Quantitative results are obtained by regression analysis and t-test. It is verified that the degree of underpricing differs between main and second tier markets and this difference influences the risk proxies and the underwriters differently when evaluating the optimum price of IPOs. This study performs a comparison of eight risk proxies; market volatility, age of the firm, leverage book value, earnings per share, bank prestige, leverage and IPO activity between the OMX as representative of the main market and Aktietorget as representative of the second tier market. The comparison reveals how these risk proxies influence the underpricing of an IPO in different Swedish stock markets. A theoretical analysis, backed by 101 observations of several newly listed IPOs during the period from 2003 to 2013 indicates that IPOs in the secondary tier market are more underpriced than IPOs listed in the primary market. Regarding the influences from the variables, book value and market volatilities seem to have a strong influence on the degree of underpricing, in addition to the finding that there is no relation between the independent variables and underpricing of IPOs listed in the Aktietorget, it suggests that further research must be conducted in this area.

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Point, Wendell. „VIRGINIA TRANSPORTATION FUNDING: AN ANALYSIS OF ENHANCING THE SECONDARY HIGHWAY SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION ALLOCATION MODEL USING BRIAN D. TAYLOR’S GEOGRAPHICAL EQUITY CRITERIA“. VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2923.

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The focus of this research is Virginia’s Secondary Highway Construction System funding allocations and its impact on statewide deficient lane miles reduction. The research question guiding this study is: “Which of the four allocation models -- the current Secondary Highway System allocation model or one of three alternatives of this model based on Brian D. Taylor’s geographic equity categories (outcome, opportunity, and market) best maximizes statewide deficient lane miles reductions?” Taylor defines each of these geographic equity categories (independent variables for this study) for all levels of government. While Taylor’s research focus has been on equity as it relates to transit and congestion pricing, this study applied his construct to highways. As a result of scanning subjects related to transportation, the need for this study became apparent. Since the 1980’s, Virginia’s highway allocation formula has not changed (Virginia Department of Transportation, 2005). The Virginia General Assembly has sponsored follow-up studies through a series of resolutions over the years (Auditor of Pubic Accounts, 2004). To date, none of the legislatively sponsored research findings have prompted an update of Virginia’s highway allocation formula (Virginia Transportation Research Council, 2008). There is a significant academic and professional literature on federal transportation politics and specific transportation engineering issues. However, there is very limited research on the development of state level highway transportation funding methodologies. This study used the quantitative research approach, which is concerned with determining the relationship between one factor (an independent variable) and another (a dependent or outcome variable) in a population (Walker, 2005, Newman, 1998, and Geddes, 1990). Therefore, this study employed the quantitative research approach to study cause and effect (Mulhall, 2004, Loughborough, 1995, and Collier 1995) relationships of Virginia’s Secondary construction allocations to individual counties and statewide deficient lane miles reductions overall. The .20 portion of the formula for area was examined because this data rarely changes due to locality annexations. Conversely, the .80 portion of the formula was excluded from the analysis because of the demographic variability due to population shifts. As such, the Federal Highway Administration and states update population statistics from the decennial census with the apportionment of funds for formula based programs such as Virginia’s Secondary Highway Construction program (Federal Register, 2002). This researcher concluded that of the four geographic allocation models, the geographic opportunity equity maximized an additional 4.15 statewide deficient lane miles reductions over the baseline model. This study recommends using the geographic opportunity equity model when allocating Virginia’s Secondary Highway Construction funds to maximize the statewide deficient lane miles reductions above the baseline model, the geographic market equity model and the geographic outcome equity model.

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Osersová, Marta. „Globální hospodářská recese na trhu druhotných surovin a její možná řešení pohledem institucionální analýzy“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75419.

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At the end of 2008, the sector of secondary raw materials, as well as a major part of other sectors of economy, has been hit by a global economical recession. In comparison with usual incidences as sales, employment or payment problems, the recession had here, nevertheless, one specificity -- impact upon environment. The secondary raw materials are used to be employed by the manufacturers to the production of goods provided their price is lower than this of primary commodities. However, in the said period, consumer demand and production decreased, and in this consequence also prices of primary raw materials diminished heavily. Thereby the market of secondary raw materials practically stopped. But it was not possible to stop also their production, because recycling, process of secondary raw materials manufacture, is compulsory in the EU countries. Due to this situation, fears on the collapse of the whole system of waste separation occurred, but also different proposals for solutions of this problem appeared. Although the situation on the market for secondary raw materials in the latest months starts to be stabilized, this problem is always actual and that's why it became also theme of this dissertation. Thus, this diploma paper's objective is to make an attempt to characterize the current situation in the market for secondary raw materials with the exploitation of the institutional analysis and, subsequently, to examine its changes evoked by the introduction of the "anti-crisis" measures. The practical part of these theses is based on the application of the method developed by proprietress of the Nobel Prize for economy for 2009, Elinor Ostrom, and her colleagues at Indiana University, so-called IAD Framework -- Institutional Analysis and Development Framework. This selected research method is relatively unknown in our place and so a quite new and authentic view at this whole matter can be therefore expected.

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Špaček, Daniel. „Rozvoj obchodních aktivit společnosti ZETOR TRACTORS a. s“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442341.

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Following thesis deals with development of business activities of company ZETOR TRACTORS, a. s. on Australian market. First part of the thesis is focused on theory, basic terms, methods and tools used for planning of development of business activities. Current situation of the company and market environment is analyzed after that. Major goal of the thesis is proposal of recommended option for development of current business activities on Australian market.

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Marcinkowska, Anna. „Exploratory study of market entry strategies for digital payment platforms“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-147994.

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The digital payment industry has become one of the fastest evolving markets in the world, but in the wake of its rapid advancement, an ever increasing gap between academic theory and the actual reality of this market widens - and especially so when it comes to entry theory. It is widely acknowledged that the world is moving towards an ever more homogeneous economy, but despite the fact that payment preferences differ greatly from country to country - research on this subject continues to revolve mainly around localized efforts. But as historical inequalities between poor and rich societies continue to dissipate - learning from nations at the forefront of technological advancement increases the likelihood that the developed strategy becomes applicable to an increased number of countries. By selecting a nation most conducive to technological growth, the purpose of this report is to map the present dynamics in its digital payment industry using both recent and traditional market entry theory. However, studies geared towards globalized strategy formulation cannot be assumed as having guaranteed access to internal company-data at all times. So in order to facilitate such studies, the level of dependency on primary data required for conducting such research needs to be understood first, which is why the work in this report is constrained strictly to data of secondary nature. This, not only to further map the characteristics of this market, but also to see how open the market is to public inspection. Ultimately, the academic contribution becomes that of providing a road-map towards adapting currently available market entry theory to suit the rapidly evolving conditions of the digital payment industry from a global perspective and, when failing to do so, the aim is to also explore avenues for further research towards this end goal.

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Šťastný, Vojtěch. „Ocenění obchodního závodu společnosti Bankovní akademie - Gymnázium a Střední odborná škola, a.s“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-358800.

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The aim of the master thesis named Valuation of the company Bankovní akademie - Gymnázium a Střední odborná škola, a.s. is to estimate market value of the company as at the date of August 31, 2015. The common valuation methods are used in the process of determination of the value. At first, the company is being shortly introduced, which is followed by a strategic and a financial analysis in order to examine the companys financial soundness and assess the perspective of the companys future. The conclusions of the analysis are used for value drivers prognosis and financial plan elaboration, which is followed by valuation of the company. Taking into account the good prospects of the company I choose the DCF equity method to determine its value. The comparable transactions method is used as a supplemental valuation method.

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Bücher zum Thema "Secondary market analysis"

McDonald, Lynn. Retirement revisited: A secondary data analysis. Toronto, Ont: CARNET, Centre for Studies on Aging, University of Toronto, 1994.

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Murawski, Frank. U.S. secondary telecom markets and opportunities: 1989 analysis. Northpoint, NY: World Information Technologies, 1989.

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Raquel, Fernandez. Debt concentration and secondary market prices: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991.

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Zurbrugg, R. Y. The cost of second-hand debt: An analysis of developing countrysyndicated loan prices in the secondary debt market. Manchester: UMIST, 1994.

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Lomakina, Tat'yana, und Nina Vasil'chenko. Modern technology of teaching a foreign language: design and experience. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1111366.

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The monograph deals with the theoretical and practical issues of pedagogical design of the technology of teaching a foreign language in the system of secondary vocational education. Presents an analysis of key concepts "instructional design" and "technology of education" that is meaningful and reveals the basic principles of the system, activity-based and student-centered approaches to the design of learning technologies to address new opportunities and the status of the str system in the modern socio-economic conditions. The author has developed a method of selection of the content of learning English language, based on the modular structure of the course, taking into account international experience in building the content of language education for professional purposes, the requirements of the educational-methodical complex of teaching business English and core competencies stipulated by the Council of Europe, as well as the requirements of the labour market and the needs of employers standardisert, intensificarea language training specialist of middle management by reflection of the status and trends of professional activities in various fields. For use in the system of professional development of teachers of secondary vocational education, additional education and the system of corporate training.

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Buckley, Ross. Emerging Markets Debt:An Analysis of the Secondary Market (International Banking, Finance and Economic Law, 8). Springer, 1999.

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Massimb, Marcel Roland Nsongan. Competitive bidding in the secondary tax-exempt bond market: An empirical analysis. 1992.

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Polesel, John. Pre-Employment Skill Formation in Australia and Germany. Herausgegeben von John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew und Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.8.

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This chapter provides a critical analysis of the role that vocational education and training plays in preparing young people for the labour market in two contrasting systems – Australia and Germany. In Germany, this occurs mainly within the structure of the “dual system”. In Australia, it occurs within a system of comprehensive high schools, where vocational studies are located within the senior secondary certificates. In Australia, it also occurs to an extent in the adult sector VET institutions and in some specialist providers which focus on school-aged youth. The concepts of education logic and employment logic and the type of welfare state, whether neocorporatist or neoliberal, are used to analyse important differences between Australia and Germany. The chapter argues that the skills formation of young people requires both symbolic and financial support and an approach to upper secondary education which is not captive to the sorting and selection mechanisms of universities.

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INSTIT, PLASTICS. Secondary Reclamation of Plastics Waste: Research Report Phase 2 : Evaluation of Industrial Processes : Financial Analysis and Potential Markets. Technomic Pub Co, 1987.

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America, Plastics Institute of, Hrsg. Secondary reclamation of plastics waste: Research report-phase II : phase II, evaluation of industrial processes, financial analysis, and potential markets. Castle Point, Hoboken, N.J: Plastics Instititue of America, 1987.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Secondary market analysis"

Hasnawati, Sri. „The analysis of corporate bond liquidity in the Indonesia secondary market“. In The Future Opportunities and Challenges of Business in Digital Era 4.0, 214–17. Leiden, The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2020]: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367853778-56.

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López-Roldán, Pedro, Renata Semenza und Agustín Salvia. „Comparing Inequalities in the Labour Market from a Segmentation Perspective“. In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 65–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_3.

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AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to carry out a comparative analysis of labour markets in Europe and Latin America from the perspective of segmentation in order to explain the processes of social inequality that arise in the workplace, in light of recent trends in global socio-economic changes. The chapter proposes two main objectives. The first is to perform a comparative descriptive analysis of the main features of labour markets among 60 European and Latin American countries. The second objective is to propose a model of comparative analysis of labour inequality from the theoretical perspective of the segmentation of the labour market and structural heterogeneity. We will focus our analysis by selecting two countries, Spain and Argentina, which both underwent a late development of capitalism. The following general hypothesis is formulated: Spain and Argentina, having clearly differentiated features in economic structure, level of development, institutional frameworks and socio-historical processes, show common dynamics in the structuring of the capitalist labour market between a primary and secondary segment. Using equivalent databases on the workforce a typology of segmentation of employment is constructed that show, in addition to the specificities of each country, the similarities in the structuring of the labour market.

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Amaro, B., E. Mira, L. Dominguez und J. P. D’Amato. „A Usability Analysis of a Serious Game for Teaching Stock Market Concepts in Secondary Schools“. In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 839–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16184-2_80.

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Rehsmann, Julia. „Lists in Flux, Lives on Hold? Technologies of Waiting in Liver Transplant Medicine“. In Immobility and Medicine, 15–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4976-2_2.

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Abstract This chapter examines waiting in liver transplant medicine, a field characterized by immediacy, urgency and delay. By taking a close look at waiting lists, allocating algorithms and mobile phones, it engages with the technological and material features that generate, shape and mediate waiting and hope when livers fail. Based on ethnographic research in Germany, I analyse the powerful workings of ephemeral waiting lists and discuss how these lists in flux put the lives of those looking for an organ on hold. By doing so, I contribute to understandings of how immobilities are produced and their affective dimensions. I approach waiting lists for liver transplants as part of transplant medicine’s invisible digital infrastructure and contend that the mobile phone becomes a critical feature therein, significantly affecting those waiting for a transplant. Firstly, I discuss the wait list as bureaucratic technology, marker of eligibility and symbol for patients’ chances to receive live-saving treatment. I then show, secondly, how complex algorithms create these ephemeral lists. Thirdly, I turn in more detail to the experiences of a patient listed for a transplant. I demonstrate how, in this time of waiting-in-uncertainty, the mobile phone becomes an extension and tangible manifestation of this ephemeral list as well as a reminder of one’s dependency on medical care. I show how the mobile phone transforms from a mere communication tool to an ambivalent marker of people’s simultaneous mobility and immobility during their wait.

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Karatas, Hakki, Nildag Basak Ceylan und Ayhan Kapusuzoglu. „A Comparative Analysis of Drivers of Secondary Market Liquidity in Financial Markets for Investment Analysis“. In Handbook of Research on Global Issues in Financial Communication and Investment Decision Making, 340–66. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9265-5.ch016.

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The purpose of this chapter is to examine the drivers of secondary bond market and stock market liquidity for investment analysis after global financial crisis in Turkey. The literature in Turkey mainly focuses only on the volatility of return for driving liquidity in both bond and stock markets. However, it is argued that other types of volatilities including domestic and international volatilities have also a deteriorating impact on secondary market liquidity in Turkey. In this context, it is empirically tested whether the volatility and/or uncertainty that stem from the FED and ECB policies within the last 10 years had a negative impact on liquidity both in government bond and stock markets. Moreover, the impact of non-residents in bond and stock markets on secondary market liquidity is examined by including their holdings in stock and bond market.

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„Loan valuation and the secondary market for developing- country debt“. In Country Risk Analysis, 204–30. Routledge, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203203101-14.

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Sridhar, Varadharajan, Thomas Casey und Heikki Hämmäinen. „A Causal Model Analysis of Spectrum Management Policies“. In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication, 59–80. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4715-2.ch004.

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Demand for wireless data and Internet services are expected to grow exponentially, worldwide, in the near future. While regulators of advanced countries have often used centralized planning and coordination approach to forecast and allocate the associated spectrum blocks to wireless operators for meeting the demand, it is often ad-hoc in emerging markets dictated by market forces. In this chapter, the authors construct a casual model to represent the different variables that affect spectrum management practices. The authors discuss possible policy options including release of digital dividend spectrum, spectrum refarming, and secondary markets consisting of spectrum leasing, sharing, and trading. Using the causal model structure, the authors trace paths of evolution of spectrum policies, taking an example each for developed and emerging countries. The authors further hypothesize that emerging countries with their unique market structure, legacy of spectrum management, and ex-poste regulation are better suited to create active secondary markets compared to developed markets.

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Agu, Chukwuma, und Anthony Orji. „Market Fundamentals and Stock Pricing in Nigeria“. In Handbook of Research on Globalization, Investment, and Growth-Implications of Confidence and Governance, 91–108. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8274-0.ch005.

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This chapter investigates the relationship between stock pricing and behaviour of the stock market on one hand and micro and macroeconomic fundamentals in the Nigerian economy on the other from 1980-2009 using both primary and secondary data. Results from the primary survey indicate that the key drivers of share prices were neither broad macroeconomic indicators nor key indicators of the health of the firm. Prices were clearly shown to be much above levels that could have been determined by such indicators as posted profits of firms, amounts paid out as dividend and its regularity. Secondary data analysis equally show that the relationship between actual levels of the all share price index for the period of our analysis and during the financial crisis were not driven by “expected” variables. While its fundamental values are driven by monetary and relative price variables, actual values are driven by external sector variables and prices.

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Amer, Mona. „School-to-Work Transition in Jordan, 2010–2016“. In The Jordanian Labor Market, 225–58. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846079.003.0009.

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This chapter presents an analysis of the school-to-work transition in Jordan from 2010 to 2016 in a context of a demographic shock due to a massive influx of Syrian refugees. It examines the trend of youth unemployment and labor force participation, first labor market status and transitions over four years after school. The results show sharp increases in male and female unemployment rates and in unemployment duration. In parallel, youth male labor force participation declined and women with post-secondary education were less active. The school-to-work transition has deteriorated between 2010 and 2016 as young Jordanians were less active after leaving school and when they entered the labor market they took a longer time to work after school. Furthermore, the Jordanian labor market is very segmented as transitions between different types of employment (public, formal and informal private jobs) were scarce. Public employment was also less frequent after unemployment or inactivity.

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Leschke, Janine, und Mairéad Finn. „Labor market flexibility and income security“. In Youth Labor in Transition, 132–62. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864798.003.0005.

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In all European countries, young people are both more likely to be unemployed than adults and to account for comparatively higher shares of the workers in temporary employment. Moreover, they have more difficulty fulfilling eligibility criteria for unemployment benefits, including minimum contributory periods and means testing in secondary benefit schemes. Aggregate European Labour Force Survey data are used to estimate the access of young people to unemployment benefits as well as their participation in short-time working schemes. This analysis is complemented by an institutional analysis using databases such as LABREF and MISSOC to chart recent changes in unemployment benefit criteria directly or indirectly targeted at youth. Our results show that benefit coverage among youth has decreased further in a number of countries in the wake of the crisis, highlighting the weaknesses in protection for young people against economic shocks.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Secondary market analysis"

Rui, Jiang, Zhang Zhenwen und Li Leilei. „Analysis of Land Secondary Market in Kunming“. In Fifth International Conference on Public Management : International Collaboration for Innovated Public Governance (ICPM 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icpm-18.2018.46.

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Wibisono, Gunawan, Eko Hin Ari Pratama und Ihsan Ibrahim. „Secondary market analysis in Indonesia private television broadcasting institutions“. In 2017 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICELTICs). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceltics.2017.8253277.

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Pesch, Thiemo, und Peter Stenzel. „Analysis of the market conditions for storage in the German day-ahead and secondary control market“. In 2013 10th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2013.6607384.

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Jie, Bo, Takao Tsuji und Kenko Uchida. „Secondary Tertiary Balancing Power Generations Integration Feasibility Analysis Based on AGC30 Model with PV Penetration“. In 2019 16th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2019.8916523.

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Shan, Chu, und Zhongming Tang. „Analysis on the Impact of Electronic Secondary Market on the Perishable Goods Supply Chain“. In 2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2008.1446.

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Shan chu und Lu yao-bin. „Analysis on the quantity effect of electronic secondary market on the perishable goods supply chain“. In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2008.4738118.

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Zhong, Sheng Cheng. „Analysis on the Impact of Electronic Secondary Market on the Price with the Perishable Goods Supply Chain“. In 2011 3rd International Workshop on Intelligent Systems and Applications (ISA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isa.2011.5873467.

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Fiaschi, Daniele, Giampaolo Manfrida, Michela Massini und Giacomo Pellegrini. „Some Innovative Readily Applicable Proposals for Chemical Separation and Sequestration of CO2 Emissions From Power Plants“. In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58508.

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The goal of the present manuscript is the investigation of two novel systems for partial CO2 capture from the exhausts of fossil fuelled powerplants. These systems should be relatively cheap and easily applicable to existing powerplants with minor modification, in order to make them accessible by a large range of users and favour a significant diffusion of partial CO2 sequestration. Two basic processes were proposed: 1. Absorption with a liquid solution of water and NH3; 2. Absorber/desorber system with a liquid solution of water and phosphates. In the first one, the exhausts react into an absorber column with a liquid sorbent, which is a solution of water and ammonia. The process sequestrates the CO2 in carbammate and bicarbonate and the final product are salt of ammonia, i.e. ammonium carboamate (NH4HCO3) and ammonium bicarbonate (NH4NH2COO). The outgoing streams of this process are the exhaust gas with a reduced content of CO2 and a secondary product formed by salts of ammonium, which have an interesting market potential as fertilizers. The obtained CO2 reduction level was more than 40%, while the amount of secondary products is high enough to get it marketable. In the second process, the exhausts passing through an absorber column react with a liquid sorbent, which is a solution of water and sodium (or potassium) phosphate. The process sequestrates the CO2 in bicarbonate ions by means of the ions phosphate and the outlet stream is a solution of water and phosphate and carbonate ions. This stream is collected in a desorbing column, where the phosphate ions are almost completely regenerated. The CO2 reduction level is always higher than 20% and it can also reach very high values, depending on the parameters of process.

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Hluško, Daniel, und Anna Tomová. „International expansion of ground handling service providers at the airports“. In Práce a štúdie. University of Zilina, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/pas.z.2021.2.42.

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The goal of this paper was to measure and assess the international expansion of independent ground handling providers. Based on the results of individual measurements, we can state that each of the five most important independent providers of groundhandling services selected by us has already undergone a significant international expansion, and thus currently prefers the service of foreign airports to domestic ones. Globalization and the liberalization of the entire aviation sector have largely contributed to this fact, mainly due to the unlocking of market entry and the creation of more favorable conditions on foreign markets. Among the secondary objectives we have included an analysis of the state of the ground handling sector together with an analysis of the European liberalization Directive 96/67 / EC and its impact on the European groundhandling market. The main findings were that for example prices for the provision of ground handling services fell more sharply, while the quality of services increased and the number of providers at airports generally increased, which helped to increase the market share of third-party ground handling providers. The motive for the elaboration of the paper was the outdatedness of previous studies aimed at assessing the international expansion of ground handling service providers. Another motive was the elaboration of a proposal for a measurement method with regard to the performance of providers in foreign markets. The paper presents individual calculations with current input data and classification of providers in terms of the shape of global expansion, taking into account the current ongoing global pandemic Covid-19

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Reková, Eliška. „The “born globals” phenomenon in Czech Republic“. In Business and Management 2016. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.43.

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The aim of this article is to analyse the “born globals” phenomenon in Czech Republic from history until present and to critically evaluate available definitions and their comparison in worldwide context. The scientific aim of this paper focuses on finding out at which level is the general knowledge about the “born globals” topic amongst both younger generation of future entrepreneurs and already established SME companies in Czech Republic. This paper also aims to define foreign market entry barriers. This paper uses the analysis of both primary and secondary data, it focuses on questionnaire research and the results are then processed and evaluated by using descriptive statistics methods and relative frequency analysis. The result of this paper is to analyse the phenomenon of “born globals” in the Czech republic, evaluate the general knowledge about the “born globals” term, define foreign market entry barriers and propose solution on how to eliminate the barriers. This paper should help managers to understand current trends, identify foreign market entry barriers while starting “born globals” companies and support the processes of internationalization and innovation in business.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Secondary market analysis"

Deason, Wesley Ray. Nuclear-Renewable Energy Systems Secondary Product Market Analysis Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juni 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1364095.

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Fernandez, Raquel, und Sule Ozler. Debt Concentration and Secondary Markets Prices: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, März 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3654.

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Asante, Kofi Takyi. Political Economy of the Oil Palm Value Chain in Ghana. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), März 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.008.

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Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is of strategic importance to the Ghanaian economy. It is the second most important industrial crop after cocoa and is used widely in local food preparation as well as in industrial processing. In spite of its importance, however, oil palm has consistently underperformed since the early twentieth century. This paper conducts a value chain analysis of the crop, foregrounding the political economy factors that shape the performance of the sector. It draws on a combination of in-depth interviews conducted in March 2020 with a variety of value chain actors and a review of the secondary literature. Additionally, between late May and early June 2020, twelve further interviews were conducted as part of a rapid market survey to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the value chain.

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Baluk, Nadia, Natalia Basij, Larysa Buk und Olha Vovchanska. VR/AR-TECHNOLOGIES – NEW CONTENT OF THE NEW MEDIA. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Februar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11074.

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The article analyzes the peculiarities of the media content shaping and transformation in the convergent dimension of cross-media, taking into account the possibilities of augmented reality. With the help of the principles of objectivity, complexity and reliability in scientific research, a number of general scientific and special methods are used: method of analysis, synthesis, generalization, method of monitoring, observation, problem-thematic, typological and discursive methods. According to the form of information presentation, such types of media content as visual, audio, verbal and combined are defined and characterized. The most important in journalism is verbal content, it is the one that carries the main information load. The dynamic development of converged media leads to the dominance of image and video content; the likelihood of increasing the secondary content of the text increases. Given the market situation, the effective information product is a combined content that combines text with images, spreadsheets with video, animation with infographics, etc. Increasing number of new media are using applications and website platforms to interact with recipients. To proceed, the peculiarities of the new content of new media with the involvement of augmented reality are determined. Examples of successful interactive communication between recipients, the leading news agencies and commercial structures are provided. The conditions for effective use of VR / AR-technologies in the media content of new media, the involvement of viewers in changing stories with augmented reality are determined. The so-called immersive effect with the use of VR / AR-technologies involves complete immersion, immersion of the interested audience in the essence of the event being relayed. This interaction can be achieved through different types of VR video interactivity. One of the most important results of using VR content is the spatio-temporal and emotional immersion of viewers in the plot. The recipient turns from an external observer into an internal one; but his constant participation requires that the user preferences are taken into account. Factors such as satisfaction, positive reinforcement, empathy, and value influence the choice of VR / AR content by viewers.

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Oltarzhevskyi, Dmytro. HISTORICAL FEATURES OF CORPORATE MEDIA FORMATION IN UKRAINE AND IN THE WORLD. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Februar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11067.

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The article examines the world and Ukrainian history of corporate periodicals. The main purpose of this study is to reproduce an objective global picture of the emergence and formation of corporate periodicals, taking into account the business and socio-economic context. Accordingly, its tasks are to compare the conditions and features of corporate media genesis in different countries, to determine the main factors of their development, as well as to clarify the transformations of the terminological apparatus. The research is based on mostly foreign secondary scientific works published from 1915 to the present time. The literature was studied using methods such as overview, historical, functional and thematic analysis, description, and generalization. A systematic approach was used to determine the role and place of each element in the system, as well as to comprehensively consider the object in the general historical context and within the current scientific discourse. The method of systematization made it possible to establish internal and external connections, patterns and contradictions in the development of the object of study. The main historical milestones on this path are identified, examples of the first successful corporate publications and their contribution to business development, public relations, and corporate communications are considered. It was found that corporate media emerged in the mid-nineteenth century spontaneously, on the wave of practical business needs in response to industrialization, company increase, staff growth, and consumer market development. Their appearance preceded the formation of the public relations industry and changed the structure of the information space. The scientific significance of this research is that the historical look at the evolution of corporate media provides an understanding of their place, influence, capabilities, and growing communicative role in the digital age.

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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, Februar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.

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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor

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