Zeitschriftenartikel: „Seawave energy harvesting“

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Hsu, Wei-Shan, Anant Preet, Tung-Yi Lin und Tzu-En Lin. „Miniaturized Salinity Gradient Energy Harvesting Devices“. Molecules 26, Nr. 18 (08.09.2021): 5469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185469.

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Harvesting salinity gradient energy, also known as “osmotic energy” or “blue energy”, generated from the free energy mixing of seawater and fresh river water provides a renewable and sustainable alternative for circumventing the recent upsurge in global energy consumption. The osmotic pressure resulting from mixing water streams with different salinities can be converted into electrical energy driven by a potential difference or ionic gradients. Reversed-electrodialysis (RED) has become more prominent among the conventional membrane-based separation methodologies due to its higher energy efficiency and lesser susceptibility to membrane fouling than pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO). However, the ion-exchange membranes used for RED systems often encounter limitations while adapting to a real-world system due to their limited pore sizes and internal resistance. The worldwide demand for clean energy production has reinvigorated the interest in salinity gradient energy conversion. In addition to the large energy conversion devices, the miniaturized devices used for powering a portable or wearable micro-device have attracted much attention. This review provides insights into developing miniaturized salinity gradient energy harvesting devices and recent advances in the membranes designed for optimized osmotic power extraction. Furthermore, we present various applications utilizing the salinity gradient energy conversion.

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Parker, B. F., Z. Zhang, L. Rao und J. Arnold. „An overview and recent progress in the chemistry of uranium extraction from seawater“. Dalton Transactions 47, Nr. 3 (2018): 639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt04058j.

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There has been historical interest in harvesting uranium from seawater for nuclear energy over the past few decades, with the goal of lower extraction cost to become competitive with land-based uranium. This review provides a brief background on the extraction of uranium from seawater and on recent work from groups supported by the United States Department of Energy on this project.

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Zheng, Jingjing, Yuanyuan Zhao, He Xi und Changhai Li. „Seawater splitting for hydrogen evolution by robust electrocatalysts from secondary M (M = Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo) incorporated Pt“. RSC Advances 8, Nr. 17 (2018): 9423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra12112a.

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Herrero-Gonzalez, Marta, und Raquel Ibañez. „Chemical and Energy Recovery Alternatives in SWRO Desalination through Electro-Membrane Technologies“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 17 (31.08.2021): 8100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178100.

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Electro-membrane technologies are versatile processes that could contribute towards more sustainable seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination in both freshwater production and brine management, facilitating the recovery of materials and energy and driving the introduction of the circular economy paradigm in the desalination industry. Besides the potential possibilities, the implementation of electro-membrane technologies remains a challenge. The aim of this work is to present and evaluate different alternatives for harvesting renewable energy and the recovery of chemicals on an SWRO facility by means of electro-membrane technology. Acid and base self-supply by means of electrodialysis with bipolar membranes is considered, together with salinity gradient energy harvesting by means of reverse electrodialysis and pH gradient energy by means of reverse electrodialysis with bipolar membranes. The potential benefits of the proposed alternatives rely on environmental impact reduction is three-fold: (a) water bodies protection, as direct brine discharge is avoided, (b) improvements in the climate change indicator, as the recovery of renewable energy reduces the indirect emissions related to energy production, and (c) reduction of raw material consumption, as the main chemicals used in the facility are produced in-situ. Moreover, further development towards an increase in their technology readiness level (TRL) and cost reduction are the main challenges to face.

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Dudhgaonkar, Prasad, Nagasamy Duraisamy und Purnima Jalihal. „Energy extraction from ocean currents using straight bladed cross-flow hydrokinetic turbine“. International Journal of Ocean and Climate Systems 8, Nr. 1 (11.01.2017): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1759313116673081.

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Harvesting marine renewable energy remains to be a prime focus of researchers across the globe both in environmental and in commercial perspectives. India is blessed with a long coastline, and the seas around Indian peninsula offer ample potential to tap various ocean energy forms. National Institute of Ocean Technology carries out research and various ocean energy technologies, out of which harnessing kinetic energy in seawater currents is one. This article presents the open sea trials recently carried out on National Institute of Ocean Technology’s cross-flow hydrokinetic ocean current turbine in South Andaman. The turbine was designed to generate 100 W electricity at 1.2 m/s current speed and was built in-house. The turbine was initially tested in a seawater channel and then was deployed in Macpherson Strait in Andaman. It was fitted below a floating platform designed especially for this purpose, and the performance of the turbine was continuously logged inside an on-board data acquisition system. The trials were successful and in line with computations.

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Haji, Maha N., und Alexander H. Slocum. „An offshore solution to cobalt shortages via adsorption-based harvesting from seawater“. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 105 (Mai 2019): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.058.

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Kourtis, Ioannis M., Konstantinos G. Kotsifakis, Elissavet G. Feloni und Evangelos A. Baltas. „Sustainable Water Resources Management in Small Greek Islands under Changing Climate“. Water 11, Nr. 8 (15.08.2019): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081694.

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Five different water resource management scenarios are examined on eight dry islands of the Aegean Sea in Greece, pitting the current practice of water hauling via ship against alternative water supply schemes in delivering a sustainable solution for meeting water demand. The first scenario employs current water supply practices along with the operation of domestic rainwater harvesting systems. Desalinated water, provided through the operation of wind-powered desalination plants, is considered the main source of potable water in the rest of scenarios. Wind-powered desalination may be combined with rainwater harvesting as a supplementary source of water and/or seawater pumping and an additional source of energy that is supplied to the system. All different alternatives are evaluated for a 30-year lifespan, and an optimal solution is proposed for each island, based on a life cycle cost (LCC) analysis. The performance of this solution is then assessed under six climate change (CC) scenarios in terms of the rate of on-grid versus off-grid renewable energy that is required in order to achieve a certain reliability level. Overall, the examined scenarios show a decreasing performance in terms of reliability under CC for the eight islands.

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Mirmanto, I. Made Adi Sayoga, Agung Tri Wijayanta, Agus Pulung Sasmito und Muhammad Aziz. „Enhancement of Continuous-Feed Low-Cost Solar Distiller: Effects of Various Fin Designs“. Energies 14, Nr. 16 (09.08.2021): 4844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164844.

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This study aimed to enhance distilled water production by employing conventional single-slope solar distillers with continuous seawater input. Three solar absorbers—i.e., a flat absorber, an absorber with 10 fins, and an absorber with 15 fins—were designed and examined experimentally. The seawater entered the distillers continuously due to gravity. Moreover, the seawater level inside the distillers was kept constant by using a floating ball valve. The overall size of each distiller was fixed at 1136 mm × 936 mm × 574 mm. The performance of the distillers was analyzed and discussed. The average yields of the flat absorber, the absorber with 10 fins, and the absorber with 15 fins were 1.185 L/d, 1.264 L/d, and 1.404 L/d, respectively. The results of the absorber with 15 fins were about 18.5% higher than those of the flat absorber. The experimental results were compared with the established correlations. This new design with increased water yield provides an effective approach for harvesting sunlight in remote tropical regions for small-scale solar desalination.

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Wu, Di, Chenxi Zhao, Yue Xu, Xi Zhang, Lingling Yang, Yong Zhang, Zhida Gao und Yan-Yan Song. „Modulating Solar Energy Harvesting on TiO2 Nanochannel Membranes by Plasmonic Nanoparticle Assembly for Desalination of Contaminated Seawater“. ACS Applied Nano Materials 3, Nr. 11 (20.10.2020): 10895–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c02123.

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Tristán, Carolina, Marcos Fallanza, Raquel Ibáñez und Inmaculada Ortiz. „Reverse Electrodialysis: Potential Reduction in Energy and Emissions of Desalination“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 20 (19.10.2020): 7317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207317.

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Salinity gradient energy harvesting by reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a promising renewable source to decarbonize desalination. This work surveys the potential reduction in energy consumption and carbon emissions gained from RED integration in 20 medium-to-large-sized seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plants spread worldwide. Using the validated RED system’s model from our research group, we quantified the grid mix share of the SWRO plant’s total energy demand and total emissions RED would abate (i) in its current state of development and (ii) if captured all salinity gradient exergy (SGE). Results indicate that more saline and warmer SWRO brines enhance RED’s net power density, yet source availability may restrain specific energy supply. If all SGE were harnessed, RED could supply ~40% of total desalination plants’ energy demand almost in all locations, yet energy conversion irreversibility and untapped SGE decline it to ~10%. RED integration in the most emission-intensive SWRO plants could relieve up to 1.95 kg CO2-eq m−3. Findings reveal that RED energy recovery from SWRO concentrate effluents could bring desalination sector sizeable energy and emissions savings provided future advancements bring RED technology closer to its thermodynamic limit.

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Pembe-Ali, Zuleikha, Tulinave Burton Mwamila, Mesia Lufingo, Willis Gwenzi, Janeth Marwa, Mwemezi J. Rwiza, Innocent Lugodisha, Qinwen Qi und Chicgoua Noubactep. „Application of the Kilimanjaro Concept in Reversing Seawater Intrusion and Securing Water Supply in Zanzibar, Tanzania“. Water 13, Nr. 15 (30.07.2021): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152085.

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There is escalating salinity levels on small islands due to uncontrolled groundwater extraction. Conventionally, this challenge is addressed by adopting optimal groundwater pumping strategies. Currently, on Unguja Island (Zanzibar), urban freshwater is supplied by desalination, which is expensive and energy-intensive. Hence, desalinization cannot be afforded by rural communities. This study demonstrates that the innovative Kilimanjaro Concept (KC), based on rainwater harvesting (RWH) can remediate seawater intrusion in Unguja, while enabling a universal safe drinking water supply. The reasoning is rooted in the water balance of the whole island. It is shown that if rainwater is systematically harvested, quantitatively stored, and partly infiltrated, seawater intrusion will be reversed, and a universal safe drinking water supply will be secured. Water treatment with affordable technologies (e.g., filtration and adsorption) is suggested. The universality of KC and its suitability for small islands is demonstrated. Future research should focus on pilot testing of this concept on Unguja Island and other island nations.

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Sebök, Stefan, Werner B. Herppich und Dieter Hanelt. „Outdoor cultivation of Ulva lactuca in a recently developed ring-shaped photobioreactor: effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth and photosynthetic performance“. Botanica Marina 62, Nr. 2 (24.04.2019): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0016.

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Abstract Land-based cultivation of marine macroalgae may open up the possibility to produce high quality algal biomass as required in various application areas all year round. In this context, the potential of a recently developed ring-shaped cultivation system with algae moving in a circular way, simulating the movement pattern in a standard tank cultivation vessel was evaluated using the green alga Ulva lactuca. Plants were cultivated under outdoor conditions at ambient (37 μmol CO2 kg−1 seawater) and increased CO2 concentration (152 μmol CO2 kg−1 seawater). Biomass growth and photosynthetic performance of algae were analyzed over a test period of 7 d. Elevated CO2 concentration significantly stimulated algal growth and also helped to compensate the effects of environmental stress conditions. This was indicated by the predominant stability of photosynthetic competence and represented by maximum photosynthetic electron transport rates, efficiency of light-harvesting and photon fluence rates (PFR) saturating photosynthetic electron transport at low PFR. At high PFR, no difference in photosynthetic competence was detected between algae cultivated at the high CO2-concentration and those grown at ambient CO2. Under elevated CO2 concentrations, photochemical energy dissipation decreased more distinctly at low PFR. This may reflect a declining energy demand necessary to maintain photosynthetic capacity. Under elevated CO2, the apparent changes in the quantum yields of regulated and unregulated non-photochemical energy dissipation of PS II at high PFR possibly reflected the enhanced capacity of photoprotection under the prevailing environmental conditions.

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Zhao, Yuanyuan, Jin Wang, Xiang-Yu Kong, Weiwen Xin, Teng Zhou, Yongchao Qian, Linsen Yang, Jinhui Pang, Lei Jiang und Liping Wen. „Robust sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) nanochannels for high-performance osmotic energy conversion“. National Science Review 7, Nr. 8 (02.04.2020): 1349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa057.

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Abstract The membrane-based reverse electrodialysis (RED) technique has a fundamental role in harvesting clean and sustainable osmotic energy existing in the salinity gradient. However, the current designs of membranes cannot cope with the high output power density and robustness. Here, we construct a sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) nanochannel membrane with numerous nanochannels for a membrane-based osmotic power generator. The parallel nanochannels with high space charges show excellent cation-selectivity, which could further be improved by adjusting the length and charge density of nanochannels. Based on numerical simulation, the system with space charge shows better conductivity and selectivity than those of a surface-charged nanochannel. The output power density of our proposed membrane-based device reaches up to 5.8 W/m2 by mixing artificial seawater and river water. Additionally, the SPEEK membranes exhibit good mechanical properties, endowing the possibility of creating a high-endurance scale-up membrane-based generator system. We believe that this work provides useful insights into material design and fluid transport for the power generator in osmotic energy conversion.

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Jia, Pan, Xinyi Du, Ruiqi Chen, Jinming Zhou, Marco Agostini, Jinhua Sun und Linhong Xiao. „The Combination of 2D Layered Graphene Oxide and 3D Porous Cellulose Heterogeneous Membranes for Nanofluidic Osmotic Power Generation“. Molecules 26, Nr. 17 (02.09.2021): 5343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175343.

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Salinity gradient energy, as a type of blue energy, is a promising sustainable energy source. Its energy conversion efficiency is significantly determined by the selective membranes. Recently, nanofluidic membrane made by two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (e.g., graphene) with densely packed nanochannels has been considered as a high-efficient membrane in the osmotic power generation research field. Herein, the graphene oxide-cellulose acetate (GO–CA) heterogeneous membrane was assembled by combining a porous CA membrane and a layered GO membrane; the combination of 2D nanochannels and 3D porous structures make it show high surface-charge-governed property and excellent ion transport stability, resulting in an efficient osmotic power harvesting. A power density of about 0.13 W/m2 is achieved for the sea–river mimicking system and up to 0.55 W/m2 at a 500-fold salinity gradient. With different functions, the CA and GO membranes served as ion storage layer and ion selection layer, respectively. The GO–CA heterogeneous membrane open a promising avenue for fabrication of porous and layered platform for wide potential applications, such as sustainable power generation, water purification, and seawater desalination.

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Wang, Heyi, Quanyong Zhu, Zhenyu Ding, Zhilei Li, Haiwu Zheng, Jingjing Fu, Chunli Diao, Xinan Zhang, Jianjun Tian und Yunlong Zi. „A fully-packaged ship-shaped hybrid nanogenerator for blue energy harvesting toward seawater self-desalination and self-powered positioning“. Nano Energy 57 (März 2019): 616–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.12.078.

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Qi, Buxiong, Wenqiong Chen, Tiaoming Niu und Zhonglei Mei. „Ultra-Broadband Refractory All-Metal Metamaterial Selective Absorber for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion“. Nanomaterials 11, Nr. 8 (21.07.2021): 1872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081872.

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A full-spectrum near-unity solar absorber has attracted substantial attention in recent years, and exhibited broad application prospects in solar thermal energy conversion. In this paper, an all-metal titanium (Ti) pyramid structured metamaterial absorber (MMA) is proposed to achieve broadband absorption from the near-infrared to ultraviolet, exhibiting efficient solar-selective absorption. The simulation results show that the average absorption rate in the wavelength range of 200–2620 nm reached more than 98.68%, and the solar irradiation absorption efficiency in the entire solar spectrum reached 98.27%. The photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE) reached 95.88% in the entire solar spectrum at a temperature of 700 °C. In addition, the strong and broadband absorption of the MMA are due to the strong absorption of local surface plasmon polariton (LSPP), coupled results of multiple plasmons and the strong loss of the refractory titanium material itself. Additionally, the analysis of the results show that the MMA has wide-angle incidence and polarization insensitivity, and has a great processing accuracy tolerance. This broadband MMA paves the way for selective high-temperature photothermal conversion devices for solar energy harvesting and seawater desalination applications.

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Zou, Zhi, Longcheng Liu, Shuo Meng, Xiaolei Bian und Yongmei Li. „Applicability of Different Double-Layer Models for the Performance Assessment of the Capacitive Energy Extraction Based on Double Layer Expansion (CDLE) Technique“. Energies 14, Nr. 18 (15.09.2021): 5828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185828.

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Capacitive energy extraction based on double layer expansion (CDLE) is a renewable method of harvesting energy from the salinity difference between seawater and freshwater. It is based on the change in properties of the electric double layer (EDL) formed at the electrode surface when the concentration of the solution is changed. Many theoretical models have been developed to describe the structural and thermodynamic properties of the EDL at equilibrium, e.g., the Gouy–Chapman–Stern (GCS), Modified Poisson–Boltzmann–Stern (MPBS), modified Donnan (mD) and improved modified Donnan (i-mD) models. To evaluate the applicability of these models, especially the rationality and the physical interpretation of the parameters that were used in these models, a series of single-pass and full-cycle experiments were performed. The experimental results were compared with the numerical simulations of different EDL models. The analysis suggested that, with optimized parameters, all the EDL models we examined can well explain the equilibrium charge–voltage relation of the single-pass experiment. The GCS and MPBS models involve, however, the use of physically unreasonable parameter values. By comparison, the i-mD model is the most recommended one because of its accuracy in the results and the meaning of the parameters. Nonetheless, the i-mD model alone failed to simulate the energy production of the full-cycle CDLE experiments. Future research regarding the i-mD model is required to understand the process of the CDLE technique better.

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Zhu, Xuanbo, Junran Hao, Bin Bao, Yahong Zhou, Haibo Zhang, Jinhui Pang, Zhenhua Jiang und Lei Jiang. „Unique ion rectification in hypersaline environment: A high-performance and sustainable power generator system“. Science Advances 4, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2018): eaau1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau1665.

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The development of membrane science plays a fundamental role in harvesting osmotic power, which is considered a future clean and renewable energy source. However, the existing designs of the membrane cannot handle the low conversion efficiency and power density. Theory has predicted that the Janus membrane with ionic diode–type current would be the most efficient material. Therefore, rectified ionic transportation in a hypersaline environment (the salt concentration is at least 0.5 M in sea) is highly desired, but it still remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate a versatile strategy for creating a scale-up Janus three-dimensional (3D) porous membrane–based osmotic power generator system. Janus membranes with tunable surface charge density and porosity were obtained by compounding two kinds of ionomers. Under electric fields or chemical gradients, the Janus membrane has ionic current rectification properties and anion selectivities in a hypersaline environment. Experiments and theoretical calculation demonstrate that abundant surface charge and narrow pore size distribution benefit this unique ionic transport behavior in high salt solution. Thus, the output power density of this membrane-based generator reaches 2.66 W/m2 (mixing seawater and river water) and up to 5.10 W/m2 at a 500-fold salinity gradient (i.e., flowing salt lake into river water). Furthermore, a generator, built by connecting a series of membranes, could power a calculator for 120 hours without obvious current decline, proving the excellent physical and chemical stabilities. Therefore, we believe that this work advances the fundamental understanding of fluid transport and materials design as a paradigm for a high-performance energy conversion generator.

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Wei, J. D., G. Q. Zhou, X. Zhou, J. L. Chen, Y. Z. Tan und H. C. Hu. „DESIGN OF THREE-CHANNEL OPTICAL RECEIVING SYSTEM FOR DUAL-FREQUENCY LASER RADAR“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W10 (08.02.2020): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w10-815-2020.

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Abstract. There are many intertidal zones and island reefs in the coastal area, the traditional shipborne acoustic measurement method is extremely inefficient, so the coastal area three-dimensional integrated measurement has always been a difficult point in the field of remote sensing. Because the sea blue-green light window has good transparency and the laser point cloud data can quickly and accurately distinguish the characteristics of shallow sea water topography. At present, the most effective detection method for coastal areas in the world is the airborne dual-frequency laser radar detection technology, which has high measurement rate and wide coverage. The laser outputs both 1064nm and 532nm dual-wavelength laser, 1064nm laser forms sea surface echo, and 532nm laser penetrates sea water to form shallow sea and deep sea echo. However, during the propagation of seawater, the number of photon scattering increases with the increase of water depth, which will cause the attenuation of the echo signal. As a result, the detection of weak light in the large dynamic range is not high, which has been a difficult point for near-shore airborne sounding. To solve this problem, we designed a split-field, three-channel optical receiving system. The ZEMAX simulation results show that the dual-channel laser radar three-channel receiving optical system effectively reduces the optical crosstalk between the optical components and the channels, and achieves energy harvesting in different water depth channels. The structure dynamically compresses the photoelectric signal and improves the signal to noise ratio.

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Mehdizadeh, Soroush, Yuriko Kakihana, Takakazu Abo, Qingchun Yuan und Mitsuru Higa. „Power Generation Performance of a Pilot-Scale Reverse Electrodialysis Using Monovalent Selective Ion-Exchange Membranes“. Membranes 11, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010027.

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Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a promising process for harvesting energy from the salinity gradient between two solutions without environmental impacts. Seawater (SW) and river water (RW) are considered the main RED feed solutions because of their good availability. In Okinawa Island (Japan), SW desalination via the reverse osmosis (RO) can be integrated with the RED process due to the production of a large amount of RO brine (concentrated SW, containing ~1 mol/dm3 of NaCl), which is usually discharged directly into the sea. In this study, a pilot-scale RED stack, with 299 cell pairs and 179.4 m2 of effective membrane area, was installed in the SW desalination plant. For the first time, asymmetric monovalent selective membranes with monovalent selective layer just at the side of the membranes were used as the ion exchange membranes (IEMs) inside the RED stack. Natural and model RO brines, as well as SW, were used as the high-concentrate feed solutions. RW, which was in fact surface water in this study and close to the desalination plant, was utilized as the low-concentrate feed solution. The power generation performance investigated by the current-voltage (I–V) test showed the maximum gross power density of 0.96 and 1.46 W/m2 respectively, when the natural and model RO brine/RW were used. These are a 50–60% improvement of the maximum gross power of 0.62 and 0.97 W/m2 generated from the natural and model SW, respectively. The approximate 50% more power generated from the model feed solutions can be assigned to the suppression of concentration polarization of the RED stack due to the absence of multivalent ions.

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Strahl, J., D. S. Francis, J. Doyle, C. Humphrey und K. E. Fabricius. „Biochemical responses to ocean acidification contrast between tropical corals with high and low abundances at volcanic carbon dioxide seeps“. ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, Nr. 3 (02.11.2015): 897–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv194.

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AbstractAt two natural volcanic seeps in Papua New Guinea, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the seawater is consistent with projections for 2100. Here, the cover of massive scleractinian corals Porites spp. is twice as high at elevated compared with ambient pCO2, while that of branching corals such as Acropora millepora is greater than twofold reduced. To assess the underlying mechanisms for such community shifts under long-term exposure to elevated pCO2, biochemical parameters related to tissue biomass, energy storage, pigmentation, cell protection, and cell damage were compared between Porites spp. and A. millepora from control (mean pHtotal = 8.1, pCO2 = 323 µatm) and CO2 seep sites (mean pHtotal = 7.8, pCO2 = 803 µatm) each at two reefs. In Porites spp., only one of the biochemical parameters investigated (the ratio of photoprotective to light-harvesting pigments) responded to pCO2, while tissue biomass, total lipids, total proteins, and some pigments differed between the two reefs, possibly reflecting differences in food availability. Furthermore, some fatty acids showed pCO2 –reef interactions. In A. millepora, most pigments investigated were reduced at elevated pCO2, while other parameters (e.g. tissue biomass, total proteins, total lipids, protein carbonyls, some fatty acids and pigments) differed between reefs or showed pCO2–reef interactions. Tissue biomass, total lipids, and cell-protective capacities were distinctly higher in Porites spp. than in A. millepora, indicating higher resistance to environmental stress in massive Porites. However, our data suggest that important biochemical measures remain relatively unaffected in these two coral species in response to elevated pCO2 up to 800 µatm, with most responses being smaller than differences between species and locations, and also when compared with responses to other environmental stressors such as ocean warming.

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Sheetal Gadhiya, Anjali Shukla und Nainesh Modi. „THIRD GENERATION BIODIESEL: A POTENTIAL SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOURCE FROM MICROALGAE“. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 13.05.2020, 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36713/epra4435.

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Biofuel production from renewable sources is generally considered to be one of the most sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels, and a viable means of sustainability for the environment and the economy. Because of their rapid growth rate, CO2 fixation ability and high lipid production efficiency, microalgae are currently being promoted as an ideal third generation biofuel feedstock; they also do not compete with food or feed crops, and can be grown on non-arable soil. Biofuels can be generated in combination with flue gas CO2 mitigation, wastewater treatment and high value production. Seawater can be used to achieve microalgal farming employing microalgal organisms as the source. To be a realistic option, a biofuel must have few features such as net energy gain, eco-friendly, economically efficient and implementable in large volumes without affecting resources demand. In this study we present an overview of the use of microalgae for the production of biodiesel, including its cultivation, harvesting, and processing. Further it is suggested that biodiesel is an effective renewable substitute for petroleum diesel. KEYWORDS: Biodiesel, Biofuels, Carbon emission, Microalgae

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„Design of Galvanic Cell Battery for Underwater Applications using Seawater as Electrolyte“. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, Nr. 2S5 (29.08.2019): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b1007.0782s519.

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Seawater battery is one of the green electricity sources to fulfill energy need for electrical equipment, especially in the coastal area and fishing activity .A survey was conducted among fishermen in which it was found that small scale fishermen uses lead acid battery and fuel cell in order to charge the mobile phone and glow the fishing lights. But major drawback of lead acid battery and fuel cell is that the maintenance cost is higher which is difficult for them to afford. Seawater is one most available sources all over the world and it is of no cost, hence a seawater battery is designed.Thispaper aims to study galvanic cells using sea water as electrolyte for energy harvesting. The electrochemical performances of Galvanic cells were carried out by measuring electric potentials by understanding the nature of conductivity of electrodes. The effect of sea water pH on electric potential was analyzed using sea water from different parts of Bay of Bengal with varying depths. Various combinations of electrodes like Graphite, Zinc, Copper, Aluminium, Brass and Iron were tested. A maximum yield of 1.1 V was obtained using the combination of Graphite–Iron as Cathode–Anode for a single cell. Further, we developed a working prototype for 16 cell. It generates a voltage of 12 V and 20 mA. Since the output current obtained was not as desired so we added a current amplification circuit and obtained a maximum current of 300mA from 20mA

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Sukarni, Sukarni, Sumarli Sumarli, Imam Muda Nauri, Purnami Purnami, Akhmad Al Mufid und Uun Yanuhar. „Exploring the prospect of marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana as sustainable solid biofuel feedstock“. Journal of Applied Research and Technology 16, Nr. 1 (20.06.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.16656423.0.16.1.703.

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Among the renewable biomass fuel alternatives, microalgae are the most important future choices owing to its fast growth rate and great capability for CO2 fixation. There are various species in the world, in which each species has its characteristics. This work presents a prospect of marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana for renewable fuel feedstock regarding its biomass abundance, physicochemical properties, and thermal characteristic. The seawater medium in the Erlenmeyer flask was used for the algal culturing. The biomass abundance, in term of specific growth rate and doubling time, was assessed by calculating the culture medium cells number with a hemocytometer and optical microscope. Harvesting was done by precipitating biomass with caustic soda, subsequently filtering, and washing it with distilled water. The biomass sediment had been sun-dried for three days, and then dried biomass was crushed by using the mortar to be a powder. The proximate analysis was arranged by conducting an experiment in according to the test method of ASTM D 3173-11, ASTM D 3175-11, ASTM D 3172-13 and ASTM D 3174-12 for specifying the content of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash of the sample, respectively. The heating value was estimated by using adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The chemical composition of biomass was determined by Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. The biomass cellular macromolecular compounds were also evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and compared with its residue. Through eight days observation, it was noticeable that Isochrysis galbana has a specific growth rate of 0.18 d-1 and a doubling time of 3.85 d. The respective moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content were 12.98, 40.10, 7.47, and 39.45 (%, air-dried basis). The energy content algal biomass was 16.22 MJ kg-1. This current investigation encourages that Isochrysis galbana can be viable as one of a future sustainable solid biofuel feedstock.

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25

Sukarni, Sukarni, Sumarli Sumarli, Imam Muda Nauri, Purnami Purnami, Akhmad Al Mufid und Uun Yanuhar. „Exploring the prospect of marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana as sustainable solid biofuel feedstock“. Journal of Applied Research and Technology 16, Nr. 1 (20.06.2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.16656423.2018.16.1.703.

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Among the renewable biomass fuel alternatives, microalgae are the most important future choices owing to its fast growth rate and great capability for CO2 fixation. There are various species in the world, in which each species has its characteristics. This work presents a prospect of marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana for renewable fuel feedstock regarding its biomass abundance, physicochemical properties, and thermal characteristic. The seawater medium in the Erlenmeyer flask was used for the algal culturing. The biomass abundance, in term of specific growth rate and doubling time, was assessed by calculating the culture medium cells number with a hemocytometer and optical microscope. Harvesting was done by precipitating biomass with caustic soda, subsequently filtering, and washing it with distilled water. The biomass sediment had been sun-dried for three days, and then dried biomass was crushed by using the mortar to be a powder. The proximate analysis was arranged by conducting an experiment in according to the test method of ASTM D 3173-11, ASTM D 3175-11, ASTM D 3172-13 and ASTM D 3174-12 for specifying the content of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash of the sample, respectively. The heating value was estimated by using adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The chemical composition of biomass was determined by Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. The biomass cellular macromolecular compounds were also evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and compared with its residue. Through eight days observation, it was noticeable that Isochrysis galbana has a specific growth rate of 0.18 d-1 and a doubling time of 3.85 d. The respective moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content were 12.98, 40.10, 7.47, and 39.45 (%, air-dried basis). The energy content algal biomass was 16.22 MJ kg-1. This current investigation encourages that Isochrysis galbana can be viable as one of a future sustainable solid biofuel feedstock.

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