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Batuwael, Anggi Wawan, and Dominggus Rumahlatu. "ASOSIASI GASTROPODA DENGAN TUMBUHAN LAMUN DI PERAIRAN PANTAI NEGERI TIOUW KECAMATAN SAPARUA KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH." Biopendix: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan 4, no. 2 (2019): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/biopendixvol4issue2page109-116.
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Background: Seagrasses are flowering plants (Angiosperms) that are able to adapt fully in waters with high salinity or live immersed in water. Seagrass has true rhizomes, leaves and roots like plants on land. Seagrasses usually form fields called seagrass beds, especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The existence of seagrasses is known to support fishing activities, shellfish communities and other invertebrate biota.
 Method: This study is a descriptive study to reveal information about environmental characteristics, and associations of seagrasses with gastropods.
 Results: The study found a class of gastropods, 10 species namely Strombus variabilis, Strombus microurceus, Nassariusl uridus, Nassarius dorsatus, Strombus urceus, Cypraea annulus, Strombus labiatus, Strombus marginatus, Neritas quamulata, Cypraeratigris. Of the seagrass plants found 4 species, namely Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, Cymodocea rotundata. Association values ranged from 4.159-8.85 with positive and negative types. This means that both types of seagrass are often found together or not found together in each observation box.
 Conclusion: There is a weak association between seagrass and gastropods in the coastal waters of Tiouw State. The association of gastropod types with seagrass species is found in 10 types of gastropods and 4 types of seagrasses in the waters of the Tiouw State coast
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Ramesh, Chatragadda, and Raju Mohanraju. "Seagrass Ecosystems of Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Status and Future Perspective." Environmental and Earth Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 4 (2020): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/eesrj.070407.
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Seagrasses are unique marine flowering plants that play an important ecological role by yielding primary production and carbon sequestration to the marine environment. Seagrass ecosystems are rich in organic matter, supporting the growth of bio-medically important epi and endophytic microorganisms and harbor rich marine biodiversity. They are an essential food source for endangered Andaman state animal Dugongs. Seagrasses are very sensitive to water quality changes, and therefore they serve as ecological bio-indicators for environmental changes. The benthic components in and around the seagrass beds support a significant food chain for other Micro and organisms apart from fishery resources. The epiphytic bacterial communities of the leaf blades support the sustenance against the diseases. Recent reports have shown that the loss of seagrass beds in tropical and temperate regions emphasizes the depletion of these resources, and proper management of seagrass is urgent. The decline of seagrass will impact primary production, biodiversity, and adjacent ecosystems, such as reefs. Therefore, restoring the seagrass meadows could be possible with effective implementing management programs, including seagrass meadows in marine protected areas, restoration projects, seagrass transplantation, implementation of legislative rules, monitoring coastal water quality and human activities in the coastal zone. Lacunas on the seagrass ecosystem management in Andaman & Nicobar Islands are addressed.
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S, Velmani, Santhosh C, Nithya P, et al. "Phytochemical and biochemical analyses of Syringodium isoetifolium (Asch.) Dandy." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 7, no. 6 (2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2022.v07.i06.sp001.
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Seagrasses are the flowering plant found in marine ecosystem. It has many bioactive compounds with various applications including pharmaceutical and nutraceutical. The present study has been aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition and antioxidant potentials of the Seagrass Syringodium isoetifolium. The Seagrass exhibits significant amounts of biochemical and phytochemical compositions. In in-vitro antioxidant, DPPH, ABTS and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay showed that S. isoetifolium was an excellent scavenger for free radicals. The results suggest that the Seagrass S. isoetifolium may be used as a very good renewable marine resource for potential biomedical applications in future
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Bongolan, V. P., G. M. Torres, and J. E. Branzuela. "MODELLING, SIMULATION AND VISUALIZATION OF A MULTISPECIFIC PHILIPPINE SEAGRASS MEADOW." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W19 (December 23, 2019): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w19-77-2019.
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Abstract. Seagrass meadows are constantly under threat from natural and man-made stresses due to its shallow existence in the coastal environment. Restoration and preservation of seagrasses by means of rehabilitation or transplanting strategies is possible, but the studies have been limited. An agent-based model of a mixed Philippine seagrass meadow is presented. Three species were used for testing: Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, and Cymodocea rotundata. The model features parameter-based clonal growth of seagrass species, recruitment of new seagrass apices through basic flowering/seeding, and a crowding logic for multiple coexisting species in a single meadow. Seagrass clonal growth is modeled using a modified Diffusion-Limited Aggregation (DLA) model. Each species has a preconfigured set of parameters for clonal growth including rhizome elongation, branching rate, vertical elongation rate, rhizome branching angle and shoot age. Seed recruitment is applied through occasional flowering/seeding events configurable per species. We developed a simple three-species competition model which controls the growth and direct competition effects based on a configurable population size and comparison radius. Upon further calibration and validation, the model would enable more accurate long-term predictions for different rehabilitation and transplanting strategies of mixed seagrass meadows. Further improvements can also be implemented, particularly taking into account the environmental variables within the meadows such as light attenuation and salinity, among other factors.
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Patankar, Vardhan, Tanmay Wagh, and Zoya Tyabji. "Observations on the female flowers and fruiting of Tape Grass Enhalus acoroides from South Andaman Islands, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 5 (2019): 13617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4253.11.5.13617-13621.
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Documenting phenologic events is crucial in obtaining deeper insights into the life cycle of seagrasses. We documented and compared the flowering and fruiting of the seagrass Enhalus acoroides from multispecies seagrass meadows at two sites, Henry Lawrence and Tarmugli islands located inside the marine national parks in South Andaman Islands. At these two locations, the average density of shoots ranged between 30.9/m2 and 18.16/m2, fruits between 5/m2 and 2.33/m2, and flowers between 6.7/m2 and 3.83/m2, whereas the mean length of the peduncles ranged from 40.59cm at Henry Lawrence to 32.44cm at Tarmugli Island. We observed significant differences between the densities of shoots and fruits and peduncle lengths in the two sites. The density of flowers, however, did not vary significantly. These observations of fruiting and flowering in E. acoroides establish an important reproductive stage in the life cycle of the species and open avenues for further seagrass research in the Andaman Islands. We describe the findings and emphasize on the need to establish a long-term phenology monitoring program for E. acoroides in the Andaman Archipelago.
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Short, Frederick T., and Sandy Wyllie-Echeverria. "Natural and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 1 (1996): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038212.
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SummaryMany natural and human-induced events create disturbances in seagrasses throughout the world, but quantifying losses of habitat is only beginning. Over the last decade, 90000 ha of seagrass loss have been documented although the actual area lost is certainly greater. Seagrasses, an assemblage of marine flowering plant species, are valuable structural and functional components of coastal ecosystems and are currently experiencing worldwide decline. This group of plants is known to support a complex trophic food web and a detritus-based food chain, as well as to provide sediment and nutrient filtration, sediment stabilization, and breeding and nursery areas for finfish and shellfish.We define disturbance, natural or human-induced, as any event that measurably alters resources available to seagrasses so that a plant response is induced that results in degradation or loss. Applying this definition, we find a common thread in many seemingly unrelated seagrass investigations. We review reports of seagrass loss from both published and ‘grey’ literature and evaluate the types of disturbances that have caused seagrass decline and disappearance. Almost certainly more seagrass has been lost globally than has been documented or even observed, but the lack of comprehensive monitoring and seagrass. mapping makes an assessment of true loss of this resource impossible to determine.Natural disturbances that are most commonly responsible for seagrass loss include hurricanes, earthquakes, disease, and grazing by herbivores. Human activities most affecting seagrasses are those which alter water quality or clarity: nutrient and sediment loading from runoff and sewage disposal, dredging and filling, pollution, upland development, and certain fishing practices. Seagrasses depend on an adequate degree of water clarity to sustain productivity in their submerged environment. Although natural events have been responsible for both large-scale and local losses of seagrass habitat, our evaluation suggests that human population expansion is now the most serious cause of seagrass habitat loss, and specifically that increasing anthropogenic inputs to the coastal oceans are primarily responsible for the world-wide decline in seagrasses.
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Fakiris, Elias, Vasileios Giannakopoulos, Georgios Leftheriotis, Athanassios Dimas, and George Papatheodorou. "Predictive Mapping of Mediterranean Seagrasses-Exploring the Influence of Seafloor Light and Wave Energy on Their Fine-Scale Spatial Variability." Remote Sensing 15, no. 11 (2023): 2943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15112943.
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Seagrasses are flowering plants, adapted to marine environments, that are highly diverse in the Mediterranean Sea and provide a variety of ecosystem services. It is commonly recognized that light availability sets the lower limit of seagrass bathymetric distribution, while the upper limit depends on the level of bottom disturbance by currents and waves. In this work, detailed distribution of seagrass, obtained through geoacoustic habitat mapping and optical ground truthing, is correlated to wave energy and light on the seafloor of the Marine Protected Area of Laganas Bay, Zakynthos Island, Greece, where the seagrasses Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa form extensive meadows. Mean wave energy on the seafloor was estimated through wave propagation modeling, while the photosynthetically active radiation through open-access satellite-derived light parameters, reduced to the seafloor using the detailed acquired bathymetry. A significant correlation of seagrass distribution with wave energy and light was made clear, allowing for performing fine-scale predictive seagrass mapping using a random forest classifier. The predicted distributions exhibited >80% overall accuracy for P. oceanica and >90% for C. nodosa, indicating that fine-scale seagrass predictive mapping in the Mediterranean can be performed robustly through bottom wave energy and light, especially when detailed bathymetric data exist to allow for accurate estimations.
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Laia, Dominikus Yoeli Wilson, Ganang Wibisono, Eddy Handoko, et al. "Seagrass Meadow Distribution Mapping in the Coastal Lagoon of Buan Island, Anambas." Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 26, no. 3 (2023): 554–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v26i3.20450.
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Seagrasses are vital monocotyledonous marine flowering plants that serve as essential food sources for megaherbivores, contribute significantly to organic carbon production, and offer a multitude of crucial ecosystem services. Preserving seagrass habitats is of utmost importance, but the lack of comprehensive spatial data poses challenges to conservation efforts. The Anambas Islands, consisting of 255 small islands in the Natuna Sea, the southern part of the South China Sea, exemplify the scarcity of seagrass data, with the current distribution map only covering the Central and East Siantan region. In this study, our aim was to map the Buan coastal lagoon, where previous visual interpretation of Google Earth imagery suggested the presence of seagrasses. To achieve this, we carried out a drone survey and collected field data to classify and map the substrate types in the study area. The field survey documented four species in the location: T. hemprichii, E. acoroides, H. ovalis and S. isoetifolium, thereby expanding the known seagrass species in Anambas to nine. By employing a pixel-based classification of orthophotos, we achieved a promising overall accuracy of 69.5%. Our findings demonstrated that imageries from the Google Earth platform are viable alternatives for identifying seagrass meadows and can be utilized to support seagrass mapping efforts. This discovery offers valuable support for future seagrass mapping initiatives, especially at a local scale. Ultimately, our study contributes to the broader understanding of seagrass distribution in the Anambas Islands, and emphasizes the importance of further exploration to support conservation efforts in the seagrass ecosystem.
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Inglis, Graeme J., and Marcus P. Lincoln Smith. "Synchronous flowering of estuarine seagrass meadows." Aquatic Botany 60, no. 1 (1998): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3770(97)00068-5.
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Guerrero-Meseguer, Laura, Puri Veiga, Leandro Sampaio, and Marcos Rubal. "Sediment Characteristics Determine the Flowering Effort of Zostera noltei Meadows Inhabiting a Human-Dominated Lagoon." Plants 10, no. 7 (2021): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071387.
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Recent studies have shown increasing Zostera noltei meadows in areas modified by anthropogenic activities. However, it is not entirely clear whether this trend of expansion could be linked to a greater reproductive effort in the species. Anthropogenic stressors can induce the reproductive effort of seagrass meadows as a response to stress, but other variables, such as seagrass biometrics or environmental factors, can also influence their sexual reproduction. To increase the knowledge regarding this issue, we monitored the flowering effort, seagrass biometrics and abiotic parameters of three Z. noltei meadows in an area that has been highly modified by anthropogenic activities during the past decades. Results showed that silt and clay content in the sediment (strongly correlated with organic matter) and seagrass vertical shoot density explained 54% of the variability in the flowering effort of the meadows. This study suggests that stress-induced flowering of Z. noltei may occur under determinate environmental conditions, such as silty environments with organic enrichment.
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Irwan, Anisa, Calvyn F. A. Sondak, Sandra O. Tilaar, Esther D. A. Angkouw, Agung B. Windarto, and Billy Th Wagey. "STUKTUR KOMUNITAS PADANG LAMUN DI SEKITAR DESA TOSEHO KECAMATAN OBA KOTA TIDORE KEPULAUAN." JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 11, no. 3 (2024): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.11.3.2023.53666.
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Seagrasses are flowering plants that are fully adapted to being immersed in seawater. Seagrass plants consist of rhizomes, leaves and roots. This study aims to identify the types of seagrasses and determine the structure of seagrass community. This research was conducted in July 2023 around Toseho Village, Oba Subdistrict, Tidore City Kepulaun with coordinate points on transect 1 which is 0°21'20.72 "U, 127°38'58.46 "T. on transect 2 0°21'21.78 "U, 127°38'57.32 "T and on transect 3 which is 0°21'22.86 "U, 127°38'56.14 "T. The method used in this research is quadrant line transect method. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there are 6 types of seagras in Toseho Village, namely Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila ovalis, Halodule univervis and Sryngodium isoetifolium. From the results of data analysis, it was found that Thalassia hemprichii was the most dominating seagrass species in each of the 3 quadrant transects. Seagrass species diversity in Toseho Village has a medium level of species diversity (1 ≤H'≤3 Medium species diversity).Keywords: Seagrass, Community Structure, Toseho Village
 ABSTRAKLamun merupakan tumbuhan berbunga yang sepenuhnya menyesuaikan diri untuk terbenam dalam air laut. Tumbuhan lamun terdiri dari rhizome, daun dan akar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasih jenis-jenis lamun dan mengetahui struktur komunitas padang lamun. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Juli 2023 di sekitar Desa Toseho Kecamatan Oba Kota Tidore Kepulaun dengan titik kordinat pada transek 1 yaitu 0°21’20.72”U, 127°38’58.46”T. pada transek 2 0°21’21.78”U, 127°38’57.32”T dan pada transek 3 yaitu 0°21’22.86”U, 127°38’56.14”T. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode line transek kuadran. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ditemukannya 6 jenis lamun di Desa Toseho yaitu Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea rotundata, Halophila ovalis, Halodule univervis dan Sryngodium isoetifolium. Dari hasil analisi data didapatkan bahwa Thalassia hemprichii merupakan jenis lamun yang paling mendominasi di setiap 3 transek kuadran. Kenekaraman jenis lamun di Desa Toseho memiliki tingkat keanekaragaman jenis sedang (1 ≤H′ ≤ 3 Keanekaragaman spesies sedang).Kata Kunci: Seagrass, Community Structure, Toseho Village
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Hasyim, Muhammad Asmuni, Bahrul Ulum, and Berry Fakhry Hanifa. "Seagrass Vegetation Analysis in Jhembengan and Pasir Putih Beach, Bawean Island, East Java." Jurnal Biota 7, no. 2 (2021): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/biota.v7i2.7736.
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Seagrass is a flowering plant that lives in coastal areas In Indonesia there are 12 species, where seagrasses are able to live at a depth of 1-90 meters, seagrass growth is influenced by several factors including the intensity of sunlight. The purpose of this study was to observe the cover, distribution, Importance Value Index (IVI) and correlation of abiotic factors with seagrass in Jhembangan Beach and White Sand on Bawean Island, East Java. The quadratic transect with 50 m length was used. Each station equipped with 3 transects with a distance of 25 m. The data collected includes the parameter of type, stand, and water quality. The data analyze use Past Program 3.15 systems. Three species of seagrass plant were collected. The total seagrass cover value was 32.6 percent at Jhembangan Beach, and 38 percent at Pasir Putih Beach. Clumped and uniform types were included in the distribution of seagrass at Jhembangan and Pasir Putih beach. The highest of important value index In Jhembangan and Pasir Putih was Thallasia hemprichii, while the association to abiotic factor such temperature, pH, salinity and DO variables are included in the good or perfect correlation with values range from 0.7 to 0.9.
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Mohr, Wiebke, Nadine Lehnen, Soeren Ahmerkamp, et al. "Terrestrial-type nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between seagrass and a marine bacterium." Nature 600, no. 7887 (2021): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04063-4.
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AbstractSymbiotic N2-fixing microorganisms have a crucial role in the assimilation of nitrogen by eukaryotes in nitrogen-limited environments1–3. Particularly among land plants, N2-fixing symbionts occur in a variety of distantly related plant lineages and often involve an intimate association between host and symbiont2,4. Descriptions of such intimate symbioses are lacking for seagrasses, which evolved around 100 million years ago from terrestrial flowering plants that migrated back to the sea5. Here we describe an N2-fixing symbiont, ‘Candidatus Celerinatantimonas neptuna’, that lives inside seagrass root tissue, where it provides ammonia and amino acids to its host in exchange for sugars. As such, this symbiosis is reminiscent of terrestrial N2-fixing plant symbioses. The symbiosis between Ca. C. neptuna and its host Posidonia oceanica enables highly productive seagrass meadows to thrive in the nitrogen-limited Mediterranean Sea. Relatives of Ca. C. neptuna occur worldwide in coastal ecosystems, in which they may form similar symbioses with other seagrasses and saltmarsh plants. Just like N2-fixing microorganisms might have aided the colonization of nitrogen-poor soils by early land plants6, the ancestors of Ca. C. neptuna and its relatives probably enabled flowering plants to invade nitrogen-poor marine habitats, where they formed extremely efficient blue carbon ecosystems7.
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Beca-Carretero, Pedro, Clara Marín, Tomás Azcárate-García, Claudia L. Cara, Fernando Brun, and Dagmar B. Stengel. "Ecotype-Specific and Correlated Seasonal Responses of Biomass Production, Non-Structural Carbohydrates, and Fatty Acids in Zostera marina." Plants 13, no. 3 (2024): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13030396.
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Seagrasses, which are marine flowering plants, provide numerous ecological services and goods. Zostera marina is the most widely distributed seagrass in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions. This study aimed to (i) examine seasonal trends and correlations between key seagrass traits such as biomass production and biochemical composition, and (ii) compare seasonal adaptation of two ecotypes of Z. marina exposed to similar environmental conditions on the west coast of Ireland. During summer, plants accumulated higher levels of energetic compounds and levels of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) decreased. Conversely, the opposite trend was observed during colder months. These findings indicate a positive seasonal correlation between the production of non-structural carbohydrates and saturated fatty acids (SFAs), suggesting that seagrasses accumulate and utilize both energetic compounds simultaneously during favorable and unfavorable environmental conditions. The two ecotypes displayed differential seasonal responses by adjusting plant morphology and production, the utilization of energetic reserves, and modulating unsaturation levels of fatty acids in seagrass leaves. These results underscore the correlated seasonal responses of key compounds, capturing ecotype-specific environmental adaptations and ecological strategies, emphasizing the robust utility of these traits as a valuable eco-physiological tool.
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Ramesh, D. Asir, Dhivya Narayanan, N. Karthi, Amali Infantina, and Priya Parasuram. "Assessment of Seagrass Ecosystems’ Goods and Services of India." Asian Journal of Geographical Research 7, no. 1 (2024): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajgr/2024/v7i1223.
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Nearly every shallow coastal region on Earth is home to seagrass, a type of marine flowering plant. They grow down to depths where just 11% of surface light reaches the bottom after colonizing soft substrates like mud, sand, and cobbles. Seagrasses often choose wave-sheltered environments where sediments are shielded from waves and currents. The seagrass environment serves as a home to large animals like dugongs and marine mammals like ducks and geese. The seagrass serves as a feeding and refuge area for the related creatures for the entirety or a portion of their life cycles. Raw materials and food, medicine, fertilizer, coastal protection, erosion control, water purification, fisheries maintenance, nursery grounds, invertebrate habitats, carbon sequestration, tourism, recreation, support for education, and research are just a few of the goods and services provided by seagrass to the coastal community. The value of a seagrass ecosystem's products and services to human well-being can be measured, and this can be used to support the need for seagrass ecosystem preservation, transfer, and regeneration. Many valuation studies are conducted to estimate the various goods and services produced by the seagrass ecosystem. The total area of seagrass distribution in the coastal States and UTs of India is 51822 ha, distributed in 4162 seagrass patches. Using meta-analysis and an average of Benefit Transfer (BT) method, the Total Economic Value (TEV) of seagrass has been estimated as Rs. 2594342/ha/yr. ($ 55,637/ha/yr.) with a maximum of Rs. 5948650 ha/yr. ($1,27,571/ha/yr.) and a minimum of 791448/ha/yr. ($ 16,973/ha/yr.). Subsequently, the total equivalent economic benefit from seagrass beds in India has been quantified at Rs.13444 crore/yr. ($ 2,88,31,22,453/yr.).
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Gole, Swapnali, Sivakumar Kuppusamy, Himansu Das, and Jeyaraj Antony Johnson. "Flowering and fruiting of Tape Seagrass Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle from the Andaman Islands: observations from inflorescence buds to dehiscent fruits." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 1 (2023): 22494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8163.15.1.22494-22500.
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Seagrass phenophases are crucial in understanding their reproductive biology but are seldom documented. We studied flowering and fruiting phenophases of Enhalus acoroides from a mixed-species intertidal seagrass meadow in Ritchie’s archipelago, Andaman Islands, India. The estimated mean densities of pistillate and staminate flowers were 16.0 ± 12.0/ m2 and 12.7 ± 7.3/ m2, respectively. We observed the bloom of free-floating male flowers (961.7 ± 360.4/ m2) during the spring low tides (at mean sea surface temperature ~30°C). Seagrass cover, shoot density, and canopy height of E. acoroides, along with flowering densities, showed a zonal variation within the sampled meadow. We report the first-time observations of several phenophases of E. acoroides, such as female inflorescence buds, male inflorescence, a bloom of released male flowers, pollination, and fertilized flowers from the Indian waters. We also report the prevailing threats to seagrass meadows, such as meadow scarring done by boat anchorage in the Andaman Islands.
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Coles, Rob, Fred Short, Miguel Fortes, and John Kuo. "Twenty years of seagrass networking and advancing seagrass science: The International Seagrass Biology Workshop Series." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 1 (2014): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140008.
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SEAGRASSES are a group of some 72 species of marine flowering plants found in the world’s shallow coastal oceans (Green and Short 2003, Short et al. 2011). There is now scientific consensus that they create an important marine habitat not only by themselves, but also as a component of more complex ecosystems within marine coastal zones. Seagrasses contribute to the health of coral reefs and mangroves, salt marshes and oyster reefs (Dorenbosch et al. 2004; Duke et al. 2007; Heck et al. 2008; Unsworth et al. 2008). Seagrasses have high primary productivity and are a basis of many marine food webs through direct herbivory and the through a detrital cycle (Hemminga and Duarte, 2000). They have enormous value in providing nutrients (N and P) and organic carbon to other parts of the oceans, including the deep sea, and they contribute significantly to carbon sequestration (Suchanek et al. 1985; Duarte et al. 2005). Armed with this knowledge today it is interesting to remember that it is only just over a hundred years since scientists first began speculating on the roles and values of seagrass in the marine environment, with the first focus occurring in Europe on eelgrass (Zostera marina). Many at the time discounted seagrass as an important primary producer (den Hartog 1980). It was not until after the 1930s, when vast areas of Zostera marina were lost in the northern hemisphere from a wasting disease that scientists and governments started to understand and investigate the value of seagrass to coastal ecosystems (Milne and Milne 1951). The loss of Zostera marina led to obvious declines in migratory waterfowl, crustaceans, finfish and shellfish populations (Thayer et al. 1984) In response to those concerns about ongoing losses of Zostera marina and other seagrass species, a meeting of scientists in Fairbanks, Alaska in early 1973 decided to coordinate seagrass research globally. This led to the first International Seagrass Workshop being organized and held in Leiden, The Netherlands, later that year. The report of that conference (McRoy and Helfferich 1977) makes interesting reading, looking back from the perspective of the 21st century. There is only one contribution from the southern hemisphere (Larkum 1977) with Australia referred to as a “little known region”. What we now know as the centre of seagrass biodiversity, Insular Southeast Asia and the broader Indo Pacific region, receives no mention at all. A significant and long-lasting outcome of the Leiden meeting was the birth of the journal “Aquatic Botany”.
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Ruiz-Diaz, Claudia Patricia, Carlos Toledo-Hernández, Juan Luis Sánchez-González, and Alex E. Mercado-Molina. "A successful method to restore seagrass habitats in coastal areas affected by consecutive natural events." PeerJ 11 (January 2, 2024): e16700. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16700.
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Background Seagrass meadows, known for providing essential ecosystem services like supporting fishing, coastline protection from erosion, and acting as carbon sinks to mitigate climate change effects, are facing severe degradation. The current deteriorating state can be attributed to the combination of anthropogenic activities, biological factors (i.e., invasive species), and natural forces (i.e., hurricanes). Indeed, the global seagrass cover is diminishing at an alarming mean rate of 7% annually, jeopardizing the health of these vital ecosystems. However, in the Island Municipality of Culebra, Puerto Rico, losses are occurring at a faster pace. For instance, hurricanes have caused over 10% of cover seagrass losses, and the natural recovery of seagrasses across Culebra’s coast has been slow due to the low growth rates of native seagrasses (Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme) and the invasion of the invasive species Halophila stipulacea. Restoration programs are, thus, necessary to revitalize the native seagrass communities and associated fauna while limiting the spread of the invasive species. Methods Here, we present the results of a seagrass meadow restoration project carried out in Punta Melones (PTM), Culebra, Puerto Rico, in response to the impact of Hurricanes Irma and María during 2017. The restoration technique used was planting propagation units (PUs), each with an area of 900 cm2 of native seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme, planted at a depth between 3.5 and 4.5 m. A total of 688 PUs were planted between August 2021 and August 2023, and a sub-sample of 88 PUs was monitored between August 2021 and April 2023. Results PUs showed over 95% of the seagrass survived, with Hurricane Fiona causing most of the mortalities potentially due to PUs burial by sediment movement and uplifting by wave energy. The surface area of the planting units increased by approximately 200% (i.e., 2,459 cm2), while seagrass shoot density increased by 168% (i.e., 126 shoots by PU). Additionally, flowering and fruiting were observed in multiple planting units, indicating 1) that the action taken did not adversely affect the PUs units and 2) that the project was successful in revitalizing seagrass populations. The seagrass restoration project achieved remarkable success, primarily attributed to the substantial volume of each PUs. Likely this high volume played a crucial role in facilitating the connection among roots, shoots, and microfauna while providing a higher number of undamaged and active rhizome meristems and short shoots. These factors collectively contributed to the enhanced growth and survivorship of the PUs, ultimately leading to the favorable outcome observed in the seagrass restoration project.
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Setiyorini, Alin, Delianis Pringgenies, and Ali Ridlo. "Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Asosiasi Daun Cymodocea serrulata di Perairan Pulau Panjang, Jepara." Journal of Marine Research 12, no. 4 (2023): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v12i4.38169.
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Lamun merupakan jenis tumbuhan berbunga yang mampu hidup terendam di laut dan memiliki banyak manfaat. Lamun memiliki banyak peran penting bagi ekossitem laut salah satu contohnya adalah sebagai sediment trap dan juga pemfiksasi CO2. Lamun juga memiliki fungsi penting lain bagi biota yang hidup di ekosistem lamun, mulai dari tempat berlindung dari predator, spawning dan feeding ground. Spesies Cymodocea sp. merupakan salah satu genus lamun yang dapat ditemukan di Pulau Panjang, Jepara. Lamun memiliki organisme asosiasi, salah satunya bakteri asosiasi yang memegang peranan penting secara biologi dan ekologis antar interaksi tumbuhan lamun dengan lingkungannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui spesies lamun yang digunakan dan mengetahui adanya bakteri asosiasi pada daun lamun tersebut. spesies lamun diidentifikasi secara morfologi sesuai buku panduan identifikasi LIPI. Bakteri asosiasi lamun diisolasi dari daun lamun dengan menggunakan metode pengenceran berseri. Isolat bakteri tersebut dikarakterisasi secara morfologi untuk mendapatkan isolat bakteri dengan ciri morfologi yang berbeda. Lamun dan bakteri asosiasi dapat menghasilkan senyawa bioaktif yang mirip antara keduanya sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan dalam bidang bioteknologi dan farmasi laut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa spesies lamun yang digunakan adalah jenis Cymodocea serrulata. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 7 isolat bakteri asosiasi daun lamun yang berhasil diisolasi dan memiliki karakteristik morfologi yang berbeda. Keberadaan bakteri asosiasi pada daun lamun ini memberikan informasi tentang terjadinya hubungan interaksi antara bakteri dan tumbuhan lamun. Seagrass is a type of flowering plant that can live submerged in the sea and has many benefits. Seagrass has many important roles for marine ecosystems, one example is as a sediment trap and also a CO2 fixer. Seagrasses also have other important functions for biota that live in seagrass ecosystems, starting from shelter from predators, spawning and feeding ground. Species Cymodocea sp. is one of the seagrass genera that can be found on Panjang Island, Jepara. Seagrass has associated organisms, one of which is associated bacteria which play an important role biologically and ecologically in the interaction between seagrass plants and their environment. This study aims to determine the species of seagrass used and to determine the presence of associated bacteria in the seagrass leaves. Seagrass species were identified morphologically according to the LIPI identification guide. Seagrass-associated bacteria were isolated from seagrass leaves using serial dilution method. The bacterial isolates were characterized morphologically to obtain bacterial isolates with different morphological characteristics. Seagrasses and associated bacteria can produce bioactive compounds that are similar between the two so that they can be used in marine biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. The results showed that the seagrass species used was Cymodocea serrulata. The results also showed that there were 7 bacterial isolates associated with seagrass leaves which had different morphological characteristics. The presence of associated bacteria on seagrass leaves provides information about the occurrence of an interaction relationship between bacteria and seagrass plants.
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Kusuma, Anma Hari, Aditya Hikmat Nugraha, and Ailsa Brinda Shasika. "Antibacterial Activity of Seagrass Extract Against Pathogen Bacteria of Escherichia coli Strain Multi Drug Resistance (MDR)." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 23, no. 4 (2023): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v23i4.5486.
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Seagrass is a flowering plant that can adapt to the sea which has the potential to be used as an antibacterial. The purpose of this study to analyze seagrass extract as an antibacterial Escherichia coli strain Multi Drug Resistance (MDR). This research was conducted in May-July 2023. Seagrass samples came from the waters of Ketapang Beach, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province. The seagrass samples were meserated into three different solvents, namely methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Antibacterial test was carried out with scratch paper dripped with seagrass extract against E.coli bacteria colonies. The results obtained from the collection of seagrass samples found at Ketapang Beach contained four species, namely Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea rotundata, Thalassia hemprichii and Halodule pinifolia. The highest yield of seagrass extract was found in E.acoroides with 14% methanol. The zone diameters of seagrass extracts against E.coli strain MDR were higher in seagrass extract H.pinifolia with n-hexana of 6,13 ± 3,27 mm. The conclusion of this research is that H.pinifolia seagrass extract using n-hexana solvent has potential as an antibacterial of E.coli strains Multi Drug Resistance (MDR).
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Tehubijuluw, Harfalien, Theopilus Watuguly, and Prelly M. J. Tuapattinaya. "ANALISIS KADAR FLAVONOID PADA TEH DAUN LAMUN (Enhalus acoroides) BERDASARKAN TINGKAT KETUAAN DAUN." Biopendix: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan 5, no. 1 (2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/biopendixvol5issue1page1-7.
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Background: Seagrass (Enhalus acoroides) is a flowering plant (Angiospermae) that has fully adapted to life immersed in the sea. Seagrass is also a commodity that has been used by many people both modern and traditional. Traditionally seagrass has been used for compost and fertilizer, cigars and children's toys, made into baskets, some are eaten, and made into fishing nets. Whereas in the modern way is as a filter of waste, food, medicines, materials for paper mills, and sources of chemicals.
 Methods: Measurement of flavonoid levels of seagrass leaf tea (Enhalus acoroides) was analyzed using a one-way anava test. This research was conducted on 10-18 July 2018.
 Results: The analysis showed that old tea drinks from seagrass leaves (Enhalus acoroides) had high flavonoid levels of 0.1623% while half-old tea drinks with seagrass leaves had moderate flavonoid levels of 0.1263%.
 Conclusion: Young tea drinks using seagrass leaves (Enhalus acoroides) have lower flavonoid levels of 0.0888%
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Nguyen, Hung Manh, Periklis Kleitou, Demetris Kletou, Yuval Sapir, and Gidon Winters. "Differences in flowering sex ratios between native and invasive populations of the seagrass Halophila stipulacea." Botanica Marina 61, no. 4 (2018): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0015.
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Abstract Deviations from the 1:1 sex ratio are common in dioecious plants. The tropical seagrass Halophila stipulacea is among an extremely rare group of dioecious plants that are widely recognized as female-biased. Here we report on differences in sex ratios between native (Eilat, northern Red Sea) and invasive (Cyprus, Mediterranean Sea) populations. While H. stipulacea populations were female-biased in their native region, invasive populations were either male- or female-biased. The existence of both sexes simultaneously in the Mediterranean invasive populations might help its ongoing expansion in the Mediterranean, thereby threatening local seagrasses species.
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Ayuningrum, Tarisa Sekar, Munasik, and Ita Riniatsih. "Composition and Density of Peryphyton on the leaves Thalassia hemprichii and Cymodocea rotundata at Panjang Island, Jepara." ENVIBILITY: Journal of Environmental and Sustainability Studies 1, no. 1 (2023): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55381/envibility.v1i1.97.
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Seagrass as a flowering plant (Angiosperms) that can live in the marine environment well. One type of seagrass whose presence is dominant in Indonesian waters is the species Thalassia hemprichii and Cymodocea rotundata. Periphyton is an organism that has a close relationship with seagrass and has a role in seagrass as an increase in primary productivity. The purpose of this study was to determine the genus composition and density of periphyton on seagrass leaves Thalassia hemprichii and Cymodocea rotundata on Panjang Island, Jepara. The method carried out is seagrass leaf field data collection using the purposive sampling method with squared line transects. Seagrass leaf samples were taken and periphyton identification observations were made in the laboratory and then data processing analysis. Periphyton results were obtained from 10 classes, 39 genera and 1 type of zooplankton. Seagrass leaf periphyton density in both species is highest in old leaves and lowest in medium seagrass leaves. The periphyton diversity index of two seagrass species belongs to the medium category, the uniformity index belongs to the high category, and the dominance index shows that no genus dominates. The index value can indicate that the waters in the environment are still in stable condition.
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Gustavina, Ni Luh Gede Widya Bintang, I. Gusti Bagus Sila Dharma, and Elok Faiqoh. "Identifikasi Kandungan Senyawa Fitokimia Pada Daun dan Akar Lamun di Pantai Samuh Bali." Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 4, no. 2 (2017): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2018.v4.i02.271-277.
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Seagrass is the only flowering plant which has a true roots, leaves, and stems, an angiosperm plant that adapted to live entirely in the ocean. Seagrass produces several compounds which produced through secondary metabolism, one of the secondary metabolism is the phytochemicals. Seagrass ecosystem in Tanjung Benoa was discovered along Samuh Beach, where 9 kinds of seagrass species were found around the seagrass ecosystem in Tanjung Benoa. Samuh Beach has a tranquil water conditions and sandy substrate. The activities of marine tourism and hotel waste disposal in Tanjung Benoa waters cause major ecological pressure and physical pressure for the seagrass ecosystem. This study aims to determine the content of phytochemicals in the leaves and roots of seagrass. Screening method was used to determine the content of bioactive alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannin compounds. Each of these compounds has an important role in the seagrass. The existence of chemical compounds of the flavonoid, alkaloid and steroid groups in the roots and leaves of Cymodocea rotundata seagrass, Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichi, Halophila ovalis, Halophila minor, Halodule uninervis and Sryngodium isoetifolium in this study indicate that the seven species of seagrass has potential as a natural chemical antifouling, antifungal, and antibacterial.Then the seagrass will be protected from the danger of predators or epiphanies that interfere with the growth of seagrass and the ecosystems on Samuh Beach will remain intact.
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Lekammudiyanse, Manuja U., Megan I. Saunders, Nicole Flint, Andrew D. Irving, and Emma L. Jackson. "Stimulated megaherbivore grazing as a driver of seagrass flowering." Marine Environmental Research 179 (July 2022): 105698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105698.
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Sipayung, Soniya Br, Calvyn F. A. Sondak, Veibe Warouw, et al. "KONDISI KESEHATAN PADANG LAMUN DI PERAIRAN LANTUNG KECAMATAN WORI KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA." JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 11, no. 1 (2023): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.11.1.2023.53098.
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Seagrasses are flowering plants (angiosperms) that live on a substrate of sand, muddy sand, and sand mixed with coral fragments. Seagrass beds have an important role both for supports the life of various types of marine biota as well as protein source for the coastal community. The purposes of this study were to find out the types of seagrasses and to assess seagrass bed conditions around Lantung village waters. The line transect quadrat method was using for data collection. Four transects were laid perpendicular from the sea to the shoreline. A 50 x 50 cm frame was used to asstimet seagrass percent cover and laid every ten meters along the transect line. This study found 7 species of seagrass namely Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Halodule pinifolia, Halophila decipiens, and Halophila ovalis. The average value of seagrass percent cover at the location was 66.44% and it was categorized as ‘healthy’. The environmental parameters values were 29.86°C, 29.05‰ and 8.45 for temperature, salinity and pH respectively.Keywords: Lantung, seagrass, health condition, percent coverABSTRAK Lamun adalah tumbuh-tumbuhan berbunga (angiospermae) yang hidup pada substrat pasir, pasir berlumpur, dan pasir bercampur pecahan karang. Padang lamun memiliki peran penting dalam suatu ekosistem perairan dangkal yang menunjang kehidupan beragam jenis biota laut dan lumbung protein bagi masyarakat. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah mengetahui jenis-jenis lamun yang ada di lokasi penelitian dan mengkaji kondisi kesehatan padang lamun dengan teknik pengumpulan data mengunakan metode transek kuadran yang ditarik tegak lurus garis pantai, dengan ukuran frame 50x 50 cm. Hasil penelitian di Perairan Lantung, Kecamatan Wori, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, Sulawesi Utara ditemukan 7 jenis lamun yaitu Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Halodule pinifolia, Halophila decipiens, dan Halophila ovalis. Nilai rata- rata penutupan lamun pada lokasi penelitian sebesar 66,44% dan di kategorikan sehat. Parameter di Perairan Lantung yaitu suhu, salinitas, pH, dan substrat tergolong baik dengan nilai rata- rata parameter tergolong optimun dan berada pada kisaran baku mutu air laut dan dapat di toleransi lamun dengan nilai suhu 29,86°C, nilai salinitas 29,05‰ dan nilai pH 8,45.Kata kunci: Lantung, lamun, kondisi kesehatan, penutupan
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Mateo-Ramírez, Ángel, Pablo Marina, Alejandro Martín-Arjona, et al. "Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile at Its Westernmost Biogeographical Limit (Northwestern Alboran Sea): Meadow Features and Plant Phenology." Oceans 4, no. 1 (2023): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oceans4010003.
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Meadows of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica inhabit most infralittoral bottoms of the Mediterranean Sea and are considered one of the main climax stages of the infralittoral environment. This seagrass has its western distributional limit along the coast of the Alboran Sea. Taking into account the decline of P. oceanica meadows and the global scenario of ocean warming, it becomes essential to know the structure, temporal dynamics, sexual reproduction and conservation status of this seagrass, across its geographical distribution, including the distribution boundaries where the meadows withstand limiting environmental conditions. In the present work, we studied the structure, phenology and flowering events of four P. oceanica meadows located in the northwestern Alboran Sea (close to the Strait of Gibraltar). Results indicate a decreasing trend of patch size, bathymetric range and number of leaves per shoot towards the Strait (and the Atlantic Ocean), as well as an increasing trend of shoot density and leaf height. Phenological parameters of the northwestern Alboran Sea P. oceanica meadows presented temporal dynamics similar to meadows from other locations within the biogeographical distribution of this seagrass, with similar or even less annual variability in the former. Although most of the studied P. oceanica meadows seem to present a good health status (BiPo index ~0.6) with high shoot densities and some flowering events, some of them showed evidence of regression.
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Pazzaglia, Jessica, Hung Manh Nguyen, Alex Santillán-Sarmiento, et al. "The Genetic Component of Seagrass Restoration: What We Know and the Way Forwards." Water 13, no. 6 (2021): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060829.
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Seagrasses are marine flowering plants providing key ecological services and functions in coasts and estuaries across the globe. Increased environmental changes fueled by human activities are affecting their existence, compromising natural habitats and ecosystems’ biodiversity and functioning. In this context, restoration of disturbed seagrass environments has become a worldwide priority to reverse ecosystem degradation and to recover ecosystem functionality and associated services. Despite the proven importance of genetic research to perform successful restoration projects, this aspect has often been overlooked in seagrass restoration. Here, we aimed to provide a comprehensive perspective of genetic aspects related to seagrass restoration. To this end, we first reviewed the importance of studying the genetic diversity and population structure of target seagrass populations; then, we discussed the pros and cons of different approaches used to restore and/or reinforce degraded populations. In general, the collection of genetic information and the development of connectivity maps are critical steps for any seagrass restoration activity. Traditionally, the selection of donor population preferred the use of local gene pools, thought to be the best adapted to current conditions. However, in the face of rapid ocean changes, alternative approaches such as the use of climate-adjusted or admixture genotypes might provide more sustainable options to secure the survival of restored meadows. Also, we discussed different transplantation strategies applied in seagrasses and emphasized the importance of long-term seagrass monitoring in restoration. The newly developed information on epigenetics as well as the application of assisted evolution strategies were also explored. Finally, a view of legal and ethical issues related to national and international restoration management is included, highlighting improvements and potential new directions to integrate with the genetic assessment. We concluded that a good restoration effort should incorporate: (1) a good understanding of the genetic structure of both donors and populations being restored; (2) the analysis of local environmental conditions and disturbances that affect the site to be restored; (3) the analysis of local adaptation constraints influencing the performances of donor populations and native plants; (4) the integration of distribution/connectivity maps with genetic information and environmental factors relative to the target seagrass populations; (5) the planning of long-term monitoring programs to assess the performance of the restored populations. The inclusion of epigenetic knowledge and the development of assisted evolution programs are strongly hoped for the future.
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Wiratama, I. Gusti Ngurah Made. "Metode Transplantasi Padang Lamun Di Indonesia." Jurnal Ecocentrism 1, no. 1 (2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/jeco.v1i1.1747.
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One of the recoverable coastal resources that can make a high contribution to the coastal environment and to coastal communities is the seagrass ecosystem. Seagrass is a flowering aquatic plant that has the ability to adapt to live in the marine environment. Seagrass has many functions, such as a nursery ground, a feeding ground and a spawning ground for fish and other biota that have high economic value. Various threats to the sustainability of the seagrass ecosystem in Indonesia continue to increase year after year. Commonly used seagrass transplant methods include the plug, sprig, tie sack and frame method. Kawaroe et al., (2008) stated that the method that produced the highest seagrass yield was the plug method. Likewise, Lanuru et al., 2013 found that the plug method resulted in a better survival rate compared to the staple and frame method. The success of a transplant method is also largely determined by the characteristics of the substrate at the transplant site. According to Lanuru (2011), the sediment characteristics consisting of fine, muddy sand are better than coarse sand and less muddy as a substrate for Enhalus acoroides seagrass transplantation.
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Barnabas, A. D., and M. Coopoosamy. "Cytochemical localization of ATPase activity in the leaves of a seagrass and a submerged halophyte." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 1058–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100141664.
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Flowering plants that grow submerged in seawater are known as seagrasses, while those that grow submerged in water of generally lower and varying salinity as in estuaries, are known as submerged halophytes. Knowledge of salt tolerance mechanisms in both groups of plants is important to our understanding of their biology. Recently, high ATPase activity was reported to be associated with the copiously-invaginated plasma membrane of leaf epidermal cells of a seagrass (Zostera marina), suggesting that ATPase played a role in salt regulation. In the present study, the seagrass Halophila ovalis and the submerged halophyte Ruppia maritima growing at salinities of 35°/00 and 25°/00 respectively, were used. The subcellular distribution of ATPase in leaf epidermal cells of both submerged aquatics was accomplished using a lead precipitation technique specific for ATPase activity. Lead deposits in the cells were an indication of sites of ATPase activity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis using a Joel 6100 SEM with a Noran Voyager 2100 EDX microanalyser, were used to study lead distribution. Ultrathin sections for the TEM were examined unstained.
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Tamondong, A., T. Nakamura, T. E. A. Quiros, and K. Nadaoka. "TIME SERIES ANALYSIS FOR MONITORING SEAGRASS HABITAT AND ENVIRONMENT IN BUSUANGA, PHILIPPINES USING GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 28, 2021): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-109-2021.
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Abstract. Seagrasses are marine flowering plants which are part of a highly productive coastal ecosystem and play key roles in the coastal processes. Unfortunately, they are declining in area coverage globally, and seagrass losses can be attributed to climate change such as sea-level rise, increase in sea surface temperature, and decrease in salinity, as well as human-related activities. The objective of this research is to assess the historical changes in the seagrass habitat and environment of Busuanga, Philippines using time series data available in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. These include satellite data such as MODIS, Landsat 5, 7, and 8, and SeaWIFS. Reanalysis data such as HYCOM was also utilized in this research. Results from HYCOM data show that there has been a 0.0098 °C increase in the sea surface temperature per decade in Busuanga while MODIS data indicates an increase of 0.0045 °C per decade. Moreover, HYCOM data also shows an overall average of 0.76 mm in sea surface elevation anomaly and a decreasing trend in salinity values at 0.0026 psu per decade. Chlorophyll-a concentration has a minimal increase based on results from MODIS and SeaWIFS. Aside from changes in water parameters, changes in the land also affect seagrasses. Forest loss may cause increased siltation in the coastal ecosystem which can lead to seagrass loss. Based on the results of Landsat satellite image processing, there has been forest cover loss in Busuanga with the highest loss occurring in 2013 when super typhoon Yolanda ravaged the island. Lastly, results from the linear spectral unmixing of 778 Landsat images from 1987–2000 show that the average percent cover of seagrasses in Busuanga were declining through the years.
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Ferguson, Randolph L., Brian T. Pawlak, and Lisa L. Wood. "Flowering of the seagrass Halodule wrightii in North Carolina, USA." Aquatic Botany 46, no. 1 (1993): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(93)90066-6.
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Diaz-Almela, Elena, Nuria Marbà, Elvira Álvarez, Elena Balestri, Juan M. Ruiz-Fernández, and Carlos M. Duarte. "Patterns of seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) flowering in the Western Mediterranean." Marine Biology 148, no. 4 (2005): 723–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0127-x.
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Destiana, Elvina, Dining Aidil Candri, and Hilman Ahyadi. "Seagrass Meadow Conditions in Coastal Waters of Siwak Bay Central Lombok." Jurnal Pijar Mipa 19, no. 2 (2024): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jpm.v19i2.5519.
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Seagrass is a flowering plant thriving in shallow sea waters and estuaries. Seagrass ecosystems are essential in supporting life in shallow seas as primary producers, biota habitats, sediment trappers, and nutrient trappers. Environmental factors affecting seagrass growth include temperature, salinity, pH, and substrate. The study was conducted in March-June 2023. This study aimed to determine the type and condition of seagrass beds in the waters of Siwak Bay. The method used in this study is the quadrant transect method at three research stations. There are seven types of seagrass identified, namely Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule pinifolia, Halodule uninervis, and Syringodium isoetifolium. The percentage of total seagrass cover is at a value of 37%-61%, indicating that the condition of seagrass beds in the waters of Siwak Bay is included in the unhealthy category. The highest species density found at station III in Halodule pinifolia was 483.5 stands/m², and the lowest was found at stations II and III in Thalassia hemprichii and Cymodocea serrulata with 0 stands/m². The average density value of seagrass beds in the waters of Siwak Bay is very dense. The highest type frequency was found in Cymodocea rotundata, with a value of 2.53. The tallest species diversity and diversity index was found at station II with values of 1.56 and 0.8, respectively. In contrast, the highest dominance index was found at station I, with a value of 0.44.
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Ankel, Manuel, Marcos Rubal, Puri Veiga, Leandro Sampaio, and Laura Guerrero-Meseguer. "Reproductive Cycle of the Seagrass Zostera noltei in the Ria de Aveiro Lagoon." Plants 10, no. 11 (2021): 2286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112286.
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Sexual reproduction in seagrasses is essential to increase their resilience towards environmental stressors, but its phenology is still unknown in some regions, limiting our knowledge about the recovery capacity of these ecosystems. In this study, the flowering effort, reproductive phenology, seed production and ability of germination of Zostera noltei was studied for the first time in the Ria de Aveiro lagoon, Portugal. Flowering of Z. noltei in the Ria de Aveiro lasts from June to November, reaching a peak between July and August. All the meadows showed similar flowering effort and phenology over time. Comparing with other European populations, the flowering effort of Z. noltei in Ria de Aveiro lasted for a longer period, which could be related with the milder temperatures in summer and autumn and the great anthropogenic stress to which the meadows are subjected in the lagoon. The number of seeds produced and their ability of germination were similar among meadows and sampling periods, reaching levels similar to those of other European regions. Nevertheless, future studies are needed to determine the fate of the produced seeds in the field to have a better understanding about the natural recovery capacity of the species.
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MONTEFALCONE, M., E. GIOVANNETTI, C. MORRI, A. PEIRANO, and C. N. BIANCHI. "Flowering of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in NW Mediterranean: is there a link with solar activity?" Mediterranean Marine Science 14, no. 2 (2013): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.529.
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Time series on the leaf biometry and rhizome production of the endemic Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile were investigated in a meadow of the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean) in order to assess changes in the plant growth during a massive flowering event occurred in 2003, in coincidence with the warmest summer temperatures recorded in the last centuries. P. oceanica exhibited the highest values of leaf surface area during the flowering year and the highest values of rhizome production in the previous year. The years immediately following the flowering event were characterized by a decrease in both parameters. Comparison of the years of massive flowering events reported in the literature at the whole Mediterranean-wide spatial scale with the historical series (spanning the last 50 years) of the air temperature and of the sunspot number suggested that intense solar activity, and not warmer temperature per se, was likely to be the main trigger of massive flowering events in Posidonia oceanica.
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Walo, Meilin Yulita, Calvyn F. A. Sondak, Darus Sa’adah Johanis Paransa, et al. "KONDISI PADANG LAMUN DI SEKITAR PERAIRAN MOKUPA KECAMATAN TOMBARIRI KABUPATEN MINAHASA." JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 10, no. 3 (2022): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.10.3.2022.55012.
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Seagrass is the only flowering marine plant that lives permanently in shallow coastal waters and plays a key ecological role. This study aims to determine the types of seagrasses, community structure and current condition of seagrass beds nearby Mokupa waters. The method that used in this studywas the line transect method. This study found 5 types of seagrass and identified as : Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, and Syringodium isoetifolium. The average species density value was 25 ind/m², frequency was 1.26, species cover is 25.5. The highest important value index (INP) belongs to Cymodocea rotundata (101.5%). The diversity index (H’) was moderate with an average value of 1.17 and the dominance index is low with an average C value of 0.32. Based on the seagrass cover category, the seagrass beds in the study area were categorized as "rare" (0-25%). Water temperature ranging from 29 to34°C and water salinity 25 to 29‰. The substrate types found weresandy mud, muddy sand, and rubbels.
 Keywords : Seagrass, Percentage of Closure, Community Structure, Mokupa Beach
 
 ABSTRAK
 Lamun merupakan satu-satunya tumbuhan laut berbunga yang hidup secara tetap di lingkungan perairan pantai yang dangkal dan merupakan kunci dalam peranan ekologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis lamun, struktur komunitas dan kondisi terkini padang lamun di sekitar perairan Mokupa. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode line transek kuadrat. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan 5 jenis lamun yang teridentifikasi yaitu : Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, dan Syringodium isoetifolium. Nilai rata-rata kerapatan jenis 25 ind/m², frekuensi jenis 1,26, penutupan jenis 25,5, Indeks nilai penting (INP) lamun tertinggi terdapat pada spesies Cymodocea rotundata dengan nilai sebesar (101,5%). Indeks keanekaragaman sedang dengan nilai rata-rata H’ 1,17 dan indeks dominansi rendah dengan nilai rata-rata C 0,32. Berdasarkan kategori penutupan lamun, padang lamun yang terdapat di lokasi penelitian dikategorikan “jarang” dengan nilai penutupan lamun 0-25%. Faktor lingkungan antara lain: suhu berkisar 29 - 34°C, salinitas 25 - 29‰. Jenis substrat yang ditemukan adalah lumpur berpasir, pasir berlumpur, dan pecahan karang.
 Kata Kunci : Lamun, Persentase Penutupan, Struktur Komunitas, Pantai Mokupa
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DIAZ-ALMELA, ELENA, NURIA MARBÀ, and CARLOS M. DUARTE. "Consequences of Mediterranean warming events in seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) flowering records." Global Change Biology 13, no. 1 (2007): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01260.x.
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Namadevan, Pushpa Bharathi, and Vanitha V. "PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY OF THE SEA GRASS CYMODOCEACEA FAMILY– A REVIEW." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 6 (2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.18078.
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Cymodoceaceae is a family of flowering plants, sometimes known as the “manatee-grass family,” the family Cymodoceaceae includes only marine species. The angiosperm phylogeny II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), does recognize Cymodoceaceae and places it in the order Alismatales, in the clade monocots. They are marine hydrophytes that grow and complete their life cycle in a submerged condition, in a saline environment. Like terrestrial plant they obtain their energy from light through photosynthesis thus, they grow only in clear and shallow water, and at the suitable condition, they form beds or meadows. The family includes five genera, totalling 16 species of marine plants occurring in tropical seas and oceans (so-called seagrasses). Cymodoceaceae consist of five genera such as Amphibolis, Cymodocea, Halodule, Syringodium, and Thalassodendron. In this genera Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb. and Hempr. Ex Asch. Cymodocea serrulata, (R.Br.) Asch. and Magnus, Halodule pinifolia (Miki) Hartog, Halodule uninervis (Forssk.) Asch and Syringodium isoetifolium (Asch.) are the species mostly adopted in Indian coastal region. These seagrass species have unique nature and wide application to the environment including human being. In this article botanical aspects, phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology of these five seagrass species belong to Cymodoceaceae family will be discussed.
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Aprilya, Francischa, Farikhah Farikhah, Andi Rahmad Rahim, and Dwi Rosalina. "ANALISIS HISTOLOGIS LAMUN Halodule uninervis dan Cymodocea serrulata YANG YANG BERASAL DARI PERAIRAN TERCEMAR LOGAM BERAT TIMBAL (Pb) DI KEPULAUAN BANGKA." Jurnal Perikanan Pantura (JPP) 3, no. 2 (2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30587/jpp.v3i2.1950.
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Bangka Islands is a coastal area which has many coastal activities such as tin mining activities, ports/docks boatand ship transportation and residential areas. This can provide pollutant input into the water. Seagrass Halodule uninervis and seagrass Cymodocea serrulata is a flowering plant that live in the sea have extensive deployment in the waters of Bangka. One of the marine plants that can be used as a bioindicator of water pollution is seagrass. Seagrass is in the water column and the body parts interact directly with the water. This research was conducted from December 2019 to January 2020. The research sites were in the Laboratory of Muhammadiyah Gresik University and the Laboratory of Pathology, Anatomical Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya Malang. The purpose of this study was to study the anatomical changes in root tissue, rhizome and leaves of Halodule uninervis seagrass andseagrass Cymodocea serrulata in response to contamination of heavy metal lead (Pb). This research was conducted in a descriptive qualitative manner with 3 body parts: roots, rhizome and leaves. The results of this study indicated that the epidermal,cells cortex and endodermalin the roots were thickened. Cell wall thickening occurs in the epidermis Rhizome. Likewise in the leaves, the phloem occurs thickening. In general, changes in the anatomical features of roots, rhizomes, and leaves were observed in response to an increase in lead concentration. The results showed that Halodule uninervis seagrass andseagrass Cymodocea serrulata developed several levels of tolerance to heavy metals, especially lead (Pb).
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Ruiz, J. M., L. Marín-Guirao, R. García-Muñoz, et al. "Experimental evidence of warming-induced flowering in the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica." Marine Pollution Bulletin 134 (September 2018): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.037.
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Balestri, Elena, Flavia Vallerini, and Claudio Lardicci. "On the unusual flowering of plagiotropic shoots in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica." Aquatic Botany 82, no. 2 (2005): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2005.03.001.
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McKenzie, LJ. "Seasonal changes in biomass and shoot characteristics of a Zostera capricorni Aschers. Dominant meadow in Cairns Harbour, northern Queensland." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 7 (1994): 1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9941337.
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Spatial and temporal variability of Z. capricorni biomass, shoot characteristics (canopy height, surface area, flowering), distribution and detrital content were examined from December 1988 to December 1990. Between August 1987 and August 1991, 15% (2.0 ha) of the meadow was lost. Biomass of above- and below-ground structures showed a unimodal seasonal pattern with maxima in late spring (mean 194.92 g dry weight m-2 and 426.67 g DW m-2 respectively) and minima in winter (mean 28.72 g DW m-2 and 56.98 g DW m-2 respectively). Mean above-ground biomass (95.53 � 2.21 g DW m-2) was approximately half the mean below-ground biomass (177.28 � 4.49 g DW m-2). Leaf canopy heights were greatest between October and February (maximum 53.4 cm) and lowest around mid year (minimum 4.4 cm). Leaf surface area per square metre of seagrass meadow ranged from 10.28 to 1.39 m2 (mean 3,692 � 0.104 m2), and flowering occurred during September and October. Detrital biomass ranged from 339.73g DW m-2 to 11.83 g DW m-2 (mean 77.39 � 2.36 g DW m-2). Detrital biomass was higher during July-October and lower during February-May. The climate during the study was typical for the area, and all trials displayed similar seasonal patterns, although the amplitudes differed among some trials. The environmental parameters that may influence seagrass and detrital biomass were investigated. The best models explained only 14% of the variation in above-ground biomass, 15% of the variation in below-ground biomass, and 21% of the variation in detrital biomass. These models suggest that fluctuations in seagrass and detrital biomass in Cairns Harbour were influenced by changes in light availability, temperature, salinity and exposure.
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Tallam, Krti, Nam Nguyen, Jonathan Ventura, et al. "Application of Deep Learning for Classification of Intertidal Eelgrass from Drone-Acquired Imagery." Remote Sensing 15, no. 9 (2023): 2321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092321.
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Shallow estuarine habitats are globally undergoing rapid changes due to climate change and anthropogenic influences, resulting in spatiotemporal shifts in distribution and habitat extent. Yet, scientists and managers do not always have rapidly available data to track habitat changes in real-time. In this study, we apply a novel and a state-of-the-art image segmentation machine learning technique (DeepLab) to two years of high-resolution drone-based imagery of a marine flowering plant species (eelgrass, a temperate seagrass). We apply the model to eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows in the Morro Bay estuary, California, an estuary that has undergone large eelgrass declines and the subsequent recovery of seagrass meadows in the last decade. The model accurately classified eelgrass across a range of conditions and sizes from meadow-scale to small-scale patches that are less than a meter in size. The model recall, precision, and F1 scores were 0.954, 0.723, and 0.809, respectively, when using human-annotated training data and random assessment points. All our accuracy values were comparable to or demonstrated greater accuracy than other models for similar seagrass systems. This study demonstrates the potential for advanced image segmentation machine learning methods to accurately support the active monitoring and analysis of seagrass dynamics from drone-based images, a framework likely applicable to similar marine ecosystems globally, and one that can provide quantitative and accurate data for long-term management strategies that seek to protect these vital ecosystems.
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Medellu, Steven, Calvyn F. A. Sondak, Erly Y. Kaligis, Frans Lumuindong, Agung B. Windarto, and Veibe Warouw. "ANALISIS PERTUMBUHAN DAUN Thalassia hemprichii DI PERAIRAN SEKITAR DESA TULUSAN KECAMATAN TAGULANDANG KABUPATEN SIAU TAGULANDANG BIARO." JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 12, no. 1 (2024): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.12.1.2024.55071.
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Seagrass is a flowering plant that can grow well in shallow marine environments. All seagrasses are one-seed plants that have roots, rhizomes, leaves, flowers and fruit just like plants on land. This research was carried out from August to September 2023 in the nearby waters of Tulusan Village, Tagulandang District, Sitaro Islands Regency. This research aims was to determine the growth rate of Thalassia hemprichii leaves on two different substrate types. Analysis of seagrass growth rate was measured using the seagrass leaf growth rate test, normality test and independent T-test. The results of this research showed that the average growth rate of young leaves was 0.29 cm/day and old leaves 0.15 cm/day on the sandy substrate, while on the mixed sand substrate and dead coral fragments, young leaves were 0.24 cm/day and old leaves 0.09 cm/day with a measurement interval of 7 days. The results of the normality test using the Liliefors formula for seagrass data show that it has a normal distribution. The results of the independent T-test on mixed sandy substrate and coral fragments showed that there were significant differences in seagrass leaf growth. The results of parameter measurements on sandy substrates ranged in temperature from 30˚C - 37˚C, salinity 30 ppt - 31 ppt, pH 8 and on coral rubble sand substrates ranged from 30˚C - 35 ˚C salinity 30 - 32 ppt, pH 8.
 Keywords: Seagrass, Substrate, Growth
 
 ABSTRAK
 Lamun adalah tumbuhan berbunga yang dapat tumbuh dengan baik dalam lingkungan laut dangkal. Semua lamun adalah tumbuhan berbiji satu yang mempunyai akar, rimpang, daun, bunga dan buah seperti halnya dengan tumbuhan yang ada didarat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus - September 2023 di perairan sekitar Desa Tulusan Kecamatan Tagulandang Kabupaten Kepulauan Sitaro. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui laju pertumbuhan daun lamun Thalassia hemprichii pada dua tipe substrat berbeda. Analisis laju pertumbuhan lamun diukur menggunakan uji laju pertumbuhan daun lamun, uji normalitas dan uji T independen. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh rata-rata laju pertumbuhan daun muda yaitu 0,29 cm/hari dan daun tua 0,15 cm/hari pada tipe substrat berpasir, sedangkan pada tipe substrat pasir pecahan karang mati, daun muda 0,24 cm/hari dan daun tua 0,09 cm/hari dengan interval pengukuran 7 hari. Hasil uji normalitas dengan menggunakan rumus liliefors data lamun menunjukan mempunyai sebaran normal. Hasil uji t independen pada tipe substrat berpasir dan pecahan karang menunjukan ada perbedaan nyata pertumbuhan daun lamun. Hasil pengukuran parameter pada substrat berpasir berkisar suhu 30˚C - 37˚C, salinitas 30 ppt – 31 ppt, pH 8 dan pada substrat pasir pecahan karang berkisar suhu 30˚C -35 ˚C salinitas 30 – 32 ppt, pH 8..
 Kata Kunci: Lamun, Substrat, Pertumbuhan
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Jahnke, Marlene, Jordi F. Pagès, Teresa Alcoverro, Paul S. Lavery, Kathryn M. McMahon, and Gabriele Procaccini. "Should we sync? Seascape-level genetic and ecological factors determine seagrass flowering patterns." Journal of Ecology 103, no. 6 (2015): 1464–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12470.
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Sghaier, Yassine Ramzi, RYM Zakhama-Sraieb, and Faouzia Charfi-Cheikhrouha. "Patterns of shallow seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) growth and flowering along the Tunisian coast." Aquatic Botany 104 (January 2013): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2011.09.006.
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Sermatang, Jessico H., Charlotha I. Tupan, and Laura Siahainenia. "MORFOMETRIK LAMUN Thalassia hemprichii BERDASARKAN TIPE SUBSTRAT DI PERAIRAN PANTAI TANJUNG TIRAM, POKA, TELUK AMBON DALAM." TRITON: Jurnal Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan 17, no. 2 (2021): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/tritonvol17issue2page77-89.
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Seagrass as a flowering plant can live from muddy substrates to coral fractures. Differences in the characteristics of substrate type, nutrient content and aquatic environmental conditions can affect morphometric seagrass. The purpose of the study was to analyze environmental conditions and nutrient content as well as the morphometric characteristics of T. hemprichii seagrass based on differences in substrate type. This study was conducted in the waters of Tanjung Tiram Coastal, Poka from February-April 2021. Seagrass sampling was using the purposive sampling method. Data analysis was conducted using ANOVA with SPSS. The results of environmental parameters analysis showed that the water conditions of Tanjung Tiram, Poka are still at the tolerance limit intended for seagrass life. The substrate consists of sand substrate, gravel mixed sand substrate and mud substrate. The results of ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference in the content of sedimentary nutrients, especially phosphates in each substrate type and there was a significant difference in morphometric seagrass based on differences in substrate type and nutrient content.
 
 ABSTRAK
 Lamun sebagai tumbuhan berbunga dapat hidup mulai dari substrat berlumpur sampai dengan patahan karang. Perbedaan karakteristik jenis substrat, kandungan nutrien dan kondisi lingkungan perairan dapat mempengaruhi morfometrik lamun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kondisi lingkungan dan kandungan nutrien serta karakteristik morfometrik lamun T. hemprichii berdasarkan perbedaan tipe substrat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Perairan Pantai Tanjung Tiram, Poka pada Bulan Februari-April 2021. Pengambilan sampel lamun menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Analisis data menggunakan ANOVA dengan SPSS. Hasil analisis parameter lingkungan, menunjukan bahwa kondisi perairan Tanjung Tiram, Poka masih berada pada batas toleransi yang diperuntukan untuk kehidupan lamun. Substrat terdiri dari substrat pasir, pasir campur kerikil dan lumpur. Hasil anova menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kandungan nutrien sedimen khususnya fosfat secara signifikan pada masing masing tipe substrat dan terdapat perbedaan morfometrik lamun secara signifikan berdasarkan perbedaan tipe substrat dan kandungan nutrien.
 Kata Kunci: morfometrik, nutrien, substrat, Tanjung Tiram, Thalassia hemprichii
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Bujang, Japar Sidik, Lim Lai Huat, Muta Harah Zakaria, Azis Arshad, and Hisao Ogawa. "LABORATORY CULTURE OF THE SEAGRASS, Halophila ovalis (R.BR.) HOOKER F." Marine Research in Indonesia 33, no. 1 (2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v33i1.500.
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A small-culture system for growing of Halophila ovalis was developed. Plugs of explants were successfuly grown in the native substrate and under the light regime of ~200 imol m-2 s-1. The culturing of H. ovalis in the laboratory permitted observations on (i) the sustain growth and the development of the population, (ii) the reproductive biology (flowering and fruiting) and (iii) the pattern of seedling development from seeds to mature plants. Plants increased in density via vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction. Plants produced male, female flowers and fruits. The presence of viable seeds and seedlings demonstrated the successful pollination and sexual reproduction of H. ovalis in culture. The morphology of progressive development of H. ovalis seedlings to juvenile or young plants for H. ovalis in culture is described.
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Yu, Shuo, Yunchao Wu, Ester A. Serrao, et al. "Fine‐scale genetic structure and flowering output of the seagrass Enhalus acoroides undergoing disturbance." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 9 (2019): 5186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5106.
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