Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Scission des professions“

The birth of industrial society produced demand for the services of professionals specialized in matters related to industrial safety. Three professions—safety engineering, industrial medicine, and ergonomics—are examined. These professions are observed to either submit to single sets of demands, to integrate contradictory demands, or to experience scission. Until the late 1960s their growth appears to have been relatively peaceful and uncontroversial. From this period onward, controversy breaks out over questions related to industrial safety, and professions and government administrations grow. Increasingly, the traditional approach of safety professionals is called into question, and they adopt new orientations. These changes are mapped through the examination of data drawn principally from the United States, France, Great Britain, and to a lesser extent Brazil. The traditional standards approach competes with cost-benefit analysis and with systemic safety for influence; in addition, an emergent approach that analyzes accident causes in terms of social relations of work is detected. From Bhopal to Chernobyl, new technologies subject civilian populations to risks of catastrophic accidents, and the action of safety professionals comes under the spotlight. The analysis constructed permits new understandings of the past and the future of these professions.

Cet article se propose de questionner, dans une perspective sociohistorique, le processus de professionnalisation et la construction de la professionnalité des éducateurs de justice. En s’appuyant notamment sur les théories issues de la sociologie des professions, l’auteur retrace les diverses étapes, de 1945 à aujourd’hui, qui ont jalonné l’émergence de la professionnalité de ces éducateurs de justice. Cette construction s’est appuyée notamment sur un fort investissement du travail éducatif en milieu ouvert et la recherche d’une certaine autonomie vis-à-vis des magistrats. Le « tournant sécuritaire » qu’a connu la justice des mineurs dans les années 1990 a cependant créé un trouble profond chez ces professionnels, comme en témoigne la scission générationnelle à l’œuvre dans les équipes éducatives de la PJJ. Tout ceci pose la question de l’avenir de cette profession et de l’évolution de ces missions et des valeurs constitutives de son identité.

During isolation, exopolysaccharides (EPS) from lactic acid bacteria are subject of thermal, chemical, enzymatic or ultrasound stress of different intensity that may affect macromolecular properties, for instance molecular mass or (intrinsic) viscosity. These parameters are, however, crucial, as they are associated with the technofunctional potential of EPS replacing commercial thickeners in nonfermented products. The aim of this study was to systematically examine treatments EPS are usually exposed to during isolation and to investigate the underlying degradation mechanisms. Solutions (1.0 g/L) of EPS from Streptococcus thermophilus, isolated as gently as possible, and commercial dextran were analyzed for molecular mass distributions as representative measure of molecule alterations. Generally, acid, excessive heat and ultrasonication, intensified by simultaneous application, showed EPS degradation effects. Thus, recommendations are given for isolation protocols. Ultrasonic degradation at 114 W/cm² fitted into the random chain scission model and followed third- (S. thermophilus EPS) or second-order kinetics (dextran). The degradation rate constant reflects the sensitivity to external stresses and was DGCC7710 EPS > DGCC7919 EPS > dextran > ST143 EPS. Due to their exceptional structural heterogeneity, the differences could not be linked to individual features. The resulting molecular mass showed good correlation (r² = 0.99) with dynamic viscosity.

(1) Background: The effects of protein oxidization induced by malondialdehyde (MDA), which was selected as a representative of lipid peroxidation products, on the structure and functional properties of walnut protein were investigated. (2) Methods: Walnut protein isolate was produced by alkali-soluble acid precipitation. The modification of walnut protein isolate was conducted by MDA solutions (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 Mm), which were incubated in the dark for 24 h. (3) Results: Increased carbonyl content and the degradation of sulfhydryl groups indicated MDA-induced protein oxidization. The circular dichroism spectra revealed disruption of the ordered protein secondary structure. The change in the tertiary conformation of the MDA-treated protein was observed through intrinsic fluorescence. Small polypeptide chain scission was observed at low MDA concentrations (≤0.1 mM) and protein aggregation was observed at high MDA concentrations (>0.1 mM) using high-performance size exclusion chromatography. Oxidized protein solubility was reduced. Furthermore, the emulsification stability index, foam capacity, and foam stability of walnut proteins were increased after treatment with 0.1 mM of MDA. An excessive concentration of MDA (>0.1 mM) decreased emulsification and foaming properties. (4) Conclusions: These results show that MDA oxidation modified the structure of walnut protein and further affected its function, which should be taken into account in processing walnut protein products.

Le comunicazioni medico – paziente, anche non verbali, attivano trasformazioni emotive e poi biologiche, che agiscono sui sistemi di reazione dell’organismo specie nelle fasi terminali della malattia. La reazione psicologica del malato è il risultato di difese regressive e anche progressive fruibili per processi più avanzati di adattamento e di “senso”. Le reazioni psicologiche del medico sono condizionate da difese dall’angoscia e motivazioni inconsce alla professione, tra sentimenti di impotenza e di onnipotenza. La condanna alla sconfitta induce una riformulazione costante del progetto di cura: la morte come oggetto di cura, non solo fine della cura. È richiesto un supporto psicologico specifico al paziente terminale. La strategia è quella dell’accompagnamento del paziente attraverso le fasi della malattia verso la morte, piuttosto che dell’esplorazione dei vissuti profondi di colpa, indegnità, aggressività. Questi aspetti vengono proposti soltanto se il paziente segnala di volerli e poterli affrontare; in genere, occorre favorire un impiego ottimale dei meccanismi di negazione, di scissione e dei bisogni di trascendenza. L’accompagnamento è una “presenza significativa” che considera il transfert di conoscenza, il contratto di non abbandono, i bisogni di significato e di trascendenza, le dinamiche della separazione, la compromissione di identità, ecc. Tali interventi sono attuabili oltre che da psichiatri o psicologi clinici, anche da medici oncologi e infettivologi, purché formati alla “relazione terapeutica”. Il training deve considerare non solo gli aspetti cognitivi, ma soprattutto quelli emotivi e personali, anche in considerazione dei rischi elevati di burn out che ripetuti interventi di questo tipo comportano. Le competenze sui bisogni psicologici del morente sono parte dei metodi della buona pratica clinica: tra i suoi obiettivi c’è anche la qualità della morte.

The article compares the mechanical and technical characteristics of car lifts used at all car service centers. Over the last 20 years, two-post lifts have taken their place and gained popularity, they have overtaken four-post lifts by more than three times, if only because they cost less. Two-post jacks were originally used to check and service oil, tires, etc., but are now widely used for major activities (although four-post jacks are still required for a full MOT). Nevertheless, many experts do not stop reporting the risk of falling vehicles from two-post lifts. There have been known cases over the past five years, when not only the car was damaged during the fall from the lift, but also the workers were seriously injured, and there were also fatal cases. Therefore, the opinion of the inspection department is that any fall of the vehicle from a height carries a high risk and fatal injuries. Manufacturers of medium and premium lifting equipment began to introduce budget models into their lines. They follow the path of structural simplification of models, reduce production costs, use cheaper metals, remove electronic systems, which allows to reduce the cost of equipment. The lift market shows almost no changes in terms of assortment. It is segmented according to the type of lifters – two-post, plunger, scissor, roll-up ditch, four-post, multi-post plunger. When considering the market of lifting equipment, one cannot ignore the Chinese car manufacturers, which occupy a solid share in the overall structure of this product group. “The Chinese equipment market is now clearly divided into two classes – one is represented by cheap and low-quality products, and the other is a segment of equipment of decent quality. There is a clear difference between the two segments that is clear to a professional. When choosing Chinese lifts, customers understand that if they ask for little money for the equipment, it will not last long. There is a lot of such low-quality equipment on the market, and this product generally discredits the entire segment from China.

Good design means at least safe design. There is no doubt that engineering students have to develop the ability to design for safety in order to satisfy the expectations of the profession and of employers. According to the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board, an appropriate exposure to safety and health must be part of any engineering curriculum. Design for safety principles can be taught in project-based courses. Those courses provide real-world contexts for the development of design for safety skills. Design minima established in standards, regulations, and handbooks can easily be integrated throughout the curriculum in engineering science courses. In association with safety, engineering science courses may go beyond the application of standards and guidelines and prepare the student to become a better designer. The Case Study approach is a very interesting pedagogical tool for engineering education and can be introduced in the most engineering courses. When based on real work incidents and investigation reports, case studies become a perfect instrument to expose students to safety as professional engineers should apply it. To illustrate the idea, this paper presents an example of a case study based on an incident that occurred with a scissor lift. This particular case was introduced in a machine design course and helped students to link safety concepts with machine design contents.

Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) had a significant contribution to the psychoanalytical movement and is generally considered as the prototype of the dissident through the impact of his scission and the amplification of the movement he created in his turn (analytical psychology). Jung was the son of a Swiss reverend. He completed his medical studies, specialized in psychiatry and joined the staff of Burgholzli, the renowned psychiatric hospital in Zurich, run at that time by the famous Dr. Eugen Bleuler. In 1902-1903 he attended a traineeship in Paris with Pierre Janet, and then returned to Zurich and he was called senior physician at Burgholzli. It was in this context that Jung was introduced to Freud in 1907. Freud would be seduced by the prestige and personality of Jung and would soon see in him the spiritual son that could ensure the survival of psychoanalysis, so much so as Jung was not Jewish. Intense, professional and friendship bonds form between the two, with an ambivalence dominated by the inclination of Jung to underestimate himself in comparison with Freud, the fervor of his devotion to the “father” of psychoanalysis and oneiric hostility (emphasized by Freud in the common interpretation of dreams).

This article provides insights gained during a four-year project funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) named «Network for Evaluation of One Health», which brought together over 250 scientists, decision-makers and practitioners with expertise and/or interest in One Health to investigate the added value of One Health and elaborate and evaluation protocol for One Health. Here, we present our reflections on the significance of these findings for our common practice as health professionals. Two initial findings lie at the core of this analysis, namely the observation that 1) One Health integrates knowledge from various sources in a transdisciplinary way and that there are as many concepts of health as participants in a specific initiative; and 2) the nature of complex One Health problems necessitates systems thinking and consideration of emergences as a One Health initiative is implemented. An analysis of eight case studies, i.e., evaluations of different One Health initiatives, found that the capacity of an initiative to facilitate knowledge integration improves with the age of the initiative, political boundaries of any nature hinder knowledge integration, and the prevailing competitive mentality in academia may be a serious obstacle to trusted collaboration required for interdisciplinary progress. The COST project also revealed a number of important knowledge gaps, namely the need for: a scalable definition of health, balancing expert advice and citizen participation to tackle health challenges, bridging the scission between the benefits and risks arising from nature, discussing whether egoism will define the boundary to sustainable health, a biocentric social justice framework, and comparative values associated with health of people, animals, plants and ecosystems. Furthermore, methodological challenges were identified such as participatory methods that are scalable to large populations, a specific skill set to facilitate transdisciplinary research, and governing mechanisms alternative to legislation and markets. Finally, as a rather unexpected outcome, the project has revealed the tension between the academic and societal demands for infallibility and predictability versus the need for honesty, authenticity, humbleness and emotion to permit the full unfolding of human creativity.

Si l’alternative est de nos jours et dans nos sociétés occidentales un concept de plus en plus en vogue, son caractère lui, en demeure pas moins ambigu. En effet, et alors même que nombre de pratiques dites alternatives émergent de part et d’autre de la société, en faire allusion dans certains domaines équivaut à s’affliger soi-même d’une étiquette sur laquelle serait inscrite « New-Age » en caractère gras. Pourtant, son caractère loin d’évoquer cette seule dimension, semble par ailleurs être conséquente d un déséquilibre de plus en plus prégnant au sein même des prérogatives de l’État. Ce mémoire tente donc de rendre compte de ce phénomène tout en investiguant les répercussions de cette asymétrie sur l’intégration de pratiques médicales alternatives au Québec. Ceci dans l’intention non seulement d’explorer davantage la nature de la relation entre médecine alternative et biomédecine, mais aussi afin de poser un nouveau regard sur son expansion. Un regard, lequel permettrait potentiellement de poser les jalons nécessaires à un espace de conciliation entre les médecines, lequel découlerait alors d’un nouvel équilibre au cœur des prérogatives mêmes de l’État.
If the alternative is to our days and in our western societies a concept more and more in vogue, its character remains ambiguous. In effect, and even that number of practices called “alternatives” emerge on both sides of the society, in referring to in some areas is equivalent to plague itself-even a label on which would be marked “New-Age” in bold. Yet, its character far from referring to this single dimension, seems also be consistent to a more and more significant unbalance within the prerogatives of the State. This dissertation therefore attempts to account for this phenomenon while inquiry into the repercussions of this asymmetry on the integration of alternative medical practices in Quebec. This with the intention not only to further explore the nature of the relationship between alternative medicine and biomedicine, but also in order to install a new look on its expansion. A look, which would potentially lay the groundwork necessary to a space of conciliation between the medicines and which would lead to a new balance in the heart of the prerogatives of the State.

Alors qu’un éternel débat oppose les défenseurs de la scission et ceux de l’unité successorale, la professio juris donne une nouvelle perspective à la question de la détermination du droit applicable à une succession internationale, à travers le prisme de l’autonomie de la volonté et de la prévisibilité juridique. En conférant au de cujus la faculté de désigner lui-même le droit qui régira sa succession, elle lui permet d’écarter la règle de conflit objective au profit d’un ou de plusieurs rattachements de son choix et d’éviter l’incertitude reliée à l’appréciation des rattachements objectifs au moment du décès. Instaurée au Québec en 1994, cette institution n’existe que dans quelques États. Quoique présentant des intérêts indéniables en termes de planification, la professio juris a éveillé la crainte que le de cujus ne l’utilise que pour éluder les règles impératives du droit objectivement applicable, dont ses dispositions protectrices comme la réserve héréditaire. Deux types de limites à la professio juris ont ainsi émergé, restreignant l’éventail de lois parmi lesquelles le de cujus peut choisir et proscrivant ensuite certains effets de la désignation. Ce mémoire repose sur l’étude comparative des balises instituées dans plusieurs législations qui connaissent la professio juris, afin d’apporter un certain éclairage sur sa portée au Québec. Cette grille d’analyse permet également d’examiner comment la professio juris a été circonscrite dans d’autres États, de constater qu’elle peut offrir des avenues de planification qui n’ont pas été retenues au Québec et de porter un regard critique sur ces restrictions.
While an endless debate opposes the proponents of scission with the proponents of unity of succession, the professio juris offers a new option. The professio juris allows for the determination of the law applicable to an international succession to be evaluated through the perspective of a will’s autonomy and of legal predictability. By conferring to the deceased the ability to designate the law which would govern their succession, they may circumvent the rule of objective conflict in favour of one or more of the Connecting factors of their choice, and thus to avoid the incertitude linked to the evaluation of the objective Connecting factors upon their death. This institution, established in Quebec in 1994, exists only in certain states. Though advantageous in estate planning, the professio juris raised the apprehension that the deceased may use it in order to circumvent imperative rules of the objectively applicable law, and particularly its protective dispositions such as the hereditary reserve. Two limitations of the professio juris then emerged, firstly, restricting the number of laws from amongst which the deceased can choose, and secondly, limiting some of the possible consequences of said choice. This report is a comparative study of the limitations in effect in legislations that recognize the professio juris, in an attempt to clarify Quebec’s. Moreover, this study will analyse how the professio juris has been implemented in other states, observing that it can offer planning possibilities that are unavailable in Quebec, and, finally, to take a critical assessment of those limitations.