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1
Ambedkar, Bontha, und V. DivyaThejomurthy. „DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMS AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION - ASTUDY ON SCHEDULED CASTES IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH“. International Journal of Advanced Research 9, Nr. 08 (31.08.2021): 896–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13342.
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The Scheduled Castes, according to the 2011 census, are 20.13 crores and constitute 16.6 per cent of the total population of the country and have long suffered from extreme social and economic backwardness. The Scheduled Castes category comprises many castes which share certain common handicaps in relation to the rest of the castes in society. They are quite distinct in caste hierarchy. They are economically dependent, educationally backward, politically suppressed, and socially the worst sufferers. Further they were classed as untouchables. The term scheduled castes refers to a list of castes prepared in 1935 by the British Government in India. But during the ancient period and medieval period they were known as Panchamas (fifth group), Chandalas (heathens or outeastes) and Antyajas (lowest class), and during the British period they came to be called first as Depressed Classes (dalitjatis) or Exterior Castes (avarnas), later as Harijans (children of God), and finally as Scheduled Castes (castes listed in the Government Schedule Article 341).
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De Roover, Jakob. „Scheduled Castes vs. Caste Hindus: About A Colonial Distinction and its Legal Impact“. Socio-Legal Review 13, Nr. 1 (Januar 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55496/dluq9063.
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India’s legal system gives a decisive role to membership of a specific set of caste groups. Groups included in the schedule attached to the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order of 1950 are the beneficiaries of special protections and provisions. This legislation appears to discriminate on grounds of caste. However, the Supreme Court permits such special treatment under the condition that the classification is reasonable: for one, it must be founded on intelligible differentiae which distinguish the persons grouped together from others left out of the group. Which intelligible differentiae then distinguish the groups that belong to the Scheduled Castes? This essay argues that this question was never answered in any satisfactory manner. The Constituent Assembly simply accepted the colonial division of the Indian population into ‘Caste Hindus’ and ‘Depressed Classes’. Yet, the colonial administration had also failed to find empirical tests that allowed it to identify the ‘Depressed Classes’ as a distinct set of castes. The notion of ‘untouchability’ did not help here, because it functioned as a label used to name a collection of practices. It was unclear how to identify the victims at the receiving end of ‘untouchability’, since these practices could be found both among groups classified as Depressed Classes and among those considered Caste Hindus. The conclusion is puzzling: in 1936, the British Monarch ordered how the people of India should be divided into Scheduled Castes and others. Since 1947, Indian political and intellectual elites have enforced this decree in their country through caste legislation.
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Raghavendra R. H. „Literacy and Health Status of Scheduled Castes in India“. Contemporary Voice of Dalit 12, Nr. 1 (19.02.2020): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x19898449.
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There is much discussion on the issue of reservation and its impact on the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. It is essential to know how far the socially marginalized group of Scheduled Castes lag behind the other sections of the Indian population with respect to human development. The present article has made an attempt to assess the different human development factors like literacy and health status of the Scheduled Caste population in India. For this purpose, secondary data have been collected. The population- and literacy-related information has been obtained from the Census 2011 Report and health-related information has been collected from the National Family Health Survey-2015–2016 (NFHS -2015–2016). This study depicts the SCs population’s literacy status, sex ratio, child sex ratio and other health-related aspects. Also, the study compares the Scheduled Caste population status with that of other population categories.
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Mandal, Prakas Kumar, Tuphan Kanti Dolai, Soma Mandal, Tamanash Mondal und Suman Kumar Maji. „Screening for hemoglobinopathies in a socially disadvantaged population from a rural district of West Bengal, India“. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, Nr. 12 (27.11.2020): 4430. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20205319.
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Background: Detection of traits/carriers plays an important role in preventing the birth of a thalassemic child. West Bengal, one of the eastern states in India is the home to a bulk of socially challenged population including scheduled castes and scheduled tribes among others. The present study aimed to detect the prevalence of different hemoglobinopathies in a socially challenged district of West Bengal.Methods: In this retrospective cross sectional study thalassemia detection camps were organized at the community level over a period of four years. Venous blood samples were subjected to complete hemogram and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In few difficult cases samples were sent to the reference laboratory for molecular characterization. The prevalence of heterozygous, homozygous or compound heterozygous states of different thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies across various respondent groups (e.g. children, premarital, postmarital and antenatal) and existing caste categories (scheduled tribes, scheduled caste and general) were analyzed.Results: We analyzed a total of 114,606 HPLC reports; 18681 (16.30%), 15438 (13.47%) and 80487 (70.23%) cases belonged to scheduled tribes, scheduled castes and general category respectively. Out of 114,606 cases, 11,001 (9.6%) had revealed abnormal hemoglobins; beta thalassaemia trait was the most common (6.63%; n=7602) across all subgroup analysis. Among others, HbE trait, sickle cell trait and HbD trait were detected in 1788 (1.56%), 1362 (1.18%) and 126 (0.11%) cases respectively.Conclusions: Beta thalassaemia trait and HbE trait are the common haemoglobin variants in this rural district of West Bengal. The prevalence of sickle gene revealed in the present study is much less than previous studies in the locality.
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Sahoo, Harihar, und Sumana Acharya. „Education among Scheduled Caste Population in India“. Indonesian Journal of Geography 51, Nr. 3 (31.12.2019): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.43192.
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Lack of education among the scheduled castes (SC) population in India may be the main reason for remaining at the lower end of the social structure. Therefore, this study attempts to explore the changing trends in literacy among the SC to find out the determinants of higher education and to explore the major reasons for never enrolling or discontinuing/dropping out from educational institutions among the SC population in India. Using the data from the Census of India and also from National Sample Survey and employing both bivariate and multivariate analysis, the results reveal that though there is an increasing trend in the literacy rate among the SC population, but the rates remain quite below the national average. Gender disparity in literacy is quite evident. The low level of higher education mainly due to reasons like failing in examinations, heavy drop-outs and stagnation caused by their poor socio-economic background. Despite various efforts by the central and state governments to eradicate differences in educational attainment among the social groups through several constitutional steps from time to time there still remain gaps to be bridged.
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Kumbhar, S. I., und Shivaraj R. Sonawane. „CURRENT STATUS OF GOVERNMENT HOSTEL FACILITY PROVIDED TO ST, OBC, SC STUDENTS AND ITS UTILITY AND USAGES: WITH REFERENCE TO PUNE“. SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR HUMANITY SCIENCE AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE 9, Nr. 47 (01.10.2021): 11571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21922/srjhsel.v9i47.7699.
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The population of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes forms the considerable percentage of the total population of the country. Providing educational supporting facilities through the hostel scheme to this population is one of the significant factor that positively influencing on the educational development of scheduled casts and scheduled tribes people. Through the present article, an attempt has been made on the current status of tribal hostels and its utility with reference to Pune city. This article has also focused on the strength of the government hostels during the last four years, and focused on its intake capacity, actual admissions of ST and OBC SC students in the hostels in Pune.
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Youdle, Alison, Beryl A. D'Souza Vali, Nathan John und Pam Anderson. „Factors Associated with Continued Jogini Practice in Telanaga, India“. Christian Journal for Global Health 10, Nr. 2 (30.10.2023): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15566/cjgh.v10i2.769.
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The Jogini, or Devadasi, system sees young girls “married” to a deity after which she is seen as the property of the village and required to perform religious duties and often sexual favours, typically without payment or freedom of choice. There is a paucity of published research on the factors which make women vulnerable to this exploitation and the factors which increase the likelihood that they are able to extricate themselves from it. This is a population study of 657 women who had previously been dedicated as Joginis living in 10 villages in Mahabubnagar district of Telangana, South India. The primary outcome of interest was whether the women were practicing as a Jogini at the time of the survey. Data was analyzed using a mixed effect logistic regression test to determine possible determinants of practicing status. Four factors were found to be significantly associated with continued Jogini practice: 1) being a person with a disability, 2) reason for dedication given as family tradition of other Joginis in the family, 3) poverty in the family of origin, and 4) living in a village with more than ten percent of the population belonging to a scheduled tribe. One factor significantly negatively associated with continued practice was having one or more male children. Analysis of the demographic data for these women confirmed the previously known fact that the exploitation in the form of the Jogini system disproportionately affects those who are already vulnerable in society — those from scheduled castes (SC) and tribes (ST), other backward castes (OBC), the disabled, the uneducated, and the poor. Between them, SCs, STs, and OBCs make up the non-forward castes, i.e., those who are socially disadvantaged. The scheduled castes, formally known as untouchables, are the lowest of the Indian castes. Scheduled tribes are tribal people, not part of any organized religion. Other backward castes are those between the forward castes and the scheduled castes in terms of social order.
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Soren, Chunuram. „RESERVATION IN INDIA: RHETORIC AND REALITY“. International Journal of Advanced Research 9, Nr. 07 (31.07.2021): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13149.
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Reservation is always contentious and sentimental issue and raises many concerns of the people. The policy of reservation and safeguards provided to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes has adversely affected the unity and solidarity of the nation. Reservation in India is all about reserving access to seats in the government jobs, educational institutions and even legislatures to certain sections of the population. The reservation can also be seen as positive discrimination. Reservation in India is a government policy, backed by the Indian Constitution. Part XVI deals with reservation of SC and ST in Central and state legislature. The need for reservation can be looked from legal and socio-cultural perspective. The act of reservation is reserving seats in educational institutions, certain places of employment for certain castes and classes of society which are considered backward, those being the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Castes. Reservation is an effective measure to end the oppressive discrimination. Reservation facilitates empowerment and social harmony for all in the segments.
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Bochkovskaya, Anna V. „ADI DHARM: THE “ORIGINAL RELIGION” OF PUNJAB’S SCHEDULED CASTES“. Studia Religiosa Rossica: Russian Journal of Religion, Nr. 4 (2023): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-4158-2023-4-102-117.
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In the 1920s, the British province of Punjab saw the birth of a protest movement named Adi Dhar(a)m (Original Religion). It embraced low-caste members of the Sikh community who were eager to establish their own religious identity. Among the Adi Dharm founders was Mangoo Ram Mugowalia (1886–1980), who united the Chamars – one of the largest untouchable castes of Punjab. In 1931, Adi Dharm was listed in the colonial Census as a separate religion boasting almost half a million followers. In the subsequent censuses, Adi Dharm was listed as a caste. By the mid-1940s, the protest movement declined, but in the 1970s it revived owing to a great extent to the support of the Punjabi diaspora. A new phase of its history stemmed from the growth of social and political activities of Dalits (‘the downtrodden’) in India and particularly in Punjab where the Scheduled Castes account for over 30 percent of the population. Contemporary phase of the Adi Dharm history is mostly related to the activities of the All-India Adi Dharam Mission whose main temple is located in the village of Kharali, district Hoshiarpur, Punjab
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Van de Poel, Ellen, und Niko Speybroeck. „Decomposing malnutrition inequalities between Scheduled Castes and Tribes and the remaining Indian population“. Ethnicity & Health 14, Nr. 3 (Juni 2009): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13557850802609931.
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Naz, Sumayya, und Vishwanatha. „TRENDS IN INCIDENCE OF POVERTY AMONG SCHEDULED CASTES: THE CASE OF KARNATAKA“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, Nr. 6 (30.06.2019): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i6.2019.781.
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Historically, the Scheduled Castes (SCs) in India have been the victims of social exclusion and marginalization along with living under poverty. The SCs in Karnataka form a sizeble part with 17 per cent of the State’s population and more than 75 per cent of them living in rural areas. They have continued to be socially, educationally and economically backward even today. Due to various constitutional provisions and welfare programmes for SCs, the incidence of poverty is declining in percentage terms but a large number of SC population still continue to be poor. A large number of studies have focused on the issue of poverty in general, but not many studies relating to incidence of poverty across social groups in India and Karnataka. In this backdrop, the present paper is to analyse the trends in prevalence of poverty among SCs in Karnataka at macto perspective.
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Brahmanandam, N., R. Nagarajan und Srinivas Goli. „Change in Household Environment Condition in India: Evidence From Panel Data“. SAGE Open 11, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2021): 215824402110357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211035767.
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We examine the transition in household environment condition (HEC) in India during 2004–2012 by using panel data of the India Human Development Survey. In particular, this study documents the movement of households into and out of poor HEC. We found that a higher proportion of socially deprived classes, namely, Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, and Other Backward Castes, were continued to be in or fall into poor HEC than the General Castes. The movement out of poor HEC (to middle and better-off HEC) was least observed among the underprivileged Castes than the General Castes. Similarly, households in economically poor condition and those with illiterate and primary occupation household heads were entering into or remaining more in poor HEC than their counterparts. By regions, Central and Eastern regions were either continued to be more in poor HEC or experienced the least upward movement from poor HEC to the middle and better-off condition than other regions. Findings based on multivariate logistic regression models have reinforced the results from the bivariate analyses. From a policy perspective, the findings advance that socially disadvantaged population needs greater emphasis on ongoing programs to improve household living and environmental conditions in India.
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Corbridge, Stuart. „Competing Inequalities: The Scheduled Tribes and the Reservations System in India's Jharkhand“. Journal of Asian Studies 59, Nr. 1 (Februar 2000): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2658584.
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This paper reports on the economic and political consequences of reserving government and public-sector jobs for members of the Scheduled Tribes in the Indian State of Bihar. It also contributes to a more general debate on the system of compensatory discrimination that has existed in India since the 1940s, and which was made tangible for middle class Indians by the decision of the government of V. P. Singh (1989–90) to adopt some of the recommendations of the Second Backward Classes Commission (1979–80: chairman B. P. Mandal). The Mandal Commission report advised that a system of reserved jobs in central government could usefully be extended from the Scheduled Castes and Tribes of India (roughly 15 and 7.5 percent of the population, respectively) to embrace a broader collection of Socially and Economically Backward Classes.1 In August 1990 V. P. Singh found it expedient to act upon Mandal's suggestion that up to 49.5 percent of all jobs in central government services and public undertakings should be reserved for the Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
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Ahmad, Faiyaz. „Socio-demographic and Health Profile of Schedule Castes of Patna, Vaishali and Nalanda Bihar, India“. International Journal of Preventive, Curative & Community Medicine 07, Nr. 01 (31.03.2021): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.325x.202102.
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Background: Patna and peripheral districts (Nalanda and Vaishali) have some dominated area of SC and ST population but the distribution and demographic details of these areas are not properly documented. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the status of the scheduled castes of Patna, with respect to size of the population, sex ratio, literacy level, marital status, occupation and income. Methodology: A pre-tested questionnaire containing information about demographic particulars like caste, age, gender, educational qualification, occupation and monthly income was administered through Mobile health care OPDs under the SCSP. Survey was conducted between the years 2018-2020. These data are shown to be suitable for evaluating the impact of demographic and socio-economic elements on regular health examinations. Result: The analysis of data clearly indicates that there were significant differences with the age group 13-20, 21-30 and >60, caste, with religion of Hindu and Muslim, educational status regarding semi-literate and graduate or above, Mizaj, diet habit and there were no significant differences with respect to gender, religion and addiction behaviour are noticed. By presenting the methods used in this survey and by describing the enquiries mentioned in the dataset, this article aims to promote data-collecting methodologies that can help policy-makers and health communicators derive practical conclusions. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is significant difference in the age group of SC population. While there were no significant differences with respect to gender, religion and addiction behaviour was noticed. Most of the SC population belongs to balghami temperament and most preferred food habit of them is mixed mostly.
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Barooah, Momita Goswami. „Spatial Pattern and Variation in Literacy among the Scheduled Castes Population in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam“. Space and Culture, India 2, Nr. 1 (29.06.2014): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v2i1.68.
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Scheduled Caste (SC) population constitutes a sizeable portion of the total population of Assam accounting for 6.32 per cent according to the 2011 Census. They comprise a socially backward class in the Indian society—downtrodden illiterate people of the Indian social fabric. Literacy and educational attainment are considered the hallmark of a modern society. The traits of the modern society, such as, industrialisation, modernisation and urbanisation are closely associated with the level of literacy and education. In the middle part of the 20th century, the literacy rate among them was very low. However, in the later part of the 20th century and in the current millennium due to the developmental measures implemented by both the Central as well as State Governments of India and due to the influence of mass media, there has been a change in the pattern of literacy. The literacy rate of the SC population in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam was 66.34 per cent in 2011 against 61.15 per cent for general population, which is slightly lower than the SC population in the Valley. The study of the pattern of literacy among various social groups of SCs in the study area provides an insight into the socio-economic situations. An attempt has been made in this paper to analyse the spatial pattern of literacy and its variations among the scheduled caste population in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam.
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Sardar, Sanjib. „AN ANALYSIS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTES POPULATION IN TIROL VILLAGE, ARAMBAGH, HOOGHLY“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, Nr. 7 (17.08.2020): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i7.2020.788.
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The present paper is concerned with Socio-Economic background of Scheduled Castes (SCs) population in Tirol village, Arambagh and its major focus is to analyze the main obstacles on the way to socio-economic development. The basic information has been collected through the well-prepared questionnaire and supplemented by relevant secondary data. An intensive study was run over 287 sample household and the result was shown in the tabulated form. The outcome of the study reveals that 88.88 percentage sample population belong to SCs community and the percentage of men and women is 49.64 and 50.36 respectively. The educational level of the study area is not so good among the people of SCs community except the present generation and in terms of higher education the level is very poor. The rate of literacy among women is far behind than men although the number of women is more than men. The monthly income of SCs is not up to the mark. A large number of people of the SCs community are unemployed and the main economic activities are based on agriculture. They usually live in mud house, although there are several concrete houses built with the help of Indira Awas Yojana. So as a whole it is observed from the present study that, the socio-economic condition of SC community is poor and Government should pay attention to socio-economic backwardness and find requisite steps for sustainable development.
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Singh, Nirmal. „Dalits, Their Support Base and the Bahujan Samaj Party: A Case Study of the Doaba Region“. Contemporary Voice of Dalit 11, Nr. 1 (11.03.2019): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x18821453.
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Scheduled Castes (SCs) comprise 16.6 per cent of India’s population. The distinguishing feature of SCs in Punjab is that they constitute numerical strength, that is, 31.9 per cent (2011 Census). In terms of population share, Punjab accounts for 4.4 per cent of the total SCs’ population in India. During this decade, two more castes, namely, Mochi and Mahatam/Rai Sikh castes, have been notified as SCs in Punjab. Today, it is estimated that the proportion of Dalits may have risen above 32 per cent in Punjab. This article argues as to why the high concentration of Dalit population in Punjab has not translated into success for the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP). For answering this question, the study examines two aspects, namely, the nature of the party organization and the political strategy of the BSP. The study was qualitative and conducted in the Doaba region of Punjab. It is an analysis of the interactions with 300 respondents of the targeted SCs population and 25 leaders of the BSP and its factional political parties.
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Barman, Rup Kumar. „‘Right-Left-Right’ and Caste Politics: The Scheduled Castes in West Bengal Assembly Elections (from 1920 to 2016)“. Contemporary Voice of Dalit 10, Nr. 2 (22.08.2018): 216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x18787569.
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Since the beginning of the provincial election in the early twentieth century, ‘caste’ has been a ‘political issue’ in India. It transformed into a matter of serious political contradiction when the ‘reservation’ was introduced in India. After the independence of India, in all provincial and parliamentary elections starting from to 1952 till date, organized political parties have further contributed to the ‘process of politicization of caste’. Truly speaking, caste is now a ‘determinant factor’ for formation of the union government. This trend has been equally detected in certain provinces of India especially where the Scheduled Castes (SCs) have substantial concentration. West Bengal, with 21,463,270 SC population (i.e., 23.5% of the state’s population), has been experiencing caste politics since 1952. However, the SCs of this state have been used in electoral politics merely as ‘voters’. They were controlled by the ‘Rights’, till 1962. The period from 1962 to 1976 was a transitional phase from the ‘Rights’ to ‘Lefts’. The ‘Lefts’ established their control over the SCs in 1977. However, re-emergence of the ‘Rights’ (particularly of the All India Trinamool Congress [AITMC]) in 2011 has transformed the SCs as the ‘puppet dancers’ under the direction of the ‘Rights’.
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Prasad, Devi, und S. S. Bibhar. „Locating the Atrocities Against Dalits: An Analytical Approach“. Contemporary Voice of Dalit 12, Nr. 1 (02.03.2020): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x19898416.
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Dalits constitute around a sixth of India’s population. They have been safeguarded by the ‘Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989’, but the adequate implementation of this special Act is in question because many instances of atrocities have been occurring consecutively. As such, this article attempts to understand the process of building a social milieu for preventing the atrocities against Dalits with particular reference to the Ganda caste. The primary data have been collected through personal narratives of the survivors along with group discussions with the villagers of Lathor in Balangir district of Odisha. Secondary sources such as Indian census reports, newspapers, websites and various constitutional provisions have also been referred to obtain an in-depth understanding of the atrocities against this marginal section.
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Srivastava, Neetika, und Udai Pratap Singh. „Population Structure and Reproductive Behaviour ofPasisandChamars: A Comparative Study among the Scheduled Castes of Lucknow, India“. Asian Man (The) - An International Journal 8, Nr. 1 (2014): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0975-6884.2014.00002.4.
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Annapuranam, K., und Anand Inbanathan. „What Really Causes for Exclusion? An Analysis with Special Reference to Scheduled Castes“. Contemporary Voice of Dalit 9, Nr. 2 (04.09.2017): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x17721536.
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Poverty excludes people from various social functions and deprives the quality of life of people who live in poverty. The scheduled castes (SCs) are the majority who come under poverty and are most deprived of availing the services and opportunities which enhance their capability and standard of living. But the magnitude of deprivation varies across different subcategories. This is just because of being at the bottom of the caste hierarchy. It is a major constraint and still limits their mobility in various aspects of life. This condition not only excludes them from the mainstream society but also contributes to the further increase of social inequality. Thus, even as social mobility can be seen through the affirmative action, the majority still face different forms of exclusion which keep them out of these benefits. This article attempts to explore the process of exclusion related to various aspects of social life of the SC population and also illustrates the mechanisms that are obstacles on the path of inclusive development. Furthermore, it expresses concern over education, employment, political rights, civil rights, social justice and social participation and regard them as being of immense importance to the well-being of SCs.
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Aritra Chakraborty, Chandra Shekhar Sarkar,. „Comparative Study of Male Female Disparity in Literacy of Purulia and North 24 Parganas District in West Bengal“. Psychology and Education Journal 58, Nr. 2 (04.02.2021): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.1055.
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The present article focuses on a comparative study of the male-female disparity in literacy of two districts Purulia and North 24 Parganas in West Bengal, India. The Census data of 2011 has been used in this regard. The literacy rate has been calculated for the population above six-year, and Sopher’s Disparity index (1974) has been applied to measure the male-female disparity in literacy. The study examines the block-level male-female disparity in literacy among non-Schedule Caste (none-SC ST), Scheduled Castes (SC), and Scheduled Tribes (ST). The study highlights that North 24 Parganas is far ahead in terms of literacy than Purulia district. However, there is wide variation in block-level male-female disparity in literacy among the three-caste groups in both the districts. In block-level, the Bundwan block of Purulia district and Barasat-I and Deganga block of North 24 Parganas district occupies a remarkable place in terms of the male-female disparity in literacy among each three-caste group. Conversely, Jhalda-II block in Purulia and Hingalganj block of North 24 Parganas is the most backward block in terms of the male-female disparity in literacy among the all-caste groups. Although the Central and the State Government have taken various schemes to enhance literacy rates and eliminated the male-female disparity in education, more suitable steps need to be followed to implement appropriate measures towards education, especially for the women and other marginalised sections of the society.
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Chakraborty, Jayajit, und Pratyusha Basu. „Linking Industrial Hazards and Social Inequalities: Environmental Injustice in Gujarat, India“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 1 (25.12.2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010042.
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Industrial development in India has rarely been studied through the perspective of environmental justice (EJ) such that the association between industrial development and significant economic and social inequalities remains to be examined. Our article addresses this gap by focusing on Gujarat in western India, a leading industrial state that exemplifies the designation of India as an “emerging economy.” We link the geographic concentration of industrial facilities classified as major accident hazard (MAH) units, further subdivided by size (large or medium/small) and ownership (public or private), to the socio-demographic composition of the population at the subdistrict (taluka) level. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) are used to analyze statistical associations between MAH unit density and explanatory variables related to the economic and social status of the residential population at the subdistrict level. Our results indicate a significant relationship between presence of socially disadvantaged populations (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) and density of all types of MAH units, except those associated with the public sector. Higher urbanization and lower home ownership are also found to be strong predictors of MAH unit density. Overall, our article represents an important step towards understanding the complexities of environmental inequalities stemming from Gujarat’s industrial economy.
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Kumar, K. Kiran, und Prasanta Moharaj. „Land and Asset Inequality Among Social Groups“. Social Change 53, Nr. 1 (März 2023): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857221110562.
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This article attempts to examine the changing distributional structure of land among various social groups at the micro-level and its implications on inequality among various social group households. Our research focusses on a case study—Gudivada village located in Nalgonda district in Telangana to understand the changes that have taken place in the landholding pattern and ensuing inequality among social groups in the studied time. The social groups have been categorised as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs) and Other Castes (OCs), respectively. The study found that there is a prevalence of inequality in the distribution of land among social groups which later has decreased. The landholding patten in the village has changed from being dominated by OCs to now OBCs, increasing their landholding. However, no significant growth was seen in the area owned by SCs and STs over the same period. Similarly, the decomposition of asset inequality in the studied village revealed a clear distinction between within and between social groups, that is inequality based on the assets possession is higher of within social groups (assessing inequality among the population within a particular social groups such as SCs, STs, OBCs or OCs) compared to between social groups (assessing inequality among the population between social groups such as between SCs and STs or between OBCs and OCs and so on).
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Jaysawal, Neelmani, und Mrs Sudeshna Saha. „Impact of CSR on Education & Healthcare of Underprivileged Sections of the Society“. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN HUMANITIES 2, Nr. 2 (08.07.2014): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jah.v2i2.422.
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Education and Healthcare keeps an important position in the development paradigm of a country. India, having more than 1 billion population, requires an inclusive growth where each section of society might claim benefits of growth. It is estimated that approximately 29 percent of the Indian population lives below the poverty line (World Bank 2003). This figure accounts for more than 290 million people, or nearly 25 percent of the world's poor population. On average, the poor have lower levels of education than the general population and suffer from higher disease prevalence. Scheduled castes and tribes are overrepresented in below-poverty-line (BPL) households. More than 65 percent of scheduled caste/scheduled tribe (SC/ST) households live below the poverty line. Apart from health sector, even education system of the country is in pitiable condition. The education system of a country doesnot functions in isolation from society. In such a condition, extending educational opportunities to marginalized groups has been considered an antidote to this longstanding discrimination.
Therefore, several organizations working in profit sector have proceeded in the area of advancement of marginalized sections of society through initiatives in education and health sector known as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The organizations like Tata, HDFC, Infosys have been actively involved in educational development of marginalized sections. Even public sector enterprises like SAIL, BPCL, BHEL have provided growth of marginalized sections through some of their initiatives in education and health sector.
Therefore, this paper seeks to highlight conditions of education and health in the wake of marginalized sections of our society and critically examine contribution of CSR initiatives of both public and private sectors for their advancement.
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Chouhan, Pradip. „A study on literacy and educational attainment of scheduled castes population in Maldah District of West Bengal, India“. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning 6, Nr. 1 (28.02.2013): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jgrp12.028.
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Pradhan, Itishree, Binayak Kandapan und Jalandhar Pradhan. „Uneven burden of multidimensional poverty in India: A caste based analysis“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 7 (29.07.2022): e0271806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271806.
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Poverty is multifaceted. The global poverty profile shows 41% of multidimensionally poor people living in South Asian countries. Though castes and tribes are a more prevalent line of social stratification in India, and their socio-economic characteristics also vary remarkably, hardly any study has explored these dimensions while analysing multidimensional poverty in India. Hence, this study attempts to assess the multidimensional status of poverty among the social groups in India. National Family Health Survey, 2015–16 (NFHS-4) is a source of rich information on 579,698 households’ well-being for this analysis. Alkire- Foster technique was applied to decompose the Multidimensional Poverty Index (M0) across its dimensions and indicators for all the social groups. Three broad dimensions of deprivation–Health, Education and Standard of Living–include 12 indicators, guided by the poverty literature, data availability and the country’s sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). There were three main findings in this study: (1) Scheduled Tribes (STs) are the most disadvantaged subgroup in India with remarkably high values of headcount (H = 0.444;), intensity (A = 0.486), and M0 (0.216), followed by Scheduled Castes (SCs) (H = 0.292; A = 0.473; M0 = 0.138), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) (H = 0.245; A = 0.465; M0 = 0.114); and Others category is the most privileged with very low values of H = 0.149, A = 0.463, and M0 = 0.069; (2) STs contribute nearly twice their population share for both H and M0, and the SCs contribution is also noticeably higher than their population share; (3) States located in the central and eastern regions of India have the higher H, A and M0 for all the social groups. This suggests that there is a need for a thorough assessment of poverty at specific levels to uncover the poverty situation in society, improve the effectiveness of evidence-based planning and effective policymaking.
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Biman Lahkar, Biman Lahkar. „Some Investigations of Educational and Occupational Scenerio Of Scheduled Castes Population Of Assam: A Case study of Kaibartta (Fisherman) Community“. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 9, Nr. 5 (2013): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-095113117.
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Nayak, Bikash Chandra, Smaraki Mohanty, Venkatarao Epari, Gurukrushna Mohapatra, Satyajit Mohanty, Swapan Bikas Saha und Snehaprava Mahapatra. „Prevalence of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) Among Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in the Intensive Area of Rayagada District of Odisha, India“. International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope 05, Nr. 01 (2024): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47857/irjms.2024.v05i01.0196.
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The tribal population in India too have high rates of hypertension and other risk factors of NCDs. Rayagada district, situated in the southern part of Odisha is home to diversified communities including scheduled castes and scheduled tribes with about 57% of the tribal population. It’s hard-to-reach scattered geographical areas, most of these populations remain inaccessible to various benefits, information, education and communication activities. The study was a cross-sectional study conducted after the intuitional ethical approval. The study duration was from 1st May to 30th June 2022. A systematic random sampling method was used to collect the data from a calculated sample size of 3600 individuals. A predesigned and pretested questionnaire containing four sections used to collect the required data. The study tool was incorporated in Epicollect 5.0 and data was collected through android phones. A total of 3625 individuals were interviewed with 60.5% female subjects. Most (98%) were married and belonged to Hindu religion (97%). Majority (98%) of the respondents were BPL card holders. About 57 % were chewing tobacco and 26% were alcoholic. The prevalence of diabetes and hypertension was 2 % and 20 % respectively. More than 80% were physically active, 28% were under weight and 9 % were overweight. The education level was found to be very low that may be responsible for poor food choices. Higher tobacco consumption in the tribal community has a deleterious effect and more chances of getting non-communicable diseases.
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Dash, S. S. „Nutritional Status Assessment among Adult Santals of East Singhbhum District in Jharkhand State, India“. Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 11, Nr. 3 (30.06.2023): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8994.
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Currently, malnutrition and undernutrition are comprehensible health issues for adults in India. This condition also affects children. The prevalence of such situations developed in India is primarily due to socio-economic variation, especially in the case of socio-economically disadvantaged communities like Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Scheduled Castes (SCs) over others. For the last two to three decades, there has been no inspiring progress regarding the nutritional status of such a population. Studies on the assessment of nutritional status among both male and female Santals are almost lacking, hence the importance of conducting such a study. The present study tries to determine nutritional status prevalence among Santal adults in East Singhbhum District, Jharkhand, India. It was a community-based cross-sectional study carried out in tribal areas of East Singhbhum District, Jharkhand, India. A total of 211 adult (male = 101 and female = 110) schedule tribes (Santals) aged over 20 years in those village areas (Bela, Malua, Dighi Mura, Majhipara, Teghori and Raj bandh) were included in this study. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) were the major indicators used here to assess the studied participants' nutritional status. It was observed that most young adults, age group 20-40 years, are mainly affected. Further study revealed that 5.9 % of males, 8.1 % of females, and 7.1% of the total population were suffering from Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED), and 52.5 % of males, 58.1 % of females and 55.5 % of the total population became overweight. The overall sex-combined prevalence of undernutrition was 7.1%. The prevalence of undernutrition was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (8.1%) in females compared to males (5.9%). Nutritional status assessment through MUAC also revealed more or less similar results. It may be suggested that nearly three fourth of the population (69.67 %) was nutritionally normal, whereas the rest (30.33 %) was found to be underweight and malnourished. So, from this study, it may be concluded that females were in the more concerning situation for undernutrition according to MUAC and overweight according to BMI.
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Vinnakota, Divya, S. M. Yasir Arafat, Sujita Kumar Kar, Madhini Sivasubramanian, Sayeda Razia Hossain, Ali Davod Parsa und Russell Kabir. „Pornography and Sexual Violence Against Women in India: A Scoping Review“. Journal of Psychosexual Health 3, Nr. 3 (25.06.2021): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26318318211023935.
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In recent decades, surge in the usage of pornography is promoting a severe negative impact on health and well-being throughout the world. In recent times, there is a surge in rape cases in India. There may be a relation between pornography addiction and an increase in sexual crime against women. This review aims to document the association between sexual violence and addiction to pornography in India. Six original articles were retrieved from databases for the initial review of the literature, such as PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCOhost, CINAHL plus, and PubMed Central. Out of the six included cross-sectional research, 50% reported primary (sample sizes range from 100 to 600), 33.3% secondary data, and 16.7% study assessed data from Google trend. Only 16.7% of included articles unveiled a significant association between the number of Internet users and increased sexual violence (rapes and or crimes) toward females that revealed an insignificant association when variables were controlled. About 33.3% of studies reported that the male gender was more vulnerable to pornography addiction among medical students than females. Pornography search had no significant association with literacy level. Female population ratio in Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes positively and urbanization and female workforce participation negatively impacted crime against women.
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Fatima, Yasmin. „Demographic Data for SCSP Mobile Health Care Programme Conducted in the Rural Area of Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh“. International Journal of Preventive, Curative & Community Medicine 07, Nr. 01 (30.03.2021): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.325x.202101.
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Introduction: Demography is the statistical and mathematical study of the size composition and spatial distribution of human populations. In this article we focused on some demographic data such as age, gender, education, caste, religion, marital status, occupation, addiction and dietary habits which may help to assess the socio economic and health status of the population. Methods: This is an observational and descriptive study, where data collected using a pretested, predesigned questionnaire/screening form to assess the demographic information i.e. age, gender, education, caste, religion, marital status, occupation, addiction and dietary habits, provided by Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine(CCRUM), Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Delhi. Sample size was not calculated as all the patients who were coming to OPD were included in the study and all patients were assured of confidentiality of the details collected and patients provided data willingly. Inclusion criteria for the study included all the patients of either sex of any age group attending OPDs in five adopted villages, i.e. Kurana, Kalkheda, Bagoniya, Toomda and Dhammarra during July 2019 to March 2020 at SCSP Mobile Healthcare Programme, Clinical Research Unit, Bhopal. Results and Conclusion: Collected and compiled data exhibits that the Scheduled Castes population visited the OPDs belongs to a low socio-economic group and are mainly small farmers and landless labourers. The percentage of the female population who visited the OPDs was more which reveals that due to the excessive burden of work and poor nutritional diet they are more susceptible to have an illness. Literacy level was fair among population with 19.16 % illiterate. Tobacco chewing is seen more prevalent among the participants. Poverty and less availability of food have led to unsatisfactory dietary habit, though literacy is considerable in these villages.
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Parshina, L. S. „Regional analysis of aspirant states in India“. Regional nye issledovaniya 74, Nr. 4 (2022): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2021-4-4.
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The article examines the history of the formation of the administrative-territorial structure of India and the constitutional foundations of the formation of new states. Investigated the aspirant states in India, presented a figure of their location on the territory, identified the principles on which they are based (ethnolinguistic, economic development of the territory, rationalization of management, cultural and historical) and two groups of principles are defined – «cultural and historical» and «economic and administrative». Shown that the movements for the creation of new states are contrary to the official ethnolinguistic principle. Presented the typology of the aspirant states which is composed according to a number of socio-economic, demographic and natural characteristics that affect the population quality life (population density, urban population, Human Development Index, Multidimensional Poverty Index, share of scheduled castes and tribes, unemployment, access to clean drinking water, forestry area, production of major crops, household electrification, road density, number of cities with a population more than 500,000) for each district in the aspirant state. The relationships between the internal division of states into cultural, physical-geographical, historical and administrative regions and proposals for the creation of new states are determined.
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Jha, Yatindra Kumar. „Government Schemes and Its Implementation on Poverty Alleviation : A Special Study of U.P. Urban Areas in India“. Think India 22, Nr. 3 (26.09.2019): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8083.
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Urban poverty alleviation is the major thrust of development planning in India. However, poverty eradication is a daunting task as the problem is gradually increasing due to migration of rural poor people in urban centres. Urban poverty is a major challenge before the urban managers and administrators of the present time. Though the anti-poverty strategy comprising of a wide range of poverty alleviation and employment generating programmes has been implemented but results show that the situation is grim. Importantly, poverty in urban India gets exacerbated by substantial rate of population growth, high rate of migration from the rural areas and mushrooming of slum pockets. Migration alone accounts for about 40 per cent of the growth in urban population, converting the rural poverty into urban one. Moreover, poverty has become synonymous with slums. The relationship is bilateral i.e. slums also breed poverty. This vicious circle never ends. Most of the world’s poor reside in India and majority of the poor live in rural areas and about one-fourth urban population in India lives below poverty line. If we count those who are deprived of safe drinking water, adequate clothing, or shelter, the number is considerably higher. Moreover, the vulnerable groups such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, minorities, pavement dwellers etc., are living in acute poverty. Housing conditions in large cities and towns are depicting sub human lives of slum dwellers. With the reconstruction of poverty alleviation programmes in urban India, it is expected that social and economic benefits will percolate to the population below the poverty line. However, eradication of poverty and improving the quality of life of the poor remain one of the daunting tasks. Government of India has introduced numerous centrally sponsored schemes from time to time. Rajiv Awas Yojana, Rajiv Rin Yojana and National Urban Livelihood Mission are the new addition for poverty alleviation in urban area.
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Gupta, Dr Renu. „EVALUATION OF THE STATUS OF HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BIHAR & JHARKHAND“. International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 08, Nr. 12 (2023): 3974–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2023.v08i12.019.
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Health infrastructure plays a crucial role to achieve the target ‘Health for All’. During the time frame of 2019 to 2021, Jharkhand has shown a greater improvement than Bihar in terms of percentage change, with a 67% rise in the total number of Primary Health Centers (PHCs). However, Bihar has a higher total number of operational PHCs, with 2034 in total. India had a 5% increase in Community Health Centers (CHCs) between 2019 and 2021, with the most significant expansion seen in Bihar, where there was an impressive 104% increase. The Scheduled Castes (SCs) of Bihar have had a significant 4% increase in population from 2019 to 2021, whereas Jharkhand has witnessed a 6% growth within the same time frame. It is essential to provide more healthcare services through public health care system in order to safeguard the well-being and survival of all individuals.
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Deb, Surajit. „Employment Opportunities Across Social Classes in Rural India“. Social Change 49, Nr. 1 (März 2019): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085718821784.
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In the second part of the Social Change Indicator series, we provide information from government survey data on the work opportunities for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) and non-SC-ST class in the rural India. 1 Our data refers to 18 states which covers more than 95 per cent of the SC or ST population in the country. The generation of employment continues to remain one of the key political economic challenges in India despite the achievements of its high economic growth rates in the past two decades. The problem remains complicated due to the nature of the country’s labour market that is characterised by skill shortages, dominance of low-paid jobs in the informal and unorganised sectors and vulnerable employments. The government has recently set up a task force to address deficiencies in the existing data on employment and plans to outline a National Employment Policy (NEP) for the creation of quality jobs through economic, social and labour policy interventions. The NEP claims that it will also provide a much-needed focus on equal access to employment opportunities for marginalised sections like the SCs and STs by identifying skill shortages, training needs and available employment opportunities. Given social class differences in India, it is sometimes hypothesised that social exclusion and discrimination remain a common phenomenon in the labour market of different states in India.
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Velusamy, V. Rajkumar. „A Contemporary Overview about Status and Challenging Issues of Tribal Education in India“. International Journal of Asian Education 2, Nr. 2 (01.06.2021): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46966/ijae.v2i2.96.
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India is the second-largest tribal population in the world. However, after the seven decades of independence, the tribal groups are disadvantaged and socially backward from the cycle of growth in many areas such as health, education, employment, and empowerment, and more. Among these, for tribal society, education is an essential requirement. The state and central governments have initiated several programs to educate tribal groups. Many of these programs have achieved only 10 percent of the targets. The vast numbers of tribal peoples are missing their education at various levels. They lag in education due to the high illiteracy rates among the tribal population relative to Scheduled Castes (S.C.s). Hence, the time has come to consider tribal education and inclusive growth seriously. In this context, the comprehensive literature review seeks to provide a contemporary overview of India's current status and challenging issues of tribal education. The paper is purely based on second-hand information from various research studies conducted in India and collected from different government sources. The outcomes are more helpful in implementing schemes that can improve tribal literacy and inclusive growth perspectives.
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Haque, Ziaul. „Victor S. D'Souza. Development Planning and Structural Inequalities: The Response of the Underprivileged. New Delhi: Sage Publications 1990. Pages 206 + Index. Price: Rs 180 (Hardbound).“ Pakistan Development Review 30, Nr. 3 (01.09.1991): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i3pp.313-317.
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Deveiopment planning in India, as in other developing countries, has generally been aimed at fostering an industrially-oriented policy as the engine of economic growth. This one-sided economic development, which results in capital formation, creation of urban elites, and underprivileged social classes of a modern society, has led to distortions in the social structure as a whole. On the contrary, as a result of this uneven economic development, which is narrowly measured in terms of economic growth and capital formation, the fruits of development have gone to the people according to their economic power and position in the social structure: those occupying higher positions benefiting much more than those occupying the lower ones. Thus, development planning has tended to increase inequalities and has sharpened divisive tendencies. Victor S. D'Souza, an eminent Indian sociologist, utilizing the Indian census data of 1961, 1971, and 1981, examines the problem of structural inequality with particular reference to the Indian Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes - the two most underprivileged sections of the present Indian society which, according to the census of 1981, comprised 15.75 percent and 7.76 percent of India's population respectively. Theoretically, he takes the concept of development in a broad sense as related to the self-fulfIlment of the individual. The transformation of the unjust social structure, the levelling down of glaring economic and social inequalities, and the concern for the development of the underprivileged are for the author the basic elements of a planned development. This is the theoretical perspective of the first chapter, "Development Planning and Social Transformation".
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Kumar, Srikant. „Spatial Patterns of Scheduled Caste Population in Deoghar District, Jharkhand“. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, Nr. 3 (05.03.2024): 784–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24308205834.
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Lunev, S. I. „SOCIAL PROTEST IN INDIA“. MGIMO Review of International Relations, Nr. 4(43) (28.08.2015): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-198-207.
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Economic globalization creates unfavorable conditions for some countries and social groups while the situation in other countries and social is becoming worse. That is why social problems are on the rise worldwide. Thus, social protest became the major cause of the Arab spring is. Social wave overwhelmed Western Europe and the USA. The solution of social problems depends not on the political will of the elite, but on the activity of the population, as the ruling circles will not adopt a policy of self-restrictions and concessions to the majority without the hard push from the bottom. The peculiar feature of India is the general satisfaction of the society with the political system and economic situation. At the same time the protests against specific cases and events in the country mobilize hundreds of thousands of people, be it corruption scandals or violence against women. However, cultural- civilizational factors contribute to the non-violent character of almost all mass actions. Another distinctive feature of India is the desire of the organizers of the protest to reject support of the major parties due to the belief that political leaders are interested more in strengthening their social base rather than in solving the concrete problems. There are different categories of social protest in India: peasant movements; scheduled castes' (Dalits, the former untouchables) movements; anti-corruption movements; environmental movements; backward caste movements; women's movements; tribal movements; industrial proletariat movements; students' movements; middle class movements; human rights movements. The first four movements are currently the most noticeable. Social protest has not, so far, led to any serious political instability. However, a certain development of the situation can generate it, as well as the rejection of the mainly peaceful methods. In this respect, Dalit movements, especially in case of further erosion of the caste system, are the subject of the greatest concern.
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Yadav, Arvind Kumar, und Pabitra Kumar Jena. „Maternal health outcomes of socially marginalized groups in India“. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 33, Nr. 2 (28.02.2020): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-08-2018-0212.
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PurposeThe present study delves into the health inequalities between the two most socially deprived groups namely Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Scheduled Castes (SCs) in rural India.Design/methodology/approachThis study used health-specific three rounds of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) unit-level data for analyses. Probit model has been used to predict the differences in access to maternal healthcare services. Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition method is used to explore the inequality in health of rural population in India and assess the estimated relative contribution of socioeconomic and demographic factors to inequalities in maternal health.FindingsThe study establishes that STs women often perform poorly compared to SCs in terms of maternal health such as antenatal care, postnatal care and institutional delivery. Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition method shows that there exist health inequalities between STs and SCs women. Difference in household income contributes 21–34 percent and women's education 19–24 percent in the gap of utilization of maternal healthcare services between SCs and STs women. A substantial part of this difference is contributed by availability of water at home and geographical region. Finally, the study offers some policy suggestions in order to mitigate the health inequalities among socially marginalized groups of SCs and STs women in rural areas.Originality/valueThis study measures and explains inequalities in maternal health variables such as antenatal care, postnatal care and institutional delivery in rural India. Research on access to maternal healthcare facilities is needed to improve the health of deprived sections such as STs and SCs in India. The results of this study pinpoint the need for public health decision-makers in India to concentrate on the most deprived and vulnerable sections of the society. This study thus makes a detailed and tangible contribution to the current knowledge of health inequalities between the two most deprived social groups, i.e., SCs and STs.
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Arora, Tarun, und Katie Pyle. „Sampling and Categorization of Households for Research in Urban India“. Studies in Indian Politics 10, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2022): 254–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23210230221137633.
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Conventional sampling methodologies for citizens/households in urban research in India are constrained due to the lack of readily available, reliable sampling frames. Voter lists, for example, are riddled with errors and, as such may not be able to provide a robust sampling frame from which a representative sample can be drawn. The Jana–Brown Citizenship Index project consortium (Janaagraha, India; Brown University, USA) has conceptualized a unique research design that provides an alternative way on how to identify, categorize and sample households (and citizens within) in a city in a representative and meaningful way. The consortium consists of the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy, based in India, and the Brown Center for Contemporary South Asia, part of Brown University, USA. The methodology was designed to enable systematic data collection from citizens and households on aspects of citizenship, infrastructure and service delivery across different demographic sections of society. The article describes how (a) data on communities that are in the minority, such as Muslims, scheduled castes (SC) and scheduled tribes (ST), were used to categorize Polling Parts to allow for stratified random sampling using these strata, (b) geospatial tools such as QGIS and Google Earth were used to create base maps aligning to the established Polling Part unit, (c) the resulting maps were used to create listings of buildings, (d) how housing type categorizations were created (based on the structure/construction material/amenities, etc.) and comprised part of the building listing process, and (e) how the listings were used for sampling and to create population weights where necessary. This article describes these methodological approaches in the context of the project while highlighting advantages and challenges in application to urban research in India more generally.
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Akhtar, Saddaf, und Preeti Dhillon. „Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes and associated risk factors: Evidence from the large-scale surveys in India“. Journal of Social Health and Diabetes 05, Nr. 01 (Juni 2017): 028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-0656.194001.
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Abstract Context: India has observed the most devastating increases in the burden of diabetes in the contemporary era. However, so far, the comparable prevalence of diabetes is only available for limited geography. Aims: The present paper provides comparable estimates of diabetes prevalence in states and districts of India and examines the associated risk factors with newly diagnosed and self-reported diabetes. Setting and Design: The study uses clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical data from District Level Household and Facility Survey (2012–2013) and Annual Health Survey (2014). Subjects and Methods: The paper analyses the information on glucose level of the blood sample and defines diabetes as per the World Health Organization (1999) criteria. It applies multinomial logistic regression to identify the risk factors of diabetes. Results: The study estimates 7% adults with diabetes in India, with a higher level in urban (9.8%) than in the rural area (5.7%), a higher proportion of males (7.1%) than females (6.8%). Widowed, older persons, and persons with high blood pressure have very high risk of both diagnosed and self-reported diabetes. Comparing to Hindus, Muslims and Christians have higher, and Sikhs have less risk of diabetes. Further, corresponding to general caste, scheduled castes, and other backward classes have a high risk of newly diagnosed but the lower risk of self-reported diabetes. Conclusions: The list of districts and states with alarming diabetes prevalence is the valuable information for further programs and research. A significant population with undiagnosed diabetes reflects an urgent need to strengthen the diagnostics at the local level and for those who need them most.
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Surender. „Agricultural Labour Status and Problems in India: An Analytical Study“. RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, Nr. 7 (15.07.2022): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i07.012.
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The concept of “agricultural labourer” refers to all those engaged in different agricultural activities like preparation of the soil, ploughing operations, sowing, planting, weeding, harvesting etc. Agricultural labourers made up a significant portion of the workforce. They are generally landless and rely on wage labour in agriculture to survive. Problem like droughts, uncertain monsoons and seasonal periodical nature of agriculture, agricultural labourers often face the problems of unemployment and underemployment, eventually getting trapped by poverty. The scientific agricultural implements, high yielding variety seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, increased irrigational potential would not have shown the desired progress without the assistance of agricultural labourers. Unfortunately, the agricultural labourers are deprived of their legitimate share in the returns. Further, the rural labourers engaged in household enterprises have also been affected as the new industrial products and displaces them from their traditional activities. Female rural labour has also been affected in as much as their wages are lower than those of the male labourer. Rural labour poverty- stricken as they are compelled to take loan from money-lenders and big farmers for meeting their domestic needs. In the wake of their inability to repay the loan amount, rural labour is reduced to miserable status of “bonded labour”- serving as servitors in the houses of landlord - cum - moneylenders. It is also important to note that rural labour often migrate from one place to other in search of employment. It indicates uncertainty of employment at a particular place and at a particular point of time. Majority of the rural population belonging to the categories of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other depressed sections of the society. The problems of these sections are multifarious and peculiar in nature. The women who have been looked down upon for long have also been facing the problems in leaving their lives as agricultural labourers. These labourers are at bottom of society still now.
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Gautam, Ajay. „Prime Minister Mudra Yojana and Economic Development of India“. Jindal Journal of Public Policy 4, Nr. 1 (01.07.2020): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjpp.v4i1.143.
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A large part of the Indian population lives in the rural areas of the nation and is excluded from the financial services available in the urban areas. Many people in India do not have access to farmland despite India being an agriculture-dominant country. Owing to limited job opportunities, most of the people are left to their own devices to earn a livelihood. Moreover, many such people belong to scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes, who lack proper education, training and financial support. They initiate a micro enterprise or any retail trading activity, which has the potential to expand and grow. If this potential could be harnessed with some guidance, financial support, and training, it could be a huge milestone in the economic growth of the country. The Honourable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi recognized the potential of the under-privileged section of the society and launched this Mudra scheme. This scheme has the potential to be a game changer; it can boost a whole new generation of entrepreneurs who can succeed.
Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana or Prime Minister Mudra scheme aims to provide financial support to micro/small entrepreneurs by meeting their credit aspirations and by offering an opportunity to grow and expand business. In the Union Budget of 2015-16, the Mudra scheme was proposed by the Finance Minister of India. The primary goal is to “fund the unfunded”, banks are required to provide hassle-free loans under this scheme as per the requirements of the borrower. The end users of this scheme are entrepreneurs in rural hinterlands, women entrepreneurs, micro manufacturers, artisans, small-scale businessmen and tradesmen. This study is primarily focused on analyzing the pros and cons of this scheme in order to analyze its impact on the economic development of the country. The methodology of the study will be based on empirical reviews that are based on the available literature related to the Prime Minister Mudra Scheme. It will focus on understanding the usefulness of the scheme to the citizens.
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Pavithra, H., Madhavi Bhargava und Konsam Dinachandra. „IJCM_21A: How do under-five children belonging to scheduled tribes compare with the non- tribal children: a secondary data analysis using the Comprehensive National Nutritional Survey (CNNS) 2016-18.“ Indian Journal of Community Medicine 49, Suppl 1 (April 2024): S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_abstract21.
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Background: Scheduled tribes (ST) constitute 8.6% of India’s population. Disproportionate burden of undernutrition is found among these socially disadvantaged population. objectives: To compare the nutritional status of under-5 ST children with children belonging to other castes (non-tribal) using data from Comprehensive National Nutritional Survey (CNNS) 2016-18. Methodology: We selected relevant demographic and anthropometric variables from the CNNS dataset and dichotomized it into non-tribal and tribal. World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro software was used to calculate the z-scores; weight-for-height (WHZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ). We estimated the proportion of wasting, underweight and stunting in these two sets of children. The mean z-scores between non-tribal and tribal children and that between girls and boys within these subsets were tested using student t-test. Results: Valid heights were available in 28,568 non-tribal and 7155 tribal children and the corresponding weights were available in 28144 and 6956 children respectively. The mean (SD) HAZ, an indicator of long-term nutrition, was -1.12 (1.58) in non-tribal children and -1.21 (1.71) in tribal children (p:<0.001) Prevalence of stunting in tribal children (31.6%; 95%CI: 30.6, 32.7) was higher than that in non-tribal (27.1%; 95%CI: 26.6, 27.6). Due to poor heights, wasting was less in tribal children (12.8%; 95%CI: 12, 13.6) compared to the non-tribal (14.5%; 95%CI: 14.1, 15). The non- tribal girls had better mean (SD) WHZ, -0.75 (1.3) and WAZ, -1.17 (1.26) than boys (p=0.01, 0.045 respectively). The heights between the boys and girls were comparable in the non-tribal subset whereas, it was better in tribal girls; mean HAZ being -1.15 (SD:1.69) in girls and -1.27, (SD:1.72) in boys (p<0.0029). Conclusion: The under-5 tribal children were significantly shorter than their non-tribal counterparts. Long term nutrition as depicted by heights was similar in boys and girls in non-tribal subset but tribal girls performed better than the boys.
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Chakraborty, Jayajit, und Pratyusha Basu. „Air Quality and Environmental Injustice in India: Connecting Particulate Pollution to Social Disadvantages“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 1 (04.01.2021): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010304.
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While air pollution levels in India are amongst the highest in the world, the link between exposure to air pollution and social disadvantages has not been systematically examined. Using a distributive environmental justice framework, this study connects fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration data derived from satellite observations, a global chemical transport model, and ground-based measurements to district level socio-demographic information from the 2011 Census of India. The research objectives are to determine if annual average PM2.5 concentrations (2010) and recent increases in average PM2.5 concentrations (2010–2016) are unequally distributed with respect to socially disadvantaged population and household groups, after controlling for relevant contextual factors and spatial clustering. Overall, more than 85% of people and households in India reside in districts where international air quality standards for PM2.5 are exceeded. Although PM2.5 concentration levels are significantly higher in more urbanized districts located predominantly in northern India, recent increases have occurred in less urbanized areas located mainly in southern and central India. Multivariable statistical analysis indicated: (1) higher PM2.5 concentration in districts with higher percentages of Scheduled Castes (SCs), young children, and households in poor condition residence and without toilets; and (2) higher PM2.5 increases in less urbanized districts with higher percentages of SCs, females, children, people with disabilities, and households with no toilets. These findings thus highlight the need to consider the role of air pollution in exacerbating the consequences of social disadvantages in India.
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Alam, Shah. „Socio-demographic and Health Profile of Schedule Castes Population in Mumbai District Maharashtra, India“. International Journal of Preventive, Curative & Community Medicine 08, Nr. 3&4 (31.12.2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.325x.202207.
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Arora, Akarsh, und S. P. Singh. „So why is Uttar Pradesh still poor? Poverty incidence and its correlates“. International Journal of Social Economics 44, Nr. 12 (04.12.2017): 2351–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2016-0135.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the regional profile of poverty in Uttar Pradesh, one of the most populated and impoverished states of India. It also identifies the factors underlying the inter-regional differences of poverty in the state. Design/methodology/approach Regional estimates have been evaluated by dividing the state into four economically classified regions (Western, Central, Southern, and Eastern), using the unit-level records of two latest available Consumption Expenditure Surveys of NSSO representing the period 2009-2010 and 2011-2012. Poverty has been defined by the latest available Rangarajan Expert Groups’ poverty line and aggregated in terms of headcount ratio and share of below poverty line population. Furthermore, to investigate the correlates of poverty, a survey-based logistic regression has been estimated specifically for each region and for both rural and urban areas. Findings Estimates reveal that though overall poverty in the state has declined, inter-regional poverty trends witness rise in the level of impoverishment particularly in urban Southern Region (SR), rural Eastern Region (ER), and in both rural and urban areas of Central Region. Nevertheless, the inter-regional disparity in poverty has observed a decline; it can further be eliminated if such high poverty reduction in urban ER and rural SR is sustained along with a similar progress in their impoverished counterparts. Originality/value The study recommends that poverty alleviating policies in the state should focus more on reducing the household size, development of socially excluded sub-groups (Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes), delivery of basic facilities (education and health care), and enhancement of employment prospects for casual laborers, with special emphasis on identified impoverished regions.
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Sasintha, G., und G. Yoganandham. „Status, Survival And Current Diellema Of Schedule Caste Arundhathiyar Women In Ranipet District Of Tamilnadu“. International Review of Business and Economics 4, Nr. 2 (2020): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2020.4.2.61.
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Schedule Caste Women had some basic problems and the different kinds of gender inequality were displayed in mortality, natality, basic facility, special opportunity professions, ownership, and household matters. Education can pave the way for an overall development of individuals and for the society. Female literacy is not only an end itself, but also serves as a catalyst for overall performance, in other segments too. Since women comprised the majority of the Schedule caste population in India. Among the Schedule Caste women, Arundhatiyar women population were below the poverty line and are very often in situations of extreme poverty, given the harsh realities of intra-household and social discrimination. this research paper mainly concentrates on status, survival and current dilemma of Scheduled Caste Arundhatiar women in Ranipet district of Tamil Nadu.