Zeitschriftenartikel: „Saving potentials in hydropower“

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Obodovskyi, O., K. Danko, O. Pochaievets und Yu Obodovskyi. „Methods of assessment hydropower potential of the rivers (the example of Ukrainian Carpathians rivers)“. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, Nr. 64 (2016): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2016.64.1.

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Based on current realities of the massive need of alternative sources of energy and energy-efficiency and energy-saving the algorithm and method of determining hydropower potential of rivers were presented in the article. Approbation of the algorithm and methodology was made on streams Ukrainian Carpathians. The approach of determining hydropower potential by defining its four components was proposed based on the results of approbation. The four components are – total, environmental, technically possible and economically effectively hydropower potentials. This approach provides an estimate of potential energy resources streams, taking into account the potential loss energy capacity, helps prevent these losses and the efficient use of hydropower. Sequence determination of total hydropower potential, as indicative of full theoretical energy characteristics of river flow was justified. Expediency definition and concept of assessing the ecological and particularly technically feasible hydropower potential has been proven. Criteria expert risk of losses technically possible hydropower potential of watercourses was proposed. The scheme of distribution basin hydropower potential has been presented and analyzed in the article. The scheme provides forecasting algorithm changes hydropower, given the prospects of global climate change and fluctuations in water flow as a consequence.

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García, Irene Fernández, David Ferras und Aonghus McNabola. „Potential Micro-Hydropower Generation in Community-Owned Rural Water Supply Networks in Ireland“. Proceedings 2, Nr. 11 (30.07.2018): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2110677.

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The potential of micro-hydropower generation has been evaluated in seven community-owned rural water supply networks (CORWSN) in Ireland. The replacement of the existing infrastructure in place to reduce pressure in the networks with micro-hydropower turbines (Scenario 1) was considered. New potential locations for additional pressure reduction were also considered (Scenario 2). An assessment of the energy potential and economic viability of each site was carried out, including quantification of leakage reduction impacts. While only one of the seven CORWSNs showed two potential sites with power higher than 1 kW, the power generated can still have significant impacts on local energy demands. The estimated total energy saved in Scenario 2 ranged from 0.63 MWh year−1 to 84.5 MWh year−1 according to the micro-hydropower potential in each CORWSN. Furthermore, water savings from 4348 € m−3 to 73,264 € m−3 were estimated due to the reduction of leakage volume after installing micro-hydropower turbines at the potential sites detected in Scenario 2. Thus, the water cost saving associated to the reduction of leakage volume makes the incorporation of this element in the networks feasible.

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Misiuk, Mykola, Tetiana Podorozhna, Olha Balynska, Oleg Kucher und Oleksandr Burlakov. „Development of small hydroenergy in Ukraine and its legal regulation“. E3S Web of Conferences 154 (2020): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015406003.

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The state and prospects of small hydropower development in the context of rationalization of the use of available natural resource potential of Ukraine were considered. It was established that due to insignificant specific weight in the general energy balance, small hydropower cannot significantly affect the structure of energy supply of the country. Attention was drawn to the fact that the adopted State Target Economic Program for Energy Efficiency and the Development of Energy Saving for Renewable Energy Sources and Alternative Fuels for 2010-2020 will promote the use of the potential of small rivers and the development of hydropower. It was noted that the conducted calculations for the future with the help of correlation analysis of installed capacities and production of electricity by small hydropower objects showed that in 2020, at the current rate of development of small hydropower, the planned indicators will not be achieved. The legal principles of functioning of the market of electric energy and formation of relations connected with the development of small hydropower, which are regulated by the Laws of Ukraine and other legislative acts in the field of fuel and energy complex were described.

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Liu, Yue, Weibin Huang, Guangwen Ma, Shijun Chen und Jinlong Wang. „Competitiveness of hydropower price and preferential policies for hydropower development in Tibet and the Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan area of China“. Water Policy 20, Nr. 6 (31.07.2018): 1092–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.122.

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Abstract Tibet and the Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan area have enormous potential for hydropower development. Therefore, accelerating hydropower development in these areas can contribute to water resource utilisation and help relieve the poverty, which has also become a necessary choice of national strategic importance to comply with energy-saving, emission reduction, and ‘power transmission from west to east’ policies. Under existing policies, research has shown that the basic costs of electricity from the typical plants in Tibet and the Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan area are high and uncompetitive, so that investment enthusiasm for hydropower companies will wane and water resource utilisation will be affected. In this study, we suggest policies to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of the hydropower development in the Tibet and Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan areas; eventually, the water resources therein can be more effectively utilised. Research has indicated that drafted preferential policies can effectively decrease the cost price. Additionally, the hydropower industry in these areas should be incorporated into the national primary energy balance, forming a government-dominated market mechanism. This would consist of a mandatory market share of the hydropower transmitted from Tibet and the Sichuan-Yunnan Tibetan area and hydropower–carbon trade mechanism – the aim being to promote the consumption of hydropower across the nation.

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Fernández García, Irene, David Ferras und Aonghus Mc Nabola. „Potential of Energy Recovery and Water Saving Using Micro-Hydropower in Rural Water Distribution Networks“. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 145, Nr. 3 (März 2019): 05019001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001045.

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Quaranta, Emanuele, Manuel Bonjean, Damiano Cuvato, Christophe Nicolet, Matthieu Dreyer, Anthony Gaspoz, Samuel Rey-Mermet et al. „Hydropower Case Study Collection: Innovative Low Head and Ecologically Improved Turbines, Hydropower in Existing Infrastructures, Hydropeaking Reduction, Digitalization and Governing Systems“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 21 (26.10.2020): 8873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218873.

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Hydropower remains a key renewable energy source in the pursuit of the decarbonization of the economy, although the relatively high potential impact of the hydro-morphological alterations it may cause poses significant concerns for aquatic ecosystems. In the last years, new technologies and practices have been increasingly adopted to minimize the impacts of hydropower plants, while improving efficiency and flexibility of energy generation. The overall effect of these innovations may be a more sustainable design and operation of hydropower, striking a better balance between the objectives of decarbonization and ecosystem protection. This contribution presents and discusses a few representative examples of hydropower installations from companies in Italy, France, Switzerland, Belgium and the USA, where solutions have been adopted in this direction. The case studies cover (1) ecologically improved and low head hydropower converters (Vortex turbine, Hydrostatic Pressure Machine, VLH and Girard-optimized turbines, hydrokinetic turbines), hydropeaking reduction (2) new control systems, governors and digitalization, (3) hydropower as a strategy for local sustainable development and (4) energy recovery in existing hydraulic infrastructures and aqueducts. It was found that better-governing systems can extend the life span of runners, for example avoiding the runner uplift during a trip. Digitalization can improve efficiency by 1.2%. New sustainable practices and turbines with better ecological behavior can minimize environmental impacts, like the reduction of fish mortality, improvement of fish habitat availability, reduction of oil for lubrication purposes and generation of economic incomes for local development. The use of existing structures reduces the total installation cost: examples are the total saving of 277 €/kW by reusing irrigation pipes and reservoirs, or the reduction of the investment period from 9 years to 6 years by turbining the environmental flow. Innovative low head hydropower converters can exhibit good ecological behavior, with reduced costs (<5000 €/kW) especially when installed in existing weirs. Results are discussed, contextualized and generalized to provide engineering data and tools to support future realizations of similar case studies; normalized costs, efficiency improvement, best practices and new technologies are discussed.

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Altinbilek, Dogan, Karin Seelos und Richard Taylor. „Hydropower's Role in Delivering Sustainability“. Energy & Environment 16, Nr. 5 (September 2005): 815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830505774478503.

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Johannesburg's World Summit on Sustainable Development stipulated in its Implementation Plan that hydropower of all scales should be included in the drive to increase the contribution of renewable energy. This can be achieved through the plant-life extension and upgrading of existing schemes, as well as by the sustainable development of new projects according to the needs, opportunities and resources available. Hydropower is the world's largest source of renewable energy used for power generation; it accounts for 19 percent of the world's supply (by 2010 wind power is expected to contribute 0.6 percent and solar power 0.12 percent1. Hydropower is also a truly global resource, as more than 150 countries generate hydroelectric power. There is about 730 GW of hydro capacity in operation worldwide, generating 2650 TWh/year. A further 101 GW is under construction and 338 GW is at the planning stage2. Hydropower plays an important role in reducing global GHG emissions by an estimated 10 percent per annum; in its current role, hydropower offsets 4.4 million barrels of oil-equivalent3 (thermal electric generation) each day. There is vast unexploited potential worldwide for new hydro plants, with only 33 percent of the economic potential having been developed so far. The majority of the remaining potential exists in lesser developed countries in Asia, South America and Africa. For example, Europe has developed 75 percent of its economic potential, whereas Africa has only developed seven percent. Hydropower technologies are reliable, advanced and efficient. The energy conversion efficiency of 80 to 93 percent is far higher than that for other major types of power plant. The level of service from the various types of hydro scheme varies from base-load supply, typically from run-of-river schemes, to peak-load and system-back-up services from hydro storage schemes. In regions where there is long-developed hydro capacity, plant-life extension can be achieved by the replacement of equipment within existing infrastructure; this can extend the operating life by a further 30 to 50 years. Small-scale, decentralised development has been responsible for bringing light and power to remote communities. Such schemes have catalysed local commercial diversification and prosperity. The lower investment demand of smaller schemes has enabled private sector involvement through independent power production. Typically smaller schemes become grid connected if the power system is accessible, as this increases the security of supply. Furthermore, schemes at remote sites can assist transmission system stability. A further important role of smaller scale hydro is the recovery of energy at water infrastructure developed for other purposes. In many countries, large schemes play a significant role in national and regional supply security due to the flexibility of storage reservoirs and independence from fuel price fluctuations. Hydro also integrates well with other generation technologies, with its flexibility enabling thermal plants to operate steadily (saving fuel and reducing emissions). In addition, its responsiveness permits the back-up of the intermittent renewables. The question of storage is clearly a major issue in balancing supply and demand. Hydro reservoirs and pumped-storage schemes offer security in the stability and reliability of power systems; they can absorb power when there is an excess and follow load demand instantaneously. A major challenge is that ‘support’ and ‘storage’ services are rarely understood and encouraged in the market-driven arena. The main arguments against hydropower concern its social impacts, such as land transformation, displacement of people, and environmental changes, i.e. fauna, flora, sedimentation and water quality. The social and environmental impacts can, however, be mitigated by taking appropriate steps according to established codes of good practice. As a tool for this purpose, the hydropower sector has recently developed and adopted Sustainability Guidelines. These Guidelines are currently being tested by a number of governments and international organisations.

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Rocha, Gisele O. Da, Jeancarlo P. Dos Anjos und Jailson B. De Andrade. „Energy trends and the water-energy binomium for Brazil“. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, Nr. 2 (Juni 2015): 569–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140560.

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According to the demands of energy saving and carbon emission reduction, the water vs. energy nexus has become a major concern worldwide. Brazil occupies a singular position in the global energy system. A major portion of the Brazilian occupancies has electricity and the energy system expansion that, at first, possesses adequate means for supporting the economic growing may experience some turnovers. The Brazil determination through alternative fuels was a natural choice, given its large hydropower potential and land agricultural base. In the transportation sector Brazil has developed its energy matrix towards an important rate of ethanol and biodiesel. Although those fuels are low carbon emitter, they may probably not be an affordable alternative regarding land use, food security and water footprint. In this way, considering the recent advances in the exploration of oil from Pre-salt (9-15 million barrels) and the discovery of shale gas wells up to 245 tcf, together to unfavorable social and environmental issues associated to biofuels, the Brazilian energy matrix might turn back to the fossil fuels again. These represent challenges to the Brazilian policymakers and how they will be solved will reflect not only in Brazil but also to the world at large.

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Goor, Q., C. Halleux, Y. Mohamed und A. Tilmant. „Optimal operation of a multipurpose multireservoir system in the Eastern Nile River Basin“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, Nr. 10 (12.10.2010): 1895–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1895-2010.

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Abstract. The upper Blue Nile River Basin in Ethiopia is a largely untapped resource despite its huge potential for hydropower generation and irrigated agriculture. Controversies exist as to whether the numerous infrastructural development projects that are on the drawing board in Ethiopia will generate positive or negative externalities downstream in Sudan and Egypt. This study attempts at (1) examining the (re-)operation of infrastructures, in particular the proposed reservoirs in Ethiopia and the High Aswan Dam and (2) assessing the economic benefits and costs associated with the storage infrastructures in Ethiopia and their spatial and temporal distribution. To achieve this, a basin-wide integrated hydro-economic model has been developed. The model integrates essential hydrologic, economic and institutional components of the river basin in order to explore both the hydrologic and economic consequences of various policy options and planned infrastructural projects. Unlike most of the deterministic economic-hydrologic models reported in the literature, a stochastic programming formulation has been adopted in order to: (i) understand the effect of the hydrologic uncertainty on management decisions, (ii) determine allocation policies that naturally hedge against the hydrological risk, and (iii) assess the relevant risk indicators. The study reveals that the development of four mega dams in the upper part of the Blue Nile Basin would change the drawdown refill cycle of the High Aswan Dam. Should the operation of the reservoirs be coordinated, they would enable an average annual saving of at least 2.5 billion m3 through reduced evaporation losses from the Lake Nasser. Moreover, the new reservoirs (Karadobi, Beko-Abo, Mandaya and Border) in Ethiopia would have significant positive impacts on hydropower generation and irrigation in Ethiopia and Sudan: at the basin scale, the annual energy generation is boosted by 38.5 TWh amongst which 14.2 TWh due to storage. Moreover, the regulation capacity of the above mentioned reservoirs would enable an increase of the Sudanese irrigated area by 5.5%.

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Goor, Q., C. Halleux, Y. Mohamed und A. Tilmant. „Optimal operation of a multipurpose multireservoir system in the Eastern Nile River Basin“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, Nr. 4 (06.07.2010): 4331–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-4331-2010.

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Abstract. The upper Blue Nile River Basin in Ethiopia is a largely untapped resource despite its huge potential for hydropower generation and irrigated agriculture. Controversies exist as to whether the numerous infrastructural development projects that are on the drawing board in Ethiopia will generate positive or negative externalities downstream in Sudan and Egypt. This study attempts at 1) examining the (re-)operation of infrastructures, in particular the proposed reservoirs in Ethiopia and the High Aswan Dam and 2) assessing the economic benefits and costs associated with the storage infrastructures in Ethiopia and their spatial and temporal distribution. To achieve this, a basin-wide integrated hydro-economic model has been developed. The model integrates essential hydrologic, economic and institutional components of the river basin in order to explore both the hydrologic and economic consequences of various policy options and planned infrastructural projects. Unlike most of the deterministic economic-hydrologic models reported in the literature, a stochastic programming formulation has been adopted in order to: i) understand the effect of the hydrologic uncertainty on management decisions, ii) determine allocation policies that naturally hedge against the hydrological risk, and iii) assess the relevant risk indicators. The study reveals that the development of four mega dams in the upper part of the Blue Nile Basin would change the drawdown refill cycle of the High Aswan Dam. Should the operation of the reservoirs be coordinated, they would enable an average annual saving of at least 2.5 billion m3 through reduced evaporation losses from the Lake Nasser. Moreover, the new reservoirs (Karadobi, Beko-Abo, Mandaya and Border) in Ethiopia would have significant positive impacts on hydropower generation and irrigation in Ethiopia and Sudan: at the basin scale, the annual energy generation is boosted by 38.5 TWh amongst which 14.2 TWh due to storage. Moreover, the regulation capacity of the above mentioned reservoirs would enable an increase of the Sudanese irrigated area by 5.5%.

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Sabishchenko, Oleksandr, Rafał Rębilas, Norbert Sczygiol und Mariusz Urbański. „Ukraine Energy Sector Management Using Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems“. Energies 13, Nr. 7 (07.04.2020): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071776.

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The Ukrainian energy sector is one of the most inflexible energy sectors in the world as a result of the almost complete depreciation of the equipment of the main sources of power supply: nuclear, thermal, and hydropower. In connection with existing problems, there is a need to develop and use new energy-saving technologies based on renewable energy sources. In this proposed research, a regression model of renewable energy growth in the energy sector of Ukraine was developed. The studied literature reveals that the independent use of individual functioning elements of renewable energy sources function as the primary power source that is not an optimal solution for stable energy supply. This study proposes the use of hybrid renewable energy systems, namely a combination of two or more renewable energy sources that will help each other to achieve higher energy efficiency, accelerate the growth of renewable energy in the share of the Ukrainian energy sector and/or improve functioning with battery energy storages. Moreover, the use of hybrid renewable energy systems in Ukraine will reduce the human impact on the environment, realize the potential of local renewable energy resources and also increase the share of electricity generation from renewable energy sources. Therefore, mechanisms for managing state regulation of stimulating the development of hybrid renewable energy systems have been developed.

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Samuel, Liji. „Techno-Economic Analysis of Decentralised Small Hydro Power Projects for Rural Electrification: A Case Study of Meenvallom Project in Kerala with the Use of RET Screen Expert Advanced Software“. Shanlax International Journal of Economics 9, Nr. 2 (01.03.2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v9i2.3670.

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Rural electrification is a fundamental factor of poverty mitigation and rural growth of a nation. In India, electricity has not played an active role in the socio-economic progress of the village. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is growing by 8%, whereas the involvement of agriculture division is 1.9%. The government of India has encouraged the goal of providing electricity to all villages in various phases. Therefore, the aim of this research was to define the techno-economic analysis of decentralized Small Hydro Power projects in Kerala with the help of RET Screen expert software. The objectives are to explore the potential hydropower to be harvested by Small Hydro Power for rural electrification, to assess financial saving and cost analysis and to investigate the environmental impact of the Small Hydro Power in Kerala. The RET Screen expert is used to assess the economic feasibility of a Small Hydro Power system and to recommend the possibility of installing the technology in the Meenvallom SHP in Kerala. The RET Screen expert is a Clean Energy Management Software developed by the Government of Canada, which is a free-of-charge decision support software for pre-feasibility or feasibility analysis and also ongoing energy efficiency performance analysis (Netscreen Canada). An attempt has been made in this study is to evaluate the features of rural electrification in Kerala and the viability of Small Hydro Power (SHP).

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Tambong, Arthur, Lemar Bacordo, Kebin Ysrael Martinez, Louie Anthony Molato, Oliver Semblante und Pastor Garcia. „Hydropower Potentials Estimation of Biliran Islands Based on Synthetic Aperture Radar Spatial Data Using Soil and Water Assessment Tool Simulation“. Science and Humanities Journal 13, Nr. 1 (15.12.2019): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47773/shj.1998.121.7.

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Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) spatial data simulation using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was conducted to determine the hydropower generation potentials of three (3) major islands of Biliran Province in the Philippines. Results indicate that the dominant hydropower potentials of Biliran are of microhydro class with a total of 2,900 sites and an estimated power output of 35.37 megawatts. Minihydro and picohydro power potentials contributed only 2.8% and 20.5%, respectively, to the total of 46.15 megawatts hydropower potential in the main island of the Province. The second and third biggest islands, Maripipi and Higatangan, were found, through simulation, to have no significant river formation and, hence, no hydropower potential.

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Parkhomets, Mykola, Petro Putsenteilo und Liudmyla Uniiat. „INTENSIFICATION OF THE USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES – THE OBJECTIVE NEED TO IMPROVE RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND INCREASE THE COMPETITIVENESS OF PRODUCTION OF PRODUCTS OF THE AGRARIAN SECTOR OF UKRAINE“. INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, Nr. 5-6 (August 2020): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2020.5-6.16.

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Purpose. The aim of the article is substantiation of theoretical bases of RES use and practical aspects of economic efficiency of various projects on use of solar energy depending on territorial conditions of the enterprises of agrarian and industrial complex of Ukraine as a factor of resource saving and energy efficiency. Methodology of research. Dialectical methods of cognition of processes and phenomena, economic, financial, comparative and monographic methods (for analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of RES in different territorial conditions of Ukraine), are used to achieve this goal as well as abstract and logical method (for theoretical generalizations, conclusions). Findings. The efficiency of solar energy use in different territorial conditions of Ukraine is substantiated. The efficiency of projects under different scenarios of production of agro-industrial complex (drinking water) is calculated on the example of PJSC “Dobra Voda” of Zboriv district of Ternopil region. It is established that the most effective project for this enterprise in all studied production scenarios is a project with a capacity of 1 MW, the second place in terms of efficiency is occupied by a project with a capacity of 850 kW, in third place ‒ a project with a capacity of 700 kW, and the least effective is a project with a capacity of 585 kW. The economic efficiency of investment projects in the dynamics of 25 years using discounting methods was studied and it was found that the project with a capacity of 1 MW is the most effective in all scenarios of production at the enterprise. It is concluded on the basis of an in-depth study of the effectiveness of existing projects in different territorial conditions of Ukraine that these projects for the use of solar energy in the eastern and southern regions of the country may have better performance indicators of economic efficiency 1.5-2 times. Taking into account the experience of the EU-28, it is substantiated that in Ukraine, which has a strong biological potential, the priority should be to accelerate the development of bioenergy, which will increase RES and on this basis to replace gas and oil, reduce production costs, improve its competitiveness; to clean the environment in all regions of the country; increase the number of jobs and improve the social and economic living conditions of the population. Originality. Theoretical approaches to the assessment of economic efficiency of projects of different capacity for the use of solar energy according to the options that take into account the territorial features of their implementation at the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine are substantiated. Practical value. The main provisions and conclusions set out in the article contain methodological and practical recommendations for the formation of a system of resource conservation and the use of renewable energy sources at enterprises. Key words: resource saving, energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, hydropower, efficiency, competitiveness.

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Frey, Rudolf. „Life Saving Potentials in Mass Emergencies“. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00044952.

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The dangers of mass emergencies are greater today than ever before in the history of man. The reasons are:1) The exponential growth of the world population from 2 billion in 1925 to 4 billion today and to an expected 8 billion in the year 2025. This growing population is badly in need of more and more food and energy to sustain itself.2) The increasingly severe competition world-wide for the available supplies of food and energy will precipitate mass emergencies and even mass disasters. Some of these mass disasters, such as nuclear war, have the potential to destroy entire countries…or even the human race itself.No matter how gloomy the outlook is, however, it is still the task of the medical profession to recognize this growing danger and to do everything possible to be prepared for and treat not only individual emergencies, but mass disasters as well.

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Lei, Xiao Guang, und Ao Yin. „An Analysis on the Water Consumption Rate of LongTan Hydropower Station with Properties of Water Energy“. Advanced Materials Research 648 (Januar 2013): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.648.218.

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The mathematical model of water consumption rate of LongTan Hydropower Station is established in this thesis. With the aim of reaching the minimum total water consumption of power generation, Equation Incremental Rate is used to solve this mathematical model with constant overall load of the hydropower station. Equation Incremental Rate is used in this thesis to solve some instances, prove the rationality of the mathematical model established and demonstrate that the unit load value calculated can direct the actual operation of the hydropower station better, thus the aim of energy saving and consumption reducing can be achieved.

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González-Reyes, Gabriel A., Susana Bayo-Besteiro, Jordi Vich Llobet und Juan A. Añel. „Environmental and Economic Constraints on the Use of Lubricant Oils for Wind and Hydropower Generation: The Case of NATURGY“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 10 (21.05.2020): 4242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104242.

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Lubricant oil is an essential element in wind and hydropower generation. We present a lifecycle assessment (LCA) of the lubricant oils (mineral, synthetic and biodegradable) used in hydropower and wind power generation. The results are given in terms of energy used, associated emissions and costs. We find that, for the oil turbines and regulation systems considered here, biodegradable oil is a better option in terms of energy and CO2 equivalent emissions than mineral or synthetic oils, from production and recycling through to handling. However, synthetic and mineral oils are better options due to the potential risks associated with the use of biodegradable oil, generally when it comes into contact with water. There are also significant savings to be made in the operation of wind turbines when using an improved type of synthetic oil.

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Lee, Da-Sheng. „Investigating Energy-Saving Potentials in the Cloud“. Sensors 14, Nr. 2 (20.02.2014): 3578–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s140203578.

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Ogueke, N. V., A. F. Nwakanma, T. Ngharamike, C. F. Nduka, E. F. Onyejizu und E. E. Anyanwu. „Energy-saving potentials of some local trees“. Energy Efficiency 10, Nr. 1 (26.04.2016): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-016-9449-4.

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Rahaman, Muhammad Mizanur, und Abdullah - Al - Mamun. „Hydropower development along Teesta river basin: opportunities for cooperation“. Water Policy 22, Nr. 4 (16.06.2020): 641–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.136.

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Abstract The aim of this research is to examine the hydropower development potentials and identifying major hydropower projects along the Teesta river basin that is shared by Bangladesh and India. The upstream of Teesta river basin is located mostly in hilly areas of Sikkim where India plans to produce electricity of over 6,500 MW by developing the hydropower potential of the basin. The downstream basin is densely populated, mostly flat land and has no hydropower potential. As of today, Bangladesh and India have been unable to agree on an integrated development plan for the Teesta river basin. Previous negotiations on Teesta river basin management have focused only on sharing water rather than sharing the wide range of benefits from water resources including hydropower. This paper identified the existing, ongoing and upcoming hydropower development projects. The hydropower sharing opportunity exists between the two riparian countries and this type of natural resource development could reduce economic tensions and provide a platform for sustainable agreements.

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IVANOV, Vladimir Mikhaylovich, Tatyana Yur'evna IVANOVA, Irina Alekseevna BAKHTINA und Pavel Sergeevich TRUTNEV. „AUTOMATED HYDROPOWER STATIONS FOR POWER SUPPLY AND ENERGY SAVING OF INDEPENDENT CONSUMERS“. Urban construction and architecture 5, Nr. 3 (15.09.2015): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2015.03.14.

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The paper describes automated hydropower stations for power supply and energy saving of independent consumers in Altai Krai and Altai Republic. These stations present various types of micro hydroelectric power stations with water fi lling wheels, axial water-wheels and blocks of automatic control of electric loading which were developed and introduced by the authors. The main technical characteristics of these micro-HPPs are given.

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Li, Ze Hong. „Optimization Scheduling of Cascade Hydropower Stations in Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction“. Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 1385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.1385.

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Considerable water saving and electricity can be attained by optimal regulation of cascade hydropower plants, equivalent to building large and medium-sized hydropower stations without increase in investment and immigration. Thus, the optimal regulation of cascade hydropower plants has great significance on increasing the consumption ratio of fossil energyand reducing atmospheric pollutants discharge. Taking Wujiang river basin as an example, mathematic models and rules of optimal regulation have been obtained in the research,Automation systems have been developed, forming an integrated work platform. Combining optimal regulation and generator control together, the platform helps to put scientific method into practice.Electricity 585 million kWh has been obtained through optimal regulation of Wujiang cascade hydropower stations per year on average, 162200 tons of coal can be saved annually,reduce coal burned by thermal power plants.about 474900 tons of Carbon dioxide, 3185 tons of Sulfur dioxide,3012 tons of nitrogen oxides can be reduced every year.

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Klocke, Fritz, Benjamin Döbbeler und Dieter Lung. „Energy Saving Potentials of High Pressure Lubricoolant Supply“. Procedia CIRP 26 (2015): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2014.07.123.

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Vahidi, Ardalan, und Antonio Sciarretta. „Energy saving potentials of connected and automated vehicles“. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 95 (Oktober 2018): 822–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2018.09.001.

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25

Mérida García, Aida, Juan Rodríguez Díaz, Jorge García Morillo und Aonghus McNabola. „Energy Recovery Potential in Industrial and Municipal Wastewater Networks Using Micro-Hydropower in Spain“. Water 13, Nr. 5 (04.03.2021): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050691.

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The use of micro-hydropower (MHP) for energy recovery in water distribution networks is becoming increasingly widespread. The incorporation of this technology, which offers low-cost solutions, allows for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions linked to energy consumption. In this work, the MHP energy recovery potential in Spain from all available wastewater discharges, both municipal and private industrial, was assessed, based on discharge licenses. From a total of 16,778 licenses, less than 1% of the sites presented an MHP potential higher than 2 kW, with a total power potential between 3.31 and 3.54 MW. This total was distributed between industry, fish farms and municipal wastewater treatment plants following the proportion 51–54%, 14–13% and 35–33%, respectively. The total energy production estimated reached 29 GWh∙year−1, from which 80% corresponded to sites with power potential over 15 kW. Energy-related industries, not included in previous investigations, amounted to 45% of the total energy potential for Spain, a finding which could greatly influence MHP potential estimates across the world. The estimated energy production represented a potential CO2 emission savings of around 11 thousand tonnes, with a corresponding reduction between M€ 2.11 and M€ 4.24 in the total energy consumption in the country.

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Li, Chenggang, Tao Lin und Zhenci Xu. „Impact of Hydropower on Air Pollution and Economic Growth in China“. Energies 14, Nr. 10 (13.05.2021): 2812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102812.

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The development of renewable clean energy such as hydropower can not only ensure energy security, but also help achieve the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. This paper uses the annual data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2017, and constructs a dynamic spatial Durbin model and a geographically weighted regression model to empirically test the dynamic impact of hydropower on haze pollution and economic growth at the national and provincial levels. The empirical results show that the promoting effect of hydropower on economic growth in Western China is less than that in Eastern China, which further aggravates the economic development gap between the eastern and western regions. In addition, the suppression effect of hydropower on the haze pollution in the western region is greater than that in the eastern region, where the haze pollution is serious. From the national level, hydropower can promote regional economic growth and inhibit haze pollution, and the spatial spillover effects of these two effects are greater than the local effects, and the long-term impact is greater than the short-term impact. The research conclusions of this paper will help China realize the sustainable development goals of energy saving and emission reduction.

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Morillo, Jorge García, Juan A. Rodríguez Díaz, Miguel Crespo und Aonghus McNabola. „Energy Saving Measures in Pressurized Irrigation Networks: A New Challenge for Power Generation“. Proceedings 2, Nr. 23 (06.11.2018): 1440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231440.

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In Spain and other countries, open channel distribution networks have been replaced by on demand-pressurized networks to improve the water-use efficiency of the water distribution systems, but at the same time the energy requirements have dramatically risen. Under this scenario, methodologies to reduce the energy consumption are critical such as: irrigation network sectoring, critical hydrant detection, improving the efficiency of the pumping system and the irrigation system, or introducing solar energy for water supply. But once these measures are undertaken, the recovery of the energy inherent in excess pressure in the network should be investigated. Hydropower energy recovery in irrigation is still largely unexplored and requires further investigation and demonstration. All of these methodologies should be considered as useful tools for both, the reduction of energy consumption and the recovery of the excess energy in pressurized irrigation networks. To accomplish this, the REDAWN project (Reducing Energy Dependency in Atlantic Area Water Networks) aims to improve the energy efficiency of water networks through the installation of innovative micro-hydropower (MHP) technology. This technology will recover wasted energy in existing pipe networks across irrigation, public water supply, process industry, and waste-water network settings.

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Ebhota, Williams S., und Freddie L. Inambao. „Facilitating greater energy access in rural and remote areas of sub-Saharan Africa: Small hydropower“. Energy & Environment 28, Nr. 3 (09.01.2017): 316–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x16686448.

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Flowing water has hydraulic energy that can be transformed into electrical energy, sub-Saharan Africa has an abundance of hydro resources that are untapped. In this study, various barriers limiting the use of small hydropower to tap the abundant hydro potentials for power generation are discussed. These barriers include insufficient fund; lack of adequate manufacturing infrastructure; lack of adequate power generation and distribution policies; inaccurate hydrological data; insufficient human and power infrastructure capacities; and inadequate domestic and regional participation in design and manufacture of small hydropower component devices and systems. This study sees hydro as a cleaner energy source and small hydropower as the best power system for rural and remote areas and for stand-alone electrification. For power sustainability in the region, public–private partnership, domestication of small hydropower technologies and less reliance on foreign technologies and international support are key factors.

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Polák, Martin. „The Influence of Changing Hydropower Potential on Performance Parameters of Pumps in Turbine Mode“. Energies 12, Nr. 11 (01.06.2019): 2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112103.

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Pumps as turbines (PAT) are used as an alternative to water turbines in small hydropower plants. The same devices can also be used for energy recovery in water distribution networks. They can replace pressure reduction valves that often lead to energy loss. However, PATs lack the parts that regulate flow so that when a hydropower potential change occurs, efficiency is reduced, as is economic gain. This article summarizes the influence of changing hydropower potential on PAT efficiency and presents comparisons of experimental results with the commonly used predictive model stemming from the theory of physical similarity, which presumes constant PAT efficiency. Our research indicates that the deviation between the model and the real power output calculation at varying potentials was minimal. Similarly, the affine parabola can be used to determine the relationship between total head and flow rate. Other relationships differ from reality the more the PAT efficiency changes. The flow rate and total head dependence on shaft speed are the main factors when setting the optimum operational parameters at varying hydropower potentials. Therefore, a change in efficiency must be included in predictive calculations to correctly optimize PAT operation. The problem is that a change in efficiency cannot be reliably predicted in advance, especially in the case of small-scale devices. For this reason, further research on the issue of changes in PAT efficiency is necessary.

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Oyedepo, S. O., T. Adekeye, R. O. Leramo, O. Kilanko, O. P. Babalola, A. O. Balogun und M. O. Akhibi. „Assessment of Energy Saving Potentials in Covenant University, Nigeria“. Energy Engineering 113, Nr. 3 (11.03.2016): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01998595.2016.11689738.

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Sahin, Mustafa Cagri, und Merih Aydinalp Koksal. „Standby electricity consumption and saving potentials of Turkish households“. Applied Energy 114 (Februar 2014): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.10.021.

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Akbari, H., und S. Konopacki. „Calculating energy-saving potentials of heat-island reduction strategies“. Energy Policy 33, Nr. 6 (April 2005): 721–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2003.10.001.

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Bai, Xin Li, Qi Pei Jia und Hai Li Su. „Optimal Design of the Stiffener Penstock Structure in a Hydropower Station“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (Oktober 2013): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.561.

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In order to optimize the stiffener penstock structure in hydropower stations, the simple genetic algorithm and the direct search method in traditional optimization methods were integrated, and a new hybrid genetic algorithm was obtained. A mathematical model of the stiffener penstock structure was established, and the constraint expressions were presented for global stability of the penstock under external pressure as well as the local stability of the stiffening ring. The corresponding program was developed and applied to a hydropower station. Results show that compared with the original design, the optimized design of rectangular stiffener rings reduces the penstock wall thickness by 8%, saving steel products 12.9%. The economic benefit of optimization is very considerable.

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Wang, Bao Qing, Lei Zhang, De Qing Wang, Shuai Yin und Shu Yao. „The Technical Analysis of Energy Saving and Emission Reducing in China’s Iron and Steel Industry Based on LEAP Mode“. Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (Januar 2013): 3163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3163.

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To assess some technologies which are more appropriate for the development of the iron and steel industry in China, a model was developed based on the Long range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) to assess the energy saving and CO2 reduction potentials from 2010 to 2040. The results show that the top three saving energy potentials is non-blast furnace iron-making accounted for 6.85%, device enlargement for 5.85%, advanced blast furnace for 4.84%, and also show that the top three CO2 reduction potentials is device enlargement accounted for 11.7%, non-blast furnace iron-making for 6.21%, advanced coke and blast furnace 5.52%. In the Mitigation scenario, it can reduce 28% of the initial energy demand and 35.2% of CO2 emissions. It can provide a method and data for search energy saving and CO2 reduction potentials in iron and steel industry by LEAP model.

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Plath, Michael, Mathias Ernst und Knut Wichmann. „Energy efficiency and energy saving in the German water industry“. Water Practice and Technology 9, Nr. 2 (01.06.2014): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.029.

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From July 2007 to August 2010, the first German project about energy efficiency in water supply was carried out. The project results are summarised in a guidance report entitled ‘DVGW-Information Wasser Nr. 77’. The DVGW Research Centre worked on assessing the energy saving potentials and a reduction in energy demand for German water supply systems. It is assumed that the energy-saving potential for German water utilities is in the region of 20%. Two main sections were identified as relevant for an investigation of energy efficiency in a water utility. First and foremost, a comprehensive and structured energy balance must be formulated. Based on this information, the energy saving potentials can then be assessed. In the above-mentioned guidance report additional energy saving potentials for all sections of the water supply industry were summarised. An energy balance for water supply must be related to different sectors and levels to guarantee a detailed energy efficiency evaluation. This in turn allows for a structured assessment of the energy saving potentials. In the majority of cases, specific investigations with detailed data capture are necessary. Based on these, an evaluation of applicable measures needs to be undertaken before the measures can be implemented and their success documented. The guidance report ‘DVGW-Information Wasser Nr. 77’ is a manual for these investigations and also includes tools for an energy efficiency analysis in water utilities.

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Yu, Yan Shun, Pu Hua Qian und Shao Fan Zhang. „Development and Validation of Mathematical Model for Tailrace Tunnel Ventilating Process in Hydropower Station“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (Juli 2011): 4069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.4069.

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When outdoor air flowing through the tailrace tunnel, it will be handled and its thermodynamic conditions will change under the differences of temperature and water vapor pressure between air and water surface, air and tunnel wall. Utilizing the handled air for space cooling in hydropower station is an energy saving, environmental protection and renewable application of natural cold source. In this paper, a detailed quasi-three-dimensional mathematical model of heat and moisture transfer of tailrace tunnel ventilating was developed and validated against the field test data from Yingxiuwan hydropower station, and the validation shows that the model predicts the test results very well. The model can be used to predict the heat and moisture performance of tailrace tunnel ventilating system.

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Sharma, Tejaswi. „Diagnosis of Challenges and Scrutinization of Opportunities in Regard to Harnessing of Hydropower Potential in Nepal“. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, Nr. 5 (23.05.2020): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20may188.

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Nepal is a naturally blessed hydro-resources rich country with one of the highest per capita hydropower potentials in the world, yet hungry of economic enhancement through hydropower development. This paper emphasizes on challenges in this sector, mainly technical and investment (financial) challenges, among many, for not being fully able to harness this sector. Among the technical challenges, fragile geology, hydrologic variability, high rate of sedimentation, difficult terrain with dispersed settlement, stringent environmental concerns, lack of policy interventions in hydropower development etc have been the major obstacles to overcome. Similarly, regarding financial challenges, constraints in mobilizing funding from Financial Intermediaries (FIS), foreign exchange risk, repatriation risk, sovereign risk (country risk), payment risk, construction risks (time and cost overrun), hydrological risks, local level disputes and risks need to be conveniently addressed to.

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Schaub, Friederike, und Michael Damm. „A time-saving method for recording chemosensory event-related potentials“. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 269, Nr. 10 (17.01.2012): 2209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-011-1921-3.

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Paiho, Satu, Åsa Hedman, Rinat Abdurafikov, Ha Hoang, Mari Sepponen, Ilpo Kouhia und Malin Meinander. „Energy saving potentials of Moscow apartment buildings in residential districts“. Energy and Buildings 66 (November 2013): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.07.084.

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Ding, Yi-fan, De-shan Tang und Ting Wang. „Benefit Evaluation on Energy Saving and Emission Reduction of National Small Hydropower Ecological Protection Project“. Energy Procedia 5 (2011): 540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.094.

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Zhao, Guang Wei. „Research on Raising Load Potentials Using MPCM Slurry Storage“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (Juni 2014): 1770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1770.

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Evaporative cooling is able to generate the cooling medium at a temperature approaching to the ambient wet bulb temperature. In this paper, a low-energy air-conditioning strategy is proposed, which is a combination of cooled ceiling (CC),microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) slurry storage and evaporative cooling technologies. The assessment of evaporative cooling availability and utilization is done for five representative climatic cities, including Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Lanzhou and Urumqi in China, and the energy saving potential of the proposed air-conditioning system is analyzed by using a well validated building simulation code. The results indicate that the new system offers energy saving potential up to 80% under northwestern Chinese climate and up to 10% under southeastern Chinese climate. The optimal design method of the slurry storage tank is also proposed based on the slurry cooling storage behaviors and cooling demand variations of the ceiling panels.

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Adeyeye, Kemi, John Gallagher, Aonghus McNabola, Helena M. Ramos und Paul Coughlan. „Socio-Technical Viability Framework for Micro Hydropower in Group Water-Energy Schemes“. Energies 14, Nr. 14 (13.07.2021): 4222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144222.

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Most renewable energy (RE) studies focus on technology readiness, environmental benefits and/or cost savings. The market permeation, viability and adoption of RE technologies such as micro hydropower (MHP), however, require the alignment of other interrelated factors, such as the socio-technical, institutional and political dimensions. This is particularly the case where the energy recovery potential in decentralised water networks is being explored as part of a wholesome sustainability strategy by and for individual and communal prosumers. This study employs a socio-technical approach to understand factors that influence the perceived viability and adoption of MHP in group water-energy schemes. Methods included a progressive literature review to formulate a conceptual framework for the implementation of MHP systems. The framework was validated using survey data from representative stakeholders from groups schemes in Ireland and Spain. These stakeholders were sampled and surveyed at the stage of considering the adoption of MHP in their water networks. The findings highlight the push–pull factors and discusses the opportunities and barriers to the adoption of MHP systems. It confirms that the market, institutional and policy context, cost and financial benefits, social support and collaborative services combine to influence the adoption of MHP technology. Thus, a framework for evaluating the socio-technical viability of MHP systems based on these more realistic integrated, multi-dimensional criteria is proposed.

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Kwong, Qi Jie, Nor Mariah Adam, Ideris Hadzir und Ijhar Hidayat Rusli. „Assessment of energy saving potentials for protected spaces in commercial buildings“. International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy 9, Nr. 1 (2013): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetp.2013.055816.

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Du, Ya-Dan, Wen-Quan Niu, Xiao-Bo Gu, Qian Zhang und Bing-Jing Cui. „Water- and nitrogen-saving potentials in tomato production: A meta-analysis“. Agricultural Water Management 210 (November 2018): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.08.035.

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Magenika Julian, Miga, Ruri Agung Wahyuono, Eko Agus Prasetio und Poerbandono Poerbandono. „Hydrological Model and GIS-Based Estimation of Hydropower and Solar Energy Potential in Patimban Area, Indonesia“. E3S Web of Conferences 190 (2020): 00025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019000025.

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This study aims at mapping and evaluating the hydropower and solar energy potential in the Patimban area, Subang district, West Java Indonesia, within the vicinity of Patimban Deep-Sea Port construction. The hydrological model, the geographic information system (GIS), and climatology data were exploited to assist the estimation of the site-specific hydropower and solar energy potential. The results at hand reveal that the Patimban area exhibit a promising potential to develop both pico and micro hydropower plants for domestic energy supply in the urban area close to the seaport. Meanwhile, the solar energy potentials in merely 12 ha area determined from the sunshine durations in the Patimban area enable to adequately supply the approximated energy demand of the Patimban DeepSea Port operation. The financing scheme for funding this renewable energy power plant is briefly discussed and proposed as an alternative to the limited budget for the Patimban Deep-Sea Port construction. Overall, the hydrological model and GIS demonstrate their applicability in assessing the potential of environmental sources of renewable energy.

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Cheng, Chun-Tian, Jian-Jian Shen, Xin-Yu Wu und Kwok-wing Chau. „Operation challenges for fast-growing China's hydropower systems and respondence to energy saving and emission reduction“. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, Nr. 5 (Juni 2012): 2386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.056.

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Getman, V. „Dnister river canyon in the national park“. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, Nr. 64 (2016): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2016.64.4.

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There have been raised several questions about saving natural, historical and cultural values of the territory of national park “Dnister river canyon” in this article. Also, this work highlights historical and natural conditions of canyon’s formation. Landscape, aesthetic and recreational resources of Dnister river canyon are incomparable among the territory of Ukraine. That is why it is important to save it from massive anthropogenic pressure. On of the stresses is a planned construction of upper Dnister river cascade hydropower station on the protected territory of national park “Dnister river canyon”.

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Seong, Yoon-Bok, und Jae-Han Lim. „Energy Saving Potentials of Phase Change Materials Applied to Lightweight Building Envelopes“. Energies 6, Nr. 10 (14.10.2013): 5219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en6105219.

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Javied, Tallal, Sven Kreitlein, Alireza Esfandyari und Jörg Franke. „Identification of Energy Consumption and Energy Saving Potentials of Electric Drive Systems“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 655 (Oktober 2014): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.655.21.

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This paper provides an overview of different types of motor systems and several measurement principals in order to determine the electricity usage of these motors. It focuses on the measurement of electric values of different drive systems. A concept of rough analysis using software or excel based tools is discussed, which shows that it is a lot easier, efficient, and cost effective to first pin point the main electricity consumers and then initiate a fine analysis of these selected systems before a cost and time intensive process of measuring every single drive system is undertaken. To achieve this, a simple and systematic process is described in this paper, which can be used to identify the energy saving potential of drive systems without requiring expensive hardware.

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Henkel, J., P. Cornel und M. Wagner. „Oxygen transfer in activated sludge – new insights and potentials for cost saving“. Water Science and Technology 63, Nr. 12 (01.06.2011): 3034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.607.

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The α-factor has the greatest impact on the calculation of the required standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) in activated sludge systems equipped with submerged aeration systems. Knowing the dependencies of the α-factor leads to a better design of the aeration devices and, consequently, to a more efficient use of aeration energy. Applying the current state of knowledge about oxygen transfer leads to the conclusion that, in contrast to current opinion, simultaneous aerobic stabilization requires the same SOTR as conventional activated sludge systems with advanced nutrient removal, even though a higher organic load is degraded.

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