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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Sample transfer system“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Sample transfer system"
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Chen, Qibiao, P. Chevako und M. Onellion. „Inexpensive, flexible sample transfer system“. Review of Scientific Instruments 62, Nr. 1 (Januar 1991): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142323.
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Lifshitz, Mark S., und Robert P. De Cresce. „The MICROLAB AT Sample Transfer System“. Laboratory Medicine 19, Nr. 3 (01.03.1988): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/19.3.182.
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Liu, Kan, Nan-Gang Zhang, Sheng-Xiang Wang und Yuliang Deng. „An automatic microfluidic sample transfer and introduction system“. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 16, Nr. 1-2 (09.07.2013): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10404-013-1227-4.
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Thevuthasan, S. „Development of a multitask and multiinstrument sample transfer system“. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 13, Nr. 4 (Juli 1995): 1900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.587832.
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Cario, Clinton L., und John S. Witte. „Samasy: an automated system for sample selection and robotic transfer“. BioTechniques 65, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2018): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/btn-2018-0090.
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Hoshikawa, Akinori, Toru Ishigaki und Masao Yonemura. „Development of Automatic Sample Exchange and Transfer System in iMATERIA“. hamon 23, Nr. 3 (2013): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5611/hamon.23.3_204.
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Columbus, R. L., und H. J. Palmer. „The integrated blood-collection system as a vehicle into complete clinical laboratory automation“. Clinical Chemistry 37, Nr. 9 (01.09.1991): 1548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.9.1548.
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Abstract A rationale is offered and methodology illustrated for integrating the fundamental steps involved in the collection and processing of blood for laboratory evaluation. The approach taken in the development of these concepts and components greatly extends the possibilities of laboratory systems integration without upsetting established modalities. A prototype design of the integrated blood-collection system integrates blood collection, cellular separations, sample transfer to stable storage without chemical mediators, and sample presentation for chemical analysis (e.g., precision metering) while preserving patient identification. A sophisticated, multi-chambered blood-collection container is the site of all blood sample processing and transfer steps. This device is supported by a compact, robotic centrifuge of unique design and a transfer mechanism to facilitate sample delivery for analysis within a diagnostic instrument. The confluence of these individual components into a single integrated system provides the means to completely automate the processing of blood samples, after sample collection, eliminating all manual transfer steps and any external exposure of blood interfaces outside the diagnostic instrument. Configurational derivatives of the Integrated Blood-Collection System offer choice of skin or venipuncture procedure, rapid plasma extraction for micro- or macro-collected volumes, and sample delivery by either aspiration or direct metering of discrete 10-microL samples from the collection container. The skin-puncture configuration provides the opportunity within a single device to collect and process up to 500 microL of sample by capillarity from a skin prick.
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Morriss, Frank. „Interhospital Transfers of Maternal Patients: Cohort Analysis of Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2011“. American Journal of Perinatology 35, Nr. 01 (14.08.2017): 065–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1606099.
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Objective The objective of this study was to estimate the annual rate of interhospital transfers of pregnant and postpartum women in the United States and analyze associated patient and health system characteristics as measures of regionalized perinatal care performance. Methods Separate weighted univariate analyses of the 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) were performed for all maternal discharges, in-hospital deaths, and transfers. Multivariable logistic regression analyses for transfer dispositions adjusted for health system characteristics, maternal demographics, and diagnoses were performed. Additional perinatal service characteristics were analyzed using NIS merged with the 2011 American Hospital Association Annual Survey database. Results An estimated 18,082 patients, 0.43% of maternal hospitalizations, were transferred to an acute care hospital; 81% occurred without childbirth delivery before transfer. Transfers were toward larger, urban teaching hospitals and hospitals with higher levels of obstetrical and neonatal care and were more likely in states with ≥4.0 maternal–fetal medicine specialists/10,000 live births. Blacks and Native Americans were more likely and Hispanics and Asians were less likely than white patients to be transferred. Privately insured women were less likely to be transferred than were others. Transfers were associated with life-threatening maternal diagnoses and fetal indications. Conclusion Transfers reflected a risk-based regionalized system of perinatal care, with racial and payer differences.
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Chottiner, G. S., W. D. Jennings und K. I. Pandya. „A flexible sample transfer/insertion system for ultrahigh vacuum surface studies“. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 5, Nr. 5 (September 1987): 2970–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.574234.
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Moshfegh, A. Z., und A. Ignatiev. „Combined high‐pressure photocatalytic reactor–UHV system and sample transfer device“. Review of Scientific Instruments 59, Nr. 10 (Oktober 1988): 2202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139987.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertationen zum Thema "Sample transfer system"
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Sekula, Filip. „Technické úpravy a aplikace zařízení pro ozařování MeV ionty při tandemovém urychlovači v Uppsale“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443884.
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V této práci je představeno zařízení pro ozařování MeV ionty při tandemovém urychlovači na univerzitě v Uppsale. Jsou podány základy teorie interakce iontů s pevnou látkou a modifikace materiálu pomocí iontů s vysokou energií. Zařízení tandemového urychlovače je popsáno počínaje generací iontů a konče dopadem iontů na vzorek v hlavní komoře zařízení pro iontové ozařování. Následně jsou detailně charakterizovány modifikace systému pro přesun vzorků a popsán princip jeho funkce. Pilotní aplikace upraveného systému v oblasti materiálových modifikací je prezentována na příkladu ozařování Ge kvantových teček. Homogenita rozložení iontů na vzorku při ozařování je testována pomocí simulace elektrostatického deflektoru.
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Dullerud, Geir Eirik. „Control of uncertain sampled-data systems“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320110.
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Kurudamannil, Jubal J. „Improved Robust Stability Bounds for Sampled Data Systems with Time Delayed Feedback Control“. The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1419012522.
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Almér, Stefan. „Control and Analysis of Pulse-Modulated Systems“. Doctoral thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4713.
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The thesis consists of an introduction and four appended papers. In the introduction we give an overview of pulse-modulated systems and provide a few examples of such systems. Furthermore, we introduce the so-called dynamic phasor model which is used as a basis for analysis in two of the appended papers. We also introduce the harmonic transfer function and finally we provide a summary of the appended papers. The first paper considers stability analysis of a class of pulse-width modulated systems based on a discrete time model. The systems considered typically have periodic solutions. Stability of a periodic solution is equivalent to stability of a fixed point of a discrete time model of the system dynamics. Conditions for global and local exponential stability of the discrete time model are derived using quadratic and piecewise quadratic Lyapunov functions. A griding procedure is used to develop a systematic method to search for the Lyapunov functions. The second paper considers the dynamic phasor model as a tool for stability analysis of a general class of pulse-modulated systems. The analysis covers both linear time periodic systems and systems where the pulse modulation is controlled by feedback. The dynamic phasor model provides an $\textbf{L}_2$-equivalent description of the system dynamics in terms of an infinite dimensional dynamic system. The infinite dimensional phasor system is approximated via a skew truncation. The truncated system is used to derive a systematic method to compute time periodic quadratic Lyapunov functions. The third paper considers the dynamic phasor model as a tool for harmonic analysis of a class of pulse-width modulated systems. The analysis covers both linear time periodic systems and non-periodic systems where the switching is controlled by feedback. As in the second paper of the thesis, we represent the switching system using the L_2-equivalent infinite dimensional system provided by the phasor model. It is shown that there is a connection between the dynamic phasor model and the harmonic transfer function of a linear time periodic system and this connection is used to extend the notion of harmonic transfer function to describe periodic solutions of non-periodic systems. The infinite dimensional phasor system is approximated via a square truncation. We assume that the response of the truncated system to a periodic disturbance is also periodic and we consider the corresponding harmonic balance equations. An approximate solution of these equations is stated in terms of a harmonic transfer function which is analogous to the harmonic transfer function of a linear time periodic system. The aforementioned assumption is proved to hold for small disturbances by proving the existence of a solution to a fixed point equation. The proof implies that for small disturbances, the approximation is good. Finally, the fourth paper considers control synthesis for switched mode DC-DC converters. The synthesis is based on a sampled data model of the system dynamics. The sampled data model gives an exact description of the converter state at the switching instances, but also includes a lifted signal which represents the inter-sampling behavior. Within the sampled data framework we consider H-infinity control design to achieve robustness to disturbances and load variations. The suggested controller is applied to two benchmark examples; a step-down and a step-up converter. Performance is verified in both simulations and in experiments.QC 20100628
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Simonnet-Laprade, Caroline. „Ecodynamique des substances poly- et perfluoroalkylées (PFAS) dans les systèmes aquatiques : identification des sources en milieu urbain et évaluation du transfert trophique“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0938/document.
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Les activités humaines sont responsables de l’apport de nombreux micropolluants vers les systèmes aquatiques parmi lesquels les substances poly- et perfluoroalkylées (PFAS) ont été identifiées. Ces molécules sont utilisées depuis les années 1950 comme tensio-actifs dans de nombreuses applications industrielles et produits d’usage courant. Depuis deux décennies, certaines de ces substances, les acides perfluoroalkylés (PFAA) ont particulièrement attiré l’attention en raison de leur caractère ubiquiste et persistant dans l’environnement. Actuellement, il existe un réel manque de connaissance sur l’intégralité de la contamination environnementale par l’ensemble des PFAS. L’objectif global de ces travaux de thèse est de poursuivre les efforts menés depuis le début des années 2000 pour mieux comprendre la dynamique des PFAS depuis leurs sources en milieu urbain, leurs rejets dans les rivières et leur transfert trophique.La première partie consiste à optimiser une configuration de l’échantillonneur passif POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) pour l’analyse ultra-trace de 25 PFAS dans les eaux de surface. Dans un second temps, il est question d’identifier les sources en PFAS sur la métropole de Bordeaux. L’analyse de 30 PFAS dans les eaux usées collectées en raiseau d’assainissement tend à montrer l’importance des apports industriels par rapport aux rejets domestiques pour la quasi-totalité des PFAS étudiés. A noter que les eaux de ruissellement sont également vectrices de contamination en PFAS. La caractérisation des effluents d’entrée et de sortie des quatre principales stations d’épuration des eaux usées (STEU) de la métropole met en évidence une faible efficacité des filières de traitement. L’utilisation d’une approche d’analyse non ciblée par oxydation, la méthode TOP (Total Oxidizable Precursors) révèle des quantités non négligeables de précurseurs de PFAA aussi bien en réseau d’assainissement que dans les effluents de STEU. L’impact de l’exutoire collectant les eaux de ruissellement en provenance de l’aéroport et d’une portion du périphérique de Bordeaux sur les niveaux en PFAS d’une petite rivière périurbaine est également montré. Enfin, la dernière partie renseigne la bioamplification des PFAS en milieu lotique. L’évaluation des concentrations le long de 5 réseaux trophiques du bassin hydrographique Rhône-Méditerranée permet d’une part de confirmer la bioamplification du perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) et des perfluoroalkyles carboxylates (PFCA) à chaîne longue, et d’autre part d’évaluer la variabilité spatiale des facteurs d’amplification trophique (TMF). Le caractère bioamplifiable de PFAS d’intérêt « plus émergent » tels que les 8:2 et 10:2 fluorotélomères sulfonates est mis en évidence dans une rivière localisée à la périphérie de Paris. L’application de la méthode TOP à différents maillons de cette chaîne trophique permet de soutenir l’hypothèse de l’implication de la biotransformation des précurseurs dans la bioamplification apparente des PFAAHuman activities are responsible for the release of multiple micropollutants into aquatic systems, such as poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs). These molecules have been used since the 1950s as surfactants in many industrial applications and commonly used products. For two decades, some of these substances, perfluoroalkylated acids (PFAA), have generated a major concern due to their ubiquitous and persistent behavior in the environment. Currently, there is a real lack of knowledge about the full extent of environmental contamination by all PFASs. The overall objective of this thesis is to continue the efforts undertaken since the early 2000s to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of PFASs, from their sources in urban areas, their releases to aquatic systems, to their trophic transfer.The first part consisted in optimizing a configuration of the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the ultra-trace analysis of 25 PFASs in surface water. In a second time, the dynamics of the PFASs on the Bordeaux conurbation is studied. The analysis of 30 PFASs in wastewater collected in the sewerage network tends to show the importance of industrial inputs compared to domestic discharges for almost all the studied PFASs. Note that urban runoff is also a source of PFAS contamination. The characterization of the influents and effluents of the four main wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in the metropolis shows a low efficiency of treatment channels. The use of a non-targeted analysis approach by oxidation, the TOP method (Total Oxidizable Precursors) reveals significant amounts of PFAA precursors in the sewerage network as well as in WWTP effluents. The impact of urban and airport storm water discharge on the contamination levels of a small peri-urban river has also been shown. The last part dealt with the biomagnification of PFASs in lotic systems. The evaluation of PFAS concentrations along 5 food webs from the Rhone-Mediterranean watershed enables to confirm the biomagnification of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCA) and to evaluate the spatial variability of trophic magnification factors (TMF). The biomagnification character of PFASs of "more emerging" interest, such as the 8:2 and 10:2 fluorotelomer sulfonates, is observed in a river located on the outskirts of Paris. The application of the TOP method to different trophic levels supports the hypothesis of the involvement of the biotransformation of precursors in the apparent biomagnification of PFAAs
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Gruber, Simone [Verfasser], und Rolf [Akademischer Betreuer] Mansfeld. „Development of an early warning system to predict subclinical metabolic disorders in dairy farms with Fourier transform infrared spectra from routine milk samples / Simone Gruber ; Betreuer: Rolf Mansfeld“. München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236502450/34.
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Feddaoui-Papin, Aïda. „Observateurs non linéaires pour les systèmes à mesures asynchrones : application robotique mobile“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0008.
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L’étude de l’observabilité et la synthèse d’observateur ont pour vocation la reconstruction de l’état d’un système à l’aide des mesures reçues. Ces dernières n’apportent généralement qu’une connaissance partielle de cet état. Le filtre de Kalman est un observateur particulièrement étudié et employé. Plusieurs versions existent, adaptées aux systèmes linéaires ou non linéaires, en version discrète, continue voire continue-discrète, dans le cadre stochastique ou déterministe. Ces observateurs reposent cependant sur l’hypothèse que les mesures fournies par les capteurs sont synchrones. Or, cette supposition est assez éloignée de la réalité physique, notamment des problèmes étudiés en robotique.Nous proposons dans ce manuscrit un observateur adapté aux systèmes non linéaires continusdiscrets asynchrones. Nous entendons par cela des systèmes dont l’état est continu et les sorties échantillonnées à des fréquences différentes. En nous basant sur le Filtre de Kalman Etendu grand-gain existant pour les systèmes non linéaires continus et continus-discrets synchrones, nous développons un formalisme et construisons un observateur en adoptant un point de vue déterministe. Sa convergence est prouvée analytiquement et illustrée par une application sur un système robotique mobileThe aim of observability studies and observer design is to reconstruct the state of a dynamic system using the measurements available. In particular, the Kalman filter algorithm is considered. This widely-studied and used observer exists in several versions : for linear or nonlinear systems, for discrete, continuous or even continuous-discrete time, in the stochastic or deterministic framework. However, Most of the time, these observers are used with the assumption that the measurements provided by the sensors are synchronous. Most of the time, this assumption can be far from the physical reality, in particular when dealing with robotic systems. In this memoir, an observer tailored for nonlinear continuous-discrete asynchronous systems is presented. These systems are made of a continuous state equation and a multirate sampled output equation. Based on the existing high-gain Extended Kalman Filter for continuous nonlinear systems and continuous-discrete nonlinear systems with synchronous outputs, we develop an ad-hoc formalism and design an observer with a deterministic point of view. Its convergence is proven analytically and illustrated by an application on a mobile robotic system
Bücher zum Thema "Sample transfer system"
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A, Commeau Judith, und Geological Survey (U.S.), Hrsg. Description and calibration results of an in situ suspended matter sampler: The McLane Water Transfer System. [Reston, Va.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.
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Kimura, T. Introduction of spin torques. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0019.
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This chapter discusses the spin-transfer effect, which is described as the transfer of the spin angular momentum between the conduction electrons and the magnetization of the ferromagnet that occurs due to the conservation of the spin angular momentum. L. Berger, who introduced the concept in 1984, considered the exchange interaction between the conduction electron and the localized magnetic moment, and predicted that a magnetic domain wall can be moved by flowing the spin current. The spin-transfer effect was brought into the limelight by the progress in microfabrication techniques and the discovery of the giant magnetoresistance effect in magnetic multilayers. Berger, at the same time, separately studied the spin-transfer torque in a system similar to Slonczewski’s magnetic multilayered system and predicted spontaneous magnetization precession.
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Adelstein, Richard. The Exchange Order. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694272.001.0001.
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This book illuminates a comprehensive social system that comprises explicit markets, tort liability, and criminal liability, and describes each of these three institutions as serving the same function in different social and physical circumstances. It defines exchanges as compensated transfers of rights and objects among individuals, and shows that markets, tort, and crime each operate to organize and facilitate, to govern, exchange of a particular kind of right in a particular exchange environment to which its own rules and procedures are well suited. Under perfect conditions, each operates to move rights and objects from lower- to higher-valuing owners by requiring every taker of rights to compensate every loser in full for the costs of the taking. Markets can organize voluntary exchange of property rights only where theft can be deterred, but when rights or objects are stolen, an involuntary transfer is initiated, and markets are incapable of organizing the completion of the involuntary exchange by compensating the victim. This is the role of tort and criminal liability, which complete the involuntary transaction begun by the theft by imposing a compensatory liability price on every offender equal to the costs imposed by the theft. Marginal-cost pricing in markets controls voluntary, lawful cost imposition by distinguishing inefficient from efficient cost imposition and encouraging the latter, and corrective justice in tort and crime, each in an institutional domain determined by the character of the rights being traded, controls involuntary, unlawful cost imposition in the same way.
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Religious education in Russia and Europe in the twentieth century: historical experience and transfer of values. Indrik, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/978-5-91674-614-3.
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The twentieth century was a time of trial for the Christian Churches of Europe and Russia. Their clash with a new type of state could not but affect the system of religious education. In almost all countries, it has faced state intervention, which has led to its significant transformation, and sometimes even a complete ban. At the same time, there was a search for new forms of religious education aimed at a wide variety of groups: from future priests and lay students to teenagers and preschoolers. This collection of articles provides reviews of these trends, as well as reviews of current discussions about the future of religious education. For historians, teachers and anyone interested in the history of religious education.
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Drelichman, Mauricio, und Hans-Joachim Voth. Prologue. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151496.003.0001.
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This prologue provides an overview of state debts and sovereign default in the sixteenth century, looking in particular at Philip II's defaults. The debts and defaults of Philip II suggest that there is another way for financing government borrowing: prearranged reduction in what a government owes and has to pay to creditors in bad times. Indeed, lenders agreed to forego interest or extend the maturity of loans if the king experienced a bad shock. This system exhibited remarkable stability, bringing essentially the same banking dynasties together with the monarch for over half a century, providing financing and insurance. Another remarkable feature of the debt issuance system evolved by Philip II and his financiers is the stability of the banking institutions, the main innovation of which was an effective “risk transfer” mechanism.
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., Hrsg. Feasibility study, software design, layout and simulation of a two-dimensional fast Fourier transform machine for use in optical array interferometry: Final report on the NASA FTT project covering the period June 1, 1989 to September 1, 1994. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.
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Charles, Parkinson. 7 The British West Indies. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231935.003.0007.
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During independence negotiations in British Guiana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago, the debate about bills of rights did not focus on the merits of bills of rights in protecting the rights of individuals but on their capacity to entrench in the constitution the basic democratic features of the Westminster system of government. There was great apprehension about independence from groups that had different views from the party likely to be in government during the transfer of power. One approach taken by such groups was to try to lock in the constitutional status quo and therefore minimize the political uncertainty after independence. The bill of rights was an important component of this entrenchment package. This reflected a major shift in thinking about the use of a bill of rights that did not occur to the same extent in either Asia or Africa.
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Norwood, F. Bailey, und Tamara L. Mix. Meet the Food Radicals. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190620431.001.0001.
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They are twenty-seven persons changing how we farm, how the food system operates, and how we eat. No two are the same, but all are far from ordinary. Some want to change how we farm to make it more sustainable, while others want to transform the food system in the name of social justice. Some seek to alter what we eat, while others want to change how and where we eat. They include regular farmers, but also farmers growing food without the sun or soil. They include architects, molecular biologists, Black Lives Matter activists, anarchists, undercover animal rights investigators, big farmers, small farmers, martial arts instructors, and more. Join us at the table to dine with twenty-seven food radicals—and see the world of food as you have rarely seen it before.
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Marks II, Robert J. Handbook of Fourier Analysis & Its Applications. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195335927.001.0001.
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Fourier analysis has many scientific applications - in physics, number theory, combinatorics, signal processing, probability theory, statistics, option pricing, cryptography, acoustics, oceanography, optics and diffraction, geometry, and other areas. In signal processing and related fields, Fourier analysis is typically thought of as decomposing a signal into its component frequencies and their amplitudes. This practical, applications-based professional handbook comprehensively covers the theory and applications of Fourier Analysis, spanning topics from engineering mathematics, signal processing and related multidimensional transform theory, and quantum physics to elementary deterministic finance and even the foundations of western music theory. As a definitive text on Fourier Analysis, Handbook of Fourier Analysis and Its Applications is meant to replace several less comprehensive volumes on the subject, such as Processing of Multifimensional Signals by Alexandre Smirnov, Modern Sampling Theory by John J. Benedetto and Paulo J.S.G. Ferreira, Vector Space Projections by Henry Stark and Yongyi Yang and Fourier Analysis and Imaging by Ronald N. Bracewell. In addition to being primarily used as a professional handbook, it includes sample problems and their solutions at the end of each section and thus serves as a textbook for advanced undergraduate students and beginning graduate students in courses such as: Multidimensional Signals and Systems, Signal Analysis, Introduction to Shannon Sampling and Interpolation Theory, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes, and Signals and Linear Systems.
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Barclay, Philip, und Helen Scholefield. High dependency and intensive care. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0030.
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The development of maternal critical care is essential in reducing morbidity and mortality due to a substandard level of care. The level of critical care should depend upon the patient’s severity of illness, not their physical location. Escalation to level 3 (intensive) care is uncommon in pregnancy, with a median admission rate of 2.7 per 1000 births, mainly due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and haemorrhage. Maternal ‘near misses’ occur more frequently, with 6.5 per 1000 births meeting Mantel’s criteria, of which 85% is due to major obstetric haemorrhage. The admission rate to maternal high dependency units (level 2 care) varies from 1% to 5%. Acute physiological scoring systems have been found to be reliable when applied to parturients receiving level 3 care but overestimate mortality. Maternal early warning scores have been derived from simplified versions of these systems, with allowance made for physiological changes seen in pregnancy. There are many different maternity scoring systems in use throughout England and Wales. All share the same principle that parameters should be recorded regularly during the hospital stay, with deviations from normal quantified, recorded, and acted upon. A chain of response is then required to ensure that suitably qualified staff, possessing appropriate critical care competencies, attend in a timely fashion. Appropriate resources must be available with equipment readily to hand and suitably trained staff so that invasive monitoring can be used. Clear admission criteria are required for level 2 care within the delivery suite and escalation to level 3, with suitable arrangements for transfer.
Buchteile zum Thema "Sample transfer system"
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Bar-Cohen, Yoseph, Xiaoqi Bao, Mircea Badescu, Stewart Sherrit, Hyeong Jae Lee, Kris Zacny, Nishant Kumar und Erik Mumm. „Drilling and Sample Transfer Mechanisms for Potential Missions to Venus“. In Inner Solar System, 163–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19569-8_8.
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Mulgrew, Bernard, Peter Grant und John Thompson. „Sampled data systems and the z-transform“. In Digital Signal Processing, 85–125. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14944-5_4.
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Iftimescu, Simona, Georgeta Ion, Carmen Proteasa, Romiţă Iucu, Elena Marin und Mihaela Stîngu. „Closing the Circle: Research and Policymaking in Education“. In European Higher Education Area: Challenges for a New Decade, 323–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56316-5_21.
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Abstract This paper aims to analyse the configuration of factors contributing to research uptake in education, with a particular focus on the Romanian context. One subsequent objective is to identify mechanisms for developing better synergies, not only between educational practice and research but also between these and educational policy. In doing so, the paper argues for shared responsibility among higher education institutions and policymakers for improving the educational system. The paper relies on results from a survey administered to a selected sample of civil servants in the Romanian central administration involved in the planning, evaluation and implementation of public policies in the field of education. Our results address the mechanisms of research uptake and utilisation by the central administration (communication and dissemination strategies, clarity, access and availability of research data, policymakers’ preferences for certain research topics) and the perceived relationship between researchers and policymakers (for example, the strength and nature of the relationship, or policymakers’ general involvement in research studies). The findings of our study pave the way for an in-depth analysis of organizational factors likely to affect research utilisation: research culture and engagement with researchers; the political and managerial context likely to promote research transfer; and the financial context needed to foster quality results.
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Cano Montes, Antonio, und Luis A. Hernández Gómez. „Audio-Visual Emotion Recognition System for Variable Length Spatio-Temporal Samples Using Deep Transfer-Learning“. In Business Information Systems, 434–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53337-3_32.
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Haidn, Oskar J., Nikolaus A. Adams, Rolf Radespiel, Thomas Sattelmayer, Wolfgang Schröder, Christian Stemmer und Bernhard Weigand. „Collaborative Research for Future Space Transportation Systems“. In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 1–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_1.
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Abstract This chapter book summarizes the major achievements of the five topical focus areas, Structural Cooling, Aft-Body Flows, Combustion Chamber, Thrust Nozzle, and Thrust-Chamber Assembly of the Collaborative Research Center (Sonderforschungsbereich) Transregio 40. Obviously, only sample highlights of each of the more than twenty individual projects can be given here and thus the interested reader is invited to read their reports which again are only a summary of the entire achievements and much more information can be found in the referenced publications. The structural cooling focus area included results from experimental as well as numerical research on transpiration cooling of thrust chamber structures as well as film cooling supersonic nozzles. The topics of the aft-body flow group reached from studies of classical flow separation to interaction of rocket plumes with nozzle structures for sub-, trans-, and supersonic conditions both experimentally and numerically. Combustion instabilities, boundary layer heat transfer, injection, mixing and combustion under real gas conditions and in particular the investigation of the impact of trans-critical conditions on propellant jet disintegration and the behavior under trans-critical conditions were the subjects dealt with in the combustion chamber focus area. The thrust nozzle group worked on thermal barrier coatings and life prediction methods, investigated cooling channel flows and paid special attention to the clarification and description of fluid-structure-interaction phenomena I nozzle flows. The main emphasis of the focal area thrust-chamber assembly was combustion and heat transfer investigated in various model combustors, on dual-bell nozzle phenomena and on the definition and design of three demonstrations for which the individual projects have contributed according to their research field.
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Lampe, Bernhard P., und Efim N. Rosenwasser. „Parametric Transfer Matrices for Sampled-Data Control Systems with Linear Continuous Periodic Process and Control Delay“. In Advances in Delays and Dynamics, 17–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53426-8_2.
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Nakanishi, Tomoko M. „Element-Specific Distribution in a Plant“. In Novel Plant Imaging and Analysis, 75–107. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4992-6_3.
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AbstractFor the first stage of the study of the elements, the distribution of the element within the plant tissue was presented employing neutron activation analysis (NAA). Since NAA allows nondestructive analysis of the elements in the sample, this is the only method to measure the absolute amount of elements in the sample.The results showed that the element-specific profile varied throughout the whole plant, and this distribution tendency remained similar throughout development. There were many junctions of element-specific concentrations between the tissues, suggesting barriers to the movement of the elements. Generally, heavy elements tended to accumulate in roots, except for Mn and Cr. Of the elements measured, Ca and Mg showed changes in concentration with the circadian rhythm. Since the amount of the element in a plant reflects the features of the soil where the plant grows, multielement analysis of the plant could specify the site of the agricultural products produced.Before addressing the development of a real-time RI imaging system (RRIS), the production of RIs for essential elements for plant nutrition, 28Mg and 42K, is presented. The reason why concentrating on RIs is because when we examine the history of plant research, physiological research on the elements without available radioisotopes has not been well developed. For example, the boron (B) transporter was recently found and the study of B in plants is far behind compared to the other elements.Therefore, we developed a preparation method for elements whose available RIs were not previously employed in plant research, 28Mg and 42K. They are the radioisotopes we prepared and a root absorption study using 28Mg as a tracer is presented as an example. It was found that the orientation of Mg transfer was different according to the site of the root where Mg was absorbed. The specific role of Mg has not yet been clarified by florescent imaging because the overwhelming amount of Ca makes it difficult to distinguish Mg and Ca.
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Dimaki, Andrey V., und Evgeny V. Shilko. „Theoretical Study of Physico-mechanical Response of Permeable Fluid-Saturated Materials Under Complex Loading Based on the Hybrid Cellular Automaton Method“. In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 485–501. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_21.
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AbstractWe give a brief description of the results obtained by Prof. Sergey G. Psakhie and his colleagues in the field of theoretical studies of mechanical response, including fracture, of permeable fluid-saturated materials. Such materials represent complex systems of interacting solid and liquid phases. Mechanical response of such a medium is determined by processes taking place in each phase as well as their interaction. This raised a need of developing a new theoretical approach of simulation of such media—the method of hybrid cellular automaton that allowed describing stress-strain fields in solid skeleton, transfer of a fluid in crack-pore volume and influence of fluid pressure on the stress state of the solid phase. The new method allowed theoretical estimation of strength of liquid-filled permeable geomaterials under complex loading conditions. Governing parameters controlling strength of samples under uniaxial loading and shear in confined conditions were identified.
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Lanz, Minna, Jyrki Latokartano und Roel Pieters. „Digital Innovation Hubs for Enhancing the Technology Transfer and Digital Transformation of the European Manufacturing Industry“. In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 210–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72632-4_15.
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AbstractThe European manufacturers are dealing with shorter product life-cycles and smaller batch sizes. Especially, the high-value products tend to be fully personalised, which makes the automatisation of the production difficult. However, the trend is that the production needs to be predictable and fully traceable to the process and even to the tool level. This adds pressure to have better data collection methods and also to increase of automation in different levels of production. The emergence of new technologies in the field of robotics allows the utilisation of automation in flexible manner. Within all areas of robotics, the demand for collaborative systems is rising as well. The level of desired collaboration and increased flexibility will only be reached if the systems are developed as whole e.g. perception, reasoning and physical manipulation. However, at the same time there is concerns on how to attract capable personnel to the factories. In order to fully implement and utilise the new robotics technologies the industry needs capable resources. For answering these needs there has been several attempts to build different types of industrial ecosystems to facilitate better the technology and knowledge transfer, and share of expertise. The main aim of the paper is to review recent actions regarding the robotics projects forming industrial ecosystems in the Horizon 2020 framework programme, and then introduce the TRINITY Digital Innovation Hub (DIH) project approach to form an industrial ecosystem in the field of robotics.
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Herberthson, Magnus, Evren Özarslan und Carl-Fredrik Westin. „Variance Measures for Symmetric Positive (Semi-) Definite Tensors in Two Dimensions“. In Mathematics and Visualization, 3–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56215-1_1.
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AbstractCalculating the variance of a family of tensors, each represented by a symmetric positive semi-definite second order tensor/matrix, involves the formation of a fourth order tensor $$R_{abcd}$$ R abcd . To form this tensor, the tensor product of each second order tensor with itself is formed, and these products are then summed, giving the tensor $$R_{abcd}$$ R abcd the same symmetry properties as the elasticity tensor in continuum mechanics. This tensor has been studied with respect to many properties: representations, invariants, decomposition, the equivalence problem et cetera. In this paper we focus on the two-dimensional case where we give a set of invariants which ensures equivalence of two such fourth order tensors $$R_{abcd}$$ R abcd and $$\widetilde{R}_{abcd}$$ R ~ abcd . In terms of components, such an equivalence means that components $$R_{ijkl}$$ R ijkl of the first tensor will transform into the components $$\widetilde{R}_{ijkl}$$ R ~ ijkl of the second tensor for some change of the coordinate system.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Sample transfer system"
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Badescu, Mircea, Tyler Okamoto, Paul Backes, Scott Moreland, Dario Riccobono, Matthias Kugel, Alex Brinkman et al. „The Dual-Rasp Sampling System Design with Closed Pneumatic Sample Transfer“. In 2021 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero50100.2021.9438498.
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Ren, Yu, Yongbo Li, Xianzhi Wang, Shun Wang und Shubin Si. „A Novel Bearing Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Multi-scale Transfer Sample Entropy“. In 2020 11th International Conference on Prognostics and System Health Management (PHM-2020 Jinan). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/phm-jinan48558.2020.00048.
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Miner, Andrew C., und Uttam Ghoshal. „Analysis and Mitigation of Sample Heating in Thermoreflectance Microscopy“. In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72849.
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The illumination of a sample when imaged by thermoreflectance thermal microscopy may cause significant heating of the surface. Nonlinearities in the performance of the system being imaged may lead to large measurement induced errors in the observed temperature field. Analytical expressions are presented to estimate the temperature rise and heat flux in a sample. Spatially filtered thermo-reflectance microscopy is introduced as a technique to significantly reduce the incident heat flux without loss of spatial resolution. This paper was also originally published as part of the Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems.
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Layton, Richard A., und Clifford Grigg. „Experimentally Identifying the Transfer Function of an Electromechanical System“. In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32061.
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An experiment is developed in which the instructor demonstrates the acquisition of frequency response data for an electromechanical system (an X-Y recorder). Students are given copies of the acquired data, from which they create an amplitude response plot and develop a transfer function for the system. Using a simple optimization routine, students tweak the model until the predicted amplitude response most closely matches the experimental data. The model is refined further by adding a zero to the transfer function. Students compare the predictions of their models to the experimental data and answer related questions on a lab worksheet, all within one three-hour lab period. In this paper, the apparatus, demonstration, data reduction, system identification, and results are described. A videotaped demonstration of the experiment, sample data, and the lab handout and worksheet are available online at www.rose-hulman.edu/ES205/labs.html. In future work, the experiment will be modified to measure phase response.
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Oldfield, M. L. G. „Impulse Response Processing of Transient Heat Transfer Gauge Signals“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90949.
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A new, computationally-efficient method is presented for processing transient thin-film heat transfer gauge signals. These gauges are widely used in gas turbine heat transfer research, where, historically, the desired experimental heat transfer flux signals, q, are derived from transient measured surface-temperature signals, T, using numerical approximations to the solutions of the linear differential equations relating the two. The new method uses known pairs of exact solutions, such as the T response due to a step in q, to derive a sampled approximation of the impulse response of the gauge system. This impulse response is then used as a finite impulse response digital filter to process the sampled T signal to derive the required sampled q signal. This is computationally efficient because the impulse response need only be derived once for each gauge for a given sample rate, but can be re-used repeatedly, using optimised Matlab filter routines and is highly accurate. The impulse response method can be used for most types of heat flux gauge. In fact, the method is universal for any linear measurement systems which can be described by linear differential equations where theoretical solution pairs exist between input and output. Examples using the new method to process turbomachinery heat flux signals are given.
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Wijethunga, Pavithra A. L., und Hyejin Moon. „A Study of On-Chip Aqueous Two Phase System Formation and its Applications“. In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75138.
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Although there are several reports demonstrating the use of aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) for biological sample separation in miniaturized devices, they only used ATPS prepared in macro scale by following the conventional way. Formation of ATPS in a confined micro scale environment and their characteristics has not been studied yet. While ATPS formation in macro scale is supported by vigorous mixing and gravitational force to form two phases, both mixing capability and gravitational force aid are insignificant in micro scale. Hence, in this study, we investigated the formation of ATPS under these inferior conditions of micro scale. An electrowetting on a dielectric (EWOD) digital microfluidic chip was used as the confined miniaturized environment. In an EWOD device, micro/nano scale droplets are manipulated on an array of electrodes by sequential application of voltages to the electrodes. The common polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dextran (DEX) polymer/polymer ATPS was used as the model system. Nanoliter volume droplets of the two pure polymer solutions were brought into contact, mixed, and successfully formed ATPS on an EWOD chip. Furthermore, it was possible to separate the two phases into two droplets, demonstrating the promising capability of on-chip biological sample separations effectively by integrating formation of ATPS and separation process using ATPS in a single chip. This study also compares the characteristics of ATPS generated in microfluidic chip with that generated in conventional macro scale. The effect of mixing performance on the ATPS formation is studied experimentally.
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Wei, Gaosheng, Xiaoze Du, Xinxin Zhang und Fan Yu. „Theoretical Study on Transient Hot-Strip Method by Numerical Analysis“. In ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88114.
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This paper presented the effects of finite dimensions of the sample and non-zero heat capacity of the strip on thermal conductivity determination with the transient hot-strip (THS) method. Through numerical analysis of temperature field within the system composed of the samples and the strip, the temperature transients at the strip surface were obtained to calculate the thermal conductivities of materials, which were compared to the exact values. The effect of heat losses out of the external surfaces of the sample and the heat capacity of the strip on thermal conductivity determination were then analyzed comprehensively. It is shown that the sample finite dimensions have great effect on thermal conductivity determination, especially on the materials with relatively higher thermal diffusivities, and the measured thermal conductivity always lower than the exact value due to the lower convective heat transfer coefficient out of the external surfaces of the sample. The measurement error is estimated less than 2.2 percent for the material with thermal diffusivity less than 4.0×10−6 m2/s with the sample dimensions of 120 mm × 60 mm (width × thickness) and the fitting time interval of 20–450s. The non-zero heat capacity of the strip has great effect on thermal conductivity determinations of the materials with relatively lower thermal diffusivities. The measurement error is estimated less than 5 percent for the material with thermal diffusivity larger than 0.8×10−7 m2/s with Cr20Ni80 alloy as the strip.
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Zec, Helena, Tushar D. Rane, Wen-Chy Chu und Tza-Huei Wang. „Microfluidic Combinatorial Screening Platform“. In ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2012-73159.
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We propose a microfluidic droplet-based platform that accepts an unlimited number of sample plugs from a multi-well plate, performs splitting of these sample droplets into smaller daughter droplets and subsequent synchronization-free, reliable fusion of sample daughter droplets with multiple reagents simultaneously. This system consists of two components: 1) a custom autosampler which generates a linear array of sub-microliter plugs in a microcapillary from a multi-well plate and 2) A microfluidic chip with channels for sample plug introduction, reagent merging and droplet incubation. This novel system generates large arrays of heterogeneous droplets from hundreds to thousands of samples while concurrently screening these arrays against a large array of reagents. This high throughput system minimizes sample and reagent consumption and can be applied to a gamut of biological assays, ranging from SNP detection to forensic screening.
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Wang, Zefeng, Jian Deng, Libo Qian, Rong Cai, Jinbiao Xiong, Lei Zhong und Yugao Ma. „Experimental Investigation of the Transient Pool Boiling Heat Transfer on the Quenching of Vertical Rodlet in Water“. In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16709.
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Abstract Quenching is an important phenomenon in the evaluation of an emergency core cooling system following a hypothetical loss of coolant accident (LOCA) in a nuclear reactor. In the present study, an experimental apparatus is designed and constructed with the purpose of conducting high-temperature transient pool boiling quenching experiments for zirconium (Zr-4) cylindrical test samples. Three thermocouples are inserted in the test sample to investigate the effect of axial distance on the minimum film boiling temperature. The Zr-4 rodlet is heated up to a temperature well above the minimum film boiling temperature (up to 600°C), and then plunged vertically in a quiescent pool of subcooled water. A data acquisition system is used to record the temperature of the embedded thermocouples with time. Data reduction is performed by an inverse heat conduction code to calculate the surface temperature and corresponding surface heat flux. A visualization study with a high-speed camera is conducted to record the quenching behavior on the test sample. It is found that the minimum film boiling temperature decreases with the axial distance, while the CHF temperature is relatively insensitive to the axial distance. The film boiling heat transfer coefficient decreases with surface temperature, and seems to be independent of axial distance. The quench front is observed to originate from the bottom and move upwards. It is found that the quench front velocity remains nearly constant in the lower region of the test sample, and significantly increases in the upper region.
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Zhang, Kun, Mo Yang, Yu Wen Zhang und Mei Lu. „Study on the Route to Chaos of Natural Convection in Cylindrical Envelope With an Internal Concentric Cylinder With Slots“. In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22414.
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Natural convection heat transfer was investigated numerically in a cylindrical envelope with an internal concentric cylinder with slots. Governing equations are discretized using finite volume method and solved using SIMPLE algorithm with QUICK scheme. Calculations were performed on certain parameters with a Rayleigh number varying from 700 to 20000. The effect of the Rayleigh number on the route to the chaos of the system was analyzed by the phase space of velocity at the sample point. The results show that the system can reach to steady state and symmetric when the Rayleigh number is below 700, and to steady state and asymmetric when the Rayleigh number is equal to 1000. For a Rayleigh number ranged between 1500 and 3000, an asymmetric periodical solution is obtained although the initial field and boundary conditions were symmetric. As the Rayleigh numbers increase further, a quasi-periodic solution of the system is achieved at Ra = 2000. There is one more bifurcation and period doubling at successive critical values of Rayleigh numbers from to. It is ascertained that periodicity is lost at Ra = 20000. The results show that the oscillatory flow undergoes several bifurcations and ultimately evolves to a chaotic flow.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Sample transfer system"
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Flanagan, B. D. Test plan for the Sample Transfer Canister system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), März 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/345063.
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Flanagan, B. D. Test report for the Sample Transfer Canister system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), März 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/345064.
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Wiser, Ralph S., und Matthew J. Valencia. Nuclear thermal source transfer unit, post-blast soil sample drying system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1338716.
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Alexander, N., J. Barden, Q. Fan und A. Honig. A 1. 5--4 Kelvin detachable cold-sample transfer system: Application to inertially confined fusion with spin-polarized hydrogens fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6389658.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, Februar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, März 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.
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The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor