Zeitschriftenartikel: „Salt marsh“

1

Haacks, Manfred, and Dietbert Thannheiser. "The salt-marsh vegetation of New Zealand." Phytocoenologia 33, no. 2-3 (June 1, 2003): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2003/0033-0267.

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2

Silvestri, Sonia, Marco Marani, Jeff Settle, Fabio Benvenuto, and Alessandro Marani. "Salt marsh vegetation radiometry." Remote Sensing of Environment 80, no. 3 (June 2002): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(01)00325-x.

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3

Broome, Stephen W., Ernest D. Seneca, and William W. Woodhouse. "Tidal salt marsh restoration." Aquatic Botany 32, no. 1-2 (October 1988): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(88)90085-x.

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4

Erfanzadeh, Reza, Julien Pétillon, Jean-Pierre Maelfait, and Maurice Hoffmann. "Environmental determinism versus biotic stochasticity in the appearance of plant species in salt-marsh succession." Plant Ecology and Evolution 143, no. (1) (March 29, 2010): 43–50. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2010.422.

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Background and aims – It is generally accepted that in terrestrial ecosystems the occurrence and abundance of plant species in late successional stages can be predicted accurately from prevailing soil conditions, whereas in early succession their presence is much more influenced by chance events (e.g. propagule availability). Late successional vegetation stages would therefore be deterministically structured, while early succession would be dominated by more stochastic features. To test this hypothesis in salt marsh conditions, we compared the effect of abiotic environmental factors on vegetation composition and probability of occurrence of individual species in two adjacent salt marshes, differing in age (i.e. successional stage). Material and methods – In 2002, a new salt marsh was created on substrate devoid of plant diaspores in the nature reserve The IJzermonding (Nieuwpoort, Belgium). From 2002 onwards, primary colonization started on that sterile substrate by hydrochoric seed dispersal, induced by tidal water currents from an adjacent 5 ha relic of the old salt marsh. In 2005, three years after the start of the colonization process of the new salt marsh, vegetation and three abiotic environmental factors (soil texture, salinity and elevation) were recorded in a set of 155 relevés on the new and old salt marsh. Key results – In contrast to the general observation in other terrestrial ecosystems, the vegetation composition of the early successional stage of the new salt marsh appeared to be at least as much determined by the combined effect of the measured abiotic factors as that of the old salt marsh. As revealed by logistic regression the presence/absence of perennial species as well as annual species of the young salt marsh could be well predicted by the measured abiotic variables. For the old salt marsh this also held for the perennial species, but not for the annual species. The stochastic appearance of gaps in the perennial vegetation cover appeared to be important for the establishment of annuals in the older salt marsh. Conclusion – In the case of salt marsh succession, the generally accepted hypothesis of early successional stochasticity dominance versus late successional environmental determinism must be rejected.

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Meyer, David L., and Martin H. Posey. "Influence of Salt Marsh Size and Landscape Setting on Salt Marsh Nekton Populations." Estuaries and Coasts 37, no. 3 (September 25, 2013): 548–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9707-z.

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6

Guimond, Julia, and Joseph Tamborski. "Salt Marsh Hydrogeology: A Review." Water 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040543.

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Groundwater–surface water exchange in salt marsh ecosystems mediates nearshore salt, nutrient, and carbon budgets with implications for biological productivity and global climate. Despite their importance, a synthesis of salt marsh groundwater studies is lacking. In this review, we summarize drivers mediating salt marsh hydrogeology, review field and modeling techniques, and discuss patterns of exchange. New data from a Delaware seepage meter study are reported which highlight small-scale spatial variability in exchange rates. A synthesis of the salt marsh hydrogeology literature reveals a positive relationship between tidal range and submarine groundwater discharge but not porewater exchange, highlighting the multidimensional drivers of marsh hydrogeology. Field studies are heavily biased towards microtidal systems of the US East Coast, with little global information available. A preliminary estimate of marsh porewater exchange along the Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic Bights is 8–30 × 1013 L y−1, equivalent to recirculating the entire volume of seawater overlying the shelf through tidal marsh sediments in ~30–90 years. This review concludes with a discussion of critical questions to address that will decrease uncertainty in global budget estimates and enhance our capacity to predict future responses to global climate change.

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Gulzar, Salman, M. Ajmal Khan, and Irwin A. Ungar. "Salt Tolerance of a Coastal Salt Marsh Grass." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 34, no. 17-18 (November 2003): 2595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/css-120024787.

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8

Ormsby, E. "A Salt Marsh Near Truro." Literary Imagination 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/6.1.148.

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9

Drake, Bert G. "Photosynthesis of salt marsh species." Aquatic Botany 34, no. 1-3 (July 1989): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(89)90055-7.

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10

Vernberg, F. John. "Salt-marsh processes: A Review." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12, no. 12 (December 1993): 2167–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620121203.

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11

de Groot, Alma V., Roos M. Veeneklaas, and Jan P. Bakker. "Sand in the salt marsh: Contribution of high-energy conditions to salt-marsh accretion." Marine Geology 282, no. 3-4 (April 2011): 240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.03.002.

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12

Campbell, Anthony, and Yeqiao Wang. "Assessment of Salt Marsh Change on Assateague Island National Seashore Between 1962 and 2016." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 86, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.86.3.187.

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Salt marshes provide extensive ecosystem services, including high biodiversity, denitrification, and wave attenuation. In the mid-Atlantic, sea level rise is predicted to affect salt marsh ecosystems severely. This study mapped the entirety of Assateague Island with Very High Resolution satellite imagery and object-based methods to determine an accurate salt marsh baseline for change analysis. Topobathy-metric light detection and ranging was used to map the salt marsh and model expected tidal effects. The satellite imagery, collected in 2016 and classified at two hierarchical thematic schemes, were compared to determine appropriate thematic richness. Change analysis between this 2016 map and both a manually delineated 1962 salt marsh extent and image classification of the island from 1994 determined rates off change. The study found that from 1962 to 1994, salt marsh expanded by 4.01 ha/year, and from 1994 to 2016 salt marsh was lost at a rate of -3.4 ha/ year. The study found that salt marsh composition, (percent vegetated salt marsh) was significantly influenced by elevation, the length of mosquito ditches, and starting salt marsh composition. The study illustrates the importance of remote sensing monitoring for understanding site-specific changes to salt marsh environments and the barrier island system.

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Leonardi, Nicoletta, Neil K. Ganju, and Sergio Fagherazzi. "A linear relationship between wave power and erosion determines salt-marsh resilience to violent storms and hurricanes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 1 (December 22, 2015): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510095112.

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Salt marsh losses have been documented worldwide because of land use change, wave erosion, and sea-level rise. It is still unclear how resistant salt marshes are to extreme storms and whether they can survive multiple events without collapsing. Based on a large dataset of salt marsh lateral erosion rates collected around the world, here, we determine the general response of salt marsh boundaries to wave action under normal and extreme weather conditions. As wave energy increases, salt marsh response to wind waves remains linear, and there is not a critical threshold in wave energy above which salt marsh erosion drastically accelerates. We apply our general formulation for salt marsh erosion to historical wave climates at eight salt marsh locations affected by hurricanes in the United States. Based on the analysis of two decades of data, we find that violent storms and hurricanes contribute less than 1% to long-term salt marsh erosion rates. In contrast, moderate storms with a return period of 2.5 mo are those causing the most salt marsh deterioration. Therefore, salt marshes seem more susceptible to variations in mean wave energy rather than changes in the extremes. The intrinsic resistance of salt marshes to violent storms and their predictable erosion rates during moderate events should be taken into account by coastal managers in restoration projects and risk management plans.

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14

Bakker, J. P., and Y. Vries. "Germination and early establishment of lower salt-marsh species in grazed and mown salt marsh." Journal of Vegetation Science 3, no. 2 (April 1992): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3235686.

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15

Geissel, W., H. Shellhammer, and H. T. Harvey. "The Ecology of the Salt-Marsh Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris) in a Diked Salt Marsh." Journal of Mammalogy 69, no. 4 (November 29, 1988): 696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1381624.

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16

Bakker, J. P., L. Gálvez Bravo, and A. M. Mouissie. "Dispersal by cattle of salt-marsh and dune species into salt-marsh and dune communities." Plant Ecology 197, no. 1 (October 12, 2007): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-007-9358-x.

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17

Chen, Z. P., J. C. Dai, J. W. Zeng, and R. J. Li. "Application of Hydro-morphodynamic Modelling in Coastal Salt Marsh Management." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2486, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2486/1/012037.

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Abstract Salt marshes are widespread in estuarine coastal areas and are one of the most productive natural ecosystems in the world. More importantly, the role of salt marshes in coastal protection is of increasing interest, as salt marshes significantly reduce wave height and stabilize substrates. However, the application of hydrodynamic models for coastal salt marsh management is still uncommon. In this study, TELEMAC is used to set up a hydro-morphodynamic model to simulate the dynamic process in the study area. After that, the influence of hydrodynamic stress on the salt marshes under natural conditions was analysed and the feasibility of applying artificial structures to restore salt marshes was discussed. Finally, the long-term evolution of salt marsh platform is modelled. The results show that salt marsh vegetation is strongly influenced by coastal dynamics. The artificial restoration measures such as submerged dikes have the potential to restore or rehabilitate salt marshes by attenuating the currents on tidal flats. The long-term marsh evolution contains both platform raising and channel incision, which forms the unique landscape of tidal salt marsh. The research results of the study can provide theoretical support for the management and restoration of coastal salt marsh wetlands and contribute to disaster prevention and mitigation in the coastal areas.

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Calabon, Mark S., E. B. Gareth Jones, Itthayakorn Promputtha, and Kevin D. Hyde. "Fungal Biodiversity in Salt Marsh Ecosystems." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7080648.

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This review brings together the research efforts on salt marsh fungi, including their geographical distribution and host association. A total of 486 taxa associated with different hosts in salt marsh ecosystems are listed in this review. The taxa belong to three phyla wherein Ascomycota dominates the taxa from salt marsh ecosystems accounting for 95.27% (463 taxa). The Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota constitute 19 taxa and four taxa, respectively. Dothideomycetes has the highest number of taxa, which comprises 47.12% (229 taxa), followed by Sordariomycetes with 167 taxa (34.36%). Pleosporales is the largest order with 178 taxa recorded. Twenty-seven genera under 11 families of halophytes were reviewed for its fungal associates. Juncus roemerianus has been extensively studied for its associates with 162 documented taxa followed by Phragmites australis (137 taxa) and Spartina alterniflora (79 taxa). The highest number of salt marsh fungi have been recorded from Atlantic Ocean countries wherein the USA had the highest number of species recorded (232 taxa) followed by the UK (101 taxa), the Netherlands (74 taxa), and Argentina (51 taxa). China had the highest number of salt marsh fungi in the Pacific Ocean with 165 taxa reported, while in the Indian Ocean, India reported the highest taxa (16 taxa). Many salt marsh areas remain unexplored, especially those habitats in the Indian and Pacific Oceans areas that are hotspots of biodiversity and novel fungal taxa based on the exploration of various habitats.

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Siemes, Rutger W. A., Bas W. Borsje, Roy J. Daggenvoorde, and Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher. "Artificial Structures Steer Morphological Development of Salt Marshes: A Model Study." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050326.

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Salt marshes are increasingly recognized as resilient and sustainable supplements to traditional engineering structures for protecting coasts against flooding. Nevertheless, many salt marshes face severe erosion. There is a consensus that providing structures that create sheltered conditions from high energetic conditions can improve the potential for salt marsh growth. However, little proof is provided on the explicit influence of structures to promote salt marsh growth. This paper investigates how artificial structures can be used to steer the morphological development of salt marshes. A morphological model (Delft3D Flexible Mesh) was applied, which enabled the analysis of various artificial structures with realistic representation. A salt marsh in the Wadden Sea which has seen heavy erosion (lateral retreat rate of 0.9 m/year) served as case study. We simulate both daily and storm conditions. Hereby, vegetation is represented by an increased bed roughness. The model is able to simulate the governing processes of salt marsh development. Results show that, without artificial structures, erosion of the salt marsh and tidal flat continues. With structures implemented, results indicate that there is potential for salt marsh growth in the study area. Moreover, traditional structures, which were widely implemented in the past, proved to be most effective to stimulate marsh growth. More broadly, the paper indicates how morphological development of a salt marsh can be steered by various configurations of artificial structures.

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Kuroda, Naoki, Katsuhide Yokoyama, and Tadaharu Ishikawa. "Development of a Practical Model for Predicting Soil Salinity in a Salt Marsh in the Arakawa River Estuary." Water 13, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 2054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152054.

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Our group has studied the spatiotemporal variation of soil and water salinity in an artificial salt marsh along the Arakawa River estuary and developed a practical model for predicting soil salinity. The salinity of the salt marsh and the water level of a nearby channel were measured once a month for 13 consecutive months. The vertical profile of the soil salinity in the salt marsh was measured once monthly over the same period. A numerical flow simulation adopting the shallow water model faithfully reproduced the salinity variation in the salt marsh. Further, we developed a soil salinity model to estimate the soil salinity in a salt marsh in Arakawa River. The vertical distribution of the soil salinity in the salt marsh was uniform and changed at almost the same time. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil, moreover, was high. The uniform distribution of salinity and high hydraulic conductivity could be explained by the vertical and horizontal transport of salinity through channels burrowed in the soil by organisms. By combining the shallow water model and the soil salinity model, the soil salinity of the salt marsh was well reproduced. The above results suggest that a stable brackish ecotone can be created in an artificial salt marsh using our numerical model as a design tool.

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Campbell, Anthony, and Yeqiao Wang. "High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing for Salt Marsh Mapping and Change Analysis at Fire Island National Seashore." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091107.

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Salt marshes are changing due to natural and anthropogenic stressors such as sea level rise, nutrient enrichment, herbivory, storm surge, and coastal development. This study analyzes salt marsh change at Fire Island National Seashore (FIIS), a nationally protected area, using object-based image analysis (OBIA) to classify a combination of data from Worldview-2 and Worldview-3 satellites, topobathymetric Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial imageries acquired from 1994 to 2017. The salt marsh classification was trained and tested with vegetation plot data. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused extensive overwash and breached a section of the island. This study quantified the continuing effects of the breach on the surrounding salt marsh. The tidal inundation at the time of image acquisition was analyzed using a topobathymetric LiDAR-derived Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to create a bathtub model at the target tidal stage. The study revealed geospatial distribution and rates of change within the salt marsh interior and the salt marsh edge. The Worldview-2/Worldview-3 imagery classification was able to classify the salt marsh environments accurately and achieved an overall accuracy of 92.75%. Following the breach caused by Hurricane Sandy, bayside salt marsh edge was found to be eroding more rapidly (F1, 1597 = 206.06, p < 0.001). However, the interior panne/pool expansion rates were not affected by the breach. The salt marsh pannes and pools were more likely to revegetate if they had a hydrological connection to a mosquito ditch (χ2 = 28.049, p < 0.001). The study confirmed that the NAIP data were adequate for determining rates of salt marsh change with high accuracy. The cost and revisit time of NAIP imagery creates an ideal open data source for high spatial resolution monitoring and change analysis of salt marsh environments.

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Adams, Janine B., Jacqueline L. Raw, Taryn Riddin, Johan Wasserman, and Lara Van Niekerk. "Salt Marsh Restoration for the Provision of Multiple Ecosystem Services." Diversity 13, no. 12 (December 19, 2021): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13120680.

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Restoration of salt marsh is urgent, as these ecosystems provide natural coastal protection from sea-level rise impacts, contribute towards climate change mitigation, and provide multiple ecosystem services including supporting livelihoods. This study identified potential restoration sites for intervention where agricultural and degraded land could be returned to salt marsh at a national scale in South African estuaries. Overall, successful restoration of salt marsh in some estuaries will require addressing additional pressures such as freshwater inflow reduction and deterioration of water quality. Here, we present, a socio-ecological systems framework for salt marsh restoration that links salt marsh state and the well-being of people to guide meaningful and implementable management and restoration interventions. The framework is applied to a case study at the Swartkops Estuary where the primary restoration intervention intends to route stormwater run-off to abandoned salt works to re-create aquatic habitat for waterbirds, enhance carbon storage, and provide nutrient filtration. As the framework is generalized, while still allowing for site-specific pressures to be captured, there is potential for it to be applied at the national scale, with the largest degraded salt marsh areas set as priorities for such an initiative. It is estimated that ~1970 ha of salt marsh can be restored in this way, and this represents a 14% increase in the habitat cover for the country. Innovative approaches to restoring and improving condition are necessary for conserving salt marshes and the benefits they provide to society.

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Seyler, Lauren M., Lora M. McGuinness, and Lee J. Kerkhof. "Crenarchaeal heterotrophy in salt marsh sediments." ISME Journal 8, no. 7 (February 20, 2014): 1534–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.15.

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24

Ingoldsby, Joseph Emmanuel. "Vanishing Landscapes: The Atlantic Salt Marsh." Leonardo 42, no. 2 (April 2009): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon.2009.42.2.124.

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The author, trained in art and landscape architecture, utilizes observation of nature and culture as a central focus in his art. The work involves research, scientific collaboration and examination, documentation, analysis and synthesis using art, science and technology for environmental advocacy. The focus for these works has been on the coastal landscape of New England, the imprint of humans on land and sea, and the impact of climate change on the marine landscape and fisheries of New England.

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Smith, Lora M., and John R. Reinfelder. "Mercury volatilization from salt marsh sediments." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 114, G2 (June 2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009jg000979.

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Renner, Rebecca. "California salt marsh contaminates swimming beach." Environmental Science & Technology 35, no. 15 (August 2001): 320A—321A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0124360.

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Townend, Ian, Caroline Fletcher, Michiel Knappen, and Kate Rossington. "A review of salt marsh dynamics." Water and Environment Journal 25, no. 4 (September 16, 2010): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2010.00243.x.

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Knott, Jayne Fifield, William Kensett Nuttle, and Harold Field Hemond. "Hydrologic parameters of salt marsh peat." Hydrological Processes 1, no. 2 (March 1987): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360010208.

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Paul, Edward. "Modeling productivity of a salt marsh." Cell Biophysics 11, no. 1 (December 1987): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02797112.

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Ouyang, X., and S. Y. Lee. "Updated estimates of carbon accumulation rates in coastal marsh sediments." Biogeosciences 11, no. 18 (September 19, 2014): 5057–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5057-2014.

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Abstract. Studies on carbon stock in salt marsh sediments have increased since the review by Chmura et al. (2003). However, uncertainties exist in estimating global carbon storage in these vulnerable coastal habitats, thus hindering the assessment of their importance. Combining direct data and indirect estimation, this study compiled studies involving 143 sites across the Southern and Northern hemispheres, and provides an updated estimate of the global average carbon accumulation rate (CAR) at 244.7 g C m−2 yr−1 in salt marsh sediments. Based on region-specific CAR and estimates of salt marsh area in various geographic regions between 40° S to 69.7° N, total CAR in global salt marsh sediments is estimated at ~10.2 Tg C yr−1. Latitude, tidal range and elevation appear to be important drivers for CAR of salt marsh sediments, with considerable variation among different biogeographic regions. The data indicate that while the capacity for carbon sequestration by salt marsh sediments ranked the first amongst coastal wetland and forested terrestrial ecosystems, their carbon budget was the smallest due to their limited and declining global areal extent. However, some uncertainties remain for our global estimate owing to limited data availability.

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Hinshaw, Sarra E., Corianne Tatariw, Nikaela Flournoy, Alice Kleinhuizen, Caitlin Taylor, Patricia A. Sobecky, and Behzad Mortazavi. "Vegetation Loss Decreases Salt Marsh Denitrification Capacity: Implications for Marsh Erosion." Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 15 (July 11, 2017): 8245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00618.

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O’Connor, Mary I., Christy R. Violin, Andrea Anton, Laura M. Ladwig, and Michael F. Piehler. "Salt marsh stabilization affects algal primary producers at the marsh edge." Wetlands Ecology and Management 19, no. 2 (January 8, 2011): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-010-9206-y.

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Forbrich, Inke, and Anne E. Giblin. "Marsh‐atmosphere CO 2 exchange in a New England salt marsh." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 120, no. 9 (September 2015): 1825–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jg003044.

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Jacobson, Heather A., and George L. Jacobson Jr. "Variability of vegetation in tidal marshes of Maine, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-032.

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Systematic studies of vegetation on 18 salt marshes along the coast of Maine show that the vegetation is highly variable in species composition, species richness, and zonation pattern. Marshes with high species richness are found in relatively stable geologic settings, while unstable marshes at the base of erodible bluffs have low species richness. Species composition is influenced by freshwater input. Salt-marsh zonation varies greatly in both the number of zones present per marsh and the species assemblages within zones. With a few notable exceptions, the vegetation of salt marshes in southern Maine is similar to that of marshes in southern New England. Salt-marsh vegetation in northeastern Maine is more similar to that of marshes in the Bay of Fundy region. Key words: tidal marsh, salt marsh, Maine, vegetation, New England, Bay of Fundy.

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Richards, David F., Adam M. Milewski, Steffan Becker, Yonesha Donaldson, Lea J. Davidson, Fabian J. Zowam, Jay Mrazek, and Michael Durham. "Evaluation and Analysis of Remote Sensing-Based Approach for Salt Marsh Monitoring." Remote Sensing 16, no. 1 (December 19, 2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16010002.

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In the United States (US), salt marshes are especially vulnerable to the effects of projected sea level rise, increased storm frequency, and climatic changes. Sentinel-2 data offer the opportunity to observe the land surface at high spatial resolutions (10 m). The Sentinel-2 data, encompassing Cumberland Island National Seashore, Fort Pulaski National Monument, and Canaveral National Seashore, were analyzed to identify temporal changes in salt marsh presence from 2016 to 2020. ENVI-derived unsupervised and supervised classification algorithms were applied to determine the most appropriate procedure to measure distant areas of salt marsh increases and decreases. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was applied to describe the varied vegetation biomass spatially. The results from this approach indicate that the ENVI-derived maximum likelihood classification provides a statistical distribution and calculation of the probability (>90%) that the given pixels represented both water and salt marsh environments. The salt marshes captured by the maximum likelihood classification indicated an overall decrease in salt marsh area presence. The NDVI results displayed how the varied vegetation biomass was analogous to the occurrence of salt marsh changes. Areas representing the lowest NDVI values (−0.1 to 0.1) corresponded to bare soil areas where a salt marsh decrease was detected.

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Brooks, Helen, Iris MÃ¶ller, Tom Spencer, Kate Royse, and Simon James Price. "GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SALT MARSH AND TIDAL FLAT SUBSTRATES AT TILLINGHAM, ESSEX, UK." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.55.

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Salt marshes and, to a lesser extent, tidal flats, attenuate incoming hydrodynamic energy, thus reducing flood and erosion risk in the coastal hinterland. However, marshes are declining both globally and regionally (the Northwest European region). Salt marsh resistance to incoming hydrodynamic forcing depends on marsh biological, geochemical and geotechnical properties. However, there currently exists no systematic study of marsh geotechnical properties and how these may impact both marsh edge and marsh surface erosion processes (e.g. surface removal, cliff undercutting, gravitational slumping). This has led to poor parameterization of marsh evolution models. Here, we present a systematic study of salt marsh and tidal flat geotechnical properties (shear strength, bulk density, compressibility, plasticity and particle size) at Tillingham, Essex, UK.

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Bertness, Mark D., Laura Gough, and Scott W. Shumway. "Salt Tolerances and The Distribution of Fugitive Salt Marsh Plants." Ecology 73, no. 5 (October 1992): 1842–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940035.

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Partridge, T. R., and J. B. Wilson. "Salt tolerance of salt marsh plants of Otago, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Botany 25, no. 4 (October 1987): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1987.10410086.

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Duarte, B., J. Freitas, T. Couto, J. Valentim, J. M. Dias, H. Silva, J. C. Marques, and I. Caçador. "New multi-metric Salt Marsh Sediment Microbial Index (SSMI) application to salt marsh sediments ecological status assessment." Ecological Indicators 29 (June 2013): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.008.

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Dixon, Daniel. "EVALUATION OF CDC LIGHT TRAP, BG SENTINEL TRAP, AND MMX TRAP FOR THE COLLECTION OF SALT MARSH MOSQUITOES IN ANASTASIA STATE PARK, SAINT AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA." Journal of the Florida Mosquito Control Association 66, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/jfmca.v66i1.127626.

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Salt marsh mosquitoes are major nuisance pests during the periods of high mosquito activity, especially after major storm events. In 2016-2017, Saint John’s County, Florida, USA was struck by two major hurricanes that resulted in multiple outbreaks of salt marsh mosquito populations. To optimize the surveillance of two salt marsh mosquitoes, (Aedes taeniorhynchus and Ae. sollicitans, three types of traps (the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Light trap, Biogents Sentinel (BG) trap and Counter Flow Geometry Model (MMX) trap were tested for their capacity to capture the highest numbers of high quality live specimens for laboratory bioassays. Each trap type was tested in Anastasia State Park, located along a major salt marsh area in Saint John’s County. Although the MMX trap captured most of the salt marsh mosquitoes collected, the numbers of mosquitoes captured was not statistically significant compared to the other trap types. However, there was a significant difference in the numbers between Ae. taeniorhynchus and Ae. sollicitans in the MMX traps. The MMX trap is preferred for capturing salt marsh mosquitoes that are in high quality for the CDC bottle bioassays.

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Chen, M. Y., F. Luo, and J. C. Dai. "Study on the Influence of Salt Marsh Vegetation on Tidal Current and Sediment Transport in Intertidal Zone." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2486, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2486/1/012049.

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Abstract Due to the sensitivity of the environment and immoderate human activities, the coastal zone in China is facing resource conflicts and environmental pressures. Salt marsh vegetation is regarded as an important measure for coastal ecological restoration. Therefore, it is of practical significance to study the influence of salt marsh vegetation on hydro-sediment dynamics. Based on the measured topography and tidal sediment data, a generalized model of salt marsh vegetation is established to study its effects on the dynamics of nearshore water and sediment. The results show that salt marsh vegetation has prominent effect of attenuating flow velocity and promoting sedimentation, and the ability differs depending on vegetation. Salt marsh vegetation can promote the development of tidal channels to shore, causing intensified erosion in the deep trough. The expansion of the vegetation area will allow the tidal channels to extend small branches to shore and connect with the vegetation front.

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Shute, Kyle E., Susan C. Loeb, and David S. Jachowski. "Seasonal Shifts in Nocturnal Habitat Use by Coastal Bat Species." Journal of Wildlife Management 85, no. 5 (June 7, 2021): 964–78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13489902.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Sensitivity of bats to land use change depends on their foraging ecology, which varies among species based on ecomorphological traits. Additionally, because prey availability, vegetative clutter, and temperature change throughout the year, some species may display seasonal shifts in their nocturnal habitat use. In the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, USA, the northern long‐eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis), southeastern myotis (Myotis austroriparius), tri‐colored bat (Perimyotis subflavus), and northern yellow bat (Lasiurus intermedius) are species of conservation concern that are threatened by habitat loss. Our objective was to identify characteristics of habitat used by these species during their nightly active period and compare use between summer and winter. We conducted acoustic surveys at 125 sites during May–August and at 121 of the same 125 sites December–March 2018 and 2019 in upland forests, bottomland forests, fields, ponds, and salt marsh and used occupancy models to assess habitat use. The northern long‐eared bat and southeastern myotis (i.e., myotis bats) used sites that were closer to hardwood stands, pine stands, and fresh water year‐round. We did not identify any strong predictors of tri‐colored bat habitat use in summer, but during winter they used bottomland forests, fields, and ponds more than salt marsh and upland forests. During summer and winter, northern yellow bats used sites close to fresh water and salt marsh. Additionally, during summer they used fields, ponds, and salt marsh more than upland and bottomland forests, but in winter they used bottomland forests, fields, and ponds more than upland forest and salt marsh. Our results highlight important land cover types for bats in this area (e.g., bottomland forests, ponds, and salt marsh), and that habitat use changes between seasons. Accounting for and understanding how habitat use changes throughout the year will inform managers about how critical habitat features may vary in their importance to bats throughout the year. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.

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Bertness, Mark D. "Interspecific Interactions among High Marsh Perennials in a New England Salt Marsh." Ecology 72, no. 1 (February 1991): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1938908.

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Lawrence, D. S. L., J. R. L. Allen, and G. M. Havelock. "Salt Marsh Morphodynamics: an Investigation of Tidal Flows and Marsh Channel Equilibrium." Journal of Coastal Research 201 (January 2004): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/1551-5036(2004)20[301:smmaio]2.0.co;2.

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Valiela, Ivan, and Carol S. Rietsma. "Disturbance of salt marsh vegetation by wrack mats in Great Sippewissett Marsh." Oecologia 102, no. 1 (April 1995): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00333317.

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Eiser, William C., and Björn Kjerfve. "Marsh topography and hypsometric characteristics of a South Carolina salt marsh basin." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 23, no. 5 (November 1986): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(86)90101-0.

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Reents, Svenja, Peter Mueller, Hao Tang, Kai Jensen, and Stefanie Nolte. "Plant genotype determines biomass response to flooding frequency in tidal wetlands." Biogeosciences 18, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-403-2021.

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Abstract. The persistence of tidal wetland ecosystems like salt marshes is threatened by human interventions and climate change. In particular, the threat of accelerated sea level rise (SLR) has increasingly gained the attention of the scientific community recently. However, studies investigating the effect of SLR on plants and vertical marsh accretion are usually restricted to the species or community level and do not consider phenotypic plasticity or genetic diversity. To investigate the response of genotypes within the same salt-marsh species to SLR, we used two known genotypes of Elymus athericus (Link) Kerguélen (low-marsh and high-marsh genotypes). In a factorial marsh organ experiment we exposed both genotypes to different flooding frequencies and quantified plant growth parameters. With increasing flooding frequency, the low-marsh genotype showed higher aboveground biomass production compared to the high-marsh genotype. Additionally, the low-marsh genotype generally formed longer rhizomes, shoots and leaves, regardless of flooding frequency. Belowground biomass of both genotypes decreased with increasing flooding frequency. We conclude that the low-marsh genotype is better adapted to higher flooding frequencies through its ability to allocate resources from below- to aboveground biomass. Given the strong control of plant biomass production on salt-marsh accretion, we argue that these findings yield important implications for our understanding of ecosystem resilience to SLR as well as plant species distribution in salt marshes.

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Ouyang, X., and S. Y. Lee. "Carbon accumulation rates in salt marsh sediments suggest high carbon storage capacity." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2013): 19155–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-19155-2013.

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Abstract. Studies on carbon stock in salt marsh sediments are increasing. However, uncertainties exist in estimating global carbon storage in these vulnerable coastal habitats, thus hindering the assessment of their importance. Combining direct data and indirect estimation, this study compiled studies involving 158 sites across the southern and Northern Hemispheres, and estimated the global average carbon accumulation rate (CAR) at 242.2 g C m−2 yr−1 in saltmarsh sediments. Based on region-specific CAR and estimates of salt marsh area in various geographic regions between 40° S to 78.3° N, total CAR in global salt marsh sediments is ~ 10.1 Tg C yr−1. The data indicate that while the capacity for carbon sequestration by salt marsh sediments ranked the first amongst coastal wetland and forested terrestrial ecosystems, their carbon budget was the smallest due to their limited and declining global areal extent. However, there may be uncertainties for our global estimate owing to limited and patchy data availability. CAR of salt marsh sediments changes with latitude, tidal range, halophyte genera and elevation, with considerable variation among different biogeographic regions.

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Teal, John M., and Brian L. Howes. "Interannual variability of a salt-marsh ecosystem." Limnology and Oceanography 41, no. 4 (June 1996): 802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.4.0802.

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Riddin, T., and JB Adams. "Salt marsh erosion in a microtidal estuary." African Journal of Marine Science 43, no. 2 (April 3, 2021): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232x.2021.1906319.

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