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1
Donaldson, M., H. D. Bangash und D. B. Stacey. „Swabi salinity control and reclamation project“. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water and Maritime Engineering 156, Nr. 1 (März 2003): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wame.2003.156.1.85.
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Le Kama, Alain Ayong, und Agnes Tomini. „Water Conservation Versus Soil Salinity Control“. Environmental Modeling & Assessment 18, Nr. 6 (10.05.2013): 647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10666-013-9368-0.
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Prayoga, Gigih Ibnu, Eries Dyah Mustikarini und Novin Wandra. „Seleksi kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.) lokal Bangka toleran cekaman salinitas“. Jurnal Agro 5, Nr. 2 (31.12.2018): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/3366.
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Seleksi cekaman salinitas kacang tanah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan tetua yang toleran terhadap salinitas dan memperbaiki sifat kacang tanah dalam kegiatan pemuliaan tanaman. Informasi genotip unggul kacang tanah toleran terhadap salinitas sangat diperlukan sebagai dasar pemilihan genotip tetua yang adaptif pada lahan salin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh kacang tanah yang memiliki sifat toleran cekaman salinitas dan menentukan konsentrasi air laut yang dapat ditoleransi oleh tanaman. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan dan Penelitian, Jurusan Agroteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian Perikanan dan Biologi, Universitas Bangka Belitung, pada bulan Februari–April 2018. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola split plot dengan 2 ulangan. Petak utama adalah tingkat salinitas yaitu non-salin (kontrol), salinitas rendah, dan salinitas sedang. Anak petak adalah 5 genotip kacang tanah yaitu aksesi lokal (Belimbing dan Arung dalam) dan varietas nasional (Tuban, Kancil, dan Hypoma). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa varietas Hypoma memiliki karakter jumlah daun dan diameter batang yang paling baik, namun tidak toleran terhadap cekaman salinitas sedang. Aksesi Belimbing merupakan genotip toleran salinitas rendah berdasarkan nilai indeks toleransi cekaman salinitas. Selection of groundnut tolerant to salinity stress is carried out to obtain parent genotypes tolerant to salinity and improve the characteristics of groundnut in plant breeding program. The information of superior groundnut genotypes tolerant to salinity is necessary as the basic of genotypes selection adaptive in the saline area. The research aimed to obtain the groundnut tolerant to salinity stress and determine the concentration of seawater that can be tolerated by groundnut. This research was conducted at The Experiment and Research Field, Faculty of Agriculture Fisheries and Biology, University of Bangka Belitung, from February to April 2018. The research used Complete Randomized Design (CRD) split plot with two replications. Main plot was concentrations of seawater; non-saline (control), low salinity, and moderate salinity. The subplot was groundnut genotypes of local accessions (Belimbing and Arung Dalam) and national varieties (Tuban, Kancil, and Hypoma). The results of this research indicated that Hypoma has the best result for plant height and diameter of stem, but intolerant to moderate salinity stress. Belimbing was the genotype with low salinity tolerance based on score index of tolerant salinity stress.
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Moyano, Amílcar. „Salinity Control of Interstate Waters in Argentina“. Water Science and Technology 19, Nr. 5-6 (01.05.1987): 833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0261.
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Water salinity control in interstate basins is exercised by means of treaties. Such is the case of the Colorado River in Argentina by the Treaty of 26 October 1976. However, environmental restoration of soil, flora and water requires constant adjustment, which can be made by agreements that render this possible, or by political decisions that will prevent conflicts among the states.
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Tyagi, N. K. „Optimal Water Management Strategies for Salinity Control“. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 112, Nr. 2 (Mai 1986): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1986)112:2(81).
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Rohling, Eelco J. „Environmental control on Mediterranean salinity and δ18O“. Paleoceanography 14, Nr. 6 (Dezember 1999): 706–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999pa900042.
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Hwang, Jangsun, Sangsoo Kim, Youngmin Seo, Kyungwoo Lee, Chanhwi Park, Yonghyun Choi, Dasom Kim, Assaf A. Gilad und Jonghoon Choi. „Mechanisms of Salinity Control in Sea Bass“. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 23, Nr. 3 (Juni 2018): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12257-018-0049-3.
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dos Santos, Maria Ângela Cruz Macêdo, Mauricio Antônio Coelho Filho, Francisco José Nunes Modesto, Joseph M. Patt und Marilene Fancelli. „Behavioral Responses of Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) to Salinity-Stressed Citrus“. Environmental Entomology 50, Nr. 3 (14.04.2021): 719–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab028.
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Abstract Most commercial citrus varieties are intolerant of salinity stress, but some rootstocks, such as Rangpur lime, tolerate moderately saline irrigation water. Development of salinity-tolerant citrus may allow for citriculture in semiarid and arid regions where salinity stress is problematic. Because salinity stress influences shoot growth in citrus, we compared the behavioral responses of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, to salinity-stressed versus nonstressed Rangpur lime seedlings. The effects of salinity stress on key physiological processes in the seedlings were also examined. Seedlings in the control group were fertilized with a solution having a salinity of 1.7 dS m−1 while seedlings in the salinity-stressed group were fertilized with a solution having a salinity of 10 dS m−1. The seedlings were exposed to salinity stress for increasing durations (15, 20, or 60 d). Seedlings presented differential physiological responses 15 d after the imposition of salinity stress, and differences in psyllid settling rate on control versus salinity-stressed seedlings were discernable within 1 h following the imposition of salinity stress. The levels of settling, oviposition, and egg survivorship were significantly lower on salinity-stressed versus control seedlings. Olfactometer tests showed that female psyllids preferred the odor from control seedlings, suggesting that the odors of control and salinity-stressed seedlings were different. The results showed that D. citri avoids salinity-stressed seedlings; this suggests the possibility of using moderate salinity stress as a management strategy to minimize psyllid settlement and reproduction and to reduce the spread of huanglongbing, especially in citrus grown in semiarid and arid areas.
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Paydar, Zahra, Neil Huth und Val Snow. „Modelling irrigated Eucalyptus for salinity control on shallow watertables“. Soil Research 43, Nr. 5 (2005): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04152.
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With increasing salinity in irrigation areas, the option of tree planting in areas with shallow groundwater is seen as an ‘environmentally friendly’ alternative for controlling salinity. This study uses simulation modelling to investigate the long-term effects of planting Eucalyptus grandis in irrigated areas with shallow and saline watertables in the Riverine Plains where concerns exist about salinity effects on irrigated agriculture. APSIM, a 1-dimensional model of the soil–water–plant system, was modified to describe the interaction between the watertable within the plantation with the, normally shallower, watertable in the surrounding irrigated pasture. The model was tested against measured data and then used to simulate a range of different environmental conditions (depth and salinity of the groundwater, soil) and management options (irrigation with different amounts and salinity). The results of a total of 702 simulation runs helped to identify conditions in which irrigated plantations may be viable and how the irrigation of these plantations may be managed to decrease the impact of salinity on tree growth. The results indicated that if irrigation is to improve productivity, it must be in large amounts (1000 mm or more) and of good quality to have a significant effect on tree production. Irrigation with low salinity water (EC <2 dS/m) can only be used to reliably increase production in conditions where there are deeper watertables (4 m or deeper) on fast-draining soils. In these cases, flexible irrigation practices (scheduled irrigation) need to be employed in order to manage the salt levels within the tree root-zones. The viability of plantations is likely to decrease with increasing irrigation water salinity as salt accumulation in the profile reduces the ability of the trees to act as natural sinks. Depending on the irrigation and groundwater salinity, trees might be effective only up to a few years (as little as 9 years). Optimum response of trees to irrigation is only predicted with fresh water and scheduled irrigation (up to 1700 mm/year). However, if ample fresh water was available, other higher value cropping options are likely to be sought by land managers. Furthermore, the large amounts of water added to the plantation will have negative effects (water and salt export from the plantation) on the surrounding land, which will need further intervention to be sustainable.
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Ladipo, Lekan, Martin J. Blunt und Peter R. King. „A salinity cut-off method to control numerical dispersion in low-salinity waterflooding simulation“. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 184 (Januar 2020): 106586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106586.
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Bryan, Frank, und Scott Bachman. „Isohaline Salinity Budget of the North Atlantic Salinity Maximum“. Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, Nr. 3 (März 2015): 724–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0172.1.
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AbstractIn this study, the salinity budget of the North Atlantic subtropical salinity maximum region for control volumes bounded by isohaline surfaces is analyzed. The authors provide closed budgets based on output from a high-resolution numerical simulation and partial budgets based on analyses of observational climatologies of hydrography and surface fluxes. With this choice of control volume, advection is eliminated from the instantaneous volume-integrated salt budget, and time-mean advection is eliminated from the budget evaluated from time-averaged data. In this way, the role of irreversible mixing processes in the maintenance and variability of the salinity maximum are more readily revealed. By carrying out the analysis with both near-instantaneous and time-averaged model output, the role of mesoscale eddies in stirring and mixing for this water mass is determined. This study finds that the small-scale mixing acting on enhanced gradients generated by the mesoscale eddies is approximately equal to that acting on the large-scale gradients estimated from climatological-mean conditions. The isohaline salinity budget can be related to water mass transformation rates associated with surface forcing and mixing processes in a straightforward manner. The authors find that the surface net evaporation in the North Atlantic salinity maximum region accounts for a transformation of 7 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) of water across the 37-psu isohaline outcrop into the salinity maximum in the simulation, whereas the estimate based on climatological observations is 9 to 10 Sv.
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Adhim, Ma’dan Haikal, Ahmad Zainuddin, Trisnadi Widyaleksono Catur Putranto, Bambang Irawan und Agoes Soegianto. „Effect of sub-lethal lead exposure at different salinities on osmoregulation and hematological changes in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus“. Archives of Polish Fisheries 25, Nr. 3 (01.09.2017): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aopf-2017-0017.
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Abstract The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of sub-lethal lead concentrations on serum osmolality, Na+ and Cl− levels, and hematological parameters in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) at different salinity levels. The serum osmolalities (SO) were not significantly different at any of the salinity levels in the control fish, while in Pb-exposed fish the SO increased with increasing salinity. The concentrations of serum Na+ and Cl− in both the control and Pb-exposed fish increased with increasing salinity. The levels of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) in the control fish were not significantly different at any of the salinity levels. Meanwhile, the levels of RBC, Hb, and Ht in Pb-exposed fish increased with increasing salinity levels. The levels of RBC (at 0 and 5 ppt) and Ht (at 0, 5 and 10 ppt) in Pb-exposed fish were lower than in the control fish. The levels of Hb in Pb-exposed fish were lower than in the control fish at all salinity levels. The levels of WBC in the control fish increased with increasing salinity, while its levels in the Pb-exposed fish decreased with increasing salinity. The levels of WBC in the Pb-exposed fish were higher than in the control fish at 0 and 5 ppt.
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Schofield, N. J. „Tree planting for dryland salinity control in Australia“. Agroforestry Systems 20, Nr. 1-2 (November 1992): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00055303.
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McAnally, William H., und Donald W. Pritchard. „Salinity Control in Mississippi River under Drought Flows“. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 123, Nr. 1 (Januar 1997): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(1997)123:1(34).
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SCHOFIELD, N. J. „Determining reforestation area and distribution for salinity control“. Hydrological Sciences Journal 35, Nr. 1 (Februar 1990): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626669009492401.
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Ardi, Idil, Eri Setiadi, Anang Hari Kristanto und Ani Widiyati. „SALINITAS OPTIMAL UNTUK PENDEDERAN BENIH IKAN BETUTU (Oxyeleotris marmorata)“. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur 11, Nr. 4 (17.01.2017): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jra.11.4.2016.347-354.
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Ikan betutu (Oxyeleotris marmorata) termasuk ikan perairan tawar yang memiliki nilai ekonomis penting dan sangat disukai karena memiliki daging yang tebal, tulangnya sedikit, dan gurih. Salah satu faktor lingkungan yang berpengaruh dalam kegiatan budidaya adalah salinitas. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan salinitas optimum dalam pemeliharaan benih ikan betutu yang diharapkan dapat meningkatkan sintasan dan pertumbuhannya. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakukan berdasarkan perbedaan salinitas yaitu kontrol ppt, 1 ppt, 3 ppt, dan 5 ppt. Setiap perlakuan dilakukan tiga kali pengulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan nyata (P<0,05) terhadap laju pertumbuhan spesifik, panjang mutlak, bobot mutlak, dan kadar glukosa darah terhadap kontrol (salinitas 0 ppt) setelah dipelihara selama 56 hari. Laju pertumbuhan mutlak, bobot mutlak, dan glukosa darah paling baik dijumpai pada benih yang dipelihara dengan salinitas 3 ppt, yaitu 0,94 ± 0,09%; 2,53 ± 0,35 mm; 37,33 ± 6,28 g; dan 0,06 ± 0,01 g/dL. Pemeliharaan benih betutu membutuhkan air bersalinitas. Untuk mengoptimalkan pertumbuhan dan sintasan air media budidaya disarankan bersalinitas 3 ppt.Sand goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata) is one of freshwater fish that has high economic value and is more desired for its thick meat, bone less, and tasteful. Salinity is one of the most important environmental factors in fish culture. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal salinity concentration on growth and survival of sand goby fish. A completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used in this study with four treatments of salinity levels comprising A) Control; B) 1 ppt; C) 3 ppt; D) 5 ppt. Each treatment was consisted of three replicates. The result showed significant differences (P<0.05) in specific growth rate, absolute length, absolute weight, and blood glucose among the treatments against control after 56 days cultured. Seed reared under the salinity of 3 ppt was better than other treatments in terms of specific growth rate (0.94±0.09%), absolute length (2.53±0.35 mm), absolute weight (37.3±6.28 mg), and blood glucose (0.06±0.01 g/dl). Based on the present result, it was suggested that 3 ppt of salinity is better for optimize the growth and survival of sand goby.
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Aizdaicher, Nina A., Inna V. Stonik und Zhanna V. Markina. „Adaptive abilities of microscopic red alga Porphyridium purpureum (strain PP-AB11) under change of salinity in the medium“. Izvestiya TINRO 186, Nr. 3 (30.09.2016): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2016-186-157-162.
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Adaptive abilities of the microscopic red alga Porphyridium purpureum (strain PP-AB11, isolated from the northwestern Japan Sea) are investigated experimentally by its repeated cultivation under various water salinity. Under the salinity of 8 ‰, the growth of P. purpureum was inhibited (0.1 division/day) during the first four days though there were no morphological differences of the cells as compared with those in the control (mean cell size was 6.3±1.2 µm in both cases); the cell density increased to 85 % of the control value after 21 days exposure. Under the salinity of 4 ‰, the lag-phase was also 4 days but size of the cells increased (on average up to 7.8 ± 1.5 µm), the cell morphology changed including the cytoplasm retraction, and contraction and granulation of the chloroplasts; the cell density increased less (to 53 % of the control value) after 21 days exposure. Under the salinity of 2 ‰, changes of the cell morphology and density were the most prominent: density of viable cells decreased to 6 % of the control value after 4-days exposure, size of the cells increased on average up to 8.7 ± 1.6 µm due to hydration, granulation was noticed in the chloroplasts, and the cytoplasm became dense. Under the salinity of 0 ‰, all the cells died after 4 days. Being cultivated repeatedly, the alga was better adapted to low salinity: after 21-days exposure the cell density was 97 % of the control value under salinity of 8 ‰ and 84 % of the control value under salinity of 4 ‰, with the growth rate 0.5 divisions/day and without visible morphological differences of the cells as compared with those in the control. It was adapted even to salinity of 2 ‰: the cells morphology was restored though the growth rate after 21-days exposition was still lower than in the control because of serious deterioration of the cells. The growth rate and cell morphology did not significantly differ from the control after reinoculation of the culture, previously adapted to salinity of 2 ‰, into the medium with salinity of 32 ‰.
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Arihanda, Dea Davita Putri, Suryono Suryono und Gunawan Widi Santosa. „Kadar Total Lipid Mikroalga Nannochloropsis oculata Hibberd, 1981 (Eustigmatophyceae : Eustigmataceae) Berdasarkan Perbedaan Salinitas dan Intensitas Cahaya“. Journal of Marine Research 8, Nr. 3 (29.08.2019): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v8i3.25263.
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Nannochloropsis oculata merupakan alga yang memiliki kadar lipid tinggi dan mudah dibudidayakan karena hanya bantuan cahaya matahari, karbon dioksida dan air laut mampu berkembang biak dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan salinitas dan intensitas cahaya terhadap pertumbuhan dan kadar total lipid pada mikroalga N. oculata. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan secara laboratoris, dengan Rancangan Faktorial. Perlakuan yang diuji cobakan yaitu A1( Salinitas 33 ‰), A2 (Salinitas 31 ‰), dan A3 (Salinitas 35 ‰), serta B1 (Intensitas Cahaya 500 lux), B2 (Intensitas Cahaya 1500 lux), B3 (Intensitas Cahaya 3000 lux), yang diperbandingkan dengan Perlakuan Kontrol. Setiap perlakuan dilakukan pengulangan sebanyak 3 kali. Hasil analisis pertumbuhan mikroalga N. oculata dan kandungan lipid dilakukan dengan Analisis Sidik Ragam dan dilakukan uji lanjutan Analisis Duncan Multiple Range Test dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui perbedaan perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan mikroalga N. oculata tertinggi dicapai oleh perlakuan A1B3 (Salinitas 33 ‰ dan Intensitas Cahaya 3000 lux) sebesar 19,927x103±5,454x103 sel/mLdan A3B1 (Salinitas 35 ‰ dan Intensitas Cahaya 500 lux) sebesar 20,779x103 ± 5,874x103 sel/mL. Pola pertumbuhan mikroalga N. oculata untuk semua perlakuan berbentuk kuadratik. Kandungan lipid mikroalga N. oculata tertinggi dicapai oleh perlakuan A3B1 (Salinitas 35 ‰ dan Intensitas Cahaya 500 lux) dengan nilai sebesar 66,5767±1,5257 mg/g dan terendah pada perlakuan A3B3 (Salinitas 35 ‰ dan Intensitas Cahaya 3000 lux) dengan nilai sebesar 38,2010±3,1507 mg/g.Nannochloropsis oculata is one of algae that has high lipid content compared to other algae and is easily cultivated because only the help of sunlight, carbon dioxide and sea water can reproduce well. This aims of the study was to determine the effect of varions salinity and light intensity on the growth and total lipid contents of microalgae N. oculata. The method used was an experimental laboratory method with a factorial design. The treatments applied were A1 (Salinity 33 ‰), A2 (Salinity 31 ‰), and A3 (Salinity 35 ‰), and B1 (Light Intensity 500 lux), B2 (Light Intensity 1500 lux), B3 (Light Intensity 3000 lux), which compare to the Control. The Interaction Treatments were applied on three replicates. The microalga N. oculata and Lipid Contents were analysed using Factorial Approach on Variance Analysis. The Duncan Multiple Range Test was applied to show the treatment which influence the difference result. The highest microalga N. oculata growth showed by the treatment of A1B3 (Salinity 33 ‰ and Light Intensity 3000 lux) with the number 19,927x103 cells/mL ± 5,454x103 cells/mL and A3B1(Salinity 35 ‰ and Light Intensity 500 lux) with the number 20,779x10 cells/mL ± 5,874x103 cells/mL. The growth model of N. oculata for all treatments showed a model of quadratic.The highest lipid content of N. oculata showed by the treatment ofA3B1 (Salinity 35 ‰ and Light Intensity 500 lux) with the number 66,5767±1,5257 mg/g and the lowest on A3B3 (Salinity 35 ‰ and Light Intensity 3000 lux) with the number38,2010±3,1507 mg/g.
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Slavich, PG. „Irrigation using groundwater for watertable control: a model of water and salt balance limitations“. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, Nr. 1 (1992): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9920225.
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One of the land management practices for alleviating irrigation waterlogging and salinity in S.E. Australia is groundwater pumping from aquifers to lower shallow watertables. Pumped groundwater may be mixed with channel supply waters to obtain an acceptable water quality then used for irrigation. A model was developed to determine the effect of irrigation using saline groundwater, diluted with channel waters, on nett recharge i.e. the quantity of deep drainage minus the quantity of pumped groundwater. The model was used to assess nett recharge in rice and pasture based landuse by reviewing field studies on groundwater use. Combined with crop salt tolerance data and a leaching requirement model, the nett recharge model enabled both water and salt balance limitations to groundwater pumping to be assessed. Nett groundwater recharge was expressed as a function of the salinity of the groundwater, surface water, and the applied water using two empirical relationships which relate the leaching fraction and the infiltration amount to the salinity of the applied water for given soils and crops. In its simplest form the model equates nett recharge to the difference between the leaching fraction and the relative salinity of the applied water. For low salinity channel water (0.1 dS/m), the analysis for rice indicated that zero or negative nett recharge would only occur if at least half the applied water was pumped from low salinity aquifers (<2dS/m). For white clover based summer pastures, on permeable fine sandy loam soils, more than half of the irrigation water must be pumped from relatively low salinity aquifers (2-4 dS/m). For white clover summer pasture on a relatively impermeable clay loam, an aquifer salinity up to 5 dS/m could be used at high dilution and zero nett recharge achieved.
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Dawes, W. R., M. Gilfedder, M. Stauffacher, J. Coram, S. Hajkowicz, G. R. Walker und M. Young. „Assessing the viability of recharge reduction fordryland salinity control: Wanilla, Eyre Peninsula“. Soil Research 40, Nr. 8 (2002): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01044.
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The emerging paradigm to manage the spread of dryland salinity is the manipulation of farming practice to provide both a reduction in recharge and a commercial return to farm enterprises. Recent work has attempted to classify the groundwater systems across Australia into distinct provinces, with the implication that the flow processes, and therefore remediation strategies, of catchments within each province are similar. This paper presents a case study of the Wanilla catchment on the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. This catchment is in the groundwater province that includes 60% of the dryland salinity expression in Australia. The results of conceptual and numerical modelling of the catchment suggest that the land management for reduced recharge paradigm may be less effective in this groundwater province than in others. The scale of expression and salinity history of such catchments provides further impediments to management options aimed at controlling or reversing existing dryland salinity.
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Abbas, Adeel, Haiyan Yu, Hailan Cui und Xiangju Li. „Genetic Diversity and Synergistic Modulation of Salinity Tolerance Genes in Aegilops tauschii Coss“. Plants 10, Nr. 7 (07.07.2021): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071393.
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Aegilops tauschii Coss. (2n = 2x = 14, DD) is a problematic weed and a rich source of genetic material for wheat crop improvement programs. We used physiological traits (plant height, dry weight biomass, Na+ and K+ concentration) and 14 microsatellite markers to evaluate the genetic diversity and salinity tolerance in 40 Ae. tauschii populations. The molecular marker allied with salinity stress showed polymorphisms, and a cluster analysis divided the populations into different groups, which indicated diversity among populations. Results showed that the expression level of AeHKT1;4 and AeNHX1 were significantly induced during salinity stress treatments (50 and 200 mM), while AeHKT1;4 showed relative expression in roots, and AeNHX1 was expressed in leaves under the control conditions. Compared with the control conditions, the expression level of AeHKT1;4 significantly increased 1.7-fold under 50 mM salinity stress and 4.7-fold under 200 mM salinity stress in the roots of Ae. tauschii. AeNHX1 showed a relative expression level of 1.6-fold under 50 mM salinity stress and 4.6-fold under 200 mM salinity stress compared with the control conditions. The results provide strong evidence that, under salinity stress conditions, AeHKT1;4 and AeNHX1 synergistically regulate the Na+ homeostasis through regulating Na+ transport in Ae. tauschii. AeNHX1 sequestrated the Na+ into vacuoles, which control the regulation of Na+ transport from roots to leaves under salinity stress conditions in Ae. tauschii.
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Zollinger, Nickolee, Teresa Cerny-Koenig, Roger Kjelgren, Rich Koenig und Kelly Kopp. „(446) Salinity Tolerance of Eight Ornamental Herbaceous Perennials“. HortScience 40, Nr. 4 (Juli 2005): 1034E—1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1034e.
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Although salinity is becoming an increasing concern for landscape plants in many areas of the West, few studies have been carried out to evaluate salinity responses of ornamental plants, especially herbaceous perennials. We investigated salinity tolerance of four traditionally grown and four Intermountain West native ornamental herbaceous perennials. Penstemo×mexicali `Red Rocks', Leucanthemum×uperbum `Alaska', Echinacea purpurea, Lavandula angustifolia, Geranium viscosissimum, Eriogonum jamesii, Penstemon palmeri, and Mirabilismultiflora were irrigated with water containing a mixture of 2 CaCl2: 1 NaCl at salinity levels of 0.33 (tap water control), 2.2, 5.4, and 8.3 dS·m-1 for 8 weeks. Growth, visual quality, and gas exchange were assessed. Mirabilis multiflora and L.×uperbum `Alaska' showed high salt tolerance based on visual quality. No noticeable leaf necrosis was observed for either species at any salinity level. However, over the 8-week period, growth rates for L. superbumwere reduced by 35%, 58%, and 72% compared to the control for the 2.2, 5.4, and 8.3 dS·m-1 salinity levels, respectively. The decrease in growth did not reduce visual quality. Growth rates for M. multiflora were slightly higher than the control for the 2.2 and 5.4 dS·m-1 salinity levels and dropped about 20% at the highest salinity level. Echinaceapurpureashowed the lowest tolerance to salinity, as evidenced by substantial margin burn at all salinity levels as well as high mortality; all plants in the highest salinity treatment died.
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Gikloo T., Samandari, Mehrabi A. A., Jahanbakhsh S., Fazeli A. und Tahmasebi Z. „Investigation of Physiological and Biochemical Responses and Essential oil Yieldof Peppermint under Salt Stress“. Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 15, Nr. 2 (28.06.2018): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2644.
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Peppermint (Menthapiperita L.) is aneconomically important medicinal and aromatic plant grown in different areas worldwide. Secondary metabolites were fundamentally produced by genetic processing;however, environmental factors affect their biosynthesis. Salinity is the most important abiotic stress which induces morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in plants.To investigate the influence of salinity stress (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mMNaCl)on chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, relative water content (RWC), proline, Na+ and K+ content, antioxidant enzymes of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), protein, essential oil yield and dry weight of peppermint, a greenhouse study was conducted. The results indicated that salinity had a significant effect on foregoing parameters. Changes in chlorophyll content werepeak and stomata conductivity was a single function. Based on estimations, the highest chlorophyll contentwas recorded for low salinity (60 mMNaCl).The plant proline content was higher in stress condition compared tocontrol plants. The highest proline content observed in 125mM NaClconcentration was two times higher than that of control plants.There was an increase and then decrease in CAT and POX activities, respectively, in lower and sever levels of salinity.A single equation was the best-fit equation for changing PPO enzyme activity under stress conditions.The dry matter has been affected dramatically by salinity and decreased from 11.34g under the non-stress condition to 4.24 g under high stress condition. Essential oil percentage (in dry matter) increased in moderate salinity stress. We found that the amount of essential oil per plant was linearly decreased. So, the highest (9.78 g plant-1) amount of essential oil per plant belonged to control group and the lowest (4.6 g plant-1) wasobserved for full stress condition.
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Cramer, GR, GJ Alberico und C. Schmidt. „Leaf Expansion Limits Dry Matter Accumulation of Salt-Stressed Maize“. Functional Plant Biology 21, Nr. 5 (1994): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9940663.
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Two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids, differing in their salt tolerance (percentage of control on a dry weight basis) and ability to accumulate Na+ in the shoot, were treated with 80 mol m-3 NaCl salinity or 80 mol m-3 NaCl plus 8.75 mol m-3 CaCl2. Multiple harvests were performed and the interactions of salinity with time were examined with growth analysis. Relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) were significantly reduced by NaCl salinity, but net assimilation rate (NAR) was unaffected. Supplemental Ca2+ improved RGR by maintaining LAR closer to control values. LAR was inhibited in the early stages of salt stress, but was not limiting growth relative to controls in later stages. Salinity also reduced the specific leaf area and leaf weight ratio, which indicates that leaf expansion and carbon allocation were altered. Differences in salt tolerance between the hybrids were small, but significant throughout the lifecycle of the plants. These differences were associated with differences in leaf elongation rates and LAR within the first 9 days of salinity.
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Steppuhn, H. „Combining subsurface drainage and windbreaks to control dryland salinity“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, Nr. 3 (01.05.2006): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-052.
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The reclamation of salinized soil involves lowering ground water levels, draining the vadose zone, and leaching the salts from the root zone. Plastic drain tubing placed 1.5 to 1.8 m below the land surface can lower water tables and drain phreatic water, but irrigation is usually required to leach the offending salts. The leaching process in non-irrigated drylands depends on natural precipitation. Rows of tall wheatgrass, Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Lui & Wang, (1.2 m mean height) spaced on 15.2-m centres across saline fields can retain blowing snow, augment water for leaching salts, and moderate evapotranspiration, especially when grown in conjunction with subsurface drainage. The mean salinity of saturated soil paste extracts from sets of soil samples taken every fall from such a site in southwestern Saskatchewan averaged 14.1 dS m-1 during 1985–1990 before the drainage was installed, 13.0 dS m-1 for 1991–1992 after drainage but before the grass windbreaks became established, and 9.6 dS m-1 for 1993–1998 with both drainage and windbreaks in place. Key words: Saline soil, engineered drainage, snow management, grass barriers
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Bresler, Eshel, und Glenn J. Hoffman. „Irrigation Management for Soil Salinity Control: Theories and Tests“. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50, Nr. 6 (November 1986): 1552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000060034x.
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Steppuhn, Harold, und L. J. Bruce McArthur. „Enhancing Subsurface Drainage to Control Salinity in Dryland Agriculture“. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, Nr. 6 (2017): 819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12252.
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Abstract. Controlling the physical processes of soil salinization involves lowering ground water levels, draining the vadose zones, and leaching excess salts from root zones. Plastic drain tubing strategically placed 1.5 to 1.8 m below the surface in semiarid lands can lower water tables and drain phreatic water, but irrigation is usually required to satisfactorily leach the offending salts. In non-irrigated drylands, the leaching process depends on natural precipitation, but the drier the climate, the greater the need for more leaching water. Possible practices which tap complementary water in conjunction with subsurface drainage include: (1) establishment of roughness barriers to trap wind-borne snow, and (2) pumping water from near-surface, ground water mounds. The mean electrical conductivity of saturated soil paste extracts sampled yearly from a semiarid site in Saskatchewan averaged 14.1 dS m-1 during the six years before the drainage was installed, 13.0 dS m-1 for two years just after drainage but before capturing blowing snow, and 9.6 dS m-1 for the six years following. The average barley grain harvested during the six years prior to drainage yielded 330 kg ha-1 and 2414 kg ha-1 after installation of the enhanced drainage system. In a follow-up sub-study, fall applications of 4.6 dS m-1 mounded ground water from a shallow well fitted with a solar-powered pump within a drainage system preceded spring seeding of alfalfa. Enhanced drainage improved mean seedling emergence from 20% to 79%. Every 28 mm of ground water applied, up to 2273 mm, increased alfalfa emergence by 1%. Keywords: Agricultural drainage, Plant emergence, Pre-seeding irrigation, Solar-powered pumping, Soil reclamation, Soil salinity, Windbreaks.
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du Plessis, H. M. „On the concept of leaching requirement for salinity control“. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 3, Nr. 4 (Januar 1986): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1986.10634218.
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Thunell, Robert C., Sharon M. Locke und Douglas F. Williams. „Glacio-eustatic sea-level control on Red Sea salinity“. Nature 334, Nr. 6183 (August 1988): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/334601a0.
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Hadiroseyani, Yani, Iswadi und Daniel Djokosetyanto. „Control of Polychaetes by Dipping Infected Pearl Oyster on Different Salinity“. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 3, Nr. 2 (01.08.2007): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.3.47-49.
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<p>Dip treatment on pearl oysters <em>(Pinctada maxima) </em>was conducted in different concentrations of saline water to eliminate boring polychaetes. Results shows that polychaetes leave the osyters which treated on saline water at 0 ppt, 45 ppt, and 60 ppt as long as 15 minutes each. It also shows that the oysters got high survival rate 7 days after the treatment.</p> <p>Key words : Polychaetes, pearl oyster, dipping, salinity</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Pengendalian polikaeta pengebor dengan menggunakan berbagai konsentrasi larutan garam telah dilakukan pada tiram mutiara <em>(Pinctada maxima). </em>Berdasarkan jumlah polikaeta yang keluar, hasil percobaan ini menunjukkan bahwa perendaman dengan konsentrasi garam 0 ppt. 45 ppt, dan 60 ppt selama 15 menit lebih efektif dibandingkan pada konsentrasi 15 dan 30 ppt. Tingkat kelangsungan hidup tiram mutiara yang diamati 7 hari setelah perendaman dalam larutan garam mencapai 100%.</p> Kata kunci : Polikaeta. tiram mutiara, perendaman. salinitas
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Wu, Chun Bin, Xiao Wen Deng, Xue Zhu Yuan, Hong Chen, Liang Yun Zhang und Yong Ji Jiao. „Simulation of Salinity in Artificial Lake in Coastal Region“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 444-445 (Oktober 2013): 1127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.444-445.1127.
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An artificial lake in coastal region was built based on from a sewage reservoir by clearing sediment. Because the high-salinity sediment on the bottom of the Lake and the high-salinity water body around the Lake, salinity of the lake will increase with time. It is necessary to predict and control salinity of the lake. Based on the field investigation on the sediment and water body around the lake, EFDC (environmental fluid dynamic code) was used to simulate the distribution of salinity in the Lake. Simulation shows that more kinds of water sources in different points not only ensure the control of salinity also ensure hydraulic circulation. The results provide the theoretical support for the scheme of supplying water.
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Tabatabaei, S. A., und S. M. Naghibalghora. „The Effect of Salinity Stress on Germination Characteristics and Changes Of Biochemically of Sesame Seeds“. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 47, Nr. 2 (08.07.2014): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cerce-2014-0017.
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Abstract Objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity stress on germination characteristics and biochemical changes of sesame seeds. Salinity stress at osmotic potentials of 0 (as control), ⊟3, ⊟6, ⊟9 and ⊟12 bar were adjusted using NaCl before the start of the experiment. Our results showed that, the effect of salinity stress for all traits was significant. By increases of salinity stress, germination percentage, germination, normal seedling percentage, seedling length and dry weight were reduced the ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activity, also proline content were at minimum at control and increased with increase in salinity stress, expressed by the osmotic potential.
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Aloui, H., M. Souguir, S. Latique und C. Hannachi. „Germination and Growth in Control and Primed Seeds of Pepper as Affected by Salt Stress“. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 47, Nr. 3 (01.09.2014): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cerce-2014-0029.
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Abstract Salinity is an important abiotic stress which can affect crop production in the world. One of the simplest methods for improving salinity tolerance of plants is seeds priming. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of seeds priming with three solutions (KCl , NaCl and CaCl2) in germination and later growth of three pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars: Beldi, Baklouti and Anaheim Chili. Seeds germination was conducted in a completely randomized design under seven salinity levels (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 g L-1) at room temperature for primed and control seeds. Plants derived from these germinated seeds (control and primed) were transplanted and cultivated in a greenhouse for 4 months and were irrigated permanently with seven salinity levels (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 g L-1). The results showed that salinity affected all parameters under study like total germination percentage and chlorophyll level (a and b). As well, proline content increased as response to increasing salinity. The plants derived and grown from primed seeds showed a considerable tolerance to salt stress and gave better results. In fact, priming improved the salt resistance of pepper owing to more chlorophyll and proline accumulation. These results suggest that seed priming induced possible physiological adjustments in pepper seeds, especially in the early stages of development, and could be used as a suitable tool for improving germination and growth characteristics under salt stress conditions.
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Kanagaraj, Govindarasu, und Ranganathan Desingh. „Salinity influences physiological traits of seven Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties“. Journal of Scientific Agriculture 1 (21.06.2017): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2017.v1.59.
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In the present investigation a pot culture experiment was conducted in order to estimate the effects of salt stress on some physiological traits in seven sesame varieties like PAIYUR–1, SVPR–1, TMV–3, TMV–4, TMV–5, VIR–1 and VIR–2. Young and fully matured leaves were taken from control and salinity treated plants on 15th Days After Treatment (DAT), 30th (DAT) and 45th (DAT) for all the experiments in different salinity (NaCl) concentrations of control, 40mM, 80mM, 120mM.During the experiments of photosynthetic enzymes, foliar nitrogen and ABA content were measured. Lower rate of decreased photosynthesis, photosynthetic enzymes activity, foliar nitrogen and ABA content was increased with increasing salinity level in leaves of all the seven sesame varieties on all the sampling days. On 45th DAT, significantly higher enhancement of photosynthetic enzymes activity, foliar nitrogen, ABA content was observed in TMV-3 with 120mM salinity by relative to control plants while lower enhancement was noticed in PAIYUR-1 with 120mM salinity by compared to control plants. Moderate enhancement of photosynthetic enzymes, foliar nitrogen, ABA content was monitored in the variety VIR-2 with 120mM salinity on 45th DAT compared to control plants. TMV-3 exhibited higher adaptive potential under salinity stress as judged by increased photosynthetic rate and activities of photosynthetic, foliar nitrogen, higher accumulation ABA when compared to variety TMV-4 and PAIYUR-1 was closely followed by VIR-1. Variety VIR-2 was followed by SVPR-1 and TMV-5.
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Aydin, Boran Ekin, Xin Tian, Joost Delsman, Gualbert H. P. Oude Essink, Martine Rutten und Edo Abraham. „Optimal salinity and water level control of water courses using Model Predictive Control“. Environmental Modelling & Software 112 (Februar 2019): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.11.010.
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Alam, Md Amirul, Abdul Shukor Juraimi, M. Y. Rafii und Azizah Abdul Hamid. „Effect of Salinity on Biomass Yield and Physiological and Stem-Root Anatomical Characteristics of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.) Accessions“. BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/105695.
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13 selected purslane accessions were subjected to five salinity levels 0, 8, 16, 24, and 32 dS m−1. Salinity effect was evaluated on the basis of biomass yield reduction, physiological attributes, and stem-root anatomical changes. Aggravated salinity stress caused significant (P<0.05) reduction in all measured parameters and the highest salinity showed more detrimental effect compared to control as well as lower salinity levels. The fresh and dry matter production was found to increase in Ac1, Ac9, and Ac13 from lower to higher salinity levels but others were badly affected. Considering salinity effect on purslane physiology, increase in chlorophyll content was seen in Ac2, Ac4, Ac6, and Ac8 at 16 dS m−1salinity, whereas Ac4, Ac9, and Ac12 showed increased photosynthesis at the same salinity levels compared to control. Anatomically, stem cortical tissues of Ac5, Ac9, and Ac12 were unaffected at control and 8 dS m−1salinity but root cortical tissues did not show any significant damage except a bit enlargement in Ac12 and Ac13. A dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA based on biomass yield and physiological traits where all 13 accessions were grouped into 5 clusters proving greater diversity among them. The 3-dimensional principal component analysis (PCA) has also confirmed the output of grouping from cluster analysis. Overall, salinity stressed among all 13 purslane accessions considering biomass production, physiological growth, and anatomical development Ac9 was the best salt-tolerant purslane accession and Ac13 was the most affected accession.
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Sandhu, Devinder, Andrew Pallete, Manju V. Pudussery und Kulbhushan K. Grover. „Contrasting Responses of Guar Genotypes Shed Light on Multiple Component Traits of Salinity Tolerance Mechanisms“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 6 (26.05.2021): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061068.
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Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is a legume crop, and gum derived from its seeds has various industrial applications. Due to its tolerance to various abiotic stresses, guar can be grown under water-deficit or high-salinity conditions. In this investigation, four diverse guar genotypes that performed at a similar level in field conditions were evaluated in a salinity experiment in the greenhouse lysimeter system. Based on the salt tolerance index (STI) for shoot biomass, root biomass, shoot length, and root length, Matador and PI 268229 were classified as salt-tolerant, and PI 340261 and PI 537281 as salt-sensitive. Leaf Na concentrations were 4- to 5.5-fold higher, and leaf Cl concentrations were 1.6- to 1.9-fold higher in salt-sensitive lines than salt-tolerant lines under salinity. The strong associations between the leaf K concentrations under salinity compared to the control (K-salinity/K-control) ratio and STI for stem and root length advocate higher importance of K-salinity/K-control than total leaf K concentrations. The expression analyses of genes involved in Na+ and Cl− transport revealed the importance of different component traits of salinity tolerance mechanisms, such as the exclusion of Na+/Cl− from the root, sequestration of Cl− in root vacuoles, retrieval of Na+/Cl− from xylem during salinity stress, root-to-shoot Na+/Cl− translocation, and K+-Na+ homeostasis.
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Darvish Sarvestani, Arman, Behzad Rostami und Hassan Mahani. „Polymer-Enhanced Low-Salinity Brine to Control In Situ Mixing and Salt Dispersion in Low-Salinity Waterflooding“. Energy & Fuels 35, Nr. 13 (16.06.2021): 10540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00871.
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Marler, Thomas E., und Yasmina Zozor. „Growth, Foliar Mineral Relations, and Gas Exchange of Mammea americana as Influenced by Salinity“. HortScience 31, Nr. 4 (August 1996): 685e—685. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.685e.
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Whole plant growth, foliage mineral content, and leaf gas exchange were measured on Mammea americana seedlings exposed to salinity ranging from 0 to 8 dS·m–1 to determine relative tolerance of this species. In one study, growth measured as leaf area, trunk cross-sectional area, and total dry mass was reduced by 23 weeks of exposure to salinity. Growth of plants exposed to 8 dS·m–1 was ≈30% below that of control plants. Leaf gas exchange was reduced by salinity to a greater degree than the growth variables. Stomatal conductance of plants exposed to 8 dS·m–1 was ≈70% below that of control plants. Plants exposed to 8 dS·m–1 exhibited a seven-fold increase in leaf chloride and 13-fold increase in leaf sodium compared to the control plants. In a second study, 8 weeks of exposure to 8 dS·m–1 reduced net CO2 assimilation and apparent quantum yield to ≈50% of the values for the control plants. Dark respiration was not influenced by salinity. The results indicate that Mammea americana is moderately sensitive to salinity stress.
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Cohen, Jonathan H., Kim S. Last, Jack Waldie und David W. Pond. „Loss of buoyancy control in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus“. Journal of Plankton Research 41, Nr. 5 (September 2019): 787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbz036.
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Abstract A mechanism is demonstrated that could explain large-scale aggregations of lipid-rich copepods in the surface waters of marine environments. Laboratory experiments establish that changes in salinity and temperature induce lipid-mediated buoyancy instability that entrains copepods in surface waters. Reduced hydrostatic pressure associated with forced ascent of copepods at fjordic sills, shelf breaks and seamounts would also reduce the density of the lipid reserves, forcing copepods and particularly those in diapause to the surface. We propose that salinity, temperature and hydrodynamics of the physical environment, in conjunction with the biophysical properties of lipids, explain periodic high abundances of lipid-rich copepods in surface waters.
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Munro, J., C. Audet, M. Besner und J. D. Dutil. „Physiological Response of American Plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) Exposed to Low Salinity“. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, Nr. 11 (01.11.1994): 2448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-244.
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American plaice (Hippogiossoides platessoides) maintained under natural conditions of temperature (0–10 °C), salinity (26–28 g∙L−1) and photoperiod (48°N) were transferred in four consecutive seasons directly to seawater tanks at different salinities (28 (control), 21, 14, and 7 g∙L−1). During each season, a major response to salinity was observed at 7 g∙L−1 and a minor response at 14 g∙L−1. After 42 d at the lowest salinity (7 g∙L−1), plasma sodium concentrations had dropped by 28% below those of the controls, muscle water content had increased by 3%, and plasma potassium had decreased by 13%. In winter and summer, fish in the lowest salinity also had elevated plasma cortisol concentrations compared with controls. No mortality occurred at 7 g∙L−1 following three 96-h survival tests conducted in October, December, and February, whereas fish transferred to fresh water died within 24 h. These results suggest that American plaice is moderately tolerant to changes in salinity and that it should not be held for aquaculture purposes in estuarine conditions at a salinity below 14 g∙L−1.
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Akter, Mahjuba, und Hiroki Oue. „Effect of Saline Irrigation on Accumulation of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ Ions in Rice Plants“. Agriculture 8, Nr. 10 (19.10.2018): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8100164.
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Salinity is an abiotic stress that curtails rice production in many parts of the world. Although Koshihikari and Nikomaru are high-yielding japonica rice cultivars, their salinity-tolerance levels are not well known. This experiment was conducted in Ehime, Japan to assess the effect of salinity on ion accumulation and dry mass production of Koshihikari and Nikomaru compared with a salinity-tolerant indica rice cultivar (Pokkali). Control (0.16 dS/m), 6 dS/m and 12 dS/m irrigation treatments were conducted during the tillering stage (1st phase of experiment), and later only control and 6 dS/m irrigations were applied during the reproductive stage (2nd phase of experiment). Excessive Na+ accumulation in plants hampers the uptake of the macronutrients K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, which consequently retards growth and yield. Because salinity-tolerant plants can avoid this stress, minimal Na+ was found in Pokkali during the tillering stage (under 6 dS/m salinity). Additionally, Nikomaru showed better growth and dry mass than Koshihikari. Moreover, the Koshihikari leaves contained more Na+ than Nikomaru and Pokkali. The japonica cultivars had higher Na+/K+ in their leaves than Pokkali. In the reproductive stage, the two japonica cultivars accumulated almost the same amount of Na+ under 6 dS/m salinity. However, under 6 dS/m salinity, the grain yield of Nikomaru was higher than control, whereas that of Koshihikari decreased because of salinity. Meanwhile, Pokkali had the lowest Na+/K+ in the whole plant, and most parts of Nikomaru showed lower Na+/K+ than Koshihikari. Koshihikari was relatively less tolerant than Nikomaru under 6 dS/m salinity during both stages, while both failed to withstand 12 dS/m.
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Xu, Jing, Gan Lin Guo, Ju Fang Shi und Yan Shi. „Effects of Fluctuating Salinity on the Growth and Physiology of Ulva pertusa“. Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (Dezember 2012): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.31.
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Growth, photosynthesis and the nitrate reductase activity of Ulva pertusa were determined at fluctuating salinity treatments. Compared with the control, SGR of Ulva pertusa were higher at fluctuating salinity treatments. The photosynthetic rates were higher at the fluctuating salinity treatments of 30-25 and 30-20, and lower at the fluctuating salinity treatments of 30-15. Ulva pertusa got higher nitrate reductase activity at fluctuating salinity treatments of 30-20 and 30-15. It demonstrated that Ulva pertusa was able to change the photosynthetic rates and the nitrate reductase activities to adapt to salinity fluctuations.
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Khairnar, Sachin O., Xiangli Tian, Shuanglin Dong, Ziheng Fang, Bhavesh V. Solanki und Holeyappa A. Shanthanagouda. „Effects of the amplitude and frequency of salinity fluctuations on antioxidant responses in juvenile tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis“. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 14, Nr. 2 (01.06.2016): e0503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2016142-8691.
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To understand the tolerance of tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis, to varying salinities, the effects of the amplitude (2, 4, 6 and 8 g/L) and frequency (2, 4 and 8 days) of salinity fluctuations on the activities of antioxidant responses, including acidic phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) from antioxidant system in liver, muscle, gills and kidney, were investigated in this study. The results showed that the antioxidant responses of tongue sole were highly tissue-specific during the varying salinity fluctuations. In all tissues, ACP and AKP activity was found to be highest at moderate salinity fluctuations compared to the control, low and high salinity treatments (p<0.05). SOD and CAT activities had significant effect due to salinity fluctuations in all tissues (p<0.05), except in hepatic and renal tissues. Variations in branchial SOD activity proved that salinity fluctuations had greater impact on tongue sole at moderate and high fluctuating salinities compared to the control and low fluctuating salinities, whereas the branchial CAT activities showed contrasting trend. Further, cortisol levels were significantly affected in lower and higher salinity fluctuations. However, plasma cortisol levels remained low in moderate salinity fluctuations and control (p<0.05). Taken together, the results indicated that salinity fluctuations could effectively stimulate and enhance the antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver, kidney, gills and muscle of the juvenile tongue sole, thus effectively eliminating the excessive reactive oxygen species and minimizing the body damage in tongue sole or could be for any other euryhaline teleosts.
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Sofalian, O., P. B. Miandoab, A. Asghari, M. Sedghi und A. Eshghi. „RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SALT TOLERANCE RELATED PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS AND PROTEIN MARKERS IN SOYBEAN CULTIVARS (GLYCINE MAX L.)“. Cercetari agronomice in Moldova 46, Nr. 4 (01.12.2013): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10298-012-0103-9.
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ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the salinity tolerance in seedling stage of soybean (Glycine max L.). Factorial experiment was done based on randomized complete block design with three replicates. 17 soybean genotypes were used in three salinity stress levels (consisting of control, 75 mM and 150 mM NaCl stress). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse condition and proline, sodium, potassium, and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b and total chlorophyll content were examined. To create salinity stress, NaCl was used in the experiment. The results revealed that different salinity stress had significant effects on all traits except for chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a/b. The cluster analysis in the control and at 75 and 150 mM salinity levels classified genotypes into two, two and three groups respectively. In each condition, the dpx and clean genotypes were placed in a group which the average traits were higher than the other genotypes. This can be generalized to the conditions of control as well as 75 and 150 mM salinity stress. Regression analysis showed possible informative loci encoding protein markers that was probable potential for selection strategies for salt weather proved by complementary tests.
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Mahmoud, Safaa A., Hussein M.M., A.S. Taalab und Hanan S. Siam. „GROWTH AND MINRAL STATUS OF COTTON PLANTS AS AFFECTED BY ABSICISIC ACID AND SALT STRESS“. International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 6, Nr. 5 (25.03.2020): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v6.i5.2019.381.
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Application of antioxidant materials like absicisic acid to alleviate salinity stress and promote cotton growth is high effectiveness target, whereas cotton plant is an attractive industrial crop. Pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of salinity stress and absicisic acid (antioxidant materials to alleviate salinity stress) on cotton growth and macro nutrients status in shoots of cotton plants. Plants subjected to two salinity levels (2500 and 5000 ppm as diluted sea water), and tap water (250ppm) as control, sprayed absicisic acid (ABA) with two concentrations (20 and 40 ppm of ABA) and distilled water as a control. Salinity decreased stem and leaves dry weight compare to the control treatment. The lower concentrations of ABA (20 and 40 ppm as a foliar spray) improve dry weight of stem and leaves. Reversely, leaves/stem ratio decreased with both concentrations of the absicisic acid. The increment in dry weight of leaves and stem or their sum showed its higher values by application 40 ppm from ABA under the 5000 ppm salinity level and also under fresh water treatment but under the 2500 ppm treatment the highest values were by 20 ppm of growth regulator. Nevertheless, L/S ratio decreased by ABA treatment, whereas, the high concentration of ABA (40ppm) was super than lower concentration (20ppm) under both salinity levels. Generally, it can be used diluted seawater in irrigation of cotton plant with spraying abscisic acid to alleviate the harmful effect of salinity.
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Kladchenko, E. S., A. Yu Andreyeva, T. A. Kukhareva, V. N. Rychkova, A. A. Soldatov und I. V. Mindukshev. „IMPACT OF LOW SALINITY ON HEMOCYTES MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS IN INVASIVE CLAM ANADARA KAGOSHIMENSIS (TOKUNAGA, 1906)“. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions 14, Nr. 1 (10.03.2021): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/1996-1499-2021-14-1-95-106.
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Impact of low salinity on morphology and function of hemocytes in ark clam species Anadara kagoshimensis was investigated using light microscopy and flow cytometry. In control group the water salinity was adjusted to 19.6‰, and experimental group was maintained at 14.8‰ and 8.8‰. Two cell types, amebocytes and erythrocytes, were identified in control group of ark clams. Erythrocytes constituted the main type of the cells, and amounted to 92.3±3.9 %. Hyposalinity changed that proportion: the number of amebocytes decreased 2.7 times and number of erythrocytes increased 7.6 times. Morphometric characteristics of hemocytes didn’t show statistically significant changes. As far as salinity decreased, the number of erythrocyte shades in hemolymph increased (3.5 times at salinity 8.8‰) and, in hemocytes, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production grew (3.5. times at salinity 8.8‰).
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Ghaloub, Hamid Ali, Saleem K. Nadaf und Saif Ali Al-Khamisi. „Differential Response of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to Salinity“. Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 12 (01.01.2007): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol12iss0pp13-20.
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Four elite barley cultivars (Jimah 51, Jimah 54, Jimah 98 and Jimah 136) along with two local cultivars, Beecher (late maturity) and Duraqi (early maturity), were investigated for their response to five levels of irrigation water salinity viz. control (1 dS m-1), 3, 9, 12 and 15 dS m-1 during the winter seasons of 2002-03 and 2003-04 in pots containing sandy loam soil. The results indicated that the main effects of years, salinity and cultivars were highly significant (p<0.01) with respect to all the characters studied. Among the interactions, the effects of year x salinity and year x cultivar were highly significant (p<0.01) for all the characters, whereas that of salinity x cultivar was highly significant (p<0.01) for only two characters viz. plant height and dry matter yield. However, 3-factor interaction was not significant (p>0.05) for any character. Adverse effects of salinity were evident in the cultivars for all characters. Salinity tolerance of cultivars was assessed using the concepts of both stress susceptibility index at each higher salinity level in relation to control (lowest salinity level) and mean value over the salinity treatments with respect to each character. Among all the cultivars tested, Jimah 136 was found to have a consistently high degree of salinity tolerance. All other cultivars, however, responded differentially to different levels of salinity for different characters.
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Xu, Chenping, und Beiquan Mou. „Responses of Spinach to Salinity and Nutrient Deficiency in Growth, Physiology, and Nutritional Value“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 141, Nr. 1 (Januar 2016): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.141.1.12.
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Salinity and nutrient-depleted soil are major constraints to crop production, especially for vegetable crops. The effects of salinity and nutrient deficiency on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) were evaluated in sand cultures under greenhouse conditions. Plants were watered every day with Hoagland nutrition solution, deprived of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), or potassium (K) for nutrient deficiency, either with or without 20/10 mm sodium chloride (NaCl)/calcium chloride (CaCl2) for salinity treatment. Salinity significantly decreased shoot fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), leaf relative water content (RWC), and specific leaf area (SLA) relative to controls after 4 weeks of treatment and increased chlorophyll content, maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and photochemical yield [Y(II)]. Nitrogen deficiency greatly reduced shoot FW and DW, SLA, and chlorophyll content, regardless of salt treatment. Y(II) and Fv/Fm were reduced by N deficiency and salinity treatment. Phosphorous and K deficiencies, similarly, decreased shoot FW and DW irrespective of salinity treatment and increased chlorophyll content without salt stress. Phosphorous deficiency increased Y(II) under control and Fv/Fm under both control and salt treatment. Salinity and nutrient deficiency also affected the nutritional value of spinach. Salt stress increased carotenoid and flavonoid contents, and reducing power in full-strength Hoagland solution, and decreased leaf ferrous ion chelating ability (FICA). Nutrient deficiency increased reducing power regardless of salinity treatment. Nitrogen deficiency increased anthocyanin and total phenolic contents, decreased carotenoids and flavonoids regardless of salinity treatment, and increased antioxidant capacity under no-salt conditions. Phosphorous deficiency increased carotenoid and flavonoid contents under no-salt condition and enhanced total phenolic content and reduced FICA and amino acid content under salt stress. Potassium deficiency increased total phenolic, carotenoid, and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity under non-salt condition, but decreased FICA regardless of salinity treatment. These results suggest that spinach nutritional value could be improved with only moderately or slightly reduced yield through cultural practices that impose either low fertilizer levels or slight salt stress.
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Wang, Xiaodan, und Dietmar Kültz. „Osmolality/salinity-responsive enhancers (OSREs) control induction of osmoprotective genes in euryhaline fish“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, Nr. 13 (13.03.2017): E2729—E2738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614712114.
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Fish respond to salinity stress by transcriptional induction of many genes, but the mechanism of their osmotic regulation is unknown. We developed a reporter assay using cells derived from the brain of the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (OmB cells) to identify osmolality/salinity-responsive enhancers (OSREs) in the genes of O. mossambicus. Genomic DNA comprising the regulatory regions of two strongly salinity-induced genes, inositol monophosphatase 1 (IMPA1.1) and myo-inositol phosphate synthase (MIPS), was isolated and analyzed with dual luciferase enhancer trap reporter assays. We identified five sequences (two in IMPA1.1 and three in MIPS) that share a common consensus element (DDKGGAAWWDWWYDNRB), which we named “OSRE1.” Additional OSREs that were less effective in conferring salinity-induced trans-activation and do not match the OSRE1 consensus also were identified in both MIPS and IMPA1.1. Although OSRE1 shares homology with the mammalian osmotic-response element/tonicity-responsive enhancer (ORE/TonE) enhancer, the latter is insufficient to confer osmotic induction in fish. Like other enhancers, OSRE1 trans-activates genes independent of orientation. We conclude that OSRE1 is a cis-regulatory element (CRE) that enhances the hyperosmotic induction of osmoregulated genes in fish. Our study also shows that tailored reporter assays developed for OmB cells facilitate the identification of CREs in fish genomes. Knowledge of the OSRE1 motif allows affinity-purification of the corresponding transcription factor and computational approaches for enhancer screening of fish genomes. Moreover, our study enables targeted inactivation of OSRE1 enhancers, a method superior to gene knockout for functional characterization because it confines impairment of gene function to a specific context (salinity stress) and eliminates pitfalls of constitutive gene knockouts (embryonic lethality, developmental compensation).