Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Safety Standards Formalization“

Occupational safety issues, especially in a large enterprise, constitute key components of the social and labour sphere, which largely affect the operation of the entire enterprise. In modern economic environment, where every company aims to produce competitive, high-quality products and make a profit, maintaining the health and efficiency of each employee is a top priority. Any socially oriented enterprise is interested, first and foremost, in reducing the level of accidents, injuries, industrial and occupational diseases of employees. The purpose of the study was to identify and assess the role of labour protection and industrial safety in the development of an effective management system and enterprise activities. In the process of research the method of comparison, analogy, formalization, structural analysis, dialectical method of cognition was used. As a result of the study, the authors determined that the modern organisation of occupational safety should be aimed at effective management of industrial safety of all technological processes and international standards, including OHSAS 18001, ISO 4501, ISO 9001, which is the basis of effective management in general and helps identify and prevent the occurrence of adverse factors and, as a consequence, minimises the occurrence of injuries and occupational diseases, loss of life, health and ability to work in general, allows identifying and preventing the occurrence of adverse factors

Dysfunctional analysis is an essential and demanding task in the early development stages of safety-critical systems (SCSs). Nevertheless, current practices present several drawbacks. Generally, a common dysfunctional analysis conceptualization is missing and it is dependent on safety analysis techniques. Moreover, some safety analysis methods require well-known system behaviors expressed by dynamic models such as sequence diagrams and finite automata. However, the dynamic character of these models increases their susceptibility to changes and then they are not obtainable in the early design stages. Since dysfunctional analysis highly relies on the experience of safety analysts and the feedback (REX) obtained from previous systems development, there is a need to formalize this knowledge domain in a structured way to ensure its future reuse. Furthermore, safety measures derived from this dysfunctional analysis approach must be strongly linked to a goal-oriented perspective and adapted to a specific context. For this purpose, this paper presents a real-world semantics interpretation and conceptualization of dysfunctional analysis related concepts based on the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO) and well-known standards to avoid ambiguities. The proposed Dysfunctional Analysis Ontology (DAO) aims to provide a systematization of the goal-oriented dysfunctional analysis through a terminological clarification in order to prevent hazards in the first design phases. Then, a DAO formalization is proposed using the Web Ontology Language (OWL). Finally, the DAO pattern is applied to two different real critical scenarios from the railway domain in order to illustrate and evaluate this ontological approach.

In recent years, telehealthcare systems (TSs) have become more and more widespread, as they can contribute to promoting the continuity of care and managing chronic conditions efficiently. Most TSs and nutrition recommendation systems require much information to return appropriate suggestions. This work proposes an ontology-based TS, namely HeNuALs, aimed at fostering a healthy diet and an active lifestyle in older adults with chronic pathologies. The system is built on the formalization of users’ health conditions, which can be obtained by leveraging existing standards. This allows for modeling different pathologies via reusable knowledge, thus limiting the amount of information needed to retrieve nutritional indications from the system. HeNuALs is composed of (1) an ontological layer that stores patients and their data, food and its characteristics, and physical activity-related data, enabling the inference a series of suggestions based on the effects of foods and exercises on specific health conditions; (2) two applications that allow both the patient and the clinicians to access the data (with different permissions) stored in the ontological layer; and (3) a series of wearable sensors that can be used to monitor physical exercise (provided by the patient application) and to ensure patients’ safety. HeNuALs inferences have been validated considering two different use cases. The system revealed the ability to determine suggestions for healthy, adequate, or unhealthy dishes for a patient with respiratory disease and for a patient with diabetes mellitus. Future work foresees the extension of the HeNuALs knowledge base by exploiting automatic knowledge retrieval approaches and validation of the whole system with target users.

Summary Objectives: For improving safety and quality of care as well as efficiency of health delivery under the well-known burdens, health services become specialized, distributed, and therefore collaborative, thereby changing the health service paradigm from organization-centered over process-controlled to personal health (pHealth). Methods: Personalized eHealth services provided independent of time and location have to be based on advanced technical paradigms of mobile, pervasive and autonomous computing, enabling ubiquitous health services. Personalized eHealth systems require a multidiscipli-nary approach including medicine, informatics, biomedical engineering, bioinformatics and the omics disciplines but also legal and regulatory affairs, administration, security, privacy and ethics, etc. Interoperability between different components of the intended system must be provided through an architecture-centric, model-driven, formalized process. Results: In order to analyze, design, specify, implement and maintain such an interactive environment impacted by so many different domains, a formal and unified methodology for system analysis and design has been developed and deployed, based on an overall architectural framework. The paper introduces the underlying paradigms, requirements, architectural reference models, modeling and formalization principles as well as development processes for comprehensive service-oriented personalized eHealth inter-operability chains, thereby exploiting all inter-operability levels up to service interoperability. A special focus is put on ontologies and knowledge representation in the context of eHealth and pHealth solutions. Furthermore, EHR solutions, security requirements, existing and emerging standards, and educational challenges for realizing personalized pHealth are briefly discussed. Conclusion: For personal health, bridging between disciplines including ontology coordination is the crucial demand. All aspects of the design and development process have to be considered from an architectural viewpoint.

A arte desenhada sobre papel simboliza os trabalhadores e as trabalhadoras, e suas constantes lutas sociais pela manutenção dos direitos trabalhistas no Brasil, conquistados na década de 1943, com a Consolidação das Leis Trabalhistas (CLT). Trata-se de um estatuto de Normas Regulamentadoras - NR de relações individuais e coletivas de trabalho para aqueles contratados formalmente com vínculo empregatício. Em 2017, o Governo aprova a Lei nº 13.467, reconhecida como Reforma Trabalhista, a qual exclui mais de cem artigos da CLT, reduz direitos e o papel do Estado em relação à proteção da dignidade do trabalhador. Posteriormente, a classe trabalhadora sofreu novo impacto em 2019, momento em que o Governo Federal promoveu a extinção do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE), órgão responsável pela fiscalização e regulamentação das relações de trabalho no país. Isso gerou o fracionamento das atribuições das Leis de trabalho em três pastas ministeriais, fragilizando ainda mais as normas trabalhistas, dificultando a interlocução entre o trabalhador e empregadores e formalizando a precarização do trabalho. Nesse sentido, a imagem representa os desmontes que o trabalhador vem sofrendo, ao longo dos anos, em relação à legislação e aos direitos trabalhistas, mas também à saúde e à previdência social. A flexibilização das relações no ambiente laboral revela uma nova configuração do mundo do trabalho, uma realidade ainda mais perversa, pautada em um discurso neoliberalista de "menos direitos e mais liberdade para o trabalhador", porém, que carrega como consequências a redução do emprego digno, de saúde e segurança para os trabalhadores brasileiros. AbstractThe art drawn on paper symbolizes the workers and their constant social struggles for the maintenance of labor rights in Brazil, conquered in the 1943s by the Consolidation of Labor Laws (CLT). The CLT is a statute of the Regulatory Norms - NR about individual and collective labor relations for those formally hired with an employment relationship. In the year of 2017, the Government approved the Law 13.467 that implemented a Labor Reform, which excludes more than one hundred articles from CLT reducing many workers rights and the role of the State regarding the protection and dignity of the workers. Subsequently, the working class suffered a new impact in the year of 2019, when the Federal Government extinguished the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE), the institution responsible to monitor and regulate labor relations in Brazil. This fact caused a division of the attributions of the Labor Laws into Three Ministerial Portfolios, further weakening labor standards making it more difficult for workers and employers to communicate with each other, formalizing precarious work. Thus, this image represents the problems workers has been suffering, over the years, due to the lack of labor rights, health and social security. The flexibilization of labor relations reveals a new configuration for the labor society and provides an even more perverse reality based on a neoliberalist discourse that propagates the idea of "less rights and more freedom for the workers", reducing decent employment, health and safety for Brazilian workers.Keywords: Labor Legislation; Occupational Health; Occupational Therapy; Precarious Employment; Work. ResumenEl arte dibujado en papel simboliza a los trabajadores masculinos y femeninos, y sus constantes luchas sociales para el mantenimiento de los derechos laborales en Brasil, logrados en la década de 1943, con la Consolidación de las Leyes Laborales (CLT). Este es un estatuto de Normas Reguladoras - NR de relaciones trabajo individual y colectivo para aquellos formalmente contratados. En 2017, el Gobierno aprobó la Ley 13.467, reconocida como Reforma Laboral, que excluye más de cien artículos del CLT, reduce los derechos y el papel del Estado en relación con la protección de la dignidad de los trabajadores. Posteriormente, la clase trabajadora sufrió un nuevo impacto en 2019, cuando el Gobierno Federal promovió la extinción del Ministerio de Trabajo y Empleo (MTE), el organismo responsable de la inspección y regulación de las relaciones laborales en el país. Esto condujo a la división de las atribuciones de las leyes laborales en tres carteras ministeriales, debilitando aún más las normas laborales, dificultando la comunicación entre trabajadores y empleadores y formalizando el trabajo precario. En este sentido, la imagen representa el desmantelamiento que el trabajador ha estado sufriendo, a lo largo de los años, en relación con la legislación y los derechos laborales, pero también con la salud y la seguridad social. La flexibilización de las relaciones en el entorno laboral revela una nueva configuración del mundo del trabajo, una realidad aún más perversa, basada en un discurso neoliberalista de "menos derechos y más libertad para el trabajador", pero con la consecuencia de reducir el empleo decente, salud y seguridad para los trabajadores brasileños.Palabras clave: Empleo Precario; Legislación Laboral; Salud Laboral; Terapia Ocupacional; Trabajo.

AbstractML modules are a powerful language mechanism for decomposing programs into reusable components. Unfortunately, they also have a reputation for being “complex” and requiring fancy type theory that is mostly opaque to non-experts. While this reputation is certainly understandable, given the many non-standard methodologies that have been developed in the process of studying modules, we aim here to demonstrate that it is undeserved. To do so, we present a novel formalization of ML modules, which defines their semantics directly by a compositional “elaboration” translation into plain System Fω (the higher-order polymorphic λ-calculus). To demonstrate the scalability of our “F-ing” semantics, we use it to define a representative, higher-order ML-style module language, encompassing all the major features of existing ML module dialects (except for recursive modules). We thereby show that ML modules are merely a particular mode of use of System Fω.To streamline the exposition, we present the semantics of our module language in stages. We begin by defining a subset of the language supporting a Standard ML-like language with second-class modules and generative functors. We then extend this sublanguage with the ability to package modules as first-class values (a very simple extension, as it turns out) and OCaml-style applicative functors (somewhat harder). Unlike previous work combining both generative and applicative functors, we do not require two distinct forms of functor or signature sealing. Instead, whether a functor is applicative or not depends only on the computational purity of its body. In fact, we argue that applicative/generative is rather incidental terminology for pure versus impure functors. This approach results in a semantics that we feel is simpler and more natural than previous accounts, and moreover prohibits breaches of abstraction safety that were possible under them.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the most perspective and effective locally-independent methods of divergence of vessels for forming of the system of the automatic warning of collisions, providing safety of perspective autonomous vessels. Development of method of estimation of efficiency of methods of divergence of vessels, which characterizes the degree of safety of completion of process of divergence of vessels, is offered, since the moment of discovery of situation of dangerous rapprochement. The stages of process of decision-making divergence of vessels of necessity are considered at their rapprochement and choice of strategy of divergence. It is shown that a decision-making process contains the following stages: control of environment, including relative position and parameters of relative motion, exposure of situation of rapprochement of vessels, estimation of degree of danger of rapprochement and choice of strategy of divergence. Analytical expressions for formalization of the offered stages of process of decision-making divergence of vessels of necessity are resulted. It is shown that depending on the degree of danger of situation of rapprochement, it is necessary to choose strategy of divergence, coming co-ordination of maneuvers of the drawn together vessels from, foreseen ColReg. Thus character of maneuver of divergence is also determined by the value of situation indignation. As a rule, application of standard maneuver of divergence is foreseen, and in the situation of excessive rapprochement of vessels, in order to avoid the collision it is necessary to use the maneuver of urgent divergence. As the index of efficiency of the analytical collision avoidance systems vessels probability of safe completion of process of divergence, which is work of probabilities of successful finish of stages of process of decision-making on the choice of strategy of divergence, is offered. For the system of the automatic warning of collisions the methods of divergence with one dangerous target are offered by the change of course or speed of ship and with two dangerous targets by the combined maneuver of the repeated change of course of ship. After the preliminary analysis the perspective most effective methods of the mentioned types of maneuvers of divergence were offered. For the operative choice of parameters of maneuver of divergence of ship with a target the regions of impermissible values of parameters of deviation and region of acceptability parameters of deviation and output are offered. For the case of choice of maneuver of divergence of ship by the decline of speed the active or passive braking offers the method of forming of region of impermissible speeds and calculation of its scopes. In the situation of dangerous rapprochement of ship with two targets for the operative choice of parameters of maneuver of divergence of ship in work it is suggested to form the region of acceptability successive courses of deviation.

In this article, we present the abstract theorem and the feasibility for the implementation of the technological justification of the structural concept for track railway line objects using the expert system. Railway construction as a complex dynamic system requires certain resources for maintaining it. At the same time, it is characterized by the use of new, more advanced design solutions, materials, and technologies, the performers’ specialization development, and the attendant large number of participants in the technological process. Key role in these conditions gets effective standard operating procedures control, procedures that performed during the railway facilities construction. This can be achieved by improving the existing engineering and technical support system for railway construction by introducing an engineering and intellectual support subsystem for the technological processes of railway facilities construction. One of the tasks of technological processes engineering and intellectual support is the effective use of automated systems with artificial intelligence elements. Creation and implementation of automated systems with artificial intelligence elements are focused on achieving a single final result: a finished railway track facility of the corresponding functional purpose within the established deadlines planned prime cost and labor contribution and also up to date safety requirements throughout the entire operation period. Within the scope of the methodology formation for engineering and intellectual support of railway construction technological processes, the stages of constructive solutions technological substantiation for railway objects were considered, and the railway construction technological features were determined. The procedure for the railway track object decomposition into structural elements is described here. The results obtained at the decomposition stage made it possible to determine the possibilities of using expert systems to develop a technological process for the railway track object construction. With account taken of special factors relating to formalization series of tasks at hand. By the aid of the expert system, which was built based on the knowledge representation production model, was developed and described methodology for generating a construction works nomenclature. Based on theoretical research results, practical aspects of the technological substantiation implementation of design solutions using an expert system were presented here through the example of the railway roadbed flooded carn construction. During dissertation research done by the author, were obtained results that were presented in this article.

A system is safety-critical if its malfunctioning could have catastrophic consequences for people, property or the environment, e.g., the failure in a car's braking system could be potentially tragic. To produce such type of systems, special procedures, and strategies, that permit their safer deployment into society, should be used. Therefore, manufacturers of safety-critical systems comply with domain-specific safety standards, which embody the public consensus of acceptably safe. Safety standards also contain a repository of expert knowledge and best practices that can, to some extent, facilitate the safety-critical system’s engineering. In some domains, the applicable safety standards establish the accepted procedures that regulate the development processes. For claiming compliance with such standards, companies should adapt their practices and provide convincing justifications regarding the processes used to produce their systems, from the initial steps of the production. In particular, the planning of the development process, in accordance with the prescribed process-related requirements specified in the standard, is an essential piece of evidence for compliance assessment. However, providing such evidence can be time-consuming and prone-to-error since it requires that process engineers check the fulfillment of hundreds of requirements based on their processes specifications. With access to suitable tool-supported methodologies, process engineers would be able to perform their job efficiently and accurately. Safety standards prescribe requirements in natural language by using notions that are subtly similar to the concepts used to describe laws. In particular, requirements in the standards introduce conditions that are obligatory for claiming compliance. Requirements also define tailoring rules, which are actions that permit to comply with the standard in an alternative way. Unfortunately, current approaches for software verification are not furnished with these notions, which could make their use in compliance checking difficult. However, existing tool-supported methodologies designed in the legal compliance context, which are also proved in the business domain, could be exploited for defining an adequate automated compliance checking approach that suits the conditions required in the safety-critical context. The goal of this Licentiate thesis is to propose a novel approach that combines: 1) process modeling capabilities for representing systems and software process specifications, 2) normative representation capabilities for interpreting the requirements of the safety standards in an adequate machine-readable form, and 3) compliance checking capabilities to provide the analysis required to conclude whether the model of a process corresponds to the model with the compliant states proposed by the standard's requirements. Our approach contributes to facilitating compliance checking by providing automatic reasoning from the requirements prescribed by the standards, and the description of the process they regulate. It also contributes to cross-fertilize two communities that were previously isolated, namely safety-critical and legal compliance contexts. Besides, we propose an approach for mastering the interplay between highly-related standards. This approach includes the reuse capabilities provided by SoPLE (Safety-oriented Process Line Engineering), which is a methodological approach aiming at systematizing the reuse of process-related information in the context of safety-critical systems. With the addition of SoPLE, we aim at planting the seeds for the future provision of systematic reuse of compliance proofs. Hitherto, our proposed methodology has been evaluated with academic examples that show the potential benefits of its use.
AMASS