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1
Zinurov, R. N. „ABULKHAIR KHAN. THE BASHKIR TRACE (EVENTS AND FACTS)“. History of the Homeland 97, Nr. 1 (30.03.2022): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/1814-6961_2022_1_77.
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The article examines the features of the “Bashkir model” of accepting Russian citizenship and the “Kazakh model” in the person of Khan Abulkhair, and argues about similar concepts of citizenship with the right to leave for another suzerain. Russia has intensified its southeastern policy, using Bashkiria as a springboard. The duality of the khan’s status to the Russian authorities, the links with the Bashkir elite, are given in relation to the events of the uprising of 1737-1738. Khan’s attitude to the Bashkir nobility, their long-standing ties, experience in Russian intrigues, allowed the empire to use Abulkhair Khan for their own purposes during the suppression of the Bashkirs and the arrest of their leaders. The author proves that despite all the contradictory relations, it was the Kazakhs who were potential allies of the Bashkirs during this uprising.
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Salmanov, Azat S. „Попытки Кучумовичей и башкир воссоздать Сибирское ханство“. Oriental Studies 14, Nr. 2 (20.07.2021): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-54-2-238-247.
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Introduction. As is commonly believed in Russian historiography, the late 16th century witnessed a final collapse of the Siberian Khanate. However, that event was long followed by repeated attempts from ex-owners of Siberian Yurt — the Kuchumovichs (children and grandchildren of the Siberian Khan Kuchum) — to regain their power. In achieving their goal, they relied on Bashkir and Kalmyk leaders. The ideological supporters of Kuchum’s descendants were the Siberian Tatars and Bashkirs, primarily Bashkir Tabyns who also sought a restoration of the Siberian Khanate. But in historical science the question of Bashkirs’ participation in the Kuchumovichs’ cause to regain Siberian Yurt remains unaddressed. Goals. The study aims at examining the 17th century ethnopolitical history of the Trans-Ural Bashkirs through the prism of the movement attended by the Kuchumovichs, Kalmyks and Dzungars who came up with the idea of reviving the Siberian Khanate. Materials and Methods. The work employs materials already introduced into scientific discourse which, however, were not considered through the prism of Bashkirs’ participation in the general movement of nomadic leaders to have struggled for the restoration of the Siberian Khanate. Coupled with the use of historical research methods (historical, comparative and systemic ones), this made it possible to reveal that in the territory of Bashkiria the actions of Bashkir rebels were associated with the policy of the Kuchumovichs and Kalmyk taishas who tried to unite Bashkirs and inhabitants of Western Siberia to withdraw from subordination to the Moscow Government. Thus, the scientific novelty is that the 17th century anti-Russian movement of Bashkirs is being first considered in the context of attempts to restore the Siberian Khanate. Results. Analysis of historical events (departure of Kuchum’s grandson Kuchuk to the Karakalpaks and adoption of Russian citizenship by the Kalmyk ruler Ayuka) shows that the rebellious Bashkirs experienced a collapse of hopes for the restoration of the Siberian Khanate, the latter viewed as an opportunity to gain independence from the Tsardom of Russia. Conclusions. Bashkir uprisings of the mid-to-late 17th century should be considered in line with the political situation that had developed in the southeastern outskirts of Russia due to the joint activities of the Kuchumovichs, Kalmyk and Bashkir leaders.
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Khamidullin, Usman. „Patrimonial law of the Bashkirs of the late XVI century – 30s of the XVIII century: the development of the institute, the specifics of legal regulation.“ Genesis: исторические исследования, Nr. 4 (April 2022): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.4.37852.
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The article examines the main trends in the development of the Bashkir patrimonial law institute in the period from the end of the XVI century to the 30s of the XVIII century in the conditions of legal pluralism. The question of transformation and its integration into the Russian property law is investigated. Based on the analysis of the Russian patrimonial legislation of the XVI-XVII, normative acts regulating Bashkir land relations, materials of judicial proceedings of the Ufa writ hut and other archival documents, Bashkir legends and chronicles, the author attempts to reconstruct the mechanism of legal regulation of Bashkir patrimonial law, identifying the specifics and logic of its development. As a result of the conducted research , the author comes to the following conclusions: Russian Russian Federation 1) in the conditions of polyuridism that developed in Bashkiria after joining the Russian state, the Moscow authorities, in order to adapt the local law and order, including the order of land ownership, to the new political and legal realities, carried out a legal policy to preserve the patrimonial relations of Bashkirs; the general declarative norms of charters received by Bashkirs from the Russian tsars when accepting citizenship, laid the vector of special legal regulation in the field of Bashkir land rights; 2) the establishment of patrimonial law as an institution of customary law took place through judicial (law enforcement) authorization; 3) a cardinal change in the paradigm of legal regulation of Bashkir patrimonial relations occurred with the adoption of the Decree of February 11, 1736, which legalized the sale of Bashkir patrimonial estates; the introduction of certain elements of the civil property regime it created conditions for the transformation of traditional ancestral land ownership into an institution of collective ownership. Thus, there is an evolution of legal regulation in the field of patrimonial rights of Bashkirs: the former legal policy on the selection of the most optimal mechanism for the adaptation of patrimonial law is replaced by a policy of selection (selection) of customs for the possibility of their application within the framework of a single positive Russian law.
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Prokofeva, Viktoriya Yurevna, und Alla Georgievna Prokofeva. „Bashkir Theme in Works by P.L. Yudin, Orenburg Local Historian of the Beginning of the XX Century“. Ethnic Culture, Nr. 3 (4) (29.09.2020): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-86169.
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The article presents data on the studies by P.L. Yudin, a Russian historian-archivist of the beginning of the 20th century, local historian, a member of several scholarly archival commissions, who being a native of the Orenburg Region, dedicated his scientific activity to the study of multinational South Ural. For the first time, the Bashkir theme – research about the culture, history and people of Bashkiria – stands out in the scientist's legacy. Methods of research: analysis of the works of the scientist about Bashkir history, its culture and people, published in the magazines, newspapers. Based on the analysis of scientist’s works the following aspects of the study of Bashkiria by P.L. Yudin are distinguished: the historical past of the region – the settlement of Bashkir lands, a description of the Bashkir cities, the lives and mode of life of their inhabitants, archival data on the participation of the Bashkirs in the Pugachev uprising, the personality of V.A. Perovsky, Orenburg military governor general of the early 19th century, his military campaigns and citations about him in Bashkir history, historical visits to the Ufa Governorate by historical figures, including Emperor Alexander I, preparation for such visits, religious beliefs of the Bashkir population. Conclusion. The importance of studies by P.L. Yudin and the relevance of his archival finds for ethnography, ethnology and modern historical science is denoted as well.
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Ekba, Zarema N., und Ramilya N. Karimova. „Лингвистическое наследие А. Г. Бессонова как диалектный памятник башкирского языка начала ХХ в.“ Oriental Studies 14, Nr. 5 (30.12.2021): 1076–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-57-5-1076-1088.
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Goals. The article seeks to sum up Bashkir dialect features traced in early 20th century written monuments authored by the Russian scholar and missionary A. G. Bessonov. Results. Part One of the article discusses the main results of previous detailed analyses into linguistic data contained in the Alphabet Book for Bashkirs (Russ. Bukvar' dlya Bashkir, 1907). Phonetic, morphological, and morphonological elements cited indicate the use of two dialects comparable to the Argayash and Kyzyl subdialects of contemporary Eastern Bashkir. Besides, the edition under consideration contains a unique morphonological type of affixes characteristic of the Qatai subdialect. Part Two provides a first detailed linguistic analysis of language features inherent to Bessonov’s First Reader and First Lessons of Russian for Southeastern Bashkirs (1907). Phonetic, morphological, morphonological, and lexical patterns are compared to contemporary dialect forms examined in works on Bashkir dialectology, as well as to standard Bashkir. This scrupulous analysis at all linguistic levels shows the language of the monument largely approaches the Argayash subdialect, while some peculiar features of other Eastern Bashkir subdialects are also noticeable. Conclusions. The paper makes certain conclusions as to dialect affiliation of language patterns involved in the compilation of monuments under study. Special attention is paid to the significance of Bessonov’s works for the history of Bashkir linguistics and dialectology, as well as to his role in teaching literacy to Bashkirs.
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Galieva, Farida. „THE MANUSCRIPT BY S. A. AVIZHANSKAYA ON THE BASHKIR WEDDING“. Antropologicheskij forum 17, Nr. 49 (Juni 2021): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2021-17-49-187-203.
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Sofia Aleksandrovna Avizhanskaya is known for her research in the field of decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs and the Bashkir collections she collected for the State Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR. However, her contribution to ethnographic science is not limited to this. The proposed publication introduces into scientific circulation Avizhanskaya’s manuscript about the Bashkir wedding, discovered in the Scientific Archives of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the 1956 field diary of Rail Gumerovich Kuzeev. The author supplements these materials with the information contained in Avizhanskaya’s expeditionary report, and highlights their novelty and uniqueness using our own field records of recent years. Archival sources indicate that during joint field research, Kuzeev often served as Avizhanskaya’s translator from Bashkir into Russian, including the story of a wedding, and shared his knowledge of the history and life of the Bashkirs. This helped Avizhanskaya to study the territorial features of the national costume, economic activities, food systems and other areas of the ethnography of the Bashkirs. For her part, she passed on the experience of expeditionary work. A record of the Bashkir “red wedding” made jointly by Avizhanskaya and Kuzeev fills in the source gap in the study of the Bashkir ritual of the mid-20th century. The manuscript presents the local features of the northeastern Bashkirs, preserved traditions, including the institution of “planted parents”, as well as other ethnic and Soviet customs that have penetrated into ritualism.
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Ayupov, T. M. „The Bashkirs in Turkmenistan: Experience of Intercultural Communications in the Soviet Period“. Izvestiya of Altai State University, Nr. 3(113) (06.07.2020): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2020)3-01.
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The article is devoted to the history of the formation, reasons and stages of the resettlement of the ethnic group of the Bashkirs in Turkmenistan, which in the conditions of modern geopolitical realities can be attributed to the "external diaspora" of the Bashkir people. On the territory of the republic, it began to take shape in the first years of Soviet power, during a fierce struggle for the implementation of new ideological principles. In this struggle, the Bashkirs played an ambiguous role. Analysis of ethno-statistical materials shows that the postwar period was a time of growth in the percentage of the Bashkir population. Population migration from densely populated areas of Bashkiria to industrial centers, to mining sites, to the newly irrigated lands of Turkmenistan under the conditions of the socialist mode of production was predominantly planned. Most of them preferred to live in large cities and urban settlements. In the Turkmen SSR, as throughout the USSR, the main language of interethnic communication and the means of familiarization with socialist culture was the Russian language. Therefore, many of the Bashkirs living there were fluent in Russian, and some also spoke Turkmen. The names of famous personalities from among the Bashkirs are associated with Turkmenistan; among them: scientist and politician A. Validov, composer T. Karimov, general T. Kusimov, Hero of Socialist Labor N. Fazliakhmetov and others.
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Izbassarova, Gulbanu Bolatovna. „South-Eastern Policy of Tsarizm“. Oriente Moderno 96, Nr. 1 (18.08.2016): 156–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340101.
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This article is devoted to the penetration of the Russian Empire to the territory of the Junior Horde of Kazakhs and the strengthening of Russian power in South Volga Region. Taking into consideration the ethnical origin and territorial contacts due to close proximity, cultural connections of Kazakhs and Bashkirs during the period under research, the article sheds light on the involvement of Kazakhs in Bashkir rebellions and looks into the changing character of the relations between these two Turkic ethnic groups. The nature of Orenburg expedition has been studied through the activities of the following rulers of the region: I.K. Kirillov, V.N. Tatishev, V.A. Urussov, I.I. Neplyuev. The construction of the city of Orenburg, the fortresses along the border with Bashkiriya and Western Kazakhstan, the colonization of the Orenburg region by Russians, and locating military units in a number of fortified cities was aimed at ensuring free and safe rear for further penetration into Central Asia. The issue of the participation of Kazakhs in Bashkir rebellion in 1737-1740 and its causes are under study. The author dwells on the decision of Bashkir officers to surrender to the reign of Kazakhs and to invite one of the Kazakh sultans to become a sovereign Bashkir khan. The attitude of Kazakhs toward Bashkirs is studied through the activity of Abulkhair, the Kazakh Junior Horde khan, Semeke, the Kazakh Middle Horde аnd sultans Abulmambet, Ablay and others. The author estimates the number of casualties during the rebellion and the number of refugees seeking asylum in the Kazakh steppe. The marriage of Abulkhair Khan to a daughter of a Bashkir officer is considered as one of the methods of Bashkir influence on the Kazakh khan.
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Sharapova, Ilsiuiar Ramzisovna, und Gul'nur Ravilovna Khusainova. „From the history of collecting and studying folklore of the Bashkirs of the Russian Federation“. Genesis: исторические исследования, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2023.12.69170.
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The purpose of this article is to study the history of collecting and researching the folklore of the Bashkirs of the Russian Federation, which occupies an important place in the spiritual heritage of the people. In Bashkirology, a number of articles are devoted to the historiography of Bashkir folklore, there are observations on the collection and study of folklore of a particular region in review articles about materials collected during expeditions, but there is no special study on the history of the collection and study of folklore of the Bashkirs of the Russian Federation. The subject of this research is information about the collection and research of folklore of Bashkirs compactly living in different regions away from the mother ethnic group, various studies that mention the folklore of Bashkirs of a particular region, as well as field studies of modern folklorists in the studied regions. At the stage of data collection and initial evaluation of the material, the bibliographic method was used. The methodology of end-to-end research of essay literature, journals covering the time period of the XIX and the first quarter of the XXI century was used. The methodological basis of the article is the works of domestic, including Bashkir, researchers-predecessors in the field of the history of folklore studies. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in one study, information was collected about the collection and study of folklore of Bashkirs compactly living in seven regions of the Russian Federation. The chronological sequence traces the history of the recording of Bashkir folklore outside the Republic of Bashkortostan. It is noted that the collection and study of Bashkir folklore acquires a relatively noticeable scope and in Soviet times becomes a matter of state from the case of individual enthusiasts-amateurs, put on a solid scientific basis; the great importance of academic expeditions is emphasized. The study showed that the richness of Bashkir folklore is distinguished by the Orenburg, Kurgan, Chelyabinsk regions, that the folklore of the Chelyabinsk Bashkirs turned out to be the most studied.
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Migranova, Elza V. „Alcohol in the Bashkirs’ value system“. Samara Journal of Science 9, Nr. 3 (20.11.2020): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202093211.
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The paper touches upon such a relevant topic as alcohol in the Bashkirs value system. The history of alcohol in the life of a traditional Bashkir society shows that they were previously uncharacteristic of drinking strong alcoholic beverages; in addition, it was condemned by the public, elders, representatives of a religious cult, etc. Traditional Bashkir drinks were koumiss, buza, ayran, katyk, less commonly mead. The study conducted in 1913 on the spread of alcoholism among the rural population of the Ufa province showed that the population of the Mohammedan, including Bashkir, villages had practically no alcoholism. However, with the decomposition of the traditional social system of the Bashkirs, strengthening of commodity-money relations, development of capitalism and urban culture, the alcoholization of the Bashkir population intensified. This process also continued under the secular system; in the middle of the twentieth century alcohol abuse in certain circles was a legacy of the front-line subculture, as well as the introduction of Soviet civilian rituals into the life of the Bashkirs. The paper presents the results of an ethno sociological study conducted by us in 20182019 among the Bashkir population. It turned out that almost half of the respondents drink alcohol from time to time or during the holidays; more than 35% indicated that they did not drink at all. These data are almost identical to those obtained in a similar study conducted among the Bashkirs in the mid-1980s. The comparison of the materials obtained on the subject of this study in other Russian regions and in the whole country is also consistent with the data on the Bashkirs and shows that the problem of alcoholization of the Russian population is currently very acute. The materials that we received can be used for further research of the transformation processes of Bashkir society, for the preparation of practical recommendations for state authorities, scientific, educational institutions, public organizations, etc.
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Galieva, Farida G. „“Field Diaries” by R. G. Kuzeev 1952–1958 about Bashkirs in Interethnic Interactions“. Humanitarian: actual problems of the humanities and education 20, Nr. 4 (30.12.2020): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.052.020.202004.369-380.
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Introduction. The relevance of the work lies in the demand for sources for the study of ethno- cultural processes in the Eurasian space. The purpose of the article is to analyze oral stories, legends, and legends in the “Field diaries” of R. G. Kuzeev about the interethnic interactions of the Bashkirs with the peoples of the Ural-Volga region, Central Asia, and Kazakhstan. The research method is to identify historical information from folklore materials and comparison with other materials. Results. The presence of tribal divisions Bashkir Tatars, Mishar, Suash, Kazakh, Kirghiz – is explained by two reasons. Either the Bashkirs find an abandoned child and raise it as their own, or there are inter-ethnic marriages. The attitude to the Russians formed as a mutually beneficial cooperation. The enmity with the Russian authorities was associated with the struggle for patrimonial lands, the Muslim religion, and the right to preserve the nomadic way of life. The Tatars are frequent neighbors Bashkirs, some turned into Bashkir, as well as Chuvash, Mari, after Islamization. The Cheremis described as a people who ceded land to the Bashkirs, while the Chuvash, Mordovians, Germans and Ukrainians occupied them. Kazakhs and Kyrgyz for a long time competed with the Bashkirs for the land; stealing other people’s livestock practiced until the Soviet era. However, some Bashkir villages remember their ancestors from the southern neighbors. Conclusion. Field diaries of R. G. Kuzeev characterize complex ethno-cultural processes in the Bashkir environment, provide information about their tolerant attitude to different peoples.
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Baumann, Robert F. „Subject Nationalities in the Military Service of Imperial Russia: The Case of the Bashkirs“. Slavic Review 46, Nr. 3-4 (1987): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2498099.
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On 6 July 1874, the government of Alexander II published an edict announcing the formation of a mounted Bashkir squadron in the Orenburgguberniia.The modest scale of the endeavor—a squadron-sized element added little to Russian military strength—belied its historic importance. The Bashkirs, in 1874, stood at a watershed in their long history of military service to Russia marking the divide between decades of irregular frontier duty and inclusion in the ranks of the regular army. The evolution of Bashkir military formations, paralleling the course of social change, offers a most instructive case in little-studied aspects of imperial policy towards subject national minorities and their employment in the armed forces in particular. A virtually forgotten component in Russia's rich military tradition, the contribution of “native” units organized among theinorodtsyof the Caucasus, the Crimea, and Asia was indeed significant.
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Rakhmatullina, Zugura Ya. „ETNOCULTURAL HISTORY AND MODERN MEASURING OF THE ORDER OF THE BADGE OF HONOUR INSTITUTE OF HISTORY, LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE OF THE UFRC RAS: FROM BASHKIR ACADEMIC CENTER TO FEDERAL INSTITUTE“. Proceedings of the UFRC RAS. Series: History. Philology. Culture 1, Nr. 1 (März 2024): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31833/sifk/2024.1.1.001.
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The Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences is a federal academic institution with a humanitarian profile, the key research area of which is comprehensive Bashkir studies. The Institute, which celebrated its centenary in 2022, has gone a long way from the Society for the Study of Bashkiria at the Academic Center of the People’s Commissariat of Education of Bashkiria, which united ascetic researchers, to the authoritative scientific center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The institution has made and continues to make an invaluable contribution to the study of the archaeology, ancient and modern history, and material and spiritual culture of the multinational region. The Bashkir people, one of the many ethnic groups in the Russian Federation, are the focus of this work. The team’s contributions, which have been recognized in the scientific community of Russia and beyond, not only have a scientific value but also have applied and practical significance. These contributions demonstrate the researchers’ ability to solve problems that face modern humanitarian science, in a qualitative manner. His century-old scientific biography and ethnocultural history include significant archaeological discoveries, fundamental monographic and collective research, scientific collections, multi-volume collections of the Bashkir folk art, anthologies of the Bashkir literature, numerous linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries that incorporated creative ideas, thoughts, achievements of several generations of scientists (M.A. Burangulov, T.H. Akhmadiev, N.V. Bikbulatov, I.M. Gvozdikova, R.G. Kuzeev, H.F. Usmanov, M.V. Murzabulatov, S.N. Shitova, N.A. Mazhitov, A.H. Pshenichnyuk, N.H. Maksyutova, S.F. Mirzhanova, Z.G. Uraksin, F.G. Khisamitdinova, A.I. Kharisov, G.B. Khusainov, N.T. Zaripov, A.M. Suleymanov, F.A. Nadrshina, etc.). From the study of archaeology in the Southern Urals region and its ancient history and culture, to understanding modern socio-cultural processes and modern history in Bashkiria, anthropology, ethnography, and the Bashkir language research, computational linguistics, dialectology, folk art, literary studies, archeography, and the study of written and printed materials – these are the main research areas of the Institute’s scientists.
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Safin, F. G., S. R. Abramova und M. N. Ishemgulov. „Ethnodemography of Bashkirs in Regions of Russia (1970—2010)“. Nauchnyi dialog, Nr. 3 (27.03.2021): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-3-397-415.
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The issues of ethno-demographic and ethno-linguistic development of the Bashkir population in the regions of the Russian Federation are considered. It is noted that the tendencies of demographic processes among the Bashkirs in the regions and in the republic of the same name are very different. The features of the ethnodemographic development of the Bashkirs in the regions of their historical settlement are shown, in which general trends coincide with the demographic processes in the country as a whole. It cannot be said about the Republic of Bashkortostan, which is characterized by sharp fluctuations in the size of the titular ethnic group. The dynamics of the ethnic and linguistic identity of the Bashkir population in the regions of historical settlement is revealed in a comparative aspect with the subjects to which the Bashkirs moved at a later time and in which their number is a small proportion. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it was the first to analyze the ethno-demographic and ethno-linguistic aspects of the development of the Bashkirs in the Russian Federation, including in the regions of their historical settlement. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the issue of the demographic development of the Bashkir population at the present stage, especially in the republic of the same name, has acquired an ethnopolitical discourse. It has been proven that, despite the policy of reviving ethnicity and the native language, the Bashkirs, like other peoples, are gradually losing it in favor of being recognized as a native Russian.
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Rakhimov, Ramil N. „Военная служба как фактор интеграции башкир и калмыков в имперское пространство в XVIII – первой половине XIX в.“ Oriental studies 16, Nr. 5 (25.12.2023): 1115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2023-69-5-1115-1127.
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Introduction. In the eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries, Imperial Russia was characterized by one particular phenomenon — presence of ethnic troops, namely: Bashkir-Meshcheryak, Stavropol Kalmyk, Volga Kalmyk, and Crimean Tatar hosts. In addition to direct combat activities, such ethnic military units were to integrate their peoples into imperial environments. So, Bashkirs and Kalmyks had been recruited for military service among the first. Materials and methods. The article analyzes archival and published sources. It employs the historical genetic, historical comparative, and structural methods for due insights into the military history of frontier-based Bashkirs and Kalmyks throughout the eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries. Results. In Bashkir society, there were no institutionalized Genghisid elites believed to have monopoly on political power, and clan structures were somewhat equal. The Kalmyk Khanate did have a vertical structure of power, army and administrative apparatus. Peter I had been the first to actively involve Bashkirs and Kalmyks in Russia’s military endeavors. The imperial government had been seeking to subjugate the autonomous Khanate via Christianization (a separate host compiled from Kalmyk Christians) and control over elites. These ended in a political protest — the 1771 Exodus of Kalmyks to Dzungaria. So, since 1825, Kalmykia remained under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The accelerated integration of Bashkiria began with the activities of the Orenburg Expedition, which led to the Bashkir Rebellion of 1735–1740. The latter resulted in that the region was reshaped administratively, former elites of Bashkir society replaced by new ones, and tribal volosts substituted by territorial subdivisions. Since 1798, the canton system gave rise to new service elites. The institutionalization of military service was implemented via the 1834 establishment of the Bashkir-Meshcheryak Host that existed until 1863. Great importance was assigned to symbolic policies pursued by the imperial government towards ethnic elites of peoples in military service — awards in the form of weapons, cloth, banners, orders, and medals (subsequently). The peculiarity of the awards was that the government feared the nobility’s expansion at the expense of non-Russian elites and would bestow some surrogate awards, money, and mediocre ranks. Conclusions. In the eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries, Bashkirs and Kalmyks proved active participants of Russia’s foreign policies as guardians of its southeastern and southern borders. Military service did accelerate the integration of the peoples into imperial institutions — legal, social, economic ones. However, the process ended more successfully for Bashkirs, which was largely facilitated by the presence of patrimonial rights to land and the absence of a hierarchical vertical structure in society. Meanwhile, the presence of a vertical power structure in the form of an autonomous domain, Russian government’s intervention in the latter’s internal affairs (creation of a separate host from Kalmyk Christians), the Exodus of 1771, and the subsequent abolition of the Khanate slowed down the integrative processes never to be completed in the examined period.
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Khisamitdinova, F. G. „Russian lexical borrowings in the southern dialect of the Bashkir language“. Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, Nr. 40 (2020): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2020-2-98-105.
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The issues of Russian lexical borrowings (rusisms) in the Bashkir language dialects and subdialects have not been addressed yet. Dictionaries and monographs on the Bashkir language dialects and subdialects describe specific dialectal loanwords without providing a dialectal analysis of loanwords and the specific features of their adaptation and functioning in the Bashkir language dialects and subdialects. Meanwhile, studying rusisms in dialects and subdialects can elucidate both the dialectal lexicology and the formation history of the lexical, phonetic, and grammatical features of a particular Turkic language. Investigating rusisms in dialects and subdialects of Turkic languages, including Bashkir, is also relevant for the Russian language dialectology: the chronology of individual borrowings. It is worth studying the Bashkir language southern dialect widespread in the southern regions of modern Bashkortostan, Bashkir-speaking regions of Orenburg, Samara, and Saratov regions of Russia. Historically located in the very center of the Orenburg province, this territory bordered the provincial city of Orenburg and by the late 18th and early 19th centuries became one of the administrative, political, economic, and trade centers. It was then that Russian loanwords and lexemes of European languages began to actively penetrate the Bashkir dialects. These borrowings constitute a considerable group, thematically related to household, administrative and managerial, military- marching, and agricultural spheres. All rusisms underwent adaptation to the norms of the Bashkir language Southern dialect, e.g., Russian lexemes with hard-row vowels in the southern dialect have front-row vowels. South Russian dialects are considered the dominant source of the Bashkir language southern dialect lexical borrowings.
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YAGAFAROVA, G. N. „BASHKIR LINGUISTICS AT IHLL UFRC RAS: MAIN STAGES AND DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT“. Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, Nr. 2 (Juni 2022): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2022-0-2-64-70.
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The article describes the main stages and directions of studying the Bashkir language within the walls of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 100 years ago, the Society for the Study of Bashkiria was founded under the People's Commissariat of Education - the Academcenter, which was succeeded by the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. During these past 100 years, the Institute has become one of the famous centers for the study of the language, culture, literature and history of the Bashkir and other peoples in Bashkortostan. In the first decades, work was carried out on the problems of the formation of the modern Bashkir literary language. In connection with the need to study the vocabulary of the spoken language of the Bashkirs, folklore-linguistic expeditions were organized. The expeditions were led by N.K. Dmitriev to various regions of the republic and the Bashkir-speaking regions of neighboring regions. Until the middle of the twentieth century. the main attention was focused on solving the issues of collecting, fixing language materials, on the development of new spelling, grammatical, lexical norms. As a result, numerous terminological dictionaries, spelling aids, and the first grammatical descriptions appeared. From the middle of the twentieth century linguists pay the most attention to the study of the history of the Bashkir language, dialectology, semasiology, and onomastics. The extensive material collected during numerous expeditions makes it possible to study the dialect material with the necessary completeness, describe the history of the development of the language, which is reflected in lexicographic publications and theoretical generalization in the relevant monographs. At the turn of the millennium, new related areas of study of the Bashkir language are being developed: ethnolinguistics, linguofolkloristics, and computational linguistics. The terminological, orthographic, explanatory, dialectal, semasiological, translation, ethnolinguistic dictionaries developed at the Institute show, on the one hand, the formation of the Bashkir literary language itself over 100 years, on the other hand, they are evidence of the extensive work carried out at the Institute on the study of the Bashkir language, marking are significant milestones in the development of Bashkir linguistics at the Institute, successfully continuing to this day.
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KHUSAINOVA, G. R. „BASHKIR FOLKLORISTICS: HISTORY AND MODERNITY“. Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, Nr. 2 (Juni 2022): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2022-0-2-50-56.
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The article presents a brief history of the department of folklore and art, which began its activities in 1922 under the Society for the Study of Life, Culture and History of Bashkiria under the NK of Education, which today is an independent subdivision of the institute, and folklore is a successfully developing area of Bashkir philological science. It is noted that from the first days of the existence of the department, the active collection of folklore went in parallel with its study, and the formation of Bashkir folklore as a science took place after the creation of the Bashkir branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1951). Second half of the 20th century characterized by the appearance of the first academic works as "Bashkir Folk Art" in three volumes, the first monographs. The most fruitful period of field research is shown in 1959-1964, when folklore expeditions led by A.N. Kireev to the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg, Samara, Saratov regions and the Perm Territory, during which rich material was collected on the oral work of the Bashkirs, including the main body of the preserved priceless epic heritage of the people. The article also shows the contribution of predecessors to the creation of a rich national folklore heritage, as evidenced by the multi-volume scientific collection "Bashkir Folk Art" in the Bashkir and Russian languages, it is said about the field research of modern folklorists, their collections of expeditionary materials, contributing to the gradual replenishment of the source base of Bashkir folklore. only by identifying the works of traditional folklore that continue to exist, but also modern examples of folk art: takmaks, baits, less often proverbs and sayings. Further, it is emphasized that during the existence of the Department of Folklore and Art, monographs have been published in almost all genres of folk art, and new results of scientific research by the staff of the department are reflected in collections of scientific articles «Bashkir Folklore: Research and Materials» published periodically since 1986 (7 issues ); works of oral folk art have been translated into Russian and English, which made it possible to introduce them into international scientific circulation. It is also noted that projects on grants are regularly carried out in the department, employees actively popularize Bashkir folklore both from the stands of various scientific forums and through the media.
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Gulnur, KHUSAINOVA. „THE EPIC HERITAGE OF THE BASHKIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE RECORDS FROM THE MID-20th CENTURY“. Epic studies 4, Nr. 32 (28.12.2023): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/2782-4861-2023-4-35-44.
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The article is devoted to the topical issue of studying archival records of epic monuments recorded outside the Republic of Bashkortostan, in particular in Orenburg, Kurgan, Chelyabinsk, Samara, and Saratov regions, some of which have been published, and variants are taken into account in the comments to the volumes. In the first monograph devoted to the Bashkir heroic epic, its author A. N. Kireev noted that expeditions to the regions of the Russian Federation listed above gave a lot of new information about the Bashkir folk epic. This article is aimed at the study of epic material recorded precisely outside the Republic of Bashkortostan. The objectives of the article are to identify texts included in the volumes of the scholarly code “Bashkir folk art” and texts that have not yet been published; possible repeated recordings; determining the area of distribution of this or that epic tale, the age and gender of the informants. To solve the tasks, a statistical method was used to characterize the repertoire; the method of comparative analysis was used as the main one, an element of structural analysis and a comparative-descriptive method was also used in the study of repeated recordings in line with experimental approaches developed by V. M. Gatsak in the field of the theory of the preservation of the epic in time. The methodological basis of the article was the works of Russian, including Bashkir, researchers-predecessors in the field of epic studies: A. N. Kireev, S. A. Galina, M. M. Sagitova, V. M. Gatsak, I. V. Pukhov, etc. The study will allow us to present the content, volume of material, distribution areas of the Bashkir epic in the regions of the Russian Federation where Bashkirs live compactly. When studying archival materials, it turned out that epic works about animals and social and everyday ones were particularly widespread there. In the future, archival texts will be published and put into active scientific circulation. It is a subject for special research, including dissertations, on various genres of folklore of the Bashkirs of the Russian Federation, both from the folkloristic and linguistic point of views (dialects are interesting, both archaisms and Russian words are used, even characters of Russian folklore are found in the texts).
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Aznabaev, Bulat. „The Problem of Loyalty to the Empire of the Bashkir Military Elite in the 1720s — 1730s“. ISTORIYA 15, Nr. 1 (135) (2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840029888-5.
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In the literature devoted to the integration of Bashkiria into the administrative structure of the Russian Empire, the concept of N. F. Demidova about the emergence at the beginning of the 18th century. The new Bashkir elite, which became a reliable conductor of government policy in the region. Sources indicate that from the middle of the 17th century. The military elite of the Bashkirs had a different social nature. Batyrs are militia commanders who won military duels (military meritocracy) and Tarkhans are clan nobility exempted from yasak, obligated to perform personal service to the empire. Since the 20s of the 18th century, after the Bashkirs lost a number of important territories on the border, all hopes for their return are no longer associated with the batyrs, but with the Tarkhans, who embodied the military power of the empire. Outstanding Russian administrators (I. K. Kirilov and V. N. Tatishchev) took advantage of the increased authority of the Tarkhans to deepen the integration of the Bashkirs into the military structures of the empire.
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Isyangulov, Shamil Nailevich. „Adoption institution among Bashkirs in the past (based on folklore and written sources)“. Samara Journal of Science 6, Nr. 4 (01.12.2017): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201764216.
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The following paper discusses the institution of adoption among Bashkirs in the past based on folklore and written sources. This topic is not sufficiently studied in historiography. There are not many sources on it. The main sources here are the traditions, legends, genealogical trees of Bashkir. In these sources information about the adoption of young children (Kalmyks, Nogais, Kazakhs, etc.) by Bashkirs has been preserved. All these sources in most respects reflect the realities of the 16th - 18th centuries. In general, they help understand the views of Bashkirs on the adoption of other peoples children. The analysis of the sources allowed us to conclude that orphans, abandoned, captured, etc. children among Bashkirs were considered as being marked with a divine sign. Adopted children would become full members of the Bashkir community. It is assumed that the institution of adoption was widespread enough before the Bashkirs joined the Russian state. Materials confirm that the adoption was associated with the custom of obtaining the fruit of a noble person. Adoption was one of the ways to incorporate other ethnic groups in the Bashkir people. The historical roots of the institution of adoption needs a further study.
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Aznabaev, Bulat, und Ramil Rakhimov. „Ethnic Kalmyk Bokshurga Nazarov and His Application for Joining the Bashkirs of Tersyatskaya Volost“. Бюллетень Калмыцкого научного центра Российской академии наук 2, Nr. 18 (04.08.2021): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2587-6503-2021-2-18-8-18.
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Introduction. The article examines such phenomenon of 17th–18th century Bashkir society as incorporation of individuals representing other ethnic groups. Goals. The study aims at transcribing the process of incorporating foreigners into Bashkir clan structures. And in this regard Kalmyks are of special interest since they were distinct not only from Bashkirs proper but rather from all peoples of the Southern Urals both linguistically and confessionally. However, those were Kalmyks who would get integrated into Bashkir clans most frequently, even as compared to ethnically close and neighboring groups. Materials and Methods. The work focuses on documents of management and record keeping contained in collections dealing with Ufa Governorate Senate at the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. The source analysis was performed through the methods of historical criticism and diplomacy most instrumental in examining such documents. The explored papers of the 1733 Bashkir embassy to St. Petersburg describe a case of Bokshurga Nazarov, ethnic Kalmyk, who applied for joining a Bashkir community. Results. The study shows reasons and procedures of incorporating foreigners into Bashkir clans. The analysis attests to that the applicant was virtually a land holder already, and the Bashkirs had recognized him as their relative. Nazarov himself was just seeking for a legal confirmation of the accomplished fact, i.e. a ‘guardian law’. Conclusions. The work reveals that incorporation into Bashkir communities in the 17th – early 18th centuries was largely determined by the applicant’s nomadic life style (backgrounds) — and his ability to promptly adapt to alert living conditions within the militarized society — rather than by ethnic affinity (common faith, origins, or language). According to the documents, the request was satisfied, and the ex-captive was not only granted the status of a Bashkir land owner but even became a foreman of the vast Tersyatskaya Volost. Later he took an active part in the Bashkir Rebellion and was executed.
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Gallyamov, Rushan, und Igor Kuchumov. „FRENCH RESEARCHER FREDERIC LE PLAY AS THE FOUNDER OF SOCIOLOGY OF BASHKIR RACE“. Vestnik BIST (Bashkir Institute of Social Technologies), Nr. 4(53) (29.12.2021): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47598/2078-9025-2021-4-53-125-132.
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The subject of the article is the analysis of the state of the Bashkir patriarchal family as a representative part of Bashkir society in the middle of the 19th century, undertaken by the French sociologist Frédéric Le Play (1806–1882). The object of the research is his monographic study on this topic. The aim of the article is to determine the methods, which Le Play applied for studying the everyday life, economy and material culture of the Bashkirs, to analyze the facts, which he revealed and the conclusions he drew. The tasks proceeding from this goal are based on studying the features of the author's research methodology, empirical material, identifying original conclusions regarding the life support system of a large Bashkir family in the 19th century as a structural element of Bashkir society. The article shows the necessity of using methods of qualitative sociological analysis, applied by the author, in the domestic science. For the first time, a critical analysis of a previously unknown in the Russian historiography is given, its advantages and disadvantages are appreciated, as well as the possibilities of its use in the sociology of race and ethnic relations and anthropology of the Bashkirs.
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Mukhtarov, Timur G. „Bashkir Onomastic Heritage in the Materials of Linguistic Expeditions in the 1920s–1930s“. Вопросы Ономастики 19, Nr. 2 (2022): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2022.19.2.025.
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The article aims to identify and interpret the onomastic material collected in the course of linguistic and general field research in the Tamyan-Katai and Argayash cantons of Bashkiria, carried out by the Academic Center of the People’s Commissariat of Education of the BASSR together with the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1920s–1930s. The source materials were the documents, reports, and texts collected from the population during the expeditions of 1928–1929, now stored in the Scientific Archives of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. These sources were found to include much data on the onomastics of the Bashkir language: personal names and surnames, collective and individual nicknames, geographical names, ethnic names of clans and tribes, tribal divisions and ethnic groups living on the territory of the republic. This also includes the names of mythical characters, placenames, and cosmic objects registered both is documents (reports, route sheets, lists of informants, indexes of tribal names and attributes of Bashkir clans, etc.) and first-person records from informants (regarding the history of the clan, village, family, customs, beliefs, fairy tales, legends, etc.) These documents are of great value, since they contain archaic material relating not only to onomastics, but also to the views and beliefs of the Bashkirs. A good example would be the mention of names and nicknames of the Bashkir healer-spirits (baksy), which evidences that the forest Bashkirs still retained relics of shamanism at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Lyubichankovskiy, Sergey V. „Russian-Bashkir schools in the Orenburg Province in the post-reform period“. Samara Journal of Science 12, Nr. 2 (30.06.2023): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.55355/snv2023122207.
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The paper analyzes the number, composition and major problems in the work of Russian-Bashkir schools in the Orenburg province in the second half of the 19th early 20th centuries The analysis has been carried out on the basis of unpublished sources from the funds of the Joint State Archive of the Orenburg Region and published sources of zemsky records, as well as a number of scientific and journalistic works of the post-reform period. The connection between the development of this segment of the educational system and the theoretical study of the Bashkir language by Russian linguists is shown. The author has come to the conclusion that with time the priority in the system of Russian-Bashkir schools in the Orenburg province was the full development of their graduates in the Russian language, which required, paradoxically enough, more attention to the study of their native (Bashkir) language. The paper proves that the Congress of directors and inspectors of national schools of the Orenburg school district, which took place in Ufa in 1912, initiated a reform of the Russian-Bashkir non-Russian educational system aimed at the integration of teaching in Russian and Bashkir languages within the single curriculum. It is shown that since the establishment of the Orenburg zemstvo in 1913 the issues of non-Russian education were in the focus of its attention. The study also shows the resistance to the processes of Tatarization in Russian-Bashkir schools at the level of regional administration of the system of non-Russian education.
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AKHMADIEVA, N. V. „THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSICAL CULTURE OF BASHKIRIA IN THE 1950S - MID-1980S“. Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, Nr. 4 (13.12.2021): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2021-0-4-75-82.
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In the 1950s-1980s. the musical culture of Bashkiria was further developed, acquiring specific forms. As a result of the influence of various musical cultures, forms of professional art that were not inherent in traditional national culture were actively developing in the republic. Historically, the artistic and aesthetic experience of Bashkiria was limited to monodic forms of folk music (monophonic songs and instrumental tunes). The problem of overcoming the predominance of traditional monody in professional musical culture was urgent. Having adopted and creatively using the best traditions of classical and Soviet music, Bashkir professional music has gone an accelerated path from traditional monophonic folk music to complex genres of professional art. For several decades, such genres as opera, symphony, ballet were created in Bashkiria. Already in 1950-1970. a national style is formed on the basis of the creative implementation of folklore and the interaction of national and international in musical art. In the 1960s. against the background of the continuous interest of Bashkir composers in chamberinstrumental and chamber-vocal genres, the center of gravity is shifting to the field of musical-theatrical, symphonic music. In the musical life of the republic, great importance was attached to the popularization of musical culture. Bashkir radio paid great attention to the promotion of musical knowledge and works. Back in the early 1960s. musical and educational programs were conducted in the Bashkir and Russian languages, concerts of Bashkir, Chuvash and Russian composers were broadcast. Often, the radio played works by amateur composers with the participation of the authors themselves. At the same time, with the huge genre diversity of the musical culture of Bashkiria, significant and talented works of many authors remained outside the active cultural life, unable to popularize them and bring them to the mass audience. As a result, a serious gap was noticeable between the musical culture itself and its consumer. The low level of culture of perception of music by the population, due to the lack of professional musical education, formed preferences for pop, popular music.
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Dashkevich, Liudmila A. „Krasnoufimsk Russian-Bashkir Lower Agricultural School: N. A. Sokovnin’s Pedagogical Project“. Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 24, Nr. 1 (2022): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.1.009.
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This article explores the history of the establishment of the first Russian-Bashkir agricultural school in the Urals. Its initiator was Nikolai Aleksandrovich Sokovnin (1841–1893), a prominent figure in professional education. The article analyses reports of the Krasnoufimsk Russian-Bashkir lower agricultural school to the trustee of the Orenburg educational district written by Sokovnin. They testify to the fact that the establishment of this educational institution was the result of many years of thinking by the teacher about how it could be possible to improve the economic situation of peasants with the help of education. Sokovnin was convinced that agricultural schools could not be limited to teaching the theory and practice of farming and cattle breeding, they had to give peasants the skills to process agricultural products. He looked for new sources of national wealth in the development of small trades such as handicrafts, as well as in the dissemination of technical knowledge among the population. Sokovnin saw the missionary function of the school in the fact that it could change the established traditions of raising Bashkir children and make them sensible and thrifty heads of households. Sokovnin sent the first teachers of the agricultural school to the best processing enterprises in Central Russia to improve their technical knowledge and skills. The Krasnoufimsk Russian-Bashkir lower agricultural school was opened in 1887. It worked in accordance with the Charter, which demanded that the school have full-time teachers who received state salaries and people who worked for hire. The former included a school manager, a preparatory class teacher, three main class teachers and a teacher of law, the latter — a mullah teacher, craft teachers, foremen, a watchman and other attendants. Education at the school lasted for five years: two years in the preparatory class and three years in the basic. About 60 people studied at the school every year, a third of them being Bashkirs and representatives of other peoples who professed Islam.
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Ziyatdinov, K. Sh, A. U. Kin’yabulatov, Sh Z. Zagidullin, N. Kh Sharafutdinova und T. Z. Aminov. „M.S. Kulaev - public health administrator of the Tatar and Bashkir ASSR“. Kazan medical journal 93, Nr. 3 (15.06.2012): 554–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1894.
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Mukhametkhan Sakhipkireevich (Mstislav Aleksandrovich) Kulaev was not only a physician and a talented administrator, but also had broad and progressive views for his time on the ways of developing education in Bashkiria. He believed that it must go through the exposure of the Bashkir population to the Russian culture and through the Russian to the European culture.
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KHAKIMYANOVA, A. M. „PATRIOTIC WAR OF 1812 IN BASHKIR FOLKLORE“. Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, Nr. 3 (11.09.2023): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2023-0-3-61-67.
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The Patriotic War of Russia against the Napoleonic invaders is a bright page of the valor and courage of the peoples of our Motherland. The brave Bashkir people, who made up the most massive component of the irregular cavalry, also contributed to the victory. The participation of the Bashkirs in this war is a vivid example of loyalty to their duty, manifestation of courage and valor. The theme of the Patriotic War was reflected in history, fiction, the presence of the national cavalry is described in memoirs and works of fine art. This article is devoted to the topic of displaying it in Bashkir folklore. The heroic struggle of the Bashkir warriors as part of the Russian army against the troops of Napoleon is reproduced in various genres of Bashkir folk art, among which legends, legends, songs, legends and songs stand out. The theme is also presented in the epic and baits, the patriotic content of which shows the great changes that have taken place in the public life and spiritual culture of the people. In folklore works, a heroic image of a Bashkir warrior was created, in which the best character traits of the Bashkir people are summarized, and one can clearly trace the attitude of the people to the war, its participants and leaders. In 2022, Russia is celebrating the 210th anniversary of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. The relevance of this study lies in showing that despite the passage of more than two centuries separating us from these fateful events, the historical significance of folklore works of this period has not decreased. Painted with motifs of patriotism, the immortality of the people who stood up for their honor and freedom, works of folklore, as a memory of those heroic years, still live among the people and play an important role in the scientific and educational process and patriotic education.
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Psyanchin, Aibulat V. „FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ETHNOGRAPHIC AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE ORDER OF THE BADGE OF HONOR OF THE INSTITUTE OF HISTORY, LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE OF THE UFRC RAS“. Proceedings of the UFRC RAS. Series: History. Philology. Culture 1, Nr. 1 (März 2024): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31833/sifk/2024.1.1.007.
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The history of complex ethnological research in the Republic of Bashkortostan dates back to the establishment of the Society for the Study of Everyday Life, Culture, and History of Bashkiria, under the leadership of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic People’s Commissariat. In 1922, an ethnographic and geographical department was created within this organization. In 1929, the society had already had seven departments, including a dedicated ethnographic department, as well as an independent anthropological section, which had been formed in 1928. In 1930, the Bashkir Comprehensive Research Institute was established on the basis of the Academic Center. In 1932, the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of National Culture was separated from it. After the formation of the Bashkir branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1951, one of its first divisions was the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of History, Language, and Literature. Ethnographic research continued to be actively conducted in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and adjacent territories with a densely populated Bashkir population. The history of the Ethnology Department of the Institute is closely linked to the name of Academician R.G. Kuzeev (1929–2005). He was a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and an Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In 1955, he completed postgraduate studies at the Miklukho-Maklay Institute in Moscow and defended his PhD thesis. After that, he headed the historical department at the Institute. With the arrival of Kuzeev, there was a renewed focus on the study of ethnographic issues and the history of the origins of the Bashkir people. Based on both published and unpublished sources, this article highlights the work of the Ethnology Department at the Order of the Badge of Honor Institute of History, Language, and Literature at the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It examines the main achievements and future prospects of this department’s research.
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Makhmudov, Albert R. „THE BASHKIRS-GAINA PEOPLE IN THE MATERIALS OF THE 1965 EXPEDITION OF UFA ETHNOGRAPHERS“. Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, Nr. 1 (25.03.2024): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2024-1-60-66.
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The relevance of the study is determined by the disputes that have arisen in the society in recent decades on the issue – who the Gaina people are, why their ethnic culture differs significantly from other Bashkir groups. The answers to these questions are provided by the field materials of the expedition carried out by the Bashkir branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Perm region in 1965 with the participation of prominent ethnographers R.G. Kuzeev, N.V. Bikbulatov and S.N. Shitova. The purpose of the study is to identify information characterizing the originality of the ethnic history and culture of the Gaina Bashkirs, namely: the time and stages of settling in the territory of Perm Krai, range of settlement, causes of migration, relationships with the local population, economic activities, wedding and ceremonial traditions and other cultural areas. Materials and methods. The main sources for the study are diary entries, field materials and photo sources collected as a result of expeditionary surveys of Bashkir villages in Perm Oblast. Additional sources were archival materials, ancestries (shezhere), photo sources stored in the Scientific Fund of Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. During the study of the stated topic, methods of analyzing field data, as well as historical-comparative, historical-typological research methods were used. Study results. The article reconstructs the ethnic history of the Gaina Bashkirs on the basis of field expedition materials of Ufa scientists. Identification and processing the available ethnographic information and their subsequent systematization enabled the author to establish some features characteristic for the ethnic culture of the Gaina Bashkirs, the results of ethnic interaction and mutual influence of the Bashkir and the Tatar cultures. The scientific significance of the expedition materials for the study of the ethnoterritorial group of the northern Bashkirs is shown. Conclusions. New materials are being introduced into scientific circulation, which make it possible to significantly supplement and clarify the ethnic history and culture of the Bashkirs, to identify local differences taking into account natural-geographical and historical-ethnic traditions. It has been established that archaic elements in the culture of the Bashkir-Gaina people associated with their settled agricultural lifestyle, housing arrangement and features of the traditional costume are of great practical interest.
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Smirnov, Yuri N. „Bashkirs of Samara Transvolga Region: Inclusion into Russian Imperial Space in the 18th–19th Centuries“. Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 22, Nr. 4 (202) (2020): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2020.22.4.069.
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This article focuses on the participation Bashkirs took in the development of Transvolga Region. The lands in Samara Province were the most western ones in Russia where the Bashkir population lived compactly. Historical studies of the region and the population living there between the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth centuries refer to documents of central and local archives, manuscripts of the Russian National Library, etc. Critical analysis of sources and historiography and the application of modern techniques of local and ethnic history allows the author not only to solve research problems, but also look at the past while constructing historical and cultural memory. In the “imperial period”, the problem of correlating the ethnic and local history was complicated by the resettlement of peoples in different territories over considerable distances. The transformation of Volga Region into an internal Samara province of the empire, on the one hand, was due to the mobilisation of part of the estates of Bashkir lands, which occurred both forcibly and voluntarily. On the other hand, the loss by the Bashkirs of mostly remote and underutilised Transvolga estates was compensated for by receiving the status of a military service class, the presence of self-government, and the possibility of modernising the economy, culture, and life. As a result, the territories of the ethnos’s settlement were preserved and expanded, its undoubted numerical growth took place, amounting to more than a tenfold increase over two centuries nationwide. In the middle of the nineteenth century, about 50 thousand Bashkirs lived in Transvolga Region. The author provides a definition of the “imperial people” on the basis of active participation in the genesis of the empire, especially in the process of including “peripheral lands”. The Bashkirs are certainly an “imperial people” and Samara Transvolga Region is one of the “peripheral lands” included in the economic, political, and multicultural space of the Russian Empire, which was important for the further development of the entire multi-ethnic country.
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Fadeev, Pavel V. „Libraries’ potential for developing readers’ identities (the example of Ufa)“. VESTNIK INSTITUTA SOTZIOLOGII 31, Nr. 4 (2019): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/vis.2019.31.4.603.
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Events held by libraries under the guise of state national policy bear special meaning for the republic of Bashkortostan. Libraries are gradually transforming into centers where one can not only read literature, but also receive complementary services and spend their free time productively. The extent to which this idea is implemented in all of Bashkortostan’s libraries depends on funding. This article attempts to understand the influence of libraries on forming the identities of readers. The central Zeki Velidi Togan National Library, as well as district libraries numbers 23 and 4 served as the object for our research. The design of each of these libraries primarily serves national (Bashkortostani) identity, while possessing certain foreign elements (Ufa, Russian, Soviet, Bashkir). A common trend appears to be the stable abundance of books about Salavat Yulaev – one of the symbols of the republic. Compared to the others, the central library holds considerably more events than any district library. Most events held by the central library are aimed at developing and sustaining Bashkir identity. Bashkir language is used during many gatherings, while the primary audience of thematic evenings is comprised of Bashkirs (there tend to be less Tatars Потенциал библиотек в формировании идентичностей читателей (на примере Уфы) 53 № 4, Том 10, 2019 and Russians present at these events). Ufa, Tatar and religious identities are almost completely absent from the events conducted by the National library. District libraries work in several directions simultaneously: working with troubled youth, moral education, local history, fields such as aesthetics, ecology etc. Evens held by district libraries are more diverse and correlate with the holiday calendar. Both district libraries evaluated provide books in several languages, however, the bulk of those books are written in Russian. Meanwhile books in Bashkir and Tatar are in somewhat less demand, due to their irrelevance (they are mostly read by national language students and teachers, of which there are not too many), and a lack of popular literature written in national languages.
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Buskunbaeva, Liliya A. „Прагмалингвистические аспекты кодовых переключений в башкирском языке (на материале устных дискурсов)“. Oriental studies 16, Nr. 4 (12.09.2023): 983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2023-68-4-983-993.
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Introduction. Bashkir-Russian code-switching is inextricably linked with the phenomenon of mass bilingualism in the Republic of Bashkortostan. One single phrase can sequentially contain lexemes of both Russian and Bashkir. Guest-language material represented by unassimilated lexemes with adequate equivalents in the host language can be further extended to word combinations and even introduction of morphemes. Goals. The study attempts an analysis of pragmatic functions inherent to code-switching in oral discourses. Materials and methods. The paper focuses on oral narratives recorded within the project granted by Russian Science Foundation (‘Code-Switching in Bashkir-Russian Bilingualism: Insights into Dialectal Discourses’). The to be analyzed patterns were selected via continuous sampling. The work employs the and statistical method, those of discourse and contextual analyses. Results. Bashkir-Russian code-switching is often triggered by unpreparedness and spontaneity of oral speech, lack of time to measure and structure one’s narrative. The analysis shows the key pragmatic functions of code-switching are topic-related and metalinguistic ones, those of introducing citations, offering jokes, saving speech efforts and filling lacunas. One particular code switch may actually combine a variety of such pragmatic functions.
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Hamidullin, Usman. „To the question about the historical genesis of patrimonial law of the bashkirs“. Advances in Law Studies 9, Nr. 4 (25.12.2021): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-5087-2021-9-4-16-20.
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The article discusses the issue of the formation and development of patrimonial law of the Bashkirs before the accession of Bashkiria to the Russian state. Guided by the pluralism of approaches to legal thinking, the author made an attempt to reconstruct the historical genesis of the patrimonial law of the Bashkirs, as well as the sources of this law in the Golden Horde and post-Horde periods. Based on the analysis of general historical sources, Bashkir legends and chronicles, as well as the corresponding Horde legal monuments, the following conclusions are substantiated: firstly, starting from about the middle of the XIV century on the territory of Bashkiria, those social and political conditions that determined the content of the customary legal norms of the patrimonial law of the Bashkirs began to take shape; secondly, due to the influence of the political and legal ideology of "chingizism", the Bashkirs form a legal myth that the tribal law has its source in the establishment of Chinggis Khan; thirdly, in the legal system of the Golden Horde and in the post-Horde Chingizid khanates, which largely inherited the legal traditions of the first, there were no external forms of expression of law, with the help of which direct state sanctioning of the customs of the Bashkirs associated with clan land tenure was carried out. At the same time, it seems that, by the nature of the prescriptions, the khan's shert and tarkhan labels could indirectly sanction the patrimonial law of the Bashkirs.
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Aksanov, Anvar Vasilievich. „The History of medieval Bashkirs in the ethnogenetic discourse of R.G. Kuzeev“. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region 13, Nr. 3 (01.12.2023): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-3.167-178.
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The ethnogenetic concept of R.G. Kuzeev, according to which the Belebeevo-Bugulma upland from the end of the 1st millennium A.D. is the territory of the formation of the Bashkir people, has established itself in historiography, and for several decades various researchers and publicists rely on it in their research. However, its main provisions are not verified. Sources of the 10th–15th centuries do not connect medieval Bashkirs (“bashgart”, “baskart”, “paskatir”) with the territory of the Belebeevo-Bugulma upland, and the sources of the 16th century localize the Bashkirs (“Bashkird”, “Bashkirs”) in the Perm Kama region. The composition and localization of the ethno-tribal divisions of the medieval Bashkirs were established by R.G. Kuzeev on the basis of data from sources of the 18th–19th centuries. But this extrapolation was carried out without taking into account the significant ethno-social changes that occurred in the 17th–18th centuries. Therefore, it is obvious that the concept of R.G. Kuzeev does not stand up to scientific criticism, and the ideas about the ethnogenesis of the medieval Bashkirs that have developed on its basis need to be substantially corrected.
For citation: Aksanov A.V. The History of medieval Bashkirs in the ethnogenetic discourse of R.G. Kuzeev. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2023, vol.13, no.3, pp.167–178. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2023-13-3.167-178 (In Russian)
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Nadergulov, Minlegali Kh. „BASHKIR LITERARY STUDIES: THE PAST, THE PRESENT, AND THE FUTURE“. Proceedings of the UFRC RAS. Series: History. Philology. Culture 1, Nr. 1 (März 2024): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31833/sifk/2024.1.1.012.
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The article discusses the history and achievements of the Department of Literary Criticism, as well as the efforts to establish the science of Bashkir literature. The first attempts at analyzing the works of Bashkir authors were made at the beginning of the 20th century. The formation of the discipline of Bashkir literary criticism is closely linked to the development of the Institute of History, Language, and Literature, which was formerly known as the Society for Studying Bashkiria in 1922 and the Institute for National Culture in 1932. During the pre-war period, staff members of the department focused on works by prominent Soviet authors such as A.Tagirov, D. Yulty, and T. Yanabi. Preparations were also underway for the publication of M.Gafuri complete works and a single-volume collection of poetry by poet G.Salam. Large-scale study of the theory and history of Bashkir literature began in the 50s and 60s of the last century, when such qualified specialists as G.Z. Ramazanov, G.B. Khusainov, M.F. Gainullin and others began to work in the department. The achievements of the department’s staff are reflected in the following works: “The history of Bashkir Soviet literature. Essays” (1968, in Bashkir. spring.) and “the history of Bashkir Soviet literature “ (1977). Notable works in the study of the history and theory of national literature include A.I. Kharisov «Literary Heritage of the Bashkir People. XVIII–XIX Centuries» (1965), K.A. Akhmedyanov’s «Theory of Literature» (1971), and A.H. Vakhitov’s «Genre and Style in Bashkir Prose» (1982). S.G. Safuanov’s work on «Interethnic Relations in Bashkir Literature» (1979) and A.H. Vildanov and G.S. Kunafin’s book on «Bashkir Enlightenment Democrats of the XIX Century» (1981) are also notable. In the 1970s and ‘80s , as archaeological research began to become more systematic, the department under the guidance of Professor G.B. Khusainov began writing a multivolume history of national literature, resulting in the publication of 6 volumes of «History of Bashkir Literature» in Bashkir between 1990 and 1996. In recent years, the department staff, led by M.Kh. Nadergulov, has prepared and published «History of Bashkir Literature», in 3 volumes, in Russian. The 7th volume in the Bashkir series, dedicated to the literature of the post-Sov iet era, 3 volumes of «Anthology of Bashkir Literature», and more than 20 monographs on the theory and history of Bashkir literature. The scientific team of F.S. Fazylova and F.B. Yunusova has also prepared and published a complete work by the national poet of Bashkortostan, M. Karim, in 11 volumes.
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Belyakov, S. S. „The history of Ural literature. 19th century. In 2 vols.“ Voprosy literatury, Nr. 4 (23.09.2022): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2022-4-288-293.
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The review deals with a monograph co-authored by 61 scholars from 19 research centres located in Russia and across the world. The authors chose to follow a geographical approach, counting all writers who had ever resided in the Urals and surrounding area (Western Siberia) as belonging to the region’s literature, irrespective of their ethnicity. The book discusses the history of Russian literature in the Urals in the first and second halves of the 19th c., as well as literatures created by the Bashkir, the Udmurt, and the Komi — the peoples inhabiting the Urals alongside Russians. The authors of the monograph also examine the work of exiles to the Urals, travellers’ impressions of the region, the origins and evolution of the region’s journalism, bookselling, and libraries, as well as the Urals’ most prominent writers, with the figure of D. MaminSibiryak looming large. The approach feels completely justified: we are presented with a glorious patchwork of a literary world created by Russian, Bashkir, Ukrainian and even Polish writers, whose fate brought them to the Urals.
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Timasheva, Ya R., T. R. Nasibullin, I. A. Tuktarova, V. V. Erdman, T. R. Galiullin, O. V. Zaplakhova und K. Z. Bakhtiiarova. „Genome-wide polygenic analysis of multiple sclerosis markers“. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 13, Nr. 1S (16.09.2021): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-1s-31-38.
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Objective: to perform a genome-wide polygenic analysis of multiple sclerosis (MS) markers in the ethnic groups of Bashkirs, Russians, and Tatars living in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation).Patients and methods. Genotyping was performed using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of genes of the human leukocyte differentiation antigens CD6 (rs17824933), CD40 (rs6074022), CD58 (rs2300747), CD86 (rs9282641), transcription factors SOX8 (rs2744148) and ZBTB46 (rs6062314), beta-mannosidase MANBA (rs228614), C-type lectin domain CLEC16A (rs12708716), ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 RPS6KB1 (rs180515), and long noncoding RNA gene PVT1 (rs759648) in 644 patients with MS and 1408 controls. Multilocus analysis of the disease associations with combinations of genotypes and alleles of the studied polymorphic loci was performed using the APSampler algorithm.Results and discussion. We determined the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies of the studied polymorphic loci in the ethnic groups of Bashkirs, Russians, and Tatars. We also observed disease associations with CD58 (rs2300747) and RPS6KB1 (rs180515) polymorphic loci in Russian men, CD86 (rs9282641) in Russian, PVT1 (rs759648) in Tatar women, CD40 (rs6074022) in Bashkir men, and identified 19 combinations of genotypes and/or alleles significantly associated with MS.Conclusion. Based on the genome-wide polygenic analysis of MS markers, we identified ethno- and gender-specific combined markers of the disease susceptibility.
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Khasanova, Zifa Faritovna. „The items of Islam and pre-Islamic beliefs of the Bashkirs in collection of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography of the Institute of Ethnological Research of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences“. Genesis: исторические исследования, Nr. 11 (November 2021): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.11.36740.
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The subject of this research is museum sources on the religion of Bashkir people. The goal lies in examination of the items of Islam and pre-Islamic beliefs from the ethnographic collections of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography of R. G. Kuzeev Institute of Ethnological Research of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is determined that the Museum stores over 50 items related to religion that were collected in the late XX century in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Kurgan Oblast, and Orenburg Oblast. These Islamic (Sunni Muslims) items are rather associated with the traditions and lifestyle of the Bashkir people: prayer rugs – namazlik, Quran, tasbih, tagiyah, ablution items – kumgan, dress of the Mullah. Prayer rugs are decorated with floral embroidery, with images of mosque, kumgan, crescent moon, and Arabic inscription. The collections also feature the items related to Shia Muslims – a stone used in prayer. Islam first infiltrated Bashkir culture in the X – XI centuries; by the XIII – XIV century it spread significantly; strengthening its positions with each century, it has fully integrated into life of Bashkir population by the end of the XIX century. Despite this fact, certain items pre-Islamic beliefs have retained in everyday life of the Bashkir people: amulets (amulet stones, juniper, feathers of wood grouse, goose down, etc.). Bashkirs were able to synthesize the pre-Islamic and Islamic tradition, which remain existing harmoniously in the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
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Sagitova, Aisylu S. „The Worldview Sources of Bashkir Theater“. ICONI, Nr. 1 (2019): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33779/2658-4824.2019.1.167-175.
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The art of the Bashkir people, similarly to the art of all the peoples of the world, emerged in very early historical times and has its unique roots, which lead us into those remote times when the Bashkirs worshiped pagan gods, and all of their life was that of service to natural elements. These were the times when the great epos “Ural-batyr” was created, which in many ways has conditioned the worldview and world-perception of the Bashkir people during the course of many centuries. Particularly in the epic character of this work and in its pure, unadulterated, direct pathos lies the key to the romantically elevated Bashkir performing art. Frequently even presently, in the technological age of all-pervading mercenary self-interest, cold rationality and unlimited irony in national theater, in some performances a special style of pronunciation of the text as a type of epic singing is preserved. In any of the productions carried out by the Bashkir State Mazhit Gafuri Academic Theater of Drama — whether it be national, Russian or Western European classics or relevant contemporary dramaturgy — it always has the sound of the unusual, original, elevated, melodic, poetical intonation of speech, characteristic only to the Bashkir language. This peculiar intonation is an integral part (ancient, mythological, and archetypical) of the Bashkir consciousness and its product — the Bashkir language, in its sound and melody reminding heroic chants: strict, measured, not restless, maybe, at times harsh and at the same time soft. The language is an invaluable repository of people’s ancient culture and history. The Bashkir art of theatrical performance, which aspires towards capacious relief forms, parabolic, profound plot-generating meanings and epic melodiousness, is in many ways determined particularly by its mythological world perception. The latter is genetically intrinsic to the Bashkir people and is perceived by them as “a genuine and maximally concrete reality”. The worldview sources and folklore traditions make it possible for the Bashkir people to preserve their face and, keeping up with the time, to orient themselves on folklore traditions as the measure of things and the reference point in the constantly changing contemporary world. Therein is contained the unique sense of motion and development of the Bashkir theater: to be con-temporary (in tune with the times), but to base itself on the timeless and the eternal.
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Latypova, Rida, Gulkay Samirkhanova, Nailya Lasynova, Zulfiya Akhmetzadina und Liliya Absalyamova. „The Role of ABC Books and Dictionaries at the End of XIX – the Beginning of the XX Century in the History of the Bashkir Literary Language“. SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001153.
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The present work is devoted to the linguistic analysis of the first Bashkir ABC books, textbooks and dictionaries compiled on the basis of the Russian script at the end of XIX – the beginning of the XX centuries. The linguistic characteristics, the graphic and phonetic analysis, comparison of the written sources with dialects of the modern Bashkir literary language are the main directions in which the research was conducted. In this work, proceeding from the character and the purpose of the studied material, the widely applied in linguistics descriptive (i.e. the careful description of each separate source at the level of a graphophonetics, graphomorphology, morphology) and historical and comparative (comparison of separate historical stages of development of the Bashkir literary language) methods are used. The results of the research allow to find out the influence of the studied sources on formation and development of the Bashkir writing and language standards of the literary language. During this period a new type of the Bashkir literary language, different from Turkic began to be formed, i.e. Bashkir gained recognition as an independent language with the writing based on the Russian script.
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Suleymanova, R. A. „SPELLING OF BASHKIR FAMILY ANTHROPONYMS“. Onomastics of the Volga Region, Nr. 1 (2020): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2020-1.onomast.369-374.
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Particular attention is required to the correct transliteration into Russian of the names of representatives of non-Russian nationalities, including and the Bashkir people, whose anthroponymic system abounds in a large number of phonetic variants of surnames. The author, using an example of analysis of specific surnames from a research source, describes in detail those phonetic processes in the field of vowels that led to the polyvariance of Bashkir surnames, such as alternating sounds, stunning voiced consonants, and the loss of individual sounds.
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RAKHMATULLINA, Z. YA. „100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE ORDER OF THE BADGE OF HONOR OF THE INSTITUTE OF HISTORY, LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE OF THE UFA FEDERAL RESEARCH CENTER OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES: HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE, ETHNOCULTURAL POTENTIAL, ACHIEVEMENTS AND A SCIENTIFIC LOOK INTO THE FUTURE“. Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, Nr. 2 (Juni 2022): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2022-0-2-29-37.
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The 100th anniversary is a significant milestone in the scientific biography of the Order of the Badge of Honor of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which is one of the leading research centers of the republic and the country, developing ethno-national topics related primarily to the study of socio-cultural history, language, literature and folklore of the Bashkir people. As you know, the centennial anniversary in the life of any scientific organization is a generalization of the path traveled, the accumulated research experience, scientific achievements, the definition of plans and current directions for further work. Over the years of its existence, the Institute has gone through several major reorganizations, formed more than a dozen reputable scientific schools, widely known not only in the republic but also abroad, became the source of academic scientific thought in Bashkortostan and the entire South Ural region, trained hundreds of highly qualified scientific personnel, well-known scientists and researchers in the scientific world, who made a worthy contribution to the development of national humanities. From the study of archeology and ancient history and culture of the region to the analysis of modern socio-cultural processes, ethnography and the anthropology of Bashkirs, the history and current state of the Bashkir language and its dialects, Bashkir folklore, the history and theory of Bashkir literature - this is the thematic range of fundamental scientific research of the Institute's staff. Annual archaeological and dialectological expeditions, holding scientific conferences of various levels, active cooperation with scientific centers of the regions of Russia, near and far abroad, participation in competitions for grants, work with graduate students are inseparable links of the scientific life of the Institute. Landmark archaeological discoveries, works on history performed by large collectives, large multivolume collective works, multi-volume collections of Bashkir folklore, anthologies of Bashkir literature, numerous multi-aspect and thematic dictionaries having not only scientific, but also social, cultural, educational significance, innovative scientific discourses demonstrate the research capabilities of scientists and the ability of the institute to qualitatively solve the problems facing modern humanitarian science.
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Torlanbayeva, K. „COLONIAL RUSSIA’S POLICY TOWARDS ISLAM IN KAZAKHSTAN (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE ORENBURG STATE ARCHIVE)“. History of the Homeland 96, Nr. 4 (29.12.2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/1814-6961_2021_4_76.
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In this paper author explore Russia’s colonial policy with regard to religion, population or Orenburg steppes on the basis of archive data. Main task of the publication is a complex research of history of Russia’s colonial policy regarding peoples in Central Asia. Steppe part of the Orenburg region was included into conquered colonial territory of Russia. This region connecting steppe routes of Kazakhs, Bashkir, Tatars and representing a strategical territory for strengthening Russian influence in Central Asia. Interesting aspects explored during review of archive data and study of the region’s history is a policy towards religious life of population. The methodology of the analysis is based on the study of archival materials in Orenburg conducted by researchers in 2010. The focus was on archival materials of the Orenburg State Archive on the situation of Kazakhs, Tatars and Bashkirs in the Russian Empire.The result of the study was the conclusion that religion was considered by the colonial administration as the main tool of trust establishment to the Russian authorities.
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Khusainova, Gulnur R. „BASHKIR FOLKLORE STUDIES IN THE SYSTEM OF MODERN HUMANITIES (EXPERIENCE OF COLLECTING, PUBLISHING, RESEARCH)“. Proceedings of the UFRC RAS. Series: History. Philology. Culture 1, Nr. 1 (März 2024): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31833/sifk/2024.1.1.010.
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The article attempts to provide a brief overview of the activities of the Institute’s folklorists after joining the system of the Russian Academy of Science. It is characterized by regularity, consistency in all areas of folklore studies, activation of expedition, research, and publication activities. It was during this period in the history of Bashkir folklore that the experience of scientific and textual work appeared, as a result of which four multi-volume scientific collections “Bashkir Folk Art”, more than a dozen collections of samples of Bashkir folk art were prepared and published; several dozen monographic studies were written and published, in which genre features, ideological basis, and image system were considered, as well as artistic and visual means; The actual problems of Bashkir folklore studies were covered in the serial edition of the collection of scientific articles “Bashkir Folklore». The mid-1970s -early 2000s in the history of Bashkir folklore studies are significant for the increased attention to the publication of samples of Bashkir folklore in Russian, later in English. In the research of the XXI century, emphasis was placed on the poetics of such genres as fairy tales, epics, songs and others; interdisciplinary connections. In the genre of the Bashkir fairy tale according to the experimental method of the famous Russian folklorist, the corresponding member of RAS V.M. Gatsak conducted a study on the problem of the persistence of a fairy tale in time and the transferability of a fairy tale from a “teacher” to a “student” G.R. Khusainova. The XXI century in world folklore is also significant for the increased attention to the reliability of sources. In the history of Bashkir folklore, it is reflected in the monograph by Sh.R. Shakurova, devoted to the textual analysis of the archival primary source of the epic “Ural-Batyr” and its academic alternative (publishing) versions in the first part of the study, and in the second– the phototypic reproduction of the archival primary source of the epic “Ural-Batyr”; the publication of the authentic text of the epic “Ural-Batyr” with parallel submission in Cyrillic, prepared by G.V. Yuldybayeva. Significant events in Bashkir folklore were the preparation and publication of the encyclopedia “Folklore of the Peoples of Bashkortostan”, the translation of the masterpieces of world epic of the Kyrgyz epic “Manas” (2016) and the Yakut epic-olonkho “Nyurgun-Bootur the Swift” (2023) into the Bashkir language. One of the important achievements of Bashkir folklorists is also the implementation of projects under grants from the RGNF.
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Мигранова, Эльза Венеровна. „BASHKIR PROVERBS AS A SOURCE OF STUDING TRADITIONAL ECONOMY AND FOOD CULTURE OF THE PEOPLE“. Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, Nr. 4(34) (28.12.2021): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2021-4-136-147.
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Целью данной статьи является рассмотрение отражения в паремическом наследии башкирского народа такой важной составляющей системы жизнеобеспечения, как традиционная пищевая культура, а также прошлых хозяйственных занятий народа. Многие башкирские пословицы дошли до нас из глубокой древности, некоторые появились несколько позднее, иные — даже ближе к нашему времени. В качестве основного источника нами использованы башкирские пословицы в переводе на русский язык из 7-го тома свода «Башкирское народное творчество» (Уфа, 1993); оригиналы пословиц на башкирском языке содержатся в издании «Башkорт халыk ижады» (Уфа, 1980). Значительный вклад в сбор и изучение паремического наследия башкир внесли дореволюционные и советские исследователи башкирского края, а также современные ученые-фольклористы. Среди них особо следует выделить доктора филологических наук Ф. А. Надршину, сфера научных интересов которой, в числе прочих вопросов, касалась и изучения паремического наследия башкирского народа. Из пословиц можно получить представление и о древнейших, допроизводственных видах хозяйственной деятельности башкир (охота, рыболовство, собирательство, в том числе собирательство меда диких пчел — бортничество), и о производящих — скотоводство, птицеводство, земледелие, садоводство и огородничество. Продукты питания, о которых упоминается в башкирских пословицах, можно условно разделить на несколько категорий — это продукты животного происхождения (мясо, молоко, яйца, рыба); растительная пища (крупы, злаки, овощи, дикие коренья и травы); а также мед, специи и т. д. Большое внимание в пословицах уделялось качеству продуктов; в них отображен и порядок приема пищи; гостеприимство народа, традиционные башкирские праздники и обряды, а также пища, приготовляемая к ним; пищевые табу, соблюдение которых было обязательным в башкирском обществе и т. д. Так, например, осуждалось пьянство; водка считалась причиной многих болезней и даже смерти. В народной среде было принято бережное, рачительное отношение к продуктам питания, что также нашло отражение в пословицах и поговорках. В далеком прошлом у башкир, как у многих других язычников, с пищей были связаны определенные культы и поверья. К тому же, сохранившиеся в народной памяти отголоски неурожайных голодных лет, дали значительный материал для появления пословиц о необходимости ценить еду. Исходя из анализа имеющихся материалов, можно еще раз подтвердить, что пословицы — это ценный источник для изучения истории башкирского народа, его духовной и материальной культуры. The purpose of this article is to consider the reflection in the paremic heritage of the Bashkir people of such an important component of the life support system as traditional food culture, as well as the past economic activities of the people. Many Bashkir proverbs originated come down to us from ancient times, some appeared a little later, others-even closer to our time. As the main source, we used Bashkir proverbs translated into Russian from volume 7 of the series “Bashkir folk Art” (Ufa, 1993); The originals of proverbs in the Bashkir language are contained in the publication “Bashkort Halyk Izhady” (Ufa, 1980). A significant contribution to the collection and study of the Bashkir paremic heritage was made by pre-revolutionary and Soviet researchers of the Bashkir territory, as well as modern folklore scientists. Among them, it is particularly necessary to highlight F. A. Nadrshina, whose sphere of scientific interests, among other issues, concerned the study of the paremic heritage of the Bashkir people. The food products mentioned in Bashkir proverbs can be divided into several categories: animal products (meat, milk, eggs); vegetable food (cereals, vegetables, wild roots and herbs); fish, honey, spices, as well as dishes prepared from them. Much attention was paid to the quality of products in the paremias; they also reflect the order of eating; the hospitality of the people, traditional Bashkir holidays and rituals, as well as food prepared for them; food taboos, the observance of which was mandatory in Bashkir society, etc. For example, drunkenness was condemned; vodka was considered the cause of many diseases and even death. Among the people, a careful, prudent attitude to food was promoted, which was also reflected in proverbs and sayings. In the distant past, the Bashkirs, like many other pagans, had certain cults and beliefs associated with food. In addition, the echoes of the lean famine years preserved in the people's memory also provided significant material for the appearance of proverbs about the need to appreciate food. Based on the analysis of the available materials, we can conclude that proverbs are a valuable source for studying the ethnography of Bashkirs, its spiritual and material culture.
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Buskunbaeva, L. A., und Z. Ya Rakhmatullina. „Code-Switching in Bashkir Takhmaks-Chastushkas (Pragmatic Aspects)“. Nauchnyi dialog 13, Nr. 4 (24.05.2024): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-4-9-31.
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This paper presents a pragma-linguistic analysis of language switches observed in samples of Takhmaks-Chastushkas, a genre of Bashkir folk songs with a wide thematic range performed in a recitative and melodicrecitative style. The material for analysis comes from expedition records of the authors, samples of Takhmaks-Chastushkas included in a separate volume of the multi-volume systematic scientific publication “Bashkir Folk Creativity”. It is demonstrated that a large number of bilingual Takhmaks function in Bashkir song folklore, their emergence influenced by centuries-old language contacts and the prolonged cohabitation of representatives of the Bashkir and Russian peoples on the same territory. Key pragmatic functions of code-switching (humorous, rhyme-forming, and referential) are identified, which can be combined within one realization of codeswitching. Despite differences between the two language systems, the composer of Takhmaks achieves semantic, compositional, and structural integrity of the text by mixing lexemes from the Bashkir and Russian languages. It is emphasized that code-switching is done to create a humorous effect, attract the audience’s attention, maintain rhyme and rhythm of the Takhmak, and compensate for speech gaps. If foreign material is replaced with native language content and brought into line with the norms of the native language, Takhmaks lose their humorous nuance.
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Snarski, Ya A. „Two tales of Kushtau Hill movement: ethnic environmental mobilisation and perceived costs of neopatrimonialism“. Полис. Политические исследования, Nr. 3 (29.05.2024): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2024.03.11.
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In recent years the number of environmental protests in Russian regions has been on the rise, despite the shrinking political opportunity structure. In the Bashkortostan republic, the Bashkir Soda Company's (BSC) decision to develop the Kushtau Hill for soda ash provoked an environmental campaign to save the mountain. The Kushtau Hill movement succeeded, despite the highly repressive response from regional government and its tight patrimonial link to the BSC - two conditions identified in the literature as unfavorable to protesters. How is environmental discontent successfully mobilised under a repressive government and embedded extractive practices? Drawing on semi-structured interviews with activists, I trace two interlinked pathways to successful mobilisation. The first one testifies to the role played by national organisations in sustaining environmental collective action. Under a shrinking opportunity structure for formal ENGOs, the Bashkir national organisation “Bashkort” provided the emerging movement with its experience of informal organisation. Its leadership successfully linked ethnic grievances to environmental mobilisation byclaiming the Bashkirs' special relation to the mountain. However, ethnic and neighbour ties did not prevent a repressive response from the regional government due to a limited scale of the mobilisation. The second story deals with framing processes that expand the scope of potential supporters beyond particularistic ties. Protesters highlighted the perceived costs of neopatrimonialism to justify their demands. This framing put the republic head as a scapegoat who secured interests of the federal centre and BSC, compromising the residents' ecological well-being. Therefore, Kushtau Hill activists attracted new members, not putting themselves into danger of being perceived as extremists that targeted a regime-dimension.
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Bilalova, Dina Nurimanovna. „Metaphorical term formation in technical discourse (based on Russian, Bashkir, and English)“. Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 17, Nr. 2 (29.02.2024): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20240093.
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The aim of the research is to identify the nominative and structural characteristics of metaphorical terms in technical discourse using the material of Russian, Bashkir, and English. The paper clarifies the notions “metaphor” and “metaphorical models” in a comparative aspect. In scientific language, metaphorization is the process of selecting terms based on similarities between different objects in terms of their features, functions, or characteristics. The main conceptual fields in the formation of metaphorical terms are represented by the metaphorical models “Human” and “Nature”. The study is novel in that it is the first to analyze metaphorical term formation in the Russian, Bashkir, and English languages, introducing into scientific use new factual data on technical terminology in a comparative aspect. It was found that in the analyzed languages, there is a high percentage of metaphors within the “Human” and “Nature” models. The research revealed that the process of metaphorization in technical terminology is more extensive in Russian and English compared to the Bashkir language. Metaphor proves to be an effective means of forming technical terms in the languages under consideration.