Dissertationen zum Thema „Rusa“

ACCESS RESTRICTED TO ABSTRACT ONLY. This thesis examines the ecology and environmental impact of rusa deer, Cervus timorensis, in Royal National Park (Royal NP). Wild deer are an emerging pest in many parts of Australia and their biology and impact on both native flora and fauna is largely unknown. This study aims to inform the management of this species. The study was conducted from September 1999 to December 2001 in Royal NP, 30 km south of Sydney, NSW, Australia. The ecology of rusa deer was divided into two sections, namely movement ecology (encompassing home-range, habitat use and dispersal) and population ecology (encompassing the study of density, rate of increase, reproduction, mortality, the presence of disease and parasites and body condition). Movement ecology was investigated by fitting radio-collars to a variety of age and sex classes of deer in several areas of the Park and monitoring their behaviour. Home-range size ranged from less than 1 km2 to 8 km2. Most animals showed significant variation in their home-range between seasons, with increases in range most common in winter, perhaps in response to decreased food availability at this time. Analysis of habitat use within home-ranges showed that most animals centred their activity around cleared grassed areas flanked by forest, heath or woodland areas. The size of the home-range and the amount of cleared land in each home-range was highly correlated. Most deer shifted their range seasonally, however only three out of 29 radio-collared animals dispersed. All were sub-adult males between 1 and 2 years of age. All three animals were from high density deer areas and all dispersed to low density deer areas. This result, along with the observation that three other males in this age group from low-density deer areas did not disperse, suggests that dispersal in this population is density dependent. The distribution, abundance and rate of increase of the rusa deer population in Royal NP was determined by conducting scat surveys of all areas of the Park in three consecutive years. This information along with estimates of deer scat decay rates and defecation rates allowed the density of deer in different areas of the Park and the total number of deer in the park to be determined. Population estimates for the three survey years ranged from 2522 in 1999 to 2877 in 2001. The density of deer was highest in areas where larger cleared, grassed areas were present. Deer numbers did not change significantly over the three survey years. Estimation of the rate of increase for the population showed that in the year 1999/2000 deer numbers increased 1.10 times and in 2000/2001 increased by 1.04 times. The observed exponential rate of increase for the population over the three-year period 1999 to 2001 was estimated to be 10%. These results indicate that the population is relatively stable and likely to be at or close to carrying capacity. Reproductive parameters, mortality, the presence of diseases and parasites, and the body condition of deer was determined by examining necropsy material taken from shot deer and deer found dead from other causes (e.g. motor vehicle accidents). Analysis of male reproductive material indicated that they first produced sperm at between 1 and 1.5 years of age and around 37 kg body weight. Antler development, testis weight and sperm production were strongly influenced by the timing of the rut, with younger male’s antler, testis and sperm production cycles showing a lag of up to one month behind that of older males. A total of 20 males (24% of males sampled) only had one testicle. Female rusa deer were able to reproduce from 1.5 years of age or from 33 kg to 43 kg body weight, with the youngest lactating female recorded at 2.5 years of age (based on an 8 month gestation period). The season of births for this population peaked in April and the average frequency of births for rusa deer females ranged from 0.86 to 0.67 pregnancies per year. The sex ratio of fetuses sampled over a two-year period did not differ significantly from parity and the fecundity rate of females peaked at between 0.35 and 0.43 for females between 6 and 7 years of age. Examination of the cause of deer deaths showed that the most important mortality agents acting on this population were collisions with motor vehicles, followed by dog attacks. Ticks were the only external parasites found on the deer, with low levels of internal parasites found in some animals. Blood samples showed some deer to have low antibody titres to the stock and wildlife diseases, leptospirosis, Q fever, akabane and ephemeral fever. Body condition scores showed a cyclic pattern for both males and females. Males showed a typical fat deposition period before the rut and fat loss period during and after the rut. Females showed a typical pattern of fat deposition and retention during pregnancy and loss during lactation. The environmental impact of rusa deer in Royal NP was determined by monitoring the diversity of plant species in fenced and control plots at high and low deer density sites over a two year period, by examining the diet of shot and found deer in different areas of the Park and by determining the dietary overlap between deer and the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor). Results of the exclosure experiment showed no differences between the diversity of plant species in fenced plots compared to control plots at individual sites. However, large differences existed between plots located in high deer density locations compared to low deer density locations for the habitats of littoral rainforest (54% less understorey species at high deer density sites), sandstone gully forest (33% less understorey species at high deer density sites) and sandstone heath (27% less understorey species at high deer density sites). Analysis of deer diet showed that they consumed a total of 18 native plant genera and 155 native plant species. These plants included a variety of trees, shrubs, climbers, creepers, ferns, orchids, herbs, grasses, rushes and sedges, including two endangered species, nine vulnerable species and 13 regionally uncommon species. Seasonal variation of dietary intake showed that many deer switched from introduced grass consumption to more native plant consumption in winter. Diet modeling showed that the volume of deer rumen increased in winter and that the deer population in Royal NP consumes around 36 million litres of native plant material per year. Results of four dietary overlap studies between deer and wallabies showed that overlap ranged from 24% in autumn in a heath habitat to 60% in winter in a cleared/mosaic habitat. Modeling of deer and wallaby density as a combined herbivore unit showed that one deer is equal to around 3.88 wallabies (based on stomach and rumen volumes) and that herbivore unit density (including deer) was two to three times greater than the density of other similar sized herbivores along the east coast of Australia. Interpretation of this research shows that rusa deer impact on both native flora and fauna in some areas. Targeted and strategic management of deer numbers in high impacted sites and follow up monitoring of both deer numbers and vegetation response is recommended. Implications for the removal of large numbers of deer from Royal NP (e.g. fire fuel loads and weed proliferation) should also be considered in future management strategies.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2004.
A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Science, Technology and Environment, School of Science, Food and Horticulture, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographies.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Es como consecuencia del fin de la Unión de Republicas Socialistas Soviéticas-URSS que surge la Federación Rusa, un nuevo estado ahora capitalista y liberal. A partir del surgimiento del mismo se pretende en el presente trabajo analizar los principales desafíos vividos por la Federación con respecto a la formulación de política interna y externa desde 1991 hasta 2008 y a partir de allí se busca comprender como la federación se relacionó con la organización militar más grande del mundo, la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte-OTAN. Con la utilización de documentos oficiales y autores especializados se procura entender en el análisis de estas tres etapas los vaivenes vividos por la política rusa en el transcurso de casi 20 años vislumbrando de esta forma el padrón de comportamiento adoptado desde el fin de la Guerra Fría. Por medio del presente trabajo se busca obtener una visión panorámica del comportamiento de Rusia a nivel nacional e internacional con foco principal en la relación Rusia-OTAN estructurando un argumento que permita comprender el comportamiento ruso en esta nueva era.
It is as a consequence of the end of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics-USSR that the Russian Federation emerges, a new state now capitalist and liberal. From the outset, it is intended in the present work to analyze the main challenges faced by the Federation in respect to the formulation of internal and external policy from 1991 to 2008. From there on it is sought to understand how the federation relates with the largest military organization in the world, The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Making use of official documents and specialized authors it is tried to understand in the analysis of these three stages the ups and downs of Russian politics over the course of almost 20 years, thus envisaging the pattern of behavior adopted since the end of the cold war. The present work seeks to obtain a panoramic view of the behavior of Russia at national and international level with a focus on the Russia-NATO relationship, structuring an argument to understand Russian behavior in this new era.
É como consequência do fim da União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas-URSS que surge a Federação Russa, um novo Estado agora capitalista e liberal. A partir do surgimento do mesmo pretende-se no presente trabalho analisar os principais desafios vividos pela Federação com respeito à formulação da política interna e externa de 1991 até 2008. A partir daí busca-se compreender como a federação se relacionou com a maior organização militar do mundo, a Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte-OTAN. Com a utilização de documentos oficiais e autores especializados procura-se entender na análise dessas três etapas os vaivéns vividos pela política russa no transcurso de quase 20 anos, vislumbrando dessa forma o padrão de comportamento adotado desde o fim da guerra fria. Por meio do presente trabalho busca-se obter uma visão panorâmica do comportamento da Rússia a nível nacional e internacional com foco principal na relação Rússia-OTAN, estruturando um argumento que permita compreender o comportamento russo nesta nova era.

Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Velasco e Cruz
Resumo: Es como consecuencia del fin de la Unión de Republicas Socialistas Soviéticas-URSS que surge la Federación Rusa, un nuevo estado ahora capitalista y liberal. A partir del surgimiento del mismo se pretende en el presente trabajo analizar los principales desafíos vividos por la Federación con respecto a la formulación de política interna y externa desde 1991 hasta 2008 y a partir de allí se busca comprender como la federación se relacionó con la organización militar más grande del mundo, la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte-OTAN. Con la utilización de documentos oficiales y autores especializados se procura entender en el análisis de estas tres etapas los vaivenes vividos por la política rusa en el transcurso de casi 20 años vislumbrando de esta forma el padrón de comportamiento adoptado desde el fin de la Guerra Fría. Por medio del presente trabajo se busca obtener una visión panorámica del comportamiento de Rusia a nivel nacional e internacional con foco principal en la relación Rusia-OTAN estructurando un argumento que permita comprender el comportamiento ruso en esta nueva era.
Mestre

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
El autor ha pretendido analizar los "por qués" y los "cómos" de las aproximaciones y desavenencias rusas respecto a Europa, teniendo siempre como objetivo el aportar una base para mejorar las relaciones actuales entre la UE y la Federación Rusa. En este sentido, el autor concluye que existen suficientes argumentos históricos, culturales, geográficos, económicos y sociales para que Rusia se sienta cómoda en la casa europea; además, el presente trabajo ratifica que tanto Rusia como Europa necesitan del otro para alcanzar su significado propio, por el que el desarrollo de la cooperación supondría un beneficio mutuo vital. Este trabajo, de orientación académica, ha sido pensado, organizado y redactado desde una perspectiva -y estilo- cercana al periodismo. Con agilidad y sencillez en el lenguaje, estilo indirecto y utilización de material procedente de publicaciones periódicas. El autor sostiene que esta elección ha estado condicionada por su perfil profesional y por su intención de facilitar el acercamiento a un tema tan complejo.
The author of this work has tried to get the "why's" and "how's" of the Russian closeness and disputes to Europe, according to the principal aim: to set a common base for the improvement of the relations between the EU and the Russian Federation. Such the conclusion of the author is that there are enough arguments (historical, cultural, geographical, economical and social), to understand that there are a place for Russia within the European home. Furthermore, this work stresses that a development of the cooperation between the EU and the Russian Federation should represent one of the main goals of their strategies, because both institutions need the other one to understand itself as a "sine qua non" condition. In spite of the academical requirements, this work has been written in an indirect format and from a journalistical perspective. The author has tried to implement his professional skills to achieve an understandable reading of this complicate subject.

La presente tesis doctoral intenta una aproximación a la recepción de la literatura rusa en España a través del cine especialmente durante el período de la República y Guerra Civil (1936-1939) con un enfoque y perspectiva histórica para ayudar a comprender de qué manera se han ido creando en la sociedad española las percepciones sobre la cultura rusa, así como las etapas del desarrollo de las relaciones hispano-rusas. La posterior ampliación del objeto de estudio ha permitido además evaluar la traducción de los elementos culturales presentes en la obra Dr. Zhivago de Boris Pasternak llevada al cine por David Lean. Las versiones en la lengua meta y la traducción de los elementos culturales rusos proporcionan información acerca de las decisiones que toman los traductores al momento de realizar el trasvase. La actualidad de la presente tesis viene dada por el hecho de constituir, por un lado, un esbozo de la recepción de la literatura rusa a través del cine durante los años de la Guerra Civil, y por el otro lado, el estudio de ejemplos de elementos culturales rusos y su traducción al español según su ámbito de uso, es decir, el religioso, literario, socio-político, etc.Desde su enfoque descriptivo se demuestra que los estudios sobre traducción pueden ser una herramienta de gran utilidad para comprender cómo los elementos culturales de una lengua son percibidos y manipulados siguiendo objetivos marcados por las instituciones de poder hasta lograr incluso determinar las formas en que se caracterizan a los miembros de sociedades foráneas. El presente trabajo también aporta beneficios en el campo de la enseñanza del ruso y su traducción al español porque con un amplio conocimiento de los elementos culturales rusos se puede contar con herramientas indispensables para aportar datos interesantes en la traducción a la lengua meta; ayuda a la mejor comprensión de la función y modos de expresión de dichos elementos culturales, aportando gran utilidad al estudiante o hablante para expresar de forma correcta matices de emoción, darle mayor expresividad y naturalidad a su comunicación con los nativos. La elección de una metodología interdisciplinar ha sido el resultado de la necesidad de un enfoque flexible hacia las fuentes, en su mayoría dispersas y escasas. Es por esto que mi deseo no es puntuar las diferentes traducciones de la novela Dr. Zhivago (1958, 1991, 1997, 2010) o él doblaje de la película homónima de 1965 dirigida por David Lean y de las cuales se han tomado los ejemplos en el presente trabajo. Sino más bien observar las motivaciones que llevaron a los traductores a realizar sus versiones. El marco teórico en el que se encuadra este estudio es el promulgado por Evan-Zohar (1990), que conocemos como el del Polisistema, entendiéndolo como una propuesta a la que hemos integrado matices de estudiosos como Hermans (1999), Lefevere (1992) y la Escuela de la Manipulación en concreto. Los trabajos de estos especialistas nos aportan conceptos, herramientas de análisis y métodos de trabajo muy provechosos en nuestro estudio. Cabe destacar además que desde la Teoría del Polisistema es posible profundizar en el estudio de las traducciones como producto en el contexto meta y descubrir los temas y autores que han recibido más promoción o despertado el interés del público español. Esta visión del producto y su relación con sus receptores permite descubrir su funcionamiento y relevancia. Esta tesis pone de manifiesto la necesidad de enmarcar el estudio sobre aspectos de la cultura rusa desde el polo meta receptor, por lo que se observa cómo se han desarrollado las relaciones culturales hispano-rusas, especialmente la recepción del cine ruso en España, la estructura y los vínculos internos, así como la evolución histórica que han enmarcado las relaciones hispano-rusas. Incluso la descripción y observación de hechos, sin aparente relación a priori con el tema tratado, podrá brindar aportaciones para las futuras investigaciones en el campo de la traducción, el cine o los estudios culturales.Cabe recordar que este trabajo busca resaltar el tipo de relación cultural que han mantenido los españoles y rusos, por lo que la información que se desprende de la misma puede ser válida para otras disciplinas o futuras investigaciones interesadas en aspectos tales como las modas que han guiado los gustos literarios de los españoles, como es el caso del polisistema literario francés, que ha dado prestigio a la literatura rusa y su difusión por medio de las traducciones; así como investigaciones sobre las traducciones mediadas, etc.

New Caledonia, an archipelago situated in the South-West Pacific Ocean has a very high biodiversity of which many flora and fauna species are endemic, and is therefore considered as one of the world hotspots for the biodiversity conservation. Sclerophyll forests, one of the five main vegetation types occurring on the island are mainly threatened by anthropogenic activities. Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis russa) were introduced into New Caledonia from Java in 1870. They have colonised all the biotopes of the main island, and represent one of the major threats to the New Caledonian sclerophyll forests. Currently, there is a lack of management tools to monitor the trends of rusa deer in New Caledonian sclerophyll forests. To test monitoring methods for use as management tools, six sclerophyll forests study sites were studied using direct census methods (i.e. spotlight count and drive count), indirect census methods (i.e. faecal standing crop method) and three indices (i.e. the faecal pellet groups index, the browsing index and the antler rubbing index). The faecal pellet groups index is based on sampling pellet groups in plots along transects. To ensure reliable data collection with a coefficient of variation of the mean number of intact faecal pellet groups per plot per transect of less than 20 percent, my study indicated that 15 plots per transect and 20 transects per sites should be sampled in New Caledonian sclerophyll forests whereas previous studies conducted in New Zealand indicated that a minimum of 25 plots per transect and of 18 transects per site should be sampled. The advantages of reducing the number of plots per transect and of transects per site is that it reduces the expenses (e.g. time, finance) and the bias due to data collection (e.g. fatigue, boredom and visual activity) which will improve the precision of the data recorded. Estimates of rusa deer density obtained from the census methods were not correlated (r = - 0.425, df = 4, P = 0.401) due to my small sample size. The reliability of these estimates is questionable because of biases. Previous publications have shown that biases are difficult to avoid when using direct census methods and that it is difficult to estimate the size of animal populations with accuracy and precision. The faecal standing crop method was subjected to bias because the estimation of the decay rate and the defecation rate were unreliable. These methods were not recommended for rusa deer management in New Caledonian sclerophyll forests. Of the three indices tested, the faecal pellet groups index and the browsing index based on unpalatable browse species were the most reliable as the confidence intervals of these two indices were small (i.e. from ±0.08 to ±0.11 for the faecal pellet groups index; from ±0.04 to ±0.27 for the browsing index of unpalatable browse species), and they also showed significant correlations with a subjective ranking of the rusa deer density based on expert knowledge (rs = 0.829, df = 4, P = 0.042 and rs = 0.829, df = 4, P = 0.042 respectively). These two indices appear to show the most promise for use as management tools, as they could reliably track local variations of rusa deer densities on the sclerophyll forests. These two indices could be used by wildlife technicians in New Caledonia to establish management plans of rusa deer populations which rely on participative management involving the stakeholders (e.g. hunters, forest managers, local communities). We believe that the faecal pellet groups index and the browsing index could be useful to monitor rusa deer populations in New Caledonian sclerophyll forests, and meet conservation and hunting objectives of the local population and authorities. Management tools such as culling and hunting operations will be implemented in New Caledonian sclerophyll forests where monitoring of indices I recommended show an increase in the deer population. Stakeholders will be involved in the implementation of the monitoring tools (i.e. indices) and of the management tools (e.g. culling and hunting operations, fencing) but also in decision making for the management of the rusa deer in New Caledonian sclerophyll forests.

La palabra «chiste» se traduce en ruso como «anekdot», aunque estos términos no tienen el mismo significado. En los estudios de lingüística rusa, se destaca que el anekdot constituye un género textual independiente y goza de un lugar especial en el sistema contemporáneo de géneros textuales de la lengua rusa. Este breve texto humorístico siempre ha despertado el interés de la comunidad académica. En particular, se ha estudiado el famoso y productivo ciclo de chistes políticos surgido durante la época soviética (Dundes 1971; Draitser 1978 inicialmente, Graham 2003a; Davies 2007, 2010, 2011, 2014a and 2014b en época más reciente). En esta tesis se estudian los chistes étnicos en lengua rusa, otro popular subgénero. Nuestra atención se centra en los blancos de estos anekdoty y tiene dos objetivos: el primero consiste en determinar qué nacionalidades aparecen como blanco de estos chistes étnicos más habitualmente y las razones por las que estos grupos, y no otros, han sido elegidos; el segundo es observar la evolución de estos personajes del chiste desde la época soviética –cuando estos ciclos de chistes étnicos surgieron– hasta la actualidad. Para alcanzar el primer objetivo, se han seguido los siguientes pasos: en primer lugar, se han identificado las nacionalidades que se convirtieron en blancos en época soviética. Se ha determinado que los grupos que protagonizaban con más frecuencia estos chistes eran los judíos, los ucranianos, los georgianos, los chucotos y los estonios. En segundo lugar, se ha descrito el contexto histórico y social en que estos ciclos de chistes surgieron. En tercer lugar, se ha descrito la imagen que se proyectaba de estos blancos en los chistes. Por último, se han analizado estos chistes y su contexto a la luz de la teoría del humor étnico de Christie Davies, a fin de determinar si los mecanismos de elección de estos blancos en el humor étnico en lengua rusa se corresponden a los constructos teóricos de dicha teoría. En lo que se refiere al segundo objetivo, se ha recopilado un corpus de chistes étnicos en lengua rusa que contiene 1 170 textos aparecidos en las épocas postsocialista y pospostsocialista. Estos textos se han empleado para llevar a cabo un estudio comparativo y diacrónico que nos ha permitido detectar los cambios y las continuidades en los personajes de estos chistes desde la época de su surgimiento hasta la actualidad. Cada anekdot incluido en el texto ha sido analizado en base a tres criterios: el guion étnico atribuido al blanco en el chiste, las referencias a su apariencia (rasgos físicos y atuendo) y la presencia o ausencia de máscara lingüística atribuida al protagonista. Tras la realización de este trabajo de investigación, se ha llegado a la conclusión de que los blancos de los chistes étnicos en lengua rusa son elegidos mediante los criterios que se exponen en la teoría del humor étnico, lo cual hace que el humor étnico en lengua rusa se asemeje a otras tradiciones nacionales. Asimismo, se puede concluir que la imagen de los blancos de estos anekdoti no cambia significativamente con el paso del tiempo. Asimismo, nuestro estudio incluye una dimensión cuantitativa ausente en la bibliografía previa que permite añadir algunos matices a las afirmaciones previamente expuestas: en los chistes étnicos en lengua rusa tiene lugar un proceso de simplificación. Por un lado, las referencias a la apariencia y la aplicación de la máscara lingüística disminuyen con el paso del tiempo y son menos importantes en la caracterización de los personajes que los guiones. Por otro lado, se observa una disminución en el número de guiones étnicos empleados, así como la concentración de un porcentaje significativo de chistes en torno a un número reducido de guiones.
This thesis studies ethnic jokes in Russian language. It focuses on the targets of these jokes and has two goals: on the one hand, to determine why and how some nationalities became recurrent ethnic targets already in Soviet times. On the other hand, to observe the evolution of these targets overtime, from Soviet to present times. To achieve the first goal, the most popular targets of Russian ethnic joke lore have been identified. It has been established that Jews, Ukrainians, Georgians, Chukchi and Estonians were the most common butts. Next, the historical and social context in which these characters first appeared was described. Finally, we checked if the mechanisms used to choose these targets correspond to the premises of Christie Davies’ theory of ethnic humour. The second goal was attained by the compilation of a corpus containing 1,170 ethnic jokes published during post-socialist and post-post-socialist periods. The collected texts were used to conduct a comparative, diachronic study that allowed to detect the changes and continuities in a period that spans from the Soviet era to the present. It can be concluded that in the process of target election, Russian-language ethnic humour is guided by the principles pointed out in the theory of ethnic humour and are thus common to humour and joke traditions of many other countries. Moreover, the image of these characters does not change substantially from one time period to another. Nevertheless, the quantitative analytical dimension introduced in this research project reveals that targets are not as elaborately characterised as it can be assumed from the reading of qualitative works about targets of Russian ethnic jokes. In Russian-language post-socialist and post-post-socialist ethnic jokes, a process of simplification takes place: firstly, references to appearance and the application of a linguistic mask are not frequent and play a less important role than ethnic scripts. Secondly, although some of the characters –especially Jews and Ukrainians– have numerous scripts attributed, a high percentage of the analysed jokes are built around a few scripts, usually one or two.

En el presente proyecto de investigación se llevó a cabo un análisis de la identidad trans en los cuentos infantiles “¿Te gustaría ser mi Sol?” y “¡Soy una montaña rusa!” de Sofía Olguín. Se analizó la historia de la literatura LGBT+ en Latinoamérica desde 1975–2017. Luego, de acuerdo con la teoría de la literatura infantil de Juan Cervera y la teoría queer de Judith Butler se estudió a los personajes principales de cada cuento con el fin de exponer al colectivo LGBT+ en la literatura infantil y juvenil.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Hispánica.
Trabajaré con “Diario de un loco”, de Gogol porque pienso que en él aparece una forma de comicidad que si bien produce risa, ésta no es del todo alegre, pues nos deja con una sensación parecida a la de la amargura. Y es que la función de la comicidad no es sólo la de producir risa o un sentimiento festivo, sino que también cumple la función de reprochar un error, de dejar de manifiesto algún vicio para que al verlo el espectador y rebajarlo por medio de la risa, no se vuelva a cometer; se trata de algo así como un fin didáctico. Tanto es así, que como nos dice Sypher, “que los antiguos se rieran de uno significaba la deshonra”.

Memoria (grado de magíster en derecho)
El desarrollo del comercio internacional a nivel mundial, unido al auge de lograr entre las naciones un mejor nivel en el desempeño de sus relaciones internacionales, resultan hoy en día pilares fundamentales para el progreso político, económico y social de todas las naciones. El siglo XX significó una era de cambio para el comercio internacional, por la evolución acelerada de la tecnología, la informática y los medios de transporte que multiplicaron los intercambios entre las naciones, además en materia comercial la suscripción del Tratado de Marrakech de 1994 dio nacimiento a la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). Desde sus inicios, la OMC generó expectativas negativas respecto a su papel dentro del comercio internacional, respecto a la efectividad de su rol y a su utilidad dentro del sistema. Esto, por cuanto los sectores proteccionistas y las Organizaciones No Gubernamentales, preocupadas por los efectos negativos de la liberalización del comercio, sostuvieron que la OMC sería solo un instrumento más para servir a los intereses de las grandes transnacionales. Resulta de esta forma interesante analizar y comparar, ¿cual ha sido entonces el verdadero papel que ha desempeñado la OMC desde su creación? así, como determinar cuáles son las ventajas y desventajas de ser hoy miembro de dicha Organización para ubicar así, la verdadera dimensión e importancia que juega esta Institución, sobre el desarrollo del comercio mundial actual.

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Esta pesquisa aborda a relação entre a arquiteta iraquiana-britânica Zaha Hadid e alguns artistas da Vanguarda Russa. Hadid é mundialmente reconhecida por seus trabalhos na área da arquitetura, urbanismo e design, pelos quais recebeu diversos prêmios durante sua carreira. A arquiteta estudou na Architectural Association e conheceu obras de Kazimir Malevich por meio de seus professores Rem Koolhaas e Elia Zenghelis. Hadid iniciou uma conexão criativa com o projeto Malevich’s Tektonik (1976-77), um trabalho que transportou uma obra de Malevich para o contexto arquitetônico de Londres. A partir deste projeto, a inspiração pelo artista começou a ser potencializada e demonstrada em seu pensamento criativo. Também foram inspirações para a arquiteta os artistas: Moholy-Nagy, El Lissitzky e Naum Gabo. Hadid utilizava desenhos e pinturas de características abstratas semelhantes às obras destes artistas em sua produção arquitetônica. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta dissertação é realizar uma interlocução entre os pensamentos criativos da arquiteta e dos quatro artistas que fizeram parte da Vanguarda Russa. Visto que o fazer arquitetônico de Hadid se realizava em paralelo a um fazer artístico (pinturas), utilizaremos para atingir o objetivo desta pesquisa uma montagem de imagens inspirada em Aby Warburg – historiador de arte alemão. Warburg desenvolveu o Atlas Mnemosyne nos anos de 1920 em Hamburgo, Alemanha. Ele realizou este trabalho para entender como o período da Antiguidade “sobreviveu” no Renascimento. Mnemosyne foi uma montagem com imagens de períodos temporais diferentes que permite visualizar as intricações e relações entre elas. Realizamos uma montagem nominada “Hadid-Vanguarda” com imagens de obras dos quatro artistas e do processo criativo de quatro projetos da arquiteta. Os projetos são: o clube de lazer The Peak, o corpo de bombeiros Vitra Fire Station, o terminal de trem e ônibus Hoenheim-Nord Terminus and Car Park e o Museu de Arte Contemporânea MAXXI. Após as análises das pranchas da montagem, identificou-se três categorias teóricovisuais nominadas por “A Diagonal”, “A Vista Aérea” e “As Camadas”. Cada categoria compete a elementos que aparecem em ambos os pensamentos criativos de Hadid e da Vanguarda Russa. Sendo assim, considera-se que o contato com os artistas russos fez a arquiteta transcender os limites da criação convencional de projetos.
This thesis studies the relationship between the Iraqi-British architect Zaha Hadid and some artists of the Russian Avant-Garde. Hadid is widely recognized for her work in architecture, town planning and design, for which she received various awards throughout her career. During her time as a student at the Architectural Association School in London, she became familiarized with Kazimir Malevich’s works through professors Rem Koolhaas and Elia Zenghelis. Hadid then initiated a creative connection with arts, and in Malevich's Tektonik (1976-77), she transported Malevich’s work of art to the London’s architectural context. After this project, Malevich’s influence on her work became more evident, with some aspects surfacing in her creative process. Artists such as Moholy-Nagy, El Lissitzky and Naum Gabo also corroborated to her unique creative process. As she used drawings and paintings with abstract features similar to the works of these artists in her architectonic production. Therefore, the goal of this dissertation is to perform an interlocution between the architect’s creative process and the four artists who were part of the Russian Avant-Guarde. Since Hadid’s architectural rendering happened in parallel to her artistic work (i.e., paintings), we will use the Atlas Mnemosyne, a montage of images by Aby Warburg, to achieve the objective of this project. Warburg an art historian developed the Atlas Mnemosyne in the 1920s in Hamburg, Germany. He performed this work to understand how the period of Antiquity "survived" in the Renaissance. Mnemosyne was a montage with images of different time periods that allows visualizing relations between them. We realized a montage named "Hadid-Vanguarda" with images of works by the four artists and the creative process of four architect's projects. The Peak, a leisure club; Vitra Fire Station; Hoenheim-Nord Terminus and Car Park and MAXXI, a museum of contemporary arts are the selected projects. After the montage’s analysis, we identified three theoretical-visual categories nominated "The Diagonal", "The Aerial View" and "The Layers". Each category competes in elements that appear in both creative thoughts - Hadid and the Russian Vanguard. Therefore, we regarded that contact with Russians artists did Hadid transcend the boundaries in the conventional creation of projects.

En áreas como la fisioterapia y rehabilitación, diversos tipos de corrientes eléctricas son empleadas para promover el entrenamiento de la fuerza muscular. La corriente rusa es un tipo de estimulación eléctrica de emisión por ráfaga interrumpida de frecuencia baja, capaz de provocar una respuesta motora, la cual permite la ganancia de fuerza del músculo, así como un aumento en el volumen del tejido muscular. Uno de los parámetros principales de regulación para su aplicación es la frecuencia como factor de reclutamiento temporal del músculo, la cual se encuentra relacionada con el tipo de fibras musculares y su frecuencia de tetanización, En este sentido, el objetivo de este proyecto fue determinar modificaciones electrofisiológicas del músculo cuádriceps debido a la estimulación eléctrica por corriente rusa mediante el análisis lineal y no lineal de señales electromiográficas de superficie y la dinamometría isocinética. Se hipotetiza que, dado que la estimulación eléctrica por corriente rusa ha mostrado tener efectos favorables para el aumento de fuerza, potencia y resistencia, y que el análisis electromiográfico de superficie y la dinamometría isocinética son métodos no invasivos para evaluar la actividad muscular, entonces será posible cuantificar los cambios electrofisiológicos musculares y físicos producidos por la corriente rusa en participantes sanos. Se estudiaron 46 participantes jóvenes (20.65 ± 1.85 años) compuestos aleatoriamente de hombres y mujeres, estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEMéx). Posteriormente, se subdividió a la población: al grupo 1 (G1) se le administró corriente rusa en 50 Hz, al grupo 2 (G2) se le administró corriente rusa a 90 Hz. Se realizó registro de electromiografía de superficie (sEMG) monopolar al colocar los electrodos en vasto lateral del cuádriceps femoral y medición por dinamometría isocinética (DI) previo a la estimulación por 15 sesiones, y posterior a la terapia, se registró nuevamente la sEMG y DI. Adicionalmente, se calculó la raíz cuadrática media (RMS), área bajo la curva (AUC) y entropía muestral (SampEn) de la señal de sEMG. De la DI se calculó 8 pico de torque, potencia y resistencia de ambos miembros inferiores y se registró el perímetro de la pierna. La aplicación de estimulación eléctrica por corriente rusa a 50 Hz demostró ser más efectiva para el aumento de potencia muscular (P=0.0005 en PI y P=0.0007 en PD) y mejora de regularidad en la detonación de potenciales de acción de las fibras musculares del músculo cuádriceps femoral (P<0.0001 en ambas piernas, con M=1 y M=2), mientras que su aplicación a 90 Hz demostró mejor resultado en el desarrollo de hipertrofia (perímetro de muslo, con P=0.0003 en PI y P=0.0007 en PD), definición y firmeza muscular, además de aumento del valor RMS (P=0.0037 en PI y P=0.0393 en PD) y AUC del músculo (P=0.0323 en PI).
UAEM, el autor.

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Con la finalidad de conocer en qué medida el servicio de referencia virtual Bibliotecario en línea del Centro de Información de la Escuela de Postgrado aplica lineamientos que garanticen la calidad en la gestión del servicio, se procedió ha evaluar el servicio en función de las directrices de IFLA y ALA.
Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

1) INTRODUCCIÓN: El presente estudio está dedicado a la traducción del género satírico y, en particular, de la ironía, como una técnica expresiva (o un recurso retórico) en obras de este tipo. Para el análisis traductológico hemos elegido los relatos satíricos de Mijaíl Zoschenko y Mijaíl Bulgákov, ambientados en la Rusia soviética, posrelovucionaria. Se trata de una época concreta, un público determinado, y un discurso muy especial, sobre todo por factores históricos, políticos y socio-culturales. Ya tuve ocasión de abordar la obra de Mijaíl Bulgákov en el trabajo de la suficiencia investigadora (DEA), leído el 30 de octubre de 2007 y titulado “Traducción e intertextualidad. ‘Voces ajenas’ en la novela de M. Bulgákov El maestro y Margarita y su interpretación en la traducción al castellano de Amaya Lacasa”. En él planteaba la intertextualidad entendida como relación del discurso literario con todo tipo de discursos precendentes (literarios o no). Aquí se contempla como uno de los métodos para lograr el efecto irónico en la obra, entre otras finalidades. El trabajo en cuestión plantea un enfoque multilateral de la ironía. Nuestro propósito es averiguar qué medios, además de la intertextualidad, participan en la construcción del significado irónico en los relatos de Zoschenko y Bulgákov, y cómo es posible trasladar aquel significado a otro idioma y a otra cultura sin excesivas pérdidas en la operación traductiva. El estudio se basa en la teoría pragmática de los actos de habla. La ironía se concibe aquí como un tipo de acto de habla indirecto, del mismo modo que la ficción literaria: las dos se caracterizan por el así dicho “desdoblamiento” de la voz del hablante (el autor - narrador ficticio y el locutor real - locutor irónico). Nos proponemos estudiar la ficción y, en particular, las obras con subtexto irónico, desde la teoría de los actos de habla de John Austin (1976), donde cada enunciación se compone de la locución propiamente dicha, la fuerza ilocutiva y el efecto perlocutivo. Asimismo, partimos de las ideas de Paul Grice (1989) acerca de las implicaturas conversacionales, como también de las de Marie-Louise Pratt (1977) sobre la aplicabilidad de la teoría de comunicación al estudio de la ficción literaria. La traducción es también un acto de habla, es decir, una actividad que tiene su intención (fuerza ilocutiva) y cuenta con sus medios para alcanzar el efecto perlocutivo deseado. 2) ESTRUCTURA DEL PROYECTO. Se anuncia la perspectiva pragmática como una manera de abordar el significado irónico en la ficción literaria y en su transmisión en otro idioma. 1). La primera parte del estudio se dedica a la formación de la pragmática como disciplina, sus orígenes, sus métodos teóricos y, sobre todo, sus instrumentos para descubrir y interpretar la información implícita (las implicaturas conversacionales de P. Grice). El significado pragmático entendido como el significado del hablante (“speaker meaning”) o el significado en el contexto (“context meaning”), en términos de Jenny Thomas (1995), viene a sustituir la noción de un significado semántico, estático y unívoco. El desarrollo de la pragmática en la segunda mitad del siglo XX ha contribuido al acercamiento entre distintas ciencias humanas y a la evolución de la lingüística, en primer lugar. La función del lenguaje pasa a ser la de comunicar, y por consiguiente, es preciso definir las reglas de dicha comunicación como un tipo de actividad humana. En nuestro trabajo exponemos la teoría de las máximas conversacionales y el principio cooperativo de P. Grice, así como el principio de relevancia de D. Sperber y D. Wilson (1994). El protagonista en los estudios pragmáticos se denomina homo loquens, y se inscribe siempre en un contexto o una situación comunicativa dada. Por su parte, el acto de habla se concibe como una acción que realiza el ser humano con un propósito dado; dicho de otro modo, es intencional. La intención es la fuerza que mueve cualquier discurso, incluso el discurso ficcional. Después de definir el por qué de un acto de habla, el siguiente paso consistirá en explicar el cómo: es decir, el modo como el hablante logra la eficacia comunicativa. Y no es siempre (o, mejor dicho, casi nunca) de manera directa y transparente. Demostraremos que el locutor muy a menudo viola las máximas de Grice, y que su discurso se vuelve oblicuo e incoherente. Todo tipo de información implícita (o implicatura, en términos de Grice) – las alusiones, ironías, sugerencias, etc. – tienen su razón de ser en el discurso, y, especialmente, en la ficción literaria. 2) La segunda parte aborda la naturaleza específica de la ficción literaria como un tipo de texto peculiar (partiendo de la clasificación de textos para la traducción propuesta por K. Reiss). Muchas veces es definida como un simulacro o un acto de habla indirecto (por ejemplo en las teorías literarias contemporáneas, como la de Marie-Louise Pratt). El propósito en esta parte es estudiar cuál es su fuerza ilocutiva y su efecto perlocutivo. Analizaremos la ficción tanto desde el punto de vista del emisor del mensaje (el autor), como desde el punto de vista del destinatario (el lector). Por lo tanto se estudiarán en este apartado tanto la retórica de la ficción como las técnicas interpretativas del lector. En cuanto al lector, señalaremos tres funciones distintas en la comunicación literaria: la del destinatario implícito proyectado por el autor de la obra, la del interpretante que activa la información implícita contenida en el texto y la del receptor final que evalúa la obra como producto estético y social. Es el autor quién decide si su texto es de ficción, pero sólo al lector le pertenece el derecho de juzgar si es literatura o no. El juicio realizado por el lector, reflejado en los estudios de recepción literaria, forma parte del efecto perlocutivo que tiene la obra, como cualquier enunciado. Asimismo, se mostrará la naturaleza polifónica de la ficción, que la hace similar al mecanismo de citación. Por otra parte, se mostrarán las raíces de similitud entre la ficción, la ironía y la traducción, pues todas ellas constituyen una especie de cita, o “fingimiento lúdico compartido”, en la expresión de Jean-Marie Schaeffer (2002). 3). La siguiente parte se dedica a la traducción literaria como una forma de comunicación intercultural: sus rasgos distintivos respecto de la comunicación oral e intracultural, y las soluciones teóricas para la traducción de implicaturas. Se toman en consideración las aportaciones de la pragmática contrastiva a la labor de traductores, y los procesos de “foreignization” y “domestication” en la traducción literaria (Venuti, 1995). Uno de los propósitos más importantes de esta parte es la definición del subtexto como una estructura subyacente de la obra, así como los métodos para su revelación e interpretación en la traducción a otro idioma. Se mostrará la relación intrínseca que tiene con el concepto de implicatura y sus indicios en el texto literario. Acto seguido, analizaremos varias teorías contemporáneas sobre la traducción que nos parecen útiles en un estudio sobre la “ironía en el transfer intercultural”. Nos referimos a las aportaciones de Leo Hickey (1998) sobre tres distintas técnicas interpretativas según el tipo de texto, la propuesta de Albrecht Neubert (1992) sobre la equivalencia comunicativa en traducción, la de Erst August Gutt (GUTT, en HICKEY, 1998) que consiste en aplicar el principio de relevancia a la traducción y la perspectiva teórica de la Translationslinguistik (O. Kade, G. Jäger, A. Neubert, etc.) que entiende como una unidad básica de traducción la “imagen mental” o la “imagen cognitiva” del texto. 4). El siguiente apartado consiste en el estudio de la recepción. Es la parte diacrónica o histórica del proyecto. La idea es ofrecer un contexto histórico en el cual se inscribe las traducciones al castellano de M. Zoschenko (2005) y M. Bulgákov (2006). Analizaremos la formación de imagen de “lo ruso” en España (y su transformación con el tiempo), así como la historia de las traducciones de la literatura rusa y soviética en los siglos XIX y XX. Partiendo de una introducción teórica a la Estética de la recepción de Jauss, esta parte desarrolla tres subapartados: 1. Acerca de las primeras traducciones de autores rusos del siglo XIX en España; 2. Acerca de la recepción de Gógol y Chéjov, los maestros del humor y la sátira en la literatura rusa; 3. Acerca de las traducciones de la literatura soviética y la sátira de los años 20-30, en España. 5). La quinta parte se dedica al género del relato satírico (y folletón) en las primeras décadas de la URSS y al mecanismo de la ironía. En ella se plantea un análisis teórico de la ironía como un acto de habla indirecto y su recepción (o interpretación). Asimismo, demostraremos la relevancia del factor “género literario” en la traducción literaria, igual que la importancia del factor “tipo de texto” en la traducción en general. Atendiendo a las tres funciones del lector señaladas en la segunda parte, aquí nos proponemos ilustrar la primera función – la del destinatario implícito, presente en la obra desde su momento de creación. 6). En la sexta y última parte de nuestro estudio abordaremos las otras dos funciones del lector. En primer lugar, consideramos que en la traducción entendida como comunicación intercultural el traductor interviene ante todo como lector en primera instancia y, por tanto, representa el “interpretante responsable” del texto, socialmente autorizado. El resultado de su operación es el texto traducido (en nuestro caso, son las recopilaciones de relatos satíricos Matrimonio por interés y otros relatos de M. Zoschenko y Relatos de Moscú de M. Bulgákov). A continuación procederemos al análisis traductológico de los textos, atendiendo a las soluciones prácticas en lo que respecta a la traducción del humor y la ironía. En cuanto a la tercera función del lector, que consiste en la evaluación de la obra, se refiere a la recepción de los textos por el lector español. El juicio público aquí se ve representado por los artículos en la prensa, o por la evaluación por parte de las editoriales (las sinopsis, las portadas, las introducciones y prefacios), entre otros aspectos que analizaremos convenientemente.
The aim of this study is the analysis of the translation of irony in fiction, particularly in the satirical stories by Mikhail Zoshchenko and Mikhail Bulgakov in their Spanish version. We will follow a pragmatic approach, focusing on its developments in the second half of the 20th century. That will allow us to see the text as a communication act, a dialogic discourse inserted in a relevant extra linguistic context. We will focus on the "nonexpressed", that is the ironical subtext as an implicit meaning, not deductible from the linguistic means, in which the major importance is given to the communicative factors, such as the situation, the speaker's intention, the cooperative principle (following Paul Grice) and all kind of presuppositions that might (or might not) be shared by the communicants. On the basis of the idea that there are different text types for translation, the literary fiction will be analyzed as a text type with its own individual characteristics. In that sense, the satirical story of the Soviet period constitutes a specific genre that implies thus a specific strategy of translation. As it is well known, in the humoristic text the effect prevails. Therefore, whether the text transferred into another culture (and sometimes into another historical period) will or will not be able to cause the same effect in the target culture, will depend entirely on the translator.

The principal aim of the study which was conducted between May 1995 and May 1997 was to collect and analyze information that would be considered vital to any future management actions that may be applied to the deer living in the wild in the Bali Barat National Park ecosystem in Indonesia. The systems approach used sought to analyze the complex interactions between the soil, plant, animal and human activity subsystems. In particular, interaction between Rusa deer and Muntjac deer was compared where possible, although the principal focus of the study was on the population of Muntjac deer. The soils in habitats frequented by deer in Bali Barat National Park were found to be of relatively low fertility status. Chemical analysis of the soil revealed that all of the mineral element contents considered in this study were in the lowest range for soils, in general. During this study the population of Muntjac deer in the Bali Barat National Park was submitted to phylogenetic analysis to determine whether the Bali population is distinct. Preliminary results indicate that these deer are apart of a diverse, but monophyletic group of Muntiacus Muntjac. The potential unique status of Muntjac deer in Bali Barat National Park, and the need to preserve them as part of the natural resource base that constitutes the Indonesian archipelago increased the importance of this study of the ecosystem and social system surrounding Bali Barat National Park.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The principal aim of the study which was conducted between May 1995 and May 1997 was to collect and analyze information that would be considered vital to any future management actions that may be applied to the deer living in the wild in the Bali Barat National Park ecosystem in Indonesia. The systems approach used sought to analyze the complex interactions between the soil, plant, animal and human activity subsystems. In particular, interaction between Rusa deer and Muntjac deer was compared where possible, although the principal focus of the study was on the population of Muntjac deer. The soils in habitats frequented by deer in Bali Barat National Park were found to be of relatively low fertility status. Chemical analysis of the soil revealed that all of the mineral element contents considered in this study were in the lowest range for soils, in general. During this study the population of Muntjac deer in the Bali Barat National Park was submitted to phylogenetic analysis to determine whether the Bali population is distinct. Preliminary results indicate that these deer are apart of a diverse, but monophyletic group of Muntiacus Muntjac. The potential unique status of Muntjac deer in Bali Barat National Park, and the need to preserve them as part of the natural resource base that constitutes the Indonesian archipelago increased the importance of this study of the ecosystem and social system surrounding Bali Barat National Park.

A poetry thesis exploring issues of loss, death, creation, imagination, family, interpersonal relationships, nature, sexuality, and writing. The manuscript includes a preface that discusses literary influences such as Ai, H.D., and Sharon Olds, as well as writing in forms such as the dramatic monologue, imagistic poem, and confessional poem. Three main sections organize the manuscript's poems.

The aim of this work is to design a robotic hand, which will be controlled by wireless Wi-Fi, will be equipped with a camera and for easier operation will be designed control glove. The first part of the thesis is a theoretical analysis, various variants of sensors are described, which can be used for motion detection, each drive units and their control. Next chapters are focused on used electronic modules and microcontrollers. The second part is practical and is focused on the mechanical design of a five-finger robotic hand and fixing to a robotic arm. Also described is the control electronics of the entire robotic hand and the programmed firmware. Next, the design and implementation of the control glove is described. The last chapter describes the programmed application for the Android operating system.

En el presente trabajo se detectó una problemática para los dueños de los canes que no tenían tiempo para pasear a sus mascotas y/o no tener con quien dejarlos cuando ellos salían por periodos largos de tiempo, para el cual presentamos esta solución un medio de intermediación digital Ruta Ruff. Este medio digital pone a disposición una cartera amplia de paseadores en donde podrán escoger al paseador que más se asemeja a sus necesidades. Las instalaciones se encontrarán en Calle Los Guacamayos 197 Of. 102 Urb. Limatambo Surquillo, Lima – Perú. Para iniciar las opresiones la empresa Ruta Ruff necesitara una inversión de S/. 60,201.00 para la implementación de los activos fijos y S/. 16,256 para la publicidad del primer mes, obteniendo utilidades a partir del octavo mes de haber iniciado sus operaciones y con una tasa de crecimiento de usuarios de 100% en el primer año, para lo cual contamos dentro de los miembros un equipo con experiencia en el campo de la administración, marketing y contabilidad. Este proyecto tiene mucho potencial debido al crecimiento de la población que cuenta con una mascota en casa, asimismo muchas de ellas cada vez más y con más frecuencias usan aplicativos móviles para adquirir productos y servicios, entonces esta propuesta de negocio encaja muy bien con el nuevo estilo de consumo del ciudadano de Lima Metropolitana.
In this work, a problem was detected for the owners of the dogs who did not have time to walk their pets and / or have no one to leave them with when they went out for long periods of time, for which we present this solution as a means of intermediation. Ruff Route digital. This digital medium offers a wide portfolio of walkers where they can choose the walker that most closely matches their needs. The facilities will be located at Calle Los Guacamayos 197 Of. 102 Urb. Limatambo Surquillo, Lima - Peru. To start the oppressions, the Ruta Ruff company will need an investment of S /. 60,201.00 for the implementation of fixed assets and S /. 16,256 for the advertising of the first month, obtaining profits from the eighth month of starting operations and with a growth rate of 100% users in the first year, for which we have within the team a team with experience in field of administration, marketing and accounting. This project has a lot of potential due to the growth of the population that has a pet at home, also many of them more and more and more frequently use mobile applications to acquire products and services, so this business proposal fits very well with the new consumption style of the citizen of Metropolitan Lima.
Trabajo de investigación

Rust is a new systems programming language designed with a focus on bare metal performance, safe concurrency and memory safety. It features a robust abstraction mechanism in the form of traits, which provide static overloading and dynamic dispatch. In this thesis, we present MiniRust—a formal model of a subset of Rust. The model focuses on the trait system and includes some advanced features of traits such as associated types and trait objects. In particular, we discuss the notion of object safety—the suitability of a particular trait for creating trait objects—and we formally determine very general conditions under which it can be guaranteed. To represent the runtime semantics of MiniRust programs, we develop an explicitly-typed internal language RustIn, for which we prove type safety, and we show that well-typed MiniRust programs can be translated to well-typed RustIn programs. Finally, we adapt the informally-described Rust trait coherence rules to our model and we show that they are sufficient to ensure that overloads are always well-determined, even in the presence of library extensions.
Science, Faculty of
Computer Science, Department of
Graduate

En el artículo se describe la práctica del sistema de la educación en Rusia y en la Ex-Unión Soviética a niveles preuniversitario (en Ciencias en general), universitario y de grado en Química. Se analizan la currícula, los aspectos académicos y características particulares.

The aim of the thesis Real Estate Market of Russia is to analyze the real estate market in the Russian Federation with a deeper exploration activities of foreign investors in the Russian real estate market. Thesis theme is very topical and interesting, because among other things, examines the impact of the financial and economic crisis on the real estate market and changes in the interests of foreign investors in the Russian investment projects in real estate and interests of Russian companies abroad. Currently, the real estate market in the Russian Federation is developing very dynamically, it can be said that over the years of crisis and financial instability signed on aggregate supply and demand for real estate in Russia very little. However, at the moment it is merely a statement - proof of this statement is to provide this thesis. The thesis analyzes not only the interest of foreign investors in the real estate market of Russia, but also the interest of Russian investors in the Czech real estate market. Already in the nineties of the twentieth century has seen a significant interest of Russian citizens on housing and commercial real estate in the Czech Republic. It is interesting to explore whether this interest persists to this day and the extent to which the Czech real estate owned by Russian citizens or legal entities whose members are Russian citizens. Another objective of this thesis is to evaluate the real estate market in Russia, with a focus on international development company. This objective will be gradually implemented through the analysis of the current real estate market and evaluate the activities of foreign investors of their share of development projects. The operational objective of the thesis is to evaluate the interests of the citizens of the Russian Federation on real estate in foreign countries (for example, the Czech Republic). Czech Republic was chosen as analyzed state due to good orientation of the author of the thesis in the Czech environment and find out the appropriate options detailed information about the problem. Sub-objectives will be achieved through a detailed analysis of the statistical data of the Czech Statistical Office and also the author's own analysis carried out "in the field". The main hypothesis of this thesis is the claim that the interest of foreign developers in the Russian real estate market is increasing. During the meeting the objectives of the thesis should be stated hypothesis to prove or disprove. The methodological basis of the thesis will consist primarily statistical analysis of data from the Czech Statistical Office and the Russian Federal Statistics Service, as well as data from the media and Russian companies. After selecting the appropriate data and information to analyze existing and ongoing development of real estate markets. Another method used in this thesis, the method of synthesis. With the synthesis of the work will examine the influence of individual factors (financial crisis, negative fluctuations in the economy of Russia, migration processes in Russia) on the real estate market of Russia. In the context of the activities of Russian citizens in the real estate market in the Czech Republic to examine the impact of the liberalization of laws and overall trends in immigration and migration policy of the Czech Republic in question increased interest of Russian investors in real estate projects. The work is logically divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is focused on general characterization of the terms used in the thesis and their relationships. The theoretical part is to explain the main factors affecting the price of real estate and its variations. The practical part of the thesis focuses on the description and analysis of the current state of the property market in Russia and the Czech Republic. Among other things, describes the current development and privatization processes in Russia in 1990 - 2000. These analyzes and research are part of the practical part.

First part of the thesis deals with theory of culture, cultural dimensions and standards. Practical part describes characteristics of Russia and its cultural aspects. Application part focuses on analysis of Czech and Russian opinions of Russian society and also verifies hypothesis that Czechs have different opinions and their knowledge of Russian cultural dimensions is insufficient. The last part of the application part are recommendations for Czechs for effective dealing with Russians.

3 pp.
Mondell pine should not be planted within a mile of Comandra populations. Infection of pine occurs through needles by spores produced on Comandra, but spores produced on pine cannot re-infect pine. This article gives information about the disease cycle, the symptoms and prevention and control methods for blister rust.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Florianópolis, 2013.
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Nessa dissertação pensaremos o que é ser filósofo, acompanhando o seu desenvolvimento ao longo da história através de algumas figuras paradigmáticas; analisaremos uma perspectiva em que o filósofo também é um intelectual, junto com Sartre, os frankfurtianos e Chomsky (nossos modelos nesse caminho); veremos como surge e se desenvolve a Filosofia no Brasil, com as figuras que a fundaram a partir da década de 30, e com seus alunos que deram continuidade a esse processo; veremos como se faz hoje Filosofia, mais detalhadamente em Filosofia da Educação, através da análise dos resumos da ANPOF e ANPEd, e por fim discutiremos essa análise.

Práctica Supervisada (IC)--FCEFN-UNC, 2015
Supone mejorar la conexión entre importantes áreas de la metrópolis, enormemente distanciadas entre sí, además de lograr una comunicación directa entre dos grandes vías comerciales que comunican Santiago de Chile con los grandes puertos que éste posee

Wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), and wheat stripe rust caused by P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) are important foliar diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Breeding for disease resistance is the preferred strategy of managing both diseases. The continued emergence of new races of Pt and Pst requires a constant search for new sources of resistance. Winter wheat accessions were evaluated at seedling stage in the greenhouse with races of Pt and Pst that are predominant in the North Central US. Association mapping approach was performed on landrace accessions to identify new or underutilized sources of resistance to Pt and Pst. The majority of the accessions were susceptible to all the five races of Pt and one race of Pst. Association mapping studies identified 29 and two SNP markers associated with seedling resistance to leaf rust and stripe rust, respectively.

This investigation was carried out for the characterisation and chromosomal locations of resistance to rust diseases in common wheat and durum wheat recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. A new seedling stripe rust resistance gene (tentatively named YrAW10) was identified in common wheat landrace Aus27696. This gene is effective against both pre-2002 and post-2002 Australian Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) pathotypes. YrAW10 was located in 3BL-A02-FL-0.22 deletion bin of chromosome 3B and was flanked by SNP markers KASP_13376 and KASP_8775. Yr29/Lr46-linked marker SNPLr46G22 indicated the presence of this gene in Aus27696. The presence of Lr16 was confirmed on the basis of infection type produced by Aus91433 and controls (Thatcher + Lr16 and Exchange) against Puccinia triticina (Pt) pathotype 104-1,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,12+Lr37 and linked marker location in the short arm of chromosome 2B. Lr16 was not effective against the Pt pathotypes used in field study. Genotype C16.14 was proved to carry at least two adult plant resistance (APR) genes located on chromosomes 1D and 3B through iSelect 90K SNP based selective genotyping of C16.14/Aus91433 RILs. The chromosome 3B located resistance was proved to be Lr74 through genotyping of markers closely linked with this gene. In addition to Yr29/Lr46, two other consistent QTL for stripe resistance were detected in Arrivato/Bansi RIL population through DArTseq mapping. QYr.sun-1BS.1 corresponded to Yr24 and QYr.sun-1BS.2 was temporarily named YrAr. Both of these genes produced intermediate responses when present alone. Two QTL located on different linkage groups of chromosome 2B were identified in addition to Lr46/Yr29. QLr.sun-2B.1 appeared to be either a new gene or an allele of Lr16. Aus27506 was shown to carry QLr.sun-2D in addition to Lr46 and QLr.sun-2B was contributed by Aus27229 in Aus27506/Aus27229 population. QLr.sun-2D and QLr.sun-2B appears to be new loci. Comparison of chitin accumulation in the flag leaves with the performance of QTL indicated that combination of two QTL prevent the fungal growth resulting in low disease severity.

This project documents the impact of inquiry instruction on two ninth grade physics classes. Problem solving skills, conceptual knowledge, and students' reactions to the teaching style were assessed while students studied rotational motion and energy. Students showed improvements in both problem solving skill and conceptual knowledge when they learned a topic using the inquiry model. Students generally preferred the traditional, non-inquiry style lessons.

Este trabalho examina as transformações e usos urbanos na 6 7 Rua Augusta, em São Paulo, entre 1891 e 2012. Percebe-se que ao longo deste período a Rua Augusta, sobretudo na vertente que a comunica ao centro histórico da cidade, teve grande importância social e urbana, polarizando e respondendo a processos de urbanização que a cidade de São Paulo como um todo enfrentava. Seu papel e suas características, no entanto, variaram historicamente de acordo com as diferentes formas de apropriação por parte dos mais variados grupos sociais. A rua não só foi apropriada física e funcionalmente por esses grupos, mas também simbolicamente, tornando-se ao mesmo tempo um espaço e um emblema de determinados interesses econômicos, usos sociais e culturais, modos de consumo, identidades coletivas e estilos de vida nos distintos momentos estudados. A apropriação da rua por atividades de lazer é um aspecto privilegiado na dissertação, sobretudo em função do estabelecimento recente de uma importante mancha de vida noturna juvenil na cidade, que, desde a década de 1990, e sobretudo os anos 2000, vem catalizando um ciclo bastante representativo de investimentos, atividades, dinâmicas e significados.
this thesis examines the transformations and urban ocupations 8 9 of Augusta Street between 1891 and 2012. It is noticed that throughout this period of time, Augusta Street has had great social and urban relevance, polarizing and responding to processes of urbanization that the city of Sao Paulo was facing as whole, but especially regarding it\'s historic center. the street\'s role and characteristics however varied historically according to the diff erent forms of apropriation from diff erent social groups. the street was not only apropriated physically and functionally by these groups, but also symbolically, becoming at the same time a space and an emblem of determined economical interests, social and cultural uses, ways of consumption, colective identities and life styles, during diff erent moments covered in this study. the apropriation of this street by leisure activities is one aspect privileged in this work, especially because of a recent establishment of a young nocturnal life in the area, that since the 90\'s and more consistenly in the 2000\'s has been catalizing a cicle that is very representative of investments, activities, dinamics and meanings. this work has newspaper copies as the main research source, from which a line of thought was constructed, allowing a better understanding of this apropriation and the opinions about Augusta Street and to relate it to bigger social and urban issues.

Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Plant Pathology
Erick D. DeWolf
Stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) and leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina) are the top two diseases of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) with a 20-year average yield loss of 4.9% in Kansas. Due to the significant yield losses caused by these diseases, the overall objective of this research was to identify environmental variables that favor stripe and leaf rust epidemics. The first objective was to verify the environmental conditions that favor P. triticina infections in an outdoor field environment. Wheat was inoculated with P. triticina and exposed to ambient weather conditions for 16 hours. Number of hours with temperature between 5 to 25°C and relative humidity >87% were highly correlated and predicted leaf rust infections with 89% accuracy. The results of this outdoor assay were used to develop variables to evaluate the association of environment with regional leaf rust epidemics. Before regional disease models can be developed for a forecast system, suitable predictors need to be identified. Objectives two and three of this research were to identify environmental variables associated with leaf rust and stripe rust epidemics and to evaluate these predictors in models. Mean yield loss on susceptible varieties was estimated for nine Kansas crop reporting districts (CRD’s). Monthly environmental variables were evaluated for association with stripe rust epidemics (>1% yield loss), leaf rust epidemics (>1% yield loss), severe stripe rust epidemics (>14% yield loss) and severe leaf rust epidemics (>7% yield loss) at the CRD scale. Stripe rust and leaf rust epidemics were both strongly associated with soil moisture conditions; however, the timing differed between these diseases. Stripe rust epidemics were associated with soil moisture in fall and winter, and leaf rust epidemics during winter and spring. Severe stripe rust and leaf rust epidemics were associated with favorable temperature (7 to 12°C) and temperature (15 to 20°C) with relative humidity (>87%) or precipitation in May using tree-based methods of classification, respectively. The preliminary models developed in this research could be coupled with disease observations and varietal resistance information to advise growers about the need for foliar fungicides against these rusts in Kansas winter wheat.

Orientador: Milton Jose de Almeida
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Este trabalho é uma interpretação do filme ¿Arca Russa¿, dirigido pelo cineasta Alexander Sokurov, como construção de um espaço da memória sob a luz dos escritos do autor italiano Giulio Camillo. ¿Arca Russa¿ remete a imagens literárias, imagens de um palácio, imagens de quadros, imagens de uma cidade, imagens da imaginação. Segui a própria idéia do filme que se compõe da articulação de fragmentos de múltiplas temporalidades que formam uma visão de simultaneidade histórica em uma rede de imagens e de palavras, amalgamadas no tempo contemporâneo do filme, produzido esteticamente como um único plano-seqüência
Abstract: This is a study of the movie ¿Russian Ark¿, directed by Alexander Sokurov, structured as space of memory and having regard as reference the texts of Italian renaissancist author Giulio Camillo. ¿Russian Ark¿ refers to images from literature, images from imagination, from art history, from a city. The text followed the film's dynamism and rhythm, which is set joining diferent temporalities and composing a simultaneous historical view in a network of words and pictures, all of them in contemporaneous time and taken in a 96-minute one-shot
Mestrado
Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte
Mestre em Educação

Writing bug free computer code is a challenging task in a low-level language like C. While C compilers are getting better and better at detecting possible bugs, they still have a long way to go. For application programming we have higher level languages that abstract away details in memory handling and concurrent programming. However, a lot of an operating system's source code is still written in C and the kernel is exclusively written in C. How can we make writing kernel code safer? What are the performance penalties we have to pay for writing safe code? In this thesis, we will answer these questions using the Rust programming language. A Rust Kernel Programming Interface is designed and implemented, and a network device driver is then ported to Rust. The Rust code is analyzed to determine the safeness and the two implementations are benchmarked for performance and compared to each other. It is shown that a kernel device driver can be written entirely in safe Rust code, but the interface layer require some unsafe code. Measurements show unexpected minor improvements to performance with Rust.
Att skriva buggfri kod i ett lågnivåspråk som C är väldigt svårt. C-kompilatorer blir bättre och bättre på att upptäcka buggar men är ännu långt ifrån att kunna garantera buggfri kod. För applikationsprogrammering finns det tillgängligt olika högnivåspråk som abstrakterar bort den manuella minneshanteringen och hjälper med trådsäker programmering. Dock fortfarande så är större delar av operativsystemet och dess kärna är endast skriven i C. Hur kan vi göra programmering i kärnan säkrare? Vad är prestandakonsekvenserna av att använda ett säkrare språk? I denna uppsats ska vi försöka svara på dessa frågor genom att använda språket Rust. Ett programmeringsgränssnitt i Rust är implementerat i kärnan och en nätverksdrivrutin är portad till Rust. Källkoden skriven i Rust är analyserad för att bedömma säkerheten samt prestandan är jämförd mellan C och Rust implementationerna. Det är bevisat att vi kan skriva en drivrutin i enbart säker Rust om vi kan lita på några osäkra funktioner i gränssnittet. Mätningar visar lite bättre prestanda i Rust.

Rust Belt and Other Stories is a collection of stories exploring characters in the bleak moments when social oppression challenge the perceived meaning of their lives. The disenchantments are influenced by distinctive settings, which set the tone for the stories. Place is an active force shaping the protagonists and adding to the nuance of character relationships, dialogue and philosophical outlooks.

Ruská federace patří k jedním z nejvýznamnějším obchodním partnerům České republiky. Vzhledem k tomu je otázka obchodních vztahů mezi těmito státy stále aktuální. Podle mého názoru jsou na trhu Ruska stále příležitosti pro podnikatele z České republiky. Při podnikání na ruském trhu je nutné brat v úvahu kulturně-sociální prostředí jako jednu ze složek podnikatelského prostředí a zároveň podnikovou kulturu uvnitř ruských firem. Kultura a sociální prostředí ovlivňují chování a jednání firem, institucí i konečných spotřebitelů. Tato práce se zabývá analýzou kulturních a obchodních zvláštnosti podnikání v Rusku a taky analýzou podnikové kultury.

Diplomová práce zkoumá proces rozpadu Sovětského svazu a vývoj Ruska v období transformace až do roku 2006. Práce zohledňuje jak hospodářský vývoje země, tak i změny v politickém životě, neboť ekonomická transformace je v Rusku mnohem více než v jiných zemích spojena s transformací politickou. Zvláštní pozornost je věnovaná analýze ruské finanční krize v roce 1998.

Práce obsahuje analýzu vnější ekonomické rovnováhy Ruska pomocí platební bilance. V teoretické části je definován pojem platební bilance, proveden rozbor její struktury podle metodiky MMF. Dále úvodní část shrnuje teorii měnového kurzu, zachycuje vývoj ruského rublu a zejména dokumentuje podhodnocení nominálního kurzu rublu vůči paritě kupní síly. Praktická část se zaměřuje na samotnou analýzu platební bilance Ruska v letech 1991-2007. Je sledován vývoj jednotlivých účtů a vybraných sald platební bilance, vývoj ukazatelů zadluženosti a také investiční pozice Ruska.

The main goal of the thesis is to implement strategic analysis of a company Rupa s.r.o. using the internal and external analyses. Upon of gained information to propose the solution leading to the better market position of the company.

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is an economically important foliar disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum). In the last decade, losses from stripe rust in North Dakota (ND) have increased, peaking at 5% in 2015. Three research studies were conducted to address questions on the pathogen, varietal resistance, and integrated management. The objective of the first study was to (i) identify virulent phenotypes of Pst isolates collected from ND from 2015 to 2017 and assign races, and (ii) determine the effect of temperature on in vitro urediniospore germination, latency, and lesion spread. Across the three years, five races were detected with PSTv 37 being the most common. The highest urediniospore germination occurred at 12oC followed by 16oC. Pst isolates had shorter latency at 21oC and larger lesion spread at 16oC. The objective of the second study was to evaluate seedling resistance and adult plant resistance in the North Dakota State University spring wheat breeding program using races PSTv 37 and PSTv 52. Results from seedling experiments indicated only four and two lines were resistant to PSTv 52 and PSTv 37, respectively. Adult plant resistance experiments were unsuccessful in 2019, and will be conducted again in the future. The objective of the third study was to develop fungicide timing recommendations for wheat rust (stripe and leaf) based on varietal resistance and time of disease onset. Rust developed in five of the eight field trials, and timing of disease onset was categorized by growth stage (tillering, flag leaf, or early-flowering). Results indicated fungicide application timing was influenced by timing of disease onset and varietal resistance. When rust was detected at the tillering growth stage on the susceptible variety, the best time to apply a fungicide was at Feekes 9. When rust was detected at flag leaf or beyond on a susceptible variety, a fungicide application at Feekes 10.51 provided the adequate disease reduction and protection of yield. Results from these research studies provide a better understanding of Pst, determined seedling resistance in the breeding program, and provides field data to refine management recommendations for wheat rusts in ND.
North Dakota Wheat Commission
State Board of Agricultural Research and Education