Zeitschriftenartikel: „Rural indebtedness“

1

Tandon, P. K. „A Profile of Rural Indebtedness“. Social Scientist 16, Nr. 4 (April 1988): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517259.

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2

Surendran Padmaja, Subash, und Jabir Ali. „Correlates of agrarian indebtedness in rural India“. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9, Nr. 2 (15.05.2019): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-07-2017-0074.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the factors determining the incidence and extent of indebtedness among agricultural households in rural India. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on a nationally representative survey carried out under the 70th Round of the National Sampling Survey Office (NSSO) across rural India. Data on household characteristics, farming characteristics, indebtedness and extent of outstanding credit have been extracted from the comprehensive survey data. Four research hypotheses have been formulated and tested using simple statistical techniques. Further, using the Heckman Selection Model, the study assesses the factors determining the agrarian indebtedness among households in rural India. Findings The results from the descriptive analysis show that there is a significant difference in socio-economic and farm characteristics of indebted and non-indebted households. Further, the level of indebtedness differs across sources of the loan, landholding sizes and geographical locations among agricultural households. The results of regression analysis clearly indicate that household characteristics, farm characteristics and sources of loan determine both the incidence and extent of indebtedness among agricultural households. Research limitations/implications The main limitation of the study is that only the data giving information regarding the amount of outstanding loans have been collected, and there is no information regarding the amount of credit availed, the purpose and the due date of payment. Further, there is scope to improve the robustness of the empirical model by adding and modifying explanatory variables. Originality/value There are only a limited number of empirical studies providing an understanding of the factors determining the indebtedness of agricultural households in rural India. Hence, this study is a good value addition to the existing literature.

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3

Standar, Aldona, und Agnieszka Kozera. „Identifying the Financial Risk Factors of Excessive Indebtedness of Rural Communes in Poland“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 3 (21.01.2020): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030794.

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The purpose of this paper is to identify the financial risk factors of excessive indebtedness of Polish rural communes. The objective of this research task is to verify the following research hypothesis: the main determinant of the risk of excessive indebtedness is the rural communes’ own income potential. To meet the objective of this research, an empirical study was carried out in three steps. The first step of the research procedure was the analysis of the operation of Polish rural communes in the context of financial management. In the second step was the analysis of indebtedness of rural communes compared to other types of Polish administrative units in 2007–2017. The evolution of the level and share of total debt in total incomes of entities studied was analyzed, and the share of overindebted rural communes was identified. In the third step, a discriminatory analysis was performed to build a model able to forecast the financial risk factors of excessive indebtedness for Polish rural communes. The problem of increasing indebtedness can be observed in a growing number of communes and on an increasing scale in Poland. The discriminant analysis showed that the share of the operating surplus and own income in total income, as well as the amount of the EU funds per capita (in zlotys), are particularly significant. The study reveals that the smaller the share of the operating surplus in total income is as well as the greater the share of own income in total income and the amount of the EU funds in zlotys per capita are, the lower the value of the estimated discriminatory function is and the higher the risk of excessive indebtedness of a rural commune is.

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4

Kumari, Tulika, und Binita Kumari. „Rural Indebtedness in India and its Consequences“. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, Nr. 1a (2016): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00072.x.

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5

Toor, Jasdeep Singh, Balwinder Singh Tiwana und Sukhdev Singh. „Rural Indebtedness in Malwa Region of Punjab“. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, Nr. 3 (2016): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00158.x.

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6

Datta, Subhendu, Aviral Kumar Tiwari und C. S. Shylajan. „An empirical analysis of nature, magnitude and determinants of farmers’ indebtedness in India“. International Journal of Social Economics 45, Nr. 6 (11.06.2018): 888–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2016-0319.

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PurposeAccording to the 70th round of the National Sample Survey published by the Government of India in 2014, the incidence of indebtedness among households in the rural areas of Telangana state, India, is twice that of rural all-India. Around 59 per cent of rural households are indebted in Telangana as against 31 per cent all-India. The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent and magnitude of indebtedness among rural households in the Medak district of Telangana state. Further, the authors wanted to identify the sources of credit to these households and for what purpose the loans were utilised.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the objective, the authors conducted a primary-level household survey in one of the distressed districts in newly formed state. The authors applied the Bayesian and the Lasso regression methods to identify the factors that impact indebtedness of a household.FindingsThe OLS results based on the Lasso regression results show that among all the explanatory variables, principal occupation, use of modern technology, the rate of interest, household medical expenditure and source of loan are significant, indicating that these variables significantly affect the loan taken by the farmers in the study area. The study shows that alternative sources of non-farm income and promotion of modern technology in agriculture can reduce the incidence of farmers’ indebtedness in India.Originality/valueThe paper contains significant information with regard to indebtedness. It focusses on the issue troubling the authorities the most. It provides the ground realities of the incidence of indebtedness in Medak, one of the most distressed districts of Telangana, a Southern Indian state. There have been very few similar studies done in the newly formed state. The paper has employed an advanced statistical technique, i.e. Heckman’s selection regression technique, to study farmers’ indebtedness in India. It provides a means of correcting for non-randomly selected samples, which otherwise can lead to erroneous conclusions and poor policy.

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Owais Shafique und Maria Habib. „Over-Indebtedness of Rural Micro-credit Financing in Bahawalpur: An Impediment to their Social & Financial Mobility“. Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies 6, Nr. 2 (30.06.2020): 559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v6i2.1254.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of micro-credit finance on over-indebtedness and social & financial mobility of micro-credit finance participants. The objectives of this research is to investigate that micro-credit finance participation leads to over-indebtedness of micro-credit finance and over-indebtedness of micro-credit finance effect the social and financial mobility of micro-credit finance participants. The study also investigates the role of women participation in those financial decisions through which over-indebtedness exist. The study is quantitative and the research design is explanatory in nature. The data was collected from 266 current and ex-micro-credit finance participants through questionnaire and interview were also conducted in order to facilitate respondents. The data was analyzed through different statistical software I.e. Microsoft Excel and SPSS. The findings of the study indicate that micro-credit finance participants experience over-indebtedness by participation in micro-credit finance program but it does not affect the social and financial mobility of micro-credit finance participants. It also evaluate that women involvement has weak mediating relation with over-indebtedness and financial mobility. This study has important implications because it provides insights regarding over-indebtedness of micro-credit finance participants that effects their social & financial mobility. This study also helps policy makers in formulating new regulations in the area of micro-credit finance sector in Pakistan. The new policies may target the aspect of over-indebtedness among micro-credit participants in future.

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Kaur, Veerpal, und Gian Singh. „Determinants of indebtedness among farmers in rural Haryana“. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 10, Nr. 2 (2014): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2322-0430.10.2.040.

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9

Kaur, Pushpinder Jit, und Anupama. „Rural Indebtedness and Farm and Non-farm Credit“. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 14, Nr. 1a (2018): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2018.00076.8.

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10

Yogeshwari, S., und R. S. Deshpande. „Rural Indebtedness and Distress: Whipping the Wrong Horse“. Review of Development and Change 15, Nr. 1 (Juni 2010): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972266120100102.

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11

Wichowska, Anna. „DETERMINANTS OF DEBT IN RURAL MUNICIPALITIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE WARMIŃSKO-MAZURSKIE VOIVODESHIP“. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 18, Nr. 4 (30.12.2019): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2019.18.4.52.

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One of the major consequences of the economic crisis with which the local governments had to deal was growing debt, the implications of which could endanger the continuity of public services. It appears that the largest cities in Poland were especially exposed to the negative effects of the indebtedness, yet the problem affected the village communes as well. Therefore, the main aim of the article was to assess the level of indebtedness of rural communes against other communes as well as to identify the determinants of the debt. As an example for the analysis communes of the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship were selected, as the region is characterized by a high share of rural areas as well as a rather unfavourable economic situation. The general indebtedness of the selected rural communes remained at a relatively low level in comparison to the urban and urban-rural communes. Findings also suggest that the level of debt was influenced primarily by such factors as the number of inhabitants in the studied area, the number of primary schools, as well as the share of the post-working age population in the population total.

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Kozera, Agnieszka, Aldona Standar und Łukasz Satoła. „Managing Rural Areas in the Context of the Growing Debt of Polish Local Government Units“. Agriculture 10, Nr. 9 (26.08.2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090376.

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Local development is a long-term process of economic transformation. To make it happen, expenditure must be incurred, especially including investments. At a local level, the financial burden involved in the transformation is mostly on local government units. Although a three-level administrative system is in place in Poland, bottom-level units (municipalities) are largely responsible for driving local development. Polish rural areas make up over 90% of the national territory, and rural municipalities alone are home to 11 million people, i.e., 30% of the total population. Poland’s accession to the European Union and the ability of local government units (LGUs) to use Union funds contributed to local development, in particular by making many rural municipalities a more attractive place to live and invest in. However, a rapid increase in debt levels was another consequence. Excessive indebtedness of LGUs threatens not only their stable operation and local development but also the stability of the whole public finance sector. The main purpose of this study was to assess the level of and differences in indebtedness of Polish rural municipalities, and to identify the key socioeconomic conditions of debt. The analysis period was 2007–2017. This article used the TOPSIS routine to develop a synthetic indicator of municipal debt levels. An ordered logit model was also employed to identify the key conditions behind municipal indebtedness in Polish rural areas. This study found that, in 2007–2009, most rural municipalities (over 50%) recorded extremely low or low levels of debt while only one-fifth were at high or extremely high levels. In turn, already in 2015–2017, more than one-third of all rural municipalities were at a high or extremely high level of debt. The study also allowed to validate the research hypothesis formulated in this paper, namely that “the key reason for the growing level and diversity of indebtedness of Polish rural municipalities is the investment activity of local authorities in seeking funds from the European Union”.

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Kaur, Harvinder. „Indebtedness and Poverty Among Rural Labour Households in Punjab“. Agricultural Research Journal 53, Nr. 1 (2016): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-146x.2016.00019.3.

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14

Goyal, Mini. „Financial Inclusion and Indebtedness-A Study of Rural Punjab“. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, Nr. 1a (2016): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00067.6.

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15

Kaur, Pushpinder Jit. „Extent of Rural Indebtedness With Special Reference to Punjab“. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, Nr. 1a (2016): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00082.2.

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16

Kaur, Rupinder, Sukhvir Kaur, Anupama, Gurinder Kaur und Gian Singh. „Indebtedness among Marginal and Small Farmers in Rural Punjab“. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 14, Nr. 2 (2018): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2018.00134.8.

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17

Toor, Jasdeep Singh, Naresh Kumar und Gian Singh. „Indebtedness among rural households of Punjab: An economic analysis“. Agricultural Research Journal 60, Nr. 2 (2023): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-146x.2023.00040.6.

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18

Wong, Zun Yuan, Suhal Kusairi und Zairihan Abdul Halim. „Household consumption and indebtedness: Are there disparities between genders, rural–urban areas, and among income groups?“ Economics & Sociology 16, Nr. 3 (September 2023): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2023/16-3/2.

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Recently, household debt has been steadily increasing across the globe. Household consumption is an essential factor in household debt, along with households' characteristics, such as their location, the gender of the household head, and their income group. Therefore, this research investigates the disparities in the impacts of households' characteristics on their indebtedness and consumption. The study utilizes the Household Expenditure and Income Survey conducted in 2019 by the Department of Statistics of Malaysia, which included a simple random sample of 4,730 households. A simultaneous equations model is the employed method of analysis, and the results reveal that the gender of the household head, residential areas, and income groups have differential effects on household consumption and indebtedness through predetermined variables. Specifically, results show that indebtedness has a negative effect on household consumption for the middle-income group (M40); savings are negatively associated with consumption for households living in rural areas and the M40 group. Furthermore, income is positively associated with consumption for rural households and when the household head is female. Finally, household size also has a positive effect on consumption.

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Kaur, Pawandeep, Gian Singh und Sarbjeet Singh. „Magnitude and Determinants of Indebtedness Among Farmers in Rural Punjab“. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, Nr. 1a (2016): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00070.6.

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20

Gerber, Julien-François. „The role of rural indebtedness in the evolution of capitalism“. Journal of Peasant Studies 41, Nr. 5 (26.06.2014): 729–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2014.921618.

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21

Aye, Hnin Pwint, und Yoshiteru Nakamori. „Preparing a Service System of Microfinance for the Unbanked in Myanmar“. International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 5, Nr. 2 (April 2014): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkss.2014040104.

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The objective of this paper is to create a service system to protect the security of financial system of microfinance and over indebtedness by improving the capacity of unbanked instead of strict legal procedures. The service system is one of the sub-systems of the access system. The access system including four sub-systems is constructed to moderate the severe legal procedures of MFI for rural unbanked in Myanmar to be able to easily borrow loans from a microfinance institution and to secure the financial system of MFI and over indebtedness of the clients. This paper applied a literature review to comprehend the causes of occurring over-indebtedness, importance of service to protect over-indebtedness and improve livelihoods of the poor. Two surveys collected the data of the current capacity of the poor from two perspectives and verified three hypotheses. As a result, unbanked in Myanmar have low capacity. The ideas for service system are explored depending on the current occupations of unbanked. A proposed service system is created on the ideas for the process of skill development training.

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22

Deb, Surajit. „Household Assets and Indebtedness in States of India“. Social Change 53, Nr. 3 (September 2023): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857231188099.

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The present contribution makes the seventeenth part of the Social Change Indicators series. We have previously deliberated on several social and economic issues and the topics have included vulnerable households across social classes, poverty, migration, living conditions, social protection, displacement of labour, old-age health and morbidity conditions, women’s time use patterns, and intimate partner violence. In this part, we examine the assets and indebtedness of households across rural and urban areas, occupational types as well as social classes in different states of India.

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Kaur, Rupinder, und Gagandeep Kaur. „Indebtedness among Rural Households-A Case for Bathinda district of Punjab“. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 14, Nr. 1a (2018): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2018.00077.x.

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Kaur, Rajwant, und Sharanjit Singh Dhillon. „Structure of Credit and Indebtedness among Rural Farm Households in Punjab“. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 14, Nr. 1a (2018): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2018.00117.8.

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25

Kaur, Manvir, R. K. Mahajan und Rupinder Kaur. „Indebtedness among Weaker Sections in Rural Areas of South-West Punjab“. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 14, Nr. 2 (2018): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2018.00137.3.

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26

Werner, Cynthia. „Household networks and the security of mutual indebtedness in rural Kazakstan“. Central Asian Survey 17, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1998): 597–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634939808401058.

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27

El‐Eini, Roza I. M. „Rural indebtedness and agricultural credit supplies in Palestine in the 1930s“. Middle Eastern Studies 33, Nr. 2 (April 1997): 313–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263209708701155.

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28

Ravallion, Martin. „Rural indebtedness in the Punjab 1878: Results of a household survey“. Explorations in Economic History 27, Nr. 2 (April 1990): 178–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(90)90009-n.

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29

Lal, Alpana, und Parvat Singh. „Agrarian Distress and Indebtedness Among Rural Agricultural Households in Uttar Pradesh“. RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 9, Nr. 2 (15.02.2024): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2024.v09.n02.024.

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Agriculture is the largest sector of the Indian economy in terms of population dependent on it, where more than 85% of farmers belong to small and marginal categories. In India, agriculture has made commendable progress after the Green Revolution, and with a spectacular rise, the country has become self-sufficient in the case of most of the farm products. Despite it, farmers continued to languish in poverty. As time passes, farming has become less remunerative for most of the farming community, which has led to increasing debt and overall distress. Along with this, the consistent crop failure, coupled with the high cost and vagaries of the market, have made life worse for them. According to the latest data released by ‘National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) on December 4, 2023, there were 11,290 suicide cases reported by farmers from across the country during 2022, with an increase of 3.7% from 2021. In India, more than half of farmers were in debt and as per NCRB data, there were 7034 farmers’ suicide cases due to indebtedness in 2022. Moreover, the state of Uttar Pradesh saw the highest increase in the number of suicides among all states, with a 42.13% rise when compared with 2021. In this context, the present paper examines agrarian distress and suicide among farmers in the country as well as in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The study, primarily based on secondary sources, tries to explore the underlying reasons for rural indebtedness or bankruptcies, whether it is natural, institutional, social, financial, or government policy-led. The paper also suggests some possible solutions, both short-term and medium-term, including coverage of all crops under Minimum Support Price (MSP); improvement of rural credit delivery system through institutional credit agencies; crop insurance coverage; and provision of input subsidies that can mitigate the agrarian distress among farmers.

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Sajjad, Haroon. „Agrarian distress and indebtedness in rural India: Emerging perspectives and challenges ahead“. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning 5, Nr. 15 (30.11.2012): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jgrp11.107.

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31

Chichaibelu, Bezawit Beyene, und Hermann Waibel. „Over-indebtedness and its persistence in rural households in Thailand and Vietnam“. Journal of Asian Economics 56 (Juni 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2018.04.002.

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32

Aytekin, E. Attila. „Cultivators, Creditors and the State: Rural Indebtedness in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire“. Journal of Peasant Studies 35, Nr. 2 (April 2008): 292–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150802151041.

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Vipinkumar, V. P., B. Johnson, P. S. Swathilekshmi und C. Ramachandran. „Coastal rural indebtedness and impact of microfinance in marine fisheries sector of Tamil Nadu“. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 55, Nr. 1 (15.06.2013): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.6024/jmbai.2013.55.1.01752-13.

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Chichaibelu, Bezawit Beyene, und Hermann Waibel. „Borrowing from “Pui” to Pay “Pom”: Multiple Borrowing and Over-Indebtedness in Rural Thailand“. World Development 98 (Oktober 2017): 338–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.04.032.

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Furió, Antoni. „Rents instead of land. Credit and peasant indebtedness in late medieval Mediterranean Iberia: the kingdom of Valencia“. Continuity and Change 36, Nr. 2 (August 2021): 177–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000138.

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AbstractThe literature on the rural economy of the high and late Middle Ages has long established a close correlation between three significant features of the period: the spread of rural credit, the dynamism of the peasant land market and the expropriation of peasant land by the creditors, usually yeomen or urban landowners. There has even been talk for some countries (northern Italy) of a deliberate strategy of territorial conquest, insofar as the credit provided by urban lenders would aim at the expropriation of land from insolvent debtors. This article studies for the Mediterranean Spain of the late Middle Ages, and in particular for the old kingdom of Valencia, other objectives of rural credit and other alternatives to peasant expropriation in case of insolvency. Based on the rich archival holdings of the region, mainly notarial and judicial records, the article studies the dissemination of rural credit, the different modalities (short and long term), the motivations of creditors and debtors, the types of interest, the guarantors and the goods given as collateral for the loans, their confiscation in case of delay or insolvency. It concludes that, unlike elsewhere, the creditors, rather than in land, were interested in rents, that is, in the annuities paid to them by the debtors as interest on the loans obtained. The spread of long-term credit, therefore, not only did not threaten or subvert but also strengthened a system of land ownership, tenure and management based on regular rents extraction.

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Białek-Jaworska, Anna, und Agnieszka Krystyna Kopańska. „Do fiscal rules of local debt affect municipal off-budget activities? Analysis of various types of municipalities“. Meditari Accountancy Research 31, Nr. 7 (12.06.2023): 156–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-11-2021-1491.

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Purpose This paper aims to determine whether local governments (LGs) use non-consolidated municipally owned companies (MOCs), excluded from public sector entities and, consequently, from sub-national debt to avoid fiscal debt limits. This paper contributes to the literature by analysing the fiscal debt rule’s impact on the off-budget municipal activities in total and separate in different types of local government units. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses difference-in-differences and the system general method of moments model with the Blundell–Bond estimator for dynamic panel data analysis of MOCs owned by 866 Polish municipalities in 2010–2018. Findings This paper shows that the MOCs’ revenues support limited local public debt capacity by indebtedness restrictions imposed on municipalities in 2014. As a result, less indebted municipalities have higher off-budget revenues. The tightening of fiscal rules related to sub-sovereign indebtedness increased off-budget activities, but that effect is much stronger in rural and rural–urban municipalities than in urban municipalities and big cities. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature by exploring the fiscal debt rule’s impact on the off-budget municipal activities in total and separate in different types of local government units. In this paper, the authors combine theories relating to private and public finance; this is a novel approach and one that is also necessary – as, in fact, the worlds of public and private actors intersect – as exemplified by the existence of MOC.

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Morkunas, Mangirdas, und Povilas Labukas. „The Evaluation of Negative Factors of Direct Payments under Common Agricultural Policy from a Viewpoint of Sustainability of Rural Regions of the New EU Member States: Evidence from Lithuania“. Agriculture 10, Nr. 6 (12.06.2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060228.

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The present study aims to determine and evaluate the negative consequences of the implementation of the direct payments financial support mechanism under the Common Agricultural Policy on the rural sustainability of Lithuania. Interviews of experts and a combination of the analytic hierarchy process with three different measurement scales and the analytic hierarchy process with triangular fuzzy numbers were employed in order to evaluate and rank the negative effects of the direct payments mechanism of the Common Agricultural Policy. It was revealed that high land prices, decreasing diversification of cultivated crops, land degradation, and financial indebtedness of farmers can be attributed to direct payments and these consequences have a significant negative impact on the rural sustainability of Lithuania. The necessity of using a combination of different evaluation scales and techniques was confirmed.

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Chmelíková, Gabriela, Annette Krauss und Francois Lategan. „Microfinance as a Mechanism against Financial Exclusion in the European Rural Areas – an Inspiration for the Czech Republic“. Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics 13, Nr. 4 (30.12.2021): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/aol.2021.130406.

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One of the factors influencing the emergence of disparities between rural and urban regions is the varying level of financial inclusion of the population. The system of microfinancing is becoming an important mechanism against poverty and social exclusion in Europe. However, there is available very limited legal, regulatory and historical information on the microfinance system in the Czech Republic. As a result, microfinance institutions are absent and small entrepreneurs tend to use expensive consumer credit products, thereby increasing the risk of over-indebtedness. The aim of this research is to examine the repayment performance of the European microfinance institutions with increased share of clients from rural areas. Based on an empirical statistical analysis of an unique European microfinance institutions´ database, we are presenting evidence that suggests that microfinance systems perform better in rural than in urban areas. This finding is strongly recommended for consideration in the development of policies to guide legal frameworks regarding microfinancing.

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KUMAR, NOMITA P. „Agrarian Distress and Indebtedness of Farmer Households in Rural Uttar Pradesh: Emerging Issues and Challenges“. Productivity 61, Nr. 1 (30.09.2020): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/prod.2020.61.01.10.

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Mohapatra, Bibhuti Bhusan, und A. Jiran Meitei. „For-profit MFIs and indebtedness of rural manufacturing households: implications for India's COVID-19 crisis“. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management 30, Nr. 4 (2023): 497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijicbm.2023.136204.

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Baykova, O. V., A. V. Troitsky, E. S. Chebotaeva, E. O. Gromyko und D. S. Chirkina. „Analysis of the state of the electric power industry of the Ural Federal District“. Vestnik Universiteta, Nr. 8 (20.09.2023): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2023-8-49-55.

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The article studies importance of marketing analysis of electric power industry on the example the Ural Federal District. A brief characteristic of the region under consideration has been given and prevailing branches of specialization and territories of their location reflected. Electricity consumption indicators in dynamics for the decade (2012–2022) for all groups of consumers in the region (industrial consumers, population, non-industrial consumers, budgetary consumers, and agricultural producers) have been analyzed, and electricity consumption structure considered, i.e. electricity shares that fall on each group of consumers have been revealed. Forecasts of electricity consumption have been made and dynamics of such an important indicator as electricity intensity of gross regional product analyzed. Dynamics of electricity tariffs for urban and rural population, non-industrial consumers, as well as for large and small industrial enterprises, has been analyzed. Consumers’ ability to pay for electricity has been studied by identifying the share of electricity costs in expenditures of households and enterprises of different energy intensity structure. The indebtedness of consumers to guaranteeing suppliers and power grid companies has been given. Effective measures to combat the indebtedness of some large guaranteeing suppliers from the district under consideration have been analyzed.

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Banerjee, Subhabrata Bobby, und Laurel Jackson. „Microfinance and the business of poverty reduction: Critical perspectives from rural Bangladesh“. Human Relations 70, Nr. 1 (22.05.2016): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726716640865.

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In this article we provide a critical analysis of the role of market-based approaches to poverty reduction in developing countries. In particular, we analyse the role of microfinance in poverty alleviation by conducting an ethnographic study of three villages in Bangladesh. Microfinance has become an increasingly popular approach that aims to alleviate poverty by providing the poor new opportunities for entrepreneurship. It also aims to promote empowerment (especially among women) while enhancing social capital in poor communities. Our findings, however, reflect a different picture. We found microfinance led to increasing levels of indebtedness among already impoverished communities and exacerbated economic, social and environmental vulnerabilities. Our findings contribute to the emerging literature on the role of social capital in developing entrepreneurial capabilities in poor communities by highlighting processes whereby social capital can be undermined by market-based measures like microfinance.

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Kernell, Samuel. „Rural Free Delivery as a Critical Test of Alternative Models of American Political Development“. Studies in American Political Development 15, Nr. 01 (2001): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x01010057.

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During roughly the half-century straddling the turn of the twentieth century, America’s national government underwent a dramatic transformation. It proceeded on two fronts, politics and administration. At the beginning of the era, politicians were deeply enmeshed in a system of patronage and graft reflecting their indebtedness to the local and state political parties without whose support their careers would have languished. Local party organizations recruited and sponsored candidates, ran election campaigns, and directed subsequent career moves among its cadre of politicians. In return, these politicians used their offices to stoke the party machine with a steady supply of patronage appointments and government contracts. By the end of the era, a variety of state and national reforms had effectively dismantled the patronage system.

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LORENZETTI, LUIGI. „Agrarian Debt in Rural Switzerland: Economic Causes and Political Responses (1890–1940)“. Rural History 28, Nr. 2 (Oktober 2017): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793317000073.

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AbstractThe article seeks to determine the causes of the agrarian debt in rural Switzerland since the First World War and illustrate this growing phenomena in the 1920s and 1930s, by correlating the increase to the costs of the change in production beginning at the end of the nineteenth century, to the cut in the prices of agricultural products and the parallel depreciation of the soil after the war. After having outlined the effects of indebtedness reflected in the increase in the number of distraints, the article focuses on the political responses put in place to ensure the smooth running of mortgage loans – integrated since 1930 into a system of guarantees designed to limit the risks for creditors. The bill of the federal government intended to promote agricultural debt relief was long put off by some political circles, preferring to step in with precise measures, such as credit payments and extraordinary subsidies.

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Owoh, Ngozi. P. und Ozougwu, S.U. „FINANCIAL LITERACY OF RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN OBIOMA, UDI LGA ENUGU STATE“. Nigeria Journal of Home Economics (ISSN: 2782-8131) 10, Nr. 7 (30.06.2022): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.61868/njhe.v10i7.144.

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The study evaluated the financial literacy of the rural women entrepreneurs in Obioma Udi L.G.A. Enugustate. It evaluated the level of the financial knowledge of the rural women entrepreneurs, the consequencesof poor financial literacy and ways of improving the financial literacy of rural women entrepreneurs in thearea of study. Structured questionnaire called financial literacy questionnaire (FLQ) were utilized for datacollection. Population for the study was 206 women. Data were analyzed using mean. Major findingsincludes: the identification of sixteen (16) levels of financial knowledge which are, knowledge about savings,investment, payment of bills, and so on. Eleven (11) consequences of poor financial knowledge by the ruralwomen entrepreneurs were identified as, falling victim of money fraudsters, engaging in high interest rateactivities, going into bankruptcy due bad financial management, high indebtedness, poor financial decisionsamong others. Ways of improving the financial literacy of the rural women entrepreneurs in Obiomaincludes organizing seminars, workshops, conferences and subscribing to financial newspaper and financialnews, listening to financial podcasts, reading financial book, making good budget and so on. Based on thefindings of the study, it was recommended that rural women entrepreneurs in Obioma would be organizingseminars, workshops and conferences to be informed about new ways of carrying out activities in theirvarious enterprises in order to make gains to sustain their business.

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Meitei, A. Jiran, und Bibhuti Bhusan Mohapatra. „For-Profit MFIs and Indebtedness of Rural Manufacturing Households: Implications for Indias Covid-19 Crisis“. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management 1, Nr. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijicbm.2022.10050048.

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Mamcarczyk, Mariola, Łukasz Popławski und Paweł Zieniuk. „Activities of local government units in the popularization and promotion of a healthy lifestyle among an aging rural society – the case of Poland“. Economics and Environment 85, Nr. 2 (14.09.2023): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2023.85.2.598.

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Purpose: Three goals were set in the study, which was met: to present the expected changes in the population of Poland, discuss the concept of "living in health" and prognoses regarding this issue. Methodology: The objects of the study were rural and urban-rural communes of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. The statistical analysis of collected survey data was used as the method. Findings: The level of health popularisation and promotion by Local Government Units (LGUs) is varied. The activities related to the popularisation and promotion of a healthy lifestyle are moderate in 47.9% of respondents in rural communes and 17.4% in urban-rural communes. The level of indebtedness has an impact on undertaking activities in the field of health popularisation and promotion but does not affect the availability of sports and recreation infrastructure. At the same time, too few actual observations were indicated for TSUs taking the full range of measures and having a debt level falling into the 21-30% group (76%). However, too many observations (126%) relate to debt levels of 11-20%. Access to sports infrastructure does not affect the level of health popularisation and promotion. The obtained answers indicate that 34.5% of rural communes and 10% urban-rural have no problem with access to recreational infrastructure, for 35.5% of respondents from rural communes and 11.8% from urban-rural, this is a moderate problem. Implications: The ageing society causes changes and consequences in all areas of socio-economic life. The activities of some local governments are insufficient, and there is a lack of consistency in their conduct in this area.

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Pan, Ming-te. „Rural Credit in Ming-Qing Jiangnan and the Concept of Peasant Petty Commodity Production“. Journal of Asian Studies 55, Nr. 1 (Februar 1996): 94–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2943638.

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The rural credit system in traditional agrarian societies has long been associated with “usury,” and therefore often considered a hindrance to rural development. Three aspects of the traditional rural credit system are used to substantiate this assertion. First, traditional rural credit often entailed interest rates above the ceiling set by law. As early as 1790 b.c., the Laws of Hammurabi established annual interest ceilings of 33.3 percent for grain loans and 20 percent for cash loans. Any loan charging interest beyond the ceiling was illegal (Sowards 1983, 5). To many contemporary scholars, even a ceiling of 20 to 30 percent seems exorbitant: given the low return of traditional farming, peasants could hardly afford to borrow at such high interest rates. Second, from a socioeconomic perspective, high interest rates suggest unequal relations between debtors and creditors. According to Rao, the origin of this unequal relationship lies in market imperfection, or so-called “connectedness”—the link between wealth inequality and the failure-of-markets mechanism (1986). A fragmented and noncompetitive market, this view maintains, facilitates personalized credit transactions which not only extract surplus but also perpetuate peasants' credit dependency on the landlord. This credit dependency, in turn, creates a situation in which compulsive indebtedness gradually deprives the peasantry of the means of production (Bhaduri 1983, chaps. 4, 5). Finally, it is asserted, traditional rural credit had little to do with production. Most peasants used rural credit for consumption purposes, which had destructive effects on agricultural production. Rural credit, in these views, is a siphon that draws resources out of the rural sector, locks peasants into a vicious cycle of debt, creates rural inequality, and hinders production. Scholars who have studied the Chinese peasant economy agree, by and large, that that was the nature of Chinese rural credit system.

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OBENDIEK, HELENA. „Rural Family Backgrounds, Higher Education, and Marriage Negotiations in Northwest China“. Modern Asian Studies 50, Nr. 4 (18.04.2016): 1250–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x15000499.

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AbstractSince the early twentieth century, reforms of the social institution of marriage in China have profoundly curtailed the power of the senior generation to influence the marriage decisions of their offspring. Yet the marriage considerations of graduates from economically deprived rural family backgrounds in China's northwestern Gansu Province reveal a definite impact of feelings of social obligation towards the family as well as of a local understanding of marriage market stratification which (also) reflects these obligations. In this rural region, higher education mainly aims at long-term upward mobility into the formal urban sector of the economy. After all, the basic ‘citizenship divide’ between rural and urban residence rights established by the socialisthukou(household registration) system continues to determine rural families’ structural exclusion from access to various urban resources. Feelings of indebtedness for financial and other support received from parents and family members during years of higher education entangle graduates from economically deprived rural family backgrounds in webs of social relations that oblige them to also consider the interests of others when deciding on whom to marry. When choosing a marriage partner they thus often face dilemmas of negotiating material versus emotional interests, as well as collective versus individual ones. While higher education empowers them to reject others’ interference in their marriage decisions, if they do so, they have to cope with feelings of having disappointed all the hopes their supporters invested in them.

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Agrawal, Aditi, Udita Chaudhary und Raju R. „Estimation of Potential Economic Benefits of Livestock Farming in Rural Madhya Pradesh“. Indian Journal of Extension Education 57, Nr. 4 (2021): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2021.57411.

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The study was carried out using the secondary data on income, expenditure, productive assets and indebtedness of agricultural households in Madhya Pradesh collected from the Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in 70th round (2012-13). The household level data on various parameters was first extracted for Madhya Pradesh and brought into suitable form for carrying out analysis in SPSS. Tabular analysis was employed to analyze the potential economic benefits of livestock farming. The findings revealed that marginal and small farmers earned only 26-27 per cent of income of large farm households. Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes who constitutes nearly 43.5 per cent of total farm households in Madhya Pradesh earns only 33.8 and 33.4 per cent, respectively of the income of OBC farmers. Among the regions, farmers in the northern and central regions of the state earn the highest income while those in the southern and vindhya regions earn the lowest income. in spite of farmers’ high satisfaction in selling milk to cooperatives (72-75%), the share of cooperatives and government agencies was very less in procuring milk from farm households (3-5.5%) in the state.

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