Thematische Bibliographien / Ruptures de surface (sismologie)

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Ruptures de surface (sismologie)“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 25. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Ruptures de surface (sismologie)"

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Biasi, Glenn P., und Steven G. Wesnousky. „Bends and Ends of Surface Ruptures“. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 107, Nr. 6 (10.10.2017): 2543–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120160292.

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Chen, Xiaolin, Guang Hu und Xiaoli Liu. „Recognition of Earthquake Surface Ruptures Using Deep Learning“. Applied Sciences 12, Nr. 22 (16.11.2022): 11638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122211638.

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Investigating post-earthquake surface ruptures is important for understanding the tectonics of seismogenic faults. The use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images to identify post-earthquake surface ruptures has the advantages of low cost, fast data acquisition, and high data processing efficiency. With the rapid development of deep learning in recent years, researchers have begun using it for image crack detection. However, due to the complex background and diverse characteristics of the surface ruptures, it remains challenging to quickly train an effective automatic earthquake surface rupture recognition model on a limited number of samples. This study proposes a workflow that applies an image segmentation algorithm based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to extract cracks from post-earthquake UAV images. We selected the 16-layer visual geometry group (VGG16) network as the primary network architecture. Then, we improved the VGG16 network and deleted several convolutional layers to reduce computation and memory consumption. Moreover, we added dilated convolution and atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) to make the network perform well in the surface crack identification of post-earthquake UAV images. We trained the proposed method using the data of the MS 7.4 Maduo earthquake and obtained a model that could automatically identify and draw small and irregular surface ruptures from high-resolution UAV images.
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Boncio, Paolo, Francesca Liberi, Martina Caldarella und Fiia-Charlotta Nurminen. „Width of surface rupture zone for thrust earthquakes: implications for earthquake fault zoning“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, Nr. 1 (19.01.2018): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-241-2018.

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Abstract. The criteria for zoning the surface fault rupture hazard (SFRH) along thrust faults are defined by analysing the characteristics of the areas of coseismic surface faulting in thrust earthquakes. Normal and strike–slip faults have been deeply studied by other authors concerning the SFRH, while thrust faults have not been studied with comparable attention. Surface faulting data were compiled for 11 well-studied historic thrust earthquakes occurred globally (5.4 ≤ M ≤ 7.9). Several different types of coseismic fault scarps characterize the analysed earthquakes, depending on the topography, fault geometry and near-surface materials (simple and hanging wall collapse scarps, pressure ridges, fold scarps and thrust or pressure ridges with bending-moment or flexural-slip fault ruptures due to large-scale folding). For all the earthquakes, the distance of distributed ruptures from the principal fault rupture (r) and the width of the rupture zone (WRZ) were compiled directly from the literature or measured systematically in GIS-georeferenced published maps. Overall, surface ruptures can occur up to large distances from the main fault ( ∼ 2150 m on the footwall and ∼ 3100 m on the hanging wall). Most of the ruptures occur on the hanging wall, preferentially in the vicinity of the principal fault trace ( > ∼ 50 % at distances < ∼ 250 m). The widest WRZ are recorded where sympathetic slip (Sy) on distant faults occurs, and/or where bending-moment (B-M) or flexural-slip (F-S) fault ruptures, associated with large-scale folds (hundreds of metres to kilometres in wavelength), are present. A positive relation between the earthquake magnitude and the total WRZ is evident, while a clear correlation between the vertical displacement on the principal fault and the total WRZ is not found. The distribution of surface ruptures is fitted with probability density functions, in order to define a criterion to remove outliers (e.g. 90 % probability of the cumulative distribution function) and define the zone where the likelihood of having surface ruptures is the highest. This might help in sizing the zones of SFRH during seismic microzonation (SM) mapping. In order to shape zones of SFRH, a very detailed earthquake geologic study of the fault is necessary (the highest level of SM, i.e. Level 3 SM according to Italian guidelines). In the absence of such a very detailed study (basic SM, i.e. Level 1 SM of Italian guidelines) a width of ∼ 840 m (90 % probability from "simple thrust" database of distributed ruptures, excluding B-M, F-S and Sy fault ruptures) is suggested to be sufficiently precautionary. For more detailed SM, where the fault is carefully mapped, one must consider that the highest SFRH is concentrated in a narrow zone, ∼ 60 m in width, that should be considered as a fault avoidance zone (more than one-third of the distributed ruptures are expected to occur within this zone). The fault rupture hazard zones should be asymmetric compared to the trace of the principal fault. The average footwall to hanging wall ratio (FW : HW) is close to 1 : 2 in all analysed cases. These criteria are applicable to "simple thrust" faults, without considering possible B-M or F-S fault ruptures due to large-scale folding, and without considering sympathetic slip on distant faults. Areas potentially susceptible to B-M or F-S fault ruptures should have their own zones of fault rupture hazard that can be defined by detailed knowledge of the structural setting of the area (shape, wavelength, tightness and lithology of the thrust-related large-scale folds) and by geomorphic evidence of past secondary faulting. Distant active faults, potentially susceptible to sympathetic triggering, should be zoned as separate principal faults. The entire database of distributed ruptures (including B-M, F-S and Sy fault ruptures) can be useful in poorly known areas, in order to assess the extent of the area within which potential sources of fault displacement hazard can be present. The results from this study and the database made available in the Supplement can be used for improving the attenuation relationships for distributed faulting, with possible applications in probabilistic studies of fault displacement hazard.
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Papanikolaou, I. D., M. Foumelis, I. Parcharidis, E. L. Lekkas und I. G. Fountoulis. „Deformation pattern of the 6 and 7 April 2009, <i>M</i><sub>W</sub>=6.3 and <i>M</i><sub>W</sub>=5.6 earthquakes in L'Aquila (Central Italy) revealed by ground and space based observations“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, Nr. 1 (14.01.2010): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-73-2010.

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Abstract. The deformation pattern of the 6 and 7 April 2009 MW=6.3 and MW=5.6 earthquakes in L'Aquila is revealed by DInSAR analysis and compared with earthquake environmental effects. The DInSAR predicted fault surface ruptures coincide with localities where surface ruptures have been observed in the field, confirming that the ruptures observed near Paganica village are indeed primary. These ruptures are almost one order of magnitude lower than the ruptures that have been produced by other major surrounding faults in the past. These faults have not been activated during the 2009 event, but have the capacity to generate significantly stronger events. DInSAR analysis shows that 66% (or 305 km2) of the area deformed has been subsided whereas the remaining 34% (or 155 km2) has been uplifted. A footwall uplift versus hangingwall subsidence ratio of about 1/3 is extracted from the mainshock. The maximum subsidence (25 cm) was recorded about 4.5 km away from the primary surface ruptures and about 9 km away from the epicentre. In the immediate hangingwall, subsidence did not exceeded 15 cm, showing that the maximum subsidence is not recorded near the ruptured fault trace, but closer to the hangingwall centre. The deformation pattern is asymmetrical expanding significantly towards the southeast. A part of this asymmetry can be attributed to the contribution of the 7 April event in the deformation field.
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Pierce, Ian, Alana Williams, Richard D. Koehler und Colin Chupik. „High-Resolution Structure-From-Motion Models and Orthophotos of the Southern Sections of the 2019 Mw 7.1 and 6.4 Ridgecrest Earthquakes Surface Ruptures“. Seismological Research Letters 91, Nr. 4 (03.06.2020): 2124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190289.

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Abstract Aerial photographs were collected in the days immediately following the 4–5 July 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence (e.g., Barnhart et al., 2019) along the publically accessible sections of the surface ruptures south of California 178. These photos were then used to produce structure-from-motion point cloud models and orthophotos with resolutions varying from ∼1 to 20 cm/pixel. Here, the models are released and initial observations of the nature of the surface ruptures are presented.
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Yang, Haibin, Mark Quigley und Tamarah King. „Surface slip distributions and geometric complexity of intraplate reverse-faulting earthquakes“. GSA Bulletin 133, Nr. 9-10 (13.01.2021): 1909–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35809.1.

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Abstract Earthquake ground surface ruptures provide insights into faulting mechanics and inform seismic hazard analyses. We analyze surface ruptures for 11 historical (1968–2018) moment magnitude (Mw) 4.7–6.6 reverse earthquakes in Australia using statistical techniques and compare their characteristics with magnetic, gravity, and stress trajectory data sets. Of the total combined (summative) length of all surface ruptures (∼148 km), 133 km (90%) to 145 km (98%) align with the geophysical structure in the host basement rocks. Surface rupture length (SRL), maximum displacement (MD), and probability of surface rupture at a specified Mw are high compared with equivalent Mw earthquakes globally. This is attributed to (1) a steep cratonic crustal strength gradient at shallow depths, promoting shallow hypocenters (∼1–6 km) and limiting downdip rupture widths (∼1–8.5 km), and (2) favorably aligned crustal anisotropies (e.g., bedrock foliations, faults, fault intersections) that enhanced lateral rupture propagation and/or surface displacements. Combined (modeled and observed) MDs are in the middle third of the SRL with 68% probability and either the ≤33rd or ≥66th percentiles of SRL with 16% probability. MD occurs proximate to or directly within zones of enhanced fault geometric complexity (as evidenced from surface ruptures) in 8 of 11 earthquakes (73%). MD is approximated by 3.3 ± 1.6 (1σ) × AD (average displacement). S-transform analyses indicates that high-frequency slip maxima also coincide with fault geometric complexities, consistent with stress amplifications and enhanced slip variability due to geometric and kinematic interactions with neighboring faults. Rupture slip taper angles exhibit large variations (−90% to +380% with respect to the mean value) toward rupture termini and are steepest where ruptures terminate at obliquely oriented magnetic lineaments and/or lithology changes. Incremental slip approximates AD between the 10th and 90th percentiles of the SRL. The average static stress drop of the studied earthquakes is 4.8 ± 2.8 MPa. A surface rupture classification scheme for cratonic stable regions is presented to describe the prevailing characteristics of intraplate earthquakes across diverse crustal structural-geophysical settings. New scaling relationships and suggestions for logic tree weights are provided to enhance probabilistic fault displacement hazard analyses for bedrock-dominated intraplate continental regions.
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Catchings, Rufus D., Michael J. Rymer und Mark R. Goldman. „San Andreas Fault Exploration Using Refraction Tomography and S-Wave-Type and Fϕ-Mode Guided Waves“. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, Nr. 6 (21.07.2020): 3088–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120200136.

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ABSTRACT Surface ruptures from the 18 April 1906 M∼7.9 San Francisco earthquake were distributed over an ∼35-meter-wide zone at San Andreas Lake on the San Francisco Peninsula in California (Schussler, 1906). Since ∼1906, the surface ruptures have been largely covered by water, but with water levels at near-historic low levels in 2008–2011, we observed that the 1906 surface ruptures were no longer visible. As a fault imaging test, we acquired refraction tomography and guided-wave data across the 1906 surface ruptures in 2011. We found that individual fault traces, as mapped by Schussler (1906), can be identified on the basis of discrete low-velocity zones (VS and VP, reduced ∼40% and ∼34%, respectively) and high-amplitude guided waves. Guided waves have traditionally been observed as large-amplitude waveforms over wide (hundreds of meters to kilometers) zones of faulting, but we demonstrate that by evaluating guided waves (including Rayleigh/Love- and P/SV-types) in terms of peak ground velocity (PGV), individual near-surface fault traces within a fault zone can be precisely located, even more than 100 yr after the surface ruptures. Such precise exploration can be used to focus paleoseismic trenching efforts and to identify or exclude faulting at specific sites. We evaluated PGV of both S-wave-type and Fϕ-mode-type guided waves and found that both wave types can be used to identify subsurface fault traces. At San Andreas Lake (main fault), S-wave-type guided waves travel up to 18% slower than S body waves, and Fϕ-mode guided waves travel ∼60% slower than P body waves but ∼15% faster than S body waves. We found that guided-wave amplitudes vary with frequency but are up to five times higher than those of body waves, including the S wave. Our data are consistent with the concept that guided waves can be a strong-shaking hazard during large-magnitude earthquakes.
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Komura, Keitaro, und Jun Sugimoto. „Shortcut Faults and Lateral Spreading Activated in a Pull-Apart Basin by the 2018 Palu Earthquake, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia“. Remote Sensing 13, Nr. 15 (27.07.2021): 2939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13152939.

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Our understanding of pull-apart basins and their fault systems has been enhanced by analog experiments and simulations. However, there has been scarce interest to compare the faults that bound pull-apart basins with surface ruptures during earthquakes. In this study, we investigated the effects of a 2018 earthquake (Mw 7.5) on a pull-apart basin in the Palu–Koro fault system, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, using geomorphic observations on digital elevation models and optical correlation with pre- and post-earthquake satellite images. A comparison of active fault traces determined by geomorphology with the locations of surface ruptures from the 2018 earthquake shows that some of the boundary faults of the basin are inactive and that active faulting has shifted to basin-shortcut faults and relay ramps. We also report evidence of lateral spreading, in which alluvial fan materials moved around the end of the alluvial fan. These phenomena may provide insights for anticipating the location of future surface ruptures in pull-apart basins.
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Vysotsky, E. M., I. S. Novikov, O. V. Lunina, A. R. Agatova und R. K. Nepop. „Coseismic Surface Ruptures of the 2003 Chuya Earthquake (Gorny Altai): Slip Geometry and Spatial Patterns“. Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, Nr. 03 (01.03.2021): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20194133.

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A 48 km long zone of surface deformation produced by the Ms = 7.3 intracontinental earthquake of 2003 in Gorny Altai is studied in its five segments between the Aktru and Irbistu rivers, where ruptures show the greatest offsets and distinct structural patterns. A total of 554 coseismic ruptures of five slip geometry types are analyzed in terms of length, orientation, and relative percentage. The rupture patterns are discussed with reference to previously published evidence and compared with other strike-slip zones worldwide.
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KOIDE, Hitoshi, und Takashi SAKURAI. „Technical Terms Related to Surface Ruptures and Active Faults.“ Journal of the Japan Society of Engineering Geology 37, Nr. 4 (1996): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5110/jjseg.37.359.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Ruptures de surface (sismologie)"

1

Lagarde, Julien Piguet Jack-Pierre Abraham Odile. „Utilisation des ondes de surface pour l'inspection des parois de galeries“. S. l. : INPL, 2007. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2007_LAGARDE_J.pdf.

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Larmat, Carène. „Applications géophysiques de la méthode couplée solution modale-éléments spectraux“. Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GLOB0001.

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Stehly, Laurent. „Tomographie à partir de corrélations de bruit de fond sismique“. Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10249.

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Ce travail a pour but est d'estimer si le bruit de fond sismique peut-être utilisé en sismologie pour faire de la tomographie à l'échelle régionale. D'un point de vue théorique, les corrélations de bruit de fond enregistré par deux stations distantes permettent de retrouver la fonction de Green complète entre ces deux stations à si le bruit respecte la condition d'équipartition. Ceci signifie que tous les modes du milieu doivent être excités avec un même niveau d'énergie et une phase aléatoire. Une fois reconstruites, ces fonctions de Green peuvent être inversées afin de retrouver le milieu dans lequel les ondes se propagent. En premier lieu, nous étudions l'origine du bruit de fond sismique entre 5 et 40s de période. Nous montrons que le bruit est généré en permanence le long des côtes entre 5 et lOs de période, tandis qu'entre 10 et 20s sa provenance change ave4 la saison: il provient des océans de l'hémisphère nord en hiver et de l'hémisphère sud en été. Ainsi moyenné sur un an l~ distribution des sources est presque isotrope. Ensuite la stabilité des mesures de vitesse des ondes de surface réalisées grâce aux corrélations de bruit de fond sismique est évaluée. Nous montrons que nos mesures sont suffisamment précises pour mettre en évidence des erreurs d'horloge de stations de l'ordre du dixième de seconde. Nous utilisons ensuite les corrélations de bruit de fond pour faire la tomographie de l'Europe et des Alpes. Sur la base d'un an d'enregistrements continus à 150 stations nous sommes en mesure de présenter des cartes de vitesse de groupe des ondes de surface entre 5 et 80s de période. Ces cartes sont inversées afin de trouver la profondeur du Moho sous les Alpes
The aim ofthis work is to see ifit is possible to use sei smic noise correlations for seismic imaging. Theoretically, the Green function between two stations can be retrieved by simply correlating ambient noise recorded at these 2 stations. However this is only possible if the noise is fully equipartitionned. This means that aIl the eigen modes of the medium have to be excited by the noise with the same level of energy. Once the Green functions between several pairs of statiom have been reconstructed they can be inversed to obtain an image of the medium. The first question ifto see if the real sei smic ambient noise respect the requirement of the theory or not. We studied the origin of the seimic noise at period ranging from 5 to 40s. We show that the noise is generated along the coastlines at periods between 5 and lOs. Between 10 and 20s, the noise is generated by the oceans of the northern hemisphere during the winter, and from the southern hemisphere during the summer. The next step is to assess the precision of the velocity measurements performed on noise correlations. Using 13 years of continuous records at 3 Californian stations, we show that group velocity measurements are accurate enough to detect anc correct stations clock errors of less than one tenth of seconds. Ln the last part we use seismic noise correlations to perform the tomography of the Alps and Western Europe. Using one year of continuous records at 150 stations, we were able to measure the velocity of the fundamental mode of Rayleigh and Love waves between more than 3000 stations pairs. These measurements make group velocity maps between 5 and 80s ofoeriod. Thevare inverted to determine the deoth of the Moho in the Aloin region
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Gonzalez-Huizar, Hector. „Insight into the physics of rupture dynamic triggering seismicity /“. To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Sasnett, Peri Jordan. „Analogue modelling of strike-slip surface ruptures: Implications for Greendale Fault mechanics and paleoseismology“. Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7906.

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Analogue modelling of strike-slip faulting provides insight into the development and behaviour of surface ruptures with accumulated slip, with relevance for understanding how information recorded in paleoseismic trenches relates to the earthquake behaviour of active faults. Patterns of surface deformation were investigated in analogue experiments using cohesive and non-cohesive granular materials above planar strike-slip basement faults. Surface deformation during the experiments was monitored by 3D PIV (particle image velocimetry) and 2D time lapse photography. Analysis focused on fault zone morphology and development, as well as the relationship of the models to surface deformation observed at the Greendale Fault that resulted from the 2010 Darfield earthquake. Complex rupture patterns with similar characteristics to the Greendale Fault (e.g. en echelon fractures, Riedel shears, pop-up structures, etc.) can be generated by a simple fault plane of uniform dip, slip, and frictional properties. The specific structures and the style of their development are determined by the properties of the overburden and the nature of the material surface. The width of the zone of distributed deformation correlates closely with sediment thickness, while the width of discrete fracturing is controlled by the material properties as well as the thickness of the overburden. The overall deformation zone width increases with the growth of initial, oblique fractures and subsequently narrows with time as strain localizes onto discrete fractures parallel to the underlying basement fault. Mapping the evolution of fracture patterns with progressive strain reveals that Riedel shears, striking at 90-120° (underlying fault strike = 90°) are more frequently reactivated during multiple earthquake cycles, and are thus most likely to provide reliable paleoseismic records. This will help identify suitable locations for paleoseismic trenches and interpret trench records on the Greendale Fault and other active, strike-slip faults in analogous geologic settings. These results also highlight the tendency of trenching studies on faults of this type to underestimate the number and displacement of previous ruptures, which potentially leads to an underestimate of the magnitude potential and recurrence interval of paleoearthquakes.
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Awdal, Abdullah H. „An investigation of fracture patterns in different tectonic settings“. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225828.

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Brives, Jacques. „Tomographie des Pyrénées par corrélation de bruit d'ordre supérieur. Application multi-échelle“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU030.

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Imager les structures en profondeur de la chaîne des Pyrénées est un sujet d’étude de longue date ayant pour but à la fois de mieux connaître les processus géodynamiques responsable de sa genèse, mais aussi de nous permettre d’améliorer la prévention des risques sismiques associés à la dynamique de ces structures. L’objectif de cette étude est d’utiliser la tomographie de bruit sismique ambiant pour obtenir des images 3D de la région Pyrénéenne à deux échelles différentes. Premièrement, à l’échelle crustale, afin de contraindre les grandes structures en profondeur de l’orogène et leurs continuités dans l’espace. Deuxièmement, à l’échelle d’un bassin sédimentaire caractéristique de l’histoire géologique complexe des Pyrénées, le bassin de Mauléon-Arzacq situé au Nord-Ouest de la chaîne.Nous allons ici utiliser la méthode de corrélation du bruit sismique ambiant (notée C1) qui est un moyen efficace pour retrouver les temps de propagation des ondes de surface entre une paire de sismomètre. Cette méthode est maintenant largement utilisée pour la tomographie sismique et la surveillance temporelle de structures sismogènes. Dans cette étude, nous poussons plus loin cette méthode de corrélation de bruit et proposons deux méthodologies innovantes appelées corrélations d'ordre supérieur (C2 et C3), correspondant à des itérations de corrélations de bruit. Ces méthodes nous permettent d'améliorer à la fois la qualité et la quantité des mesures de dispersion des ondes de surface entre les paires de stations synchrones, mais aussi asynchrones, c’est-à-dire qui n’ont pas fonctionné en même temps. En utilisant ces méthodes innovantes, nous avons amélioré considérablement la couverture spatiale des modèles à l'intérieur et autour des Pyrénées.Par la suite, en utilisant un schéma d'inversion probabiliste bayésien, nous avons obtenu deux nouveaux modèles haute résolution de vitesse des ondes de cisaillement, incluant aussi les densités de probabilité des limites de couches (ou interfaces sismiques).À grande échelle, le modèle crustale Pyrénéen montre une subduction de la plaque ibérique sous la plaque eurasienne dans la partie Ouest des Pyrénées qui disparaît dans la partie Est. L’utilisation de corrélation d’ordre supérieur a permis de l’étendre au golfe de Gascogne et a permis d'imager ses structures pour la première fois dans un modèle Vs de cette échelle. En particulier, nous avons pu imager des anomalies de vitesses rapides qui se trouvent proche de la surface aux niveaux des anomalies gravimétriques de Mauléon et de Saint-Gaudens. Ce résultat apporte un élément supplémentaire pour répondre à l'une des grandes questions latentes des Pyrénées, à savoir la source de ces anomalies gravimétriques. Ces résultats confortent l'hypothèse qu’elles sont causées par la présence d'écailles de matériel dense proche de la surface.À plus petite échelle, le modèle du bassin de Mauléon-Arzacq a permis de révéler en détail la structure en profondeur de leur substratum mais aussi d'imager la limite nette que forme le Chevauchement Frontal Nord Pyrénéen entre ces deux bassins
Imaging the structures in depth of the Pyrenees mountain range is a long-standing subject of study with the aim both of gaining a better understanding of the geodynamic processes responsible for its genesis, and also of enabling us to improve the prevention of seismic risks associated with the dynamics of these structures. The objective of this study is to use ambient seismic noise tomography to obtain 3D images of the Pyrenean region at two different scales. Firstly, at the crustal scale, in order to constrain the large structures in depth of the orogen and their continuities in space. Secondly, on the scale of a sedimentary basin characteristic of the complex geological history of the Pyrenees, the Mauléon-Arzacq basin located in the north-west of the chain.Here we will use the method of correlation of the ambient seismic noise (noted C1) which is an efficient way to retrieve the propagation times of surface waves between a pair of seismometers. This method is now widely used for seismic tomography and temporal monitoring of seismogenic structures. In this study, we further develop this noise correlation method and propose two innovative methodologies called high order correlations (C2 and C3), corresponding to iterations of noise correlations. These methods allow us to improve both the quality and the quantity of surface wave dispersion measurements between pairs of synchronous, but also asynchronous, i.e. not operating at the same time. By using these innovative methods, we have considerably improved the spatial coverage of the models in and around the Pyrenees.Subsequently, using a Bayesian probabilistic inversion scheme, we obtained two new high-resolution models of shear wave velocities, also including the probability densities of the layer boundaries (or seismic interfaces).At large scale, the Pyrenean crustal model shows a subduction of the Iberian plate under the Eurasian plate in the western part of the Pyrenees which disappears in the eastern part. The use of higher-order correlation has made it possible to extend it to the Bay of Biscay and has made it possible to image its structures for the first time in a Vs model of this scale. In particular, we have been able to image fast velocity anomalies that lie close to the surface at the levels of the Mauléon and Saint-Gaudens gravimetric anomalies. This result brings an additional element to answer one of the great latent questions of the Pyrenees, namely the source of these gravimetric anomalies. These results confirm the hypothesis that they are caused by the presence of scales of dense material close to the surface.On a smaller scale, the model of the Mauléon-Arzacq basin allowed to reveal in detail the deep structure of their substratum but also to image the clear limit formed by the North Pyrenean Frontal Overlap between these two basins
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Adenis, Alice. „Imagerie tri-dimensionnelle de l'atténuation sismique du manteau terrestre“. Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN037/document.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est de construire un modèle d'atténuation sismique du manteau supérieur dela Terre en utilisant un jeu de données original construit par Debayle et Ricard (2012). Ce jeu dedonnées est l'un des plus complet au monde (plus de 375 000 sismogrammes analysés pour extrairel'atténuation et la vitesse de phase du mode fondamental et des cinq premiers harmoniques des ondesde Rayleigh).Les mesures d'atténuation sont tout d'abord traitées pour extraire les effets de l'expansion géométriqueet de la focalisation, minimiser les effets d'erreurs sur la source, écarter les mesures incertaines etregrouper les mesures redondantes. Elles sont ensuite régionalisées pour obtenir des cartes desvariations latérales de l'atténuation des ondes de Rayleigh pour chaque mode et chaque période. Ladernière étape est l'inversion en profondeur des cartes. Elle permet d'obtenir QsADR17, un modèle 3Dde l'atténuation des ondes S dans le manteau supérieur.QsADR17 est corrélé avec la tectonique de surface jusqu'à 200 km de profondeur, avec une faibleatténuation sous les continents et une forte atténuation sous les océans. Des anomalies de forteatténuation sont observées jusqu'à 150~km de profondeur sous les rides océaniques, et persistent à plusgrande profondeur jusque dans la zone de transition sous la plupart des points chauds. La présence delarges anomalies atténuantes situées à 150 km de profondeur sous l'océan Pacifique suggère queplusieurs panaches thermiques viennent s'étaler dans l'asthénosphère. Nous avons également détecté laprésence d'hétérogénéités de composition à la base des cratons et dans un certain nombre de régionsactives
The aim of this study is to build a 3-D attenuation model of Earth's upper-mantle using a unique datasetbuilt by Debayle & Ricard (2012). This dataset is among the largest in the world: more than 375,000seismograms were analyzed to extract Rayleigh-wave attenuation and velocity measurements for thefondamental mode and the five first harmonics between 40 and 240 s periods.First, attenuation measurements are processed to extract the effects of geometrical attenuation and offocusing and defocusing, in order to minimize the influence of errors on the seismic source, to avoidpotentially incorrect data, and to cluster redondant measurements. Then, measurements are regionalizedto obtain Rayleigh-wave maps for each mode and each period. The last step is the inversion of thesemaps to obtain the depth dependent attenuation. Eventually, we obtain QsADR17, a 3-D model of Swaveattenuation in the upper mantle.QsADR17 is correlated with surface tectonics down to 200 km depth, with low attenuation under thecontinents and high attenuation under the oceans. High-attenuation anomalies are found under oceanicridges down to 150~km depth, and under most of the hotspots at larger depth down to the transitionzone. A large high-attenuation anomaly at 150~km depth under the Pacific ocean suggest that thermalplumes pound into the asthenosphere. We also detect compositional heterogeneities at the base of thecratons and in active areas
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Rizzo, Roberto Emanuele. „Quantifying fracture patterns : implications for mechanical and transport properties“. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=233636.

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Landès, Matthieu. „Utilisation des corrélations du bruit en sismologie : tomographie passive et étude de distributions de sources de bruit“. Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GLOB0012.

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Des études récentes ont montré qu’il était possible d’extraire la fonction de Green entre deux récepteurs par corrélation d’un champ d’ondes sismiques aléatoires enregistrées entre ces deux points. Appliquée à la sismologie, la faisabilité de cette approche est illustrée par l’étude des corrélations du bruit sismique ambiant sur de longues périodes et permet la reconstruction de la partie "ondes de surface" des fonctions de Green. Ainsi, la possibilité de mesurer des vitesses à partir des corrélations de bruit sur différents trajets d’un réseau sismique ouvre la voie à une imagerie passive des structures de la Terre. Cependant, ce résultat est intimement lié aux propriétés du bruit sismique qui diffèrent suivant les régions d’étude. Le travail de recherche que je présente se compose de quatre études séparées. La première étude a permis de tester et d’appliquer la technique de tomographie passive dans un environnement océanique afin d’étudier la structure de la croûte inférieure et du manteau supérieur sous l’Islande. La deuxième étude se base sur l’observation de certaines corrélations de bruit d’un signal qui ne fait pas partie de la fonction de Green mais qui résulte d’ondes de volume télésismiques contenues dans le bruit, ondes générées par des tempêtes océaniques. Grâce à une analyse réseau, on peut ainsi étudier la distribution des sources de microséismes dans l’océan profond. La troisième étude analyse la faisabilité d’utiliser les corrélations de bruit sismique enregistré en fond de mer à des fréquences supérieures à 1 Hz pour avoir accès à la distribution de vitesse des premiers 30 m. Enfin, en marge de cette problématique de bruit sismique, je présenterai une dernière étude originale qui montre l’utilisation de courbes de dispersion et de diagramme Temps-Fréquence pour estimer la vitesse de rupture du séisme de Koxokili de novembre 2001
Recent studies show the possibility to extract the Green’s function between two locations by correlating a random wavefield recorded by receivers located at these points. Applied to seismology, the feasibility of this approach is illustrated by the study of ambient seismic noise correlations during long periods that results in reconstructing the “surface wave” part of Green’s functions. This provides us with a new way of passive imaging of the Earth structure by measuring and inverting velocities of seismic waves propagating between pairs of stations of a seismic network. However, applicability of this approach result is closely related to the properties of seismic noise that may be different in different regions. The research that I present consists of four separate studies. The first study aims to apply the technique of passive tomography in an oceanic environment to infer the structure of the lower crust and upper mantle below Iceland. The second study is based on observations of noise correlations containing signals that are not parts of the Green’s function but results from ballistic teleseismic body waves generated by distant oceanic storms. By applying a network analysis to these signals, we can locate their sources distribution and to determine unambiguously that they are preferentially generated in deep oceans. The third study examines the feasibility of using the seismic noise correlation at the seafloor to infer to the shear velocity distribution of the top 30 m. Finally, in addition to this seismic noise problem, I will present a final original study that shows the use of dispersion curves and Time-Frequency diagram to estimate the speed of earthquake rupture Koxokili of November 2001
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Bücher zum Thema "Ruptures de surface (sismologie)"

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Takashi, Nakata, und Hiroshima Daigaku. Sōgō Chishi Kenkyū Shiryō Sentā., Hrsg. Surface fault ruptures of the 1990 Luzon earthquake, Philippines. Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan: Research Center for Regional Geography, Hiroshima University, 1996.

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Journées de géographie tropicale (11th 2005 Schoelcher, Martinique). Les interfaces: Ruptures, transitions et mutations : XIes Journées de géographie tropicale du Comité national français de géographie ... Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Schoelcher, 7-10 novembre 2005. Pessac: Presses universitaires de Bordeaux, 2008.

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F, Pagney Bénito-Espinal, Hrsg. Les interfaces: Ruptures, transitions et mutations : XIes Journées de géographie tropicale du Comité national français de géographie ... Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Schoelcher, 7-10 novembre 2005. Pessac: Presses universitaires de Bordeaux, 2008.

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Kumahara, Yasuhiro, Heitaro Kaneda und Hiroyuki Tsutsumi, Hrsg. Surface Ruptures Associated with the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Japan. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1150-7.

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Pratap, Narain, Central Arid Zone Research Institute (India) und Indian Council of Agricultural Research., Hrsg. Impact of earthquake on natural resources in Kachchh region. Jodhpur: Central Arid Zone Research Institute, 2002.

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Yonggao, Xu, Hrsg. Chao di shen tou you cang ya lie gai zao ji shu: Fracturing technology for ultra-low permeability reservoirs. Beijing: Shi you gong ye chu ban she, 2012.

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A, Kurushin R., Hrsg. The surface rupture of the 1957 Gobi-Altay, Mongolia, earthquake. Boulder, Colo: Geological Society of America, 1997.

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Ömer, Emre, Awata Yasuo, Duman Tamer Yiğit und Turkey. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü., Hrsg. 17 Ağustos 1999 İzmit depremi yüzey kırığı =: Surface rupture associated with the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake. Ankara: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, 2003.

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Ömer, Emre, Awata Yasuo, Duman Tamer Yiğit und Turkey. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü., Hrsg. 17 Ağustos 1999 İzmit depremi yüzey kırığı =: Surface rupture associated with the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake. Ankara: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, 2003.

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Ömer, Emre, Awata Yasuo, Duman Tamer Yiğit und Turkey. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü., Hrsg. 17 Ağustos 1999 İzmit depremi yüzey kırığı =: Surface rupture associated with the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake. Ankara: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, 2003.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Ruptures de surface (sismologie)"

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Xing, Huilin, und Xiwei Xu. „Earthquake Surface Ruptures“. In M8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake, 39–148. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01901-2_4.

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Lin, Aiming. „Structural Features of Coseismic Surface Ruptures“. In The 2016 Mw 7.1 Kumamoto Earthquake, 15–111. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5855-4_4.

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Sugito, Nobuhiko, Hideaki Goto, Yasuhiro Kumahara, Hiroyuki Tsutsumi, Takashi Nakata, Kyoko Kagohara, Nobuhisa Matta und Mitsuhisa Watanabe. „Surface Ruptures Accompanied with the Largest Foreshock“. In Surface Ruptures Associated with the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Japan, 233–41. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1150-7_18.

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Kumahara, Yasuhiro, Tatsuya Ishiyama, Nobuhisa Matta, Kyoko Kagohara, Daisuke Hirouchi und Satoshi Ishiguro. „Surface Ruptures of the Shirahata–Oike Section“. In Surface Ruptures Associated with the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Japan, 37–46. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1150-7_7.

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Goto, Hideaki, Shinji Toda, Hiroyuki Tsutsumi und Yasuhiro Kumahara. „Surface Ruptures in the Downtown of Kumamoto City“. In Surface Ruptures Associated with the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Japan, 141–50. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1150-7_11.

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Kumahara, Yasuhiro, Daisuke Ishimura, Hiroyuki Tsutsumi und Nobuhiko Sugito. „Surface Ruptures Along the Kita-Amagi Fault Zone“. In Surface Ruptures Associated with the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Japan, 47–57. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1150-7_8.

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Aydan, Ömer. „Effects of earthquakes associated surface ruptures on engineering structures“. In Earthquake Science and Engineering, 179–228. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003164371-7.

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Kumahara, Yasuhiro, Hideaki Goto und Hiroyuki Tsutsumi. „Surface Ruptures Along the Southern Part of the Futagawa Fault“. In Surface Ruptures Associated with the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Japan, 59–88. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1150-7_9.

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Une, Hiroshi, Takayuki Nakano, Satoshi Fujiwara, Hiroshi P. Sato und Hiroshi Yagi. „Surface Ruptures in the Northwest of the Outer Aso Caldera“. In Surface Ruptures Associated with the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Japan, 205–11. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1150-7_15.

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Suzuki, Yasuhiro, Mitsuhisa Watanabe und Takashi Nataka. „Surface Ruptures in Mashiki Town: Tectonic Significance and Building Damage“. In Surface Ruptures Associated with the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Japan, 219–31. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1150-7_17.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Ruptures de surface (sismologie)"

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Baize, Stephane, Oona Scotti, Jean-François Ritz, Matthieu Ferry, Christophe Larroque, Emmanuel Mathot, Laurence Audin, Fiia Nurminen, Paolo Boncio und Bertrand Delouis. „SURFACE RUPTURES DURING MODERATE EARTHQUAKES: IS THAT SO RARE?“ In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-361143.

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Klar, A., und K. Soga. „Mitigation of Surface Fault Ruptures by use of ''Isolated'' Pipelines“. In GeoShanghai International Conference 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40864(196)57.

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Oskin, Michael, Katherine M. Scharer, Benjamin Brooks, Kenneth W. Hudnut, Timothy E. Dawson, Craig Glennie, Juan Fernandez und J. Ramón Arrowsmith. „AIRBORNE LIDAR SURVEY OF SURFACE RUPTURES PRODUCED BY THE RIDGECREST EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE“. In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-342024.

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Catchings, Rufus, M. J. Rymer und M. R. Goldman. „LOCATING 1906 SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE SURFACE FAULT RUPTURES USING PGV OF GUIDED WAVES“. In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-359775.

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Baudoin, M., Y. Song, C. N. Baroud und P. Manneville. „Microscopic Airway Reopening Through Cascades of Plugs Ruptures“. In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2009-82241.

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The inner surface of lung airways is covered by a thin layer of mucus whose thickness is usually about 2 or 3% of the total radius of the duct. However certain diseases like asthma, chronic bronchitis or allergies can induce a hypersecretion of mucus, leading to the formation of liquid plugs which occlude the airways. These plugs can considerably alter the distribution of air during the breathing cycle. It is therefore fundamental to understand the propagation of air in the presence of such plugs and in particular airway reopening. Some studies have been performed on real lungs but there was no visualization of the airways, and only information at the entrance was reported. The purpose of this experimental work is to create a synthetic network, reproducing only the main features of the lung airways, to visualize and understand the physics of airway reopening. The human lung is made of about 24 generations with diameters ranging from about 2 cm for the trachea to 100 μm for the smallest ones. As a consequence, the physics is very different for the first and the last generations. The present work focuses on the last micrometric generations for which inertia and gravity can be neglected (small Reynolds and Bond numbers). For this purpose a binary network made of PDMS was designed and fabricated. It is composed of 6 generations with a width of 700 μm for the first generation and a width ratio of 0.8 between the branches of successive generations. A random initial distribution of plugs is inserted inside this network by using syringe pumps and finally some air is introduced inside the airways. The reopening of the network takes place through a series of cascades of plugs ruptures. A single cascade can be explained by a simple model, based on the flow resistance of the plugs and the liquid deposited on the walls. The correlation between successive cascades is extracted from a careful analysis of the data. This study improves considerably our understanding of cascades of plug ruptures, which might be valuable to enhance the treatment of such diseases.
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Li, Feng, Xi-wei Xu, Gui-hua Chen, Shao-peng Dong und Yan-fen An. „Application of 3D laser scanning technology in the investigation of the Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake surface ruptures“. In Sixth International Symposium on Multispectral Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, herausgegeben von Henri Maître, Hong Sun, Bangjun Lei und Jufu Feng. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.833039.

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Dawson, Timothy E., Katherine M. Scharer, Alexander E. Morelan und Thomas K. Rockwell. „SURFACE RUPTURES FROM THE 2019 RIDGECREST EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE AND OBSERVATIONS APPLICABLE TO FAULT DISPLACEMENT HAZARD ANALYSIS“. In 116th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020cd-346960.

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Olson, Brian, und Ridgecrest Earthquake Working Group The. „SLIP DISTRIBUTION, SLIP SENSE AND SLIP STYLES ALONG STRIKE OF THE RIDGECREST EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE SURFACE RUPTURES“. In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-342038.

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Lai, Wen-chi, Yen-Chiu Liu, Miing-Lang Huang, Ching-Weei Lin und Chjeng-Lun Shieh. „The Characteristics of Surface Ruptures and Landslides in the Chi-Chi Earthquake of September 21th, 1999“. In 17th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction. International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.22260/isarc2000/0145.

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Chong, William W. F., Mircea Teodorescu und Homer Rahnejat. „Rupture and Reformation of Ultra-Thin Surface Films“. In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28427.

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In lubricated contact conjunctions film ruptures close to the exit boundary. This significantly affects the load carrying capacity and can lead to direct surface interactions. Nano-scale films (several molecular diameters of the lubricant) are no exception, a fact that has been observed using ellipsometry studies for ultra-thin film conjunctions representative for high storage capacity hard disk drives. Immediately beyond the film rupture an area of cavitation occurs and the continuity of flow condition is breached. It has been shown that for molecularly smooth surfaces solvation effect becomes dominant. This means that the contact exit is subject to discrete drainage of lubricant and may be devoid of a sufficient lubricant for film reformation to occur. This can be a stumbling block in an increasing quest to increase the data storage density of hard disk drives. Wear can become a problem as well as non-uniformity of free surface film at the inlet meniscus. It has been noted that peaks of lubricant can gather in some places, a phenomenon referred to as lubricant mogul. These localized piles of lubricant can exceed the nominally aimed for lubricant film thickness necessary for a given data storage level. This paper carries out an in-depth prediction of ultra thin film lubricant behavior through the contact. Hydrodynamic as well as near surface effects and intermolecular interactions responsible for the supply, formation, cavitation and reformation of thin films in the slider-disk conjunction have been considered.
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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Ruptures de surface (sismologie)"

1

Gavillot, Yann G. Quaternary fault map of Jefferson County, southwest Montana. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.59691/vzim1555.

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This Quaternary fault map identifies new and existing faults that demonstrate evidence of earthquake surface ruptures based on lidar data, geomorphic and topographic analyses, field checks, and, when available, published geological maps.
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Paul, C., und J. F. Cassidy. Seismic hazard investigations at select DND facilities in Southwestern British Columbia: subduction, in-slab, and crustal scenarios. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331199.

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Southwest British Columbia has some of the highest seismic hazard in Canada and is home to facilities owned by the Department of National Defence which support operations on the west coast of Canada. The potential impact of seismic hazards on these government facilities are investigated here. The hazard is from three primary sources: subduction interface, crustal and in-slab earthquakes. NRCan, in consultation with DRDC have produced representative earthquake scenarios for each of these sources. The subduction scenario we constructed was an M8.9 earthquake extending along the entire Cascadia Subduction Zone from 4 to 18 km depth. We used an M6.8 earthquake occurring along a 30 km fault at between 52 and 60 km depth below Boundary Bay to represent in-slab events. The final scenario, representing a crustal source, was an M6.4 along the central 47 km of the Leech River Valley-Devil's Mountain Fault system. We found that the Cascadia subduction scenario dominated the shaking hazard over much of the study region. Meanwhile, the in-slab and crustal scenarios have higher but more localized hazards in Vancouver and Victoria. In addition to the primary ground motion hazard, we also examined secondary seismic hazards: secondary amplification effects, landslides, liquefaction, surface ruptures, tsunami, flooding, fire, and aftershocks. Each of the secondary hazards had varying impacts depending on the scenario and locations within the region.
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