Zeitschriftenartikel: „Rupture Speed“

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Datta, Sanjoy, Radek Stoček und Evghenii Harea. „Parametrical Function Describing Influences of the Redistribution of Incorporated Oil for Rupture Process Reconstruction in Rubber“. Polymers 15, Nr. 6 (09.03.2023): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15061363.

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The present work is focused on finding (i) the tearing energy at rupture and (ii) the redistribution of incorporated paraffin oil on the ruptured surfaces as functions of (a) the initial oil concentration and (b) the speed of deformation to the total rupture in a uniaxially induced deformation to rupture on an initially homogeneously oil incorporated styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix. The aim is to understand the deforming speed of the rupture by calculating the concentration of the redistributed oil after rupture using infrared (IR) spectroscopy in an advanced continuation of a previously published work. The redistribution of the oil after tensile rupture for samples that have three different initial oil concentrations with a control sample that has no initial oil has been studied at three defined deformation speeds of rupture along with a cryo-ruptured sample. Single-edge notched tensile (SENT) specimens were used in the study. Parametric fittings of data at different deformation speeds were used to relate the concentration of the initial oil against the concentration of the redistributed oil. The novelty of this work is in the use of a simple IR spectroscopic method to reconstruct a fractographic process to rupture in relation to the speed of the deformation to rupture.

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Datta, Sanjoy, Radek Stoček, Evghenii Harea, Ondřej Kratina und Martin Stěnička. „Configuration of Novel Experimental Fractographic Reverse Engineering Approach Based on Relationship between Spectroscopy of Ruptured Surface and Fracture Behaviour of Rubber Sample“. Materials 13, Nr. 19 (07.10.2020): 4445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194445.

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A novel fractographic approach based on a combination of (i) mechanical behavior of cured rubber in uniaxial tensile loading and (ii) spectroscopy of fracture on a ruptured surface was experimentally validated. This approach related the migration of paraffin oil from a matrix to the ruptured rubber surface, to the tearing energy related to the deformation speed responsible for total rubber sample rupture, and the approach itself was configured experimentally. It was evaluated on cured natural rubber (NR) for two different paraffin oil concentrations. Single edge notched tensile (SENT) samples were subjected to uniaxial tensile loadings at two different deformation speeds. First, the tearing energy as a function of deformation speed was determined for each defined oil concentration. Secondly, at specific locations on the ruptured surfaces, infrared (IR) spectroscopy was performed to quantify a characteristic absorbance peak height of migrated paraffin oil during the rupture process. The results of the IR analyses were related to the deformation speed to understand the relation between the amount of migrated paraffin oil during the fracture process and the deformation speed which brought about such a fracture. This novel approach enhanced the reverse engineering process of rubber fracture related to the cause of tearing energies during critical failure.

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Sun, Qi-Long, Lei Sun, Xiao-Wen Wang, Jia-Ling Fang, Hai-Yan Kong, Ji-Huan He und Hu Gu. „Jet speed in bubble rupture“. Thermal Science 22, Nr. 1 Part A (2018): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci151202149s.

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Kawamura, Hikaru, Koji Yoshimura und Shingo Kakui. „Nature of the high-speed rupture of the two-dimensional Burridge–Knopoff model of earthquakes“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, Nr. 2136 (26.11.2018): 20170391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0391.

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The nature of the high-speed rupture or the main shock of the Burridge–Knopoff spring-block model in two dimensions obeying the rate- and state-dependent friction law is studied by means of extensive computer simulations. It is found that the rupture propagation in larger events is highly anisotropic and irregular in shape on longer length scales, although the model is completely uniform and the emergent rupture-propagation velocity is nearly constant everywhere at the rupture front. The manner of the rupture propagation sometimes mimics the successive ruptures of neighbouring ‘asperities’ observed in real, large earthquakes. Large events tend to be unilateral, with its epicentre lying at the rim of its rupture zone. The epicentre site of a large event is also located next to the rim of the rupture zone of some past event. Event-size distributions are computed and discussed in comparison with those of the corresponding one-dimensional model. The magnitude distribution exhibits a power-law behaviour resembling the Gutenberg–Richter law for smaller magnitudes, which changes over to a more characteristic behaviour for larger magnitudes. For very large events, the rupture-length distribution exhibits mutually different behaviours in one dimension and in two dimensions, reflecting the difference in the underlying geometry. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Statistical physics of fracture and earthquakes’.

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Ye, Lingling, Thorne Lay, Hiroo Kanamori, Zhongwen Zhan und Zacharie Duputel. „Diverse rupture processes in the 2015 Peru deep earthquake doublet“. Science Advances 2, Nr. 6 (Juni 2016): e1600581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600581.

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Earthquakes in deeply subducted oceanic lithosphere can involve either brittle or dissipative ruptures. On 24 November 2015, two deep (606 and 622 km) magnitude 7.5 and 7.6 earthquakes occurred 316 s and 55 km apart. The first event (E1) was a brittle rupture with a sequence of comparable-size subevents extending unilaterally ~50 km southward with a rupture speed of ~4.5 km/s. This earthquake triggered several aftershocks to the north along with the other major event (E2), which had 40% larger seismic moment and the same duration (~20 s), but much smaller rupture area and lower rupture speed than E1, indicating a more dissipative rupture. A minor energy release ~12 s after E1 near the E2 hypocenter, possibly initiated by the S wave from E1, and a clear aftershock ~165 s after E1 also near the E2 hypocenter, suggest that E2 was likely dynamically triggered. Differences in deep earthquake rupture behavior are commonly attributed to variations in thermal state between subduction zones. However, the marked difference in rupture behavior of the nearby Peru doublet events suggests that local variations of stress state and material properties significantly contribute to diverse behavior of deep earthquakes.

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Porcelli, Matthew, Oksana Prychyna, Andrew Rosenthal und Joseph DeCostanza. „Hepatothorax: A Rare Outcome of High-Speed Trauma“. Case Reports in Emergency Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/905641.

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Diaphragmatic ruptures are the result of severe blunt trauma or penetrating trauma. Motor vehicle crashes are a common mechanism associated with blunt diaphragmatic rupture (BDR). Incorporating diagnostic tools and laparotomy assist in the diagnosis and treatment of BDR. However, diagnosing BDR can be a challenge for practitioners. Early diagnosis and treatment improve the patient's outcomes. This paper details the events of a patient received in a level I trauma unit.

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Yuan, Jie, Jinting Wang und Shoubiao Zhu. „Effects of Barriers on Fault Rupture Process and Strong Ground Motion Based on Various Friction Laws“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 5 (02.03.2020): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051687.

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A barrier may induce a supershear rupture on a fault. This paper focuses on two questions: One is whether the existence of a barrier accelerates the propagation speed of a whole fault rupture, and the other is what are the effects of friction laws and strength of a barrier on the rupture propagation process. For these purposes, classical slip-weakening, rate-state, and modified slip-weakening friction laws are employed to simulate the effect of a barrier on the fault rupture process. The simulation results showed that the rupture speed of the fault obviously decreases when the rupture front propagates to the barriers, and the rupture speed obviously increases when the rupture front leaves barriers. It was also found that a barrier on a fault may induce a supershear rupture via the rate-state friction law. The simulation results also showed that with the increase of barrier strength, the rupture speed near barriers fluctuates more and more; when the barrier strength exceeds a certain level, a supershear rupture area appears on the fault; with the increase of barrier strength, the propagation distance of the rupture at supershear wave velocity correspondingly increases. In addition, with the increase of barrier strength, the overall rupture duration of the fault slightly increases. This indicates that a barrier cannot shorten the total duration of a fault rupture. Though a barrier will lead to a supershear rupture, it just regulates the distribution of the rupture speed on the fault surface. Moreover, with the increase of barrier strength, the peak ground acceleration caused by rupture through the barrier also increases, indicating that the existence of a barrier may lead to the intensification of seismic hazards.

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Zhu, Likuan, Boyan Song und Zhen Long Wang. „Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis on Rupture of Gas Bubble“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 339 (Juli 2013): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.339.468.

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Hydrodynamic information of the flow occurring as a bubble ruptures at a gas liquid interface has being obtained from computer simulations. The simulation result is verified by conducting high-speed photography experiment. Process of bubble rupture is clearly captured with simulation and experiment. Shear force generated by bubble rupture increases along with decrease of bursting bubble diameter or increase of coefficient of surface tension. The maximum average shear force ranges from 0.97Pa to 1.91Pa, when bursting bubble diameter changes from 2mm to 10mm.

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Hudock, Paul A., und Takeshi Imajo. „Impact Speed and Rupture of the Aorta“. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 10, Nr. 2 (Juni 1989): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-198906000-00019.

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Heller, Georg, Franz F. Immer, Hannu Savolainen, Eva S. Kraehenbuehl, Thierry P. Carrel und Juerg Schmidli. „Aortic Rupture in High-Speed Skiing Crashes“. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 61, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2006): 979–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000228878.09533.99.

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Zhuo, Yan-Qun, Yanshuang Guo und Sergei Alexandrovich Bornyakov. „Laboratory Observations of Repeated Interactions between Ruptures and the Fault Bend Prior to the Overall Stick-Slip Instability Based on a Digital Image Correlation Method“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 5 (05.03.2019): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050933.

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Fault geometry plays important roles in the evolution of earthquake ruptures. Experimental studies on the spatiotemporal evolution of the ruptures of a fault with geometric bands are important for understanding the effects of the fault bend on the seismogenic process. However, the spatial sampling of the traditional point contact type sensors is quite low, which is unable to observe the detailed spatiotemporal evolution of ruptures. In this study, we use a high-speed camera combined with a digital image correlation (DIC) method to observe ruptures during stick-slip motions of a simulated bent fault. Meanwhile, strain gages were also used to test the results of the DIC method. Multiple cycles of the alternative propagation of ruptures between the two fault segments on the both sides of the fault bend were observed prior to the overall failure of the fault. Moreover, the slip velocity and rupture speed were observed getting higher during this process. These results indicate the repeated interactions between the ruptures and the fault bend prior to the overall instability of the fault, which distinguishes the effect of the fault bend from the effect of asperities in straight faults on the evolution of ruptures. In addition, improvement in the temporal sampling rate of the DIC measurement system may further help to unveil the rupture evolution during the overall instability in future.

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Leslie, Cynthia L. „DIAPHRAGMATIC RUPTURE AFTER A HIGH SPEED CAR CRASH“. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 52, Nr. 2 (Februar 2002): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-200202000-00036.

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Redondo-Morata, Lorena, und Felix Rico. „High-Speed Force Spectroscopy of Lipid Bilayer Rupture“. Biophysical Journal 114, Nr. 3 (Februar 2018): 100a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.587.

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Fang, Jin, Caijun Xu, Yangmao Wen, Shuai Wang, Guangyu Xu, Yingwen Zhao und Lei Yi. „The 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu Earthquake: A Supershear Rupture Event Constrained by InSAR and Broadband Regional Seismograms“. Remote Sensing 11, Nr. 11 (03.06.2019): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111330.

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The 28 September 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake occurred at a triple junction zone where the Philippine Sea, Australian, and Sunda plates are convergent. Here, we utilized Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) interferometry synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data together with broadband regional seismograms to investigate the source geometry and rupture kinematics of this earthquake. Results showed that the 2018 Palu earthquake ruptured a fault plane with a relatively steep dip angle of ~85°. The preferred rupture model demonstrated that the earthquake was a supershear event from early on, with an average rupture speed of 4.1 km/s, which is different from the common supershear events that typically show an initial subshear rupture. The rupture expanded rapidly (~4.1 km/s) from the hypocenter and propagated bilaterally towards the north and south along the strike direction during the first 8 s, and then to the south. Four visible asperities were ruptured during the slip pulse propagation, which resulted in four significant deformation lobes in the coseismic interferogram. The maximum slip of 6.5 m was observed to the south of the city of Palu, and the total seismic moment released within 40 s was 2.64 × 1020 N·m, which was equivalent to Mw 7.55. Our results shed some light on the transtensional tectonism in Sulawesi, given that the 2018 Palu earthquake was dominated by left-lateral strike slip (slip maxima is 6.2 m) and that some significant normal faulting components (slip maxima is ~3 m) were resolved as well.

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Crentsil, K., E. G. Hauptmann und P. G. Hill. „Axial Rupture in Underwater Pipelines“. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 112, Nr. 2 (01.05.1990): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919849.

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The propagation of axial cracks in underwater pipelines was investigated by means of small-scale pipe experiments. The purpose of the experiments was to determine the effect of external water environment on crack opening characteristics. The development of the axial rupture was recorded by high-speed photography; measurements were made of the internal depressurization transient and the axial strain field. The measured depressurization histories agreed with the predictions of a one-dimensional transient fluid flow code. Results presented for underwater and in-air tests show that the external water environment produces a slower crack and a smaller crack opening area. A steady-state energy balance analysis was performed to investigate the various energy dissipation mechanisms present during pipe rupture. This analysis confirmed that the added inertial mass effect of the surrounding water may account for the reduction in crack speed and opening area.

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Jandacka, Daniel, Jan Plesek, Jiri Skypala, Jaroslav Uchytil, Julia Freedman Silvernail und Joseph Hamill. „Knee Joint Kinematics and Kinetics During Walking and Running After Surgical Achilles Tendon Repair“. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, Nr. 6 (01.06.2018): 232596711877986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118779862.

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Background: Despite the increasing incidence of Achilles tendon (AT) ruptures, there is a lack of information on the possible risks associated with regular running and walking for exercise after an injury. There are some known kinematic gait changes after an AT rupture, especially at the knee. However, it is not clear whether runners with AT ruptures may be at risk for secondary knee injuries during shod or barefoot running/walking. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematics and kinetics of barefoot walking and barefoot and shod running between athletes with a history of AT ruptures and a healthy control group. We hypothesized that there would be increased knee joint loads in the affected limb of the AT rupture group, especially during shod running. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Ten patients who had undergone surgical treatment of a unilateral acute AT rupture (6.1 ± 3.7 years postoperatively ) and 10 control participants were matched according to age, sex, physical activity, weight, height, and footfall type. The kinematics and kinetics of barefoot walking and barefoot and shod running were recorded using a high-speed motion capture system synchronized with force platforms. Results: The main outcome measures were lower extremity joint angles and moments during the stance phase of walking and running. After AT repair, athletes had increased internal knee abduction moments during shod and barefoot running compared with the healthy control group ( P < .05, η2 > 0.14). There were no significant differences in kinematics and kinetics during walking between the AT rupture and healthy control groups ( P ≥ .05). Conclusion: After an AT rupture, athletes had increased internal knee abduction moments during running compared with the healthy control group. Clinical Relevance: The increased abduction loads on the knee in patients with an AT rupture could lead to further running-related injuries. However, barefoot walking may be used as a proprioceptive exercise without an increased risk of overuse injuries in these patients.

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Bittle, Michelle, Eric Hoffer und Jeffrey D. Robinson. „Left Hemidiaphragm Rupture Following High-Speed Motor Vehicle Crash“. Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology 41, Nr. 4 (Juli 2012): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/j.cpradiol.2011.07.011.

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Koeneke, Carlos E., Masato Tanaka und Hisayuki Motoi. „Axial Oil Film Rupture in High Speed Bearings Due to the Effect of the Centrifugal Force“. Journal of Tribology 117, Nr. 3 (01.07.1995): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831264.

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The two-dimensional steady-state Navier-Stokes equation and the continuity equation are applied to the lubricating film assumed to be concentric in journal bearings operating at very high speeds. The equations are numerically solved for the pressure variation in the axial direction and also across the film thickness with the centrifugal force being considered to act on the lubricant film due to high rotational speed of the journal. Linked with a new cavitation model proposed, the lubricant film is theoretically found to rupture near the journal surface toward the bearing end. This axial film rupture (AFR) is shown to reduce the driving torque of the inner film of floating bush bearings at very high shaft speeds, and some phenomena observed in the operation of floating bush bearings can be explained with this model.

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Best, T. R. „Development of a Pipe Rupture“. Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 110, Nr. 4 (01.11.1988): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3265628.

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An approach to the problem of predicting reaction forces that can occur during pipe failure is provided. Use is made of experimental data measuring crack propagation speed to determine the pipe rupture forces. The results of this paper are for pipelines carrying subcooled liquid water, but may be applied to other fluids. The reaction forces during pipe failure are compared with steady-state values.

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Thoroddsen, S. T., M. J. Thoraval, K. Takehara und T. G. Etoh. „Micro-bubble morphologies following drop impacts onto a pool surface“. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 708 (14.08.2012): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.319.

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AbstractWhen a drop impacts at low velocity onto a pool surface, a hemispheric air layer cushions and can delay direct contact. Herein we use ultra-high-speed video to study the rupture of this layer, to explain the resulting variety of observed distribution of bubbles. The size and distribution of micro-bubbles is determined by the number and location of the primary punctures. Isolated holes lead to the formation of bubble necklaces when the edges of two growing holes meet, whereas bubble nets are produced by regular shedding of micro-bubbles from a sawtooth edge instability. For the most viscous liquids the air film contracts more rapidly than the capillary–viscous velocity through repeated spontaneous ruptures of the edge. From the speed of hole opening and the total volume of micro-bubbles we conclude that the air sheet ruptures when its thickness approaches ${\ensuremath{\sim} }100~\mathrm{nm} $.

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Yang, Yuwan, Mo Li, Jin Tong und Yunhai Ma. „Study on the Interaction between Soil and the Five-Claw Combination of a Mole Using the Discrete Element Method“. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2018 (06.08.2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7854052.

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A mole is a born digger spending its entire existence digging tunnels. The five claws of a mole’s hand are combinative to cut soil powerfully and efficiently. However, little was known in detail about the interaction between the soil and the five-claw combination. In this study, we simulated the soil cutting process of the five-claw combination using the discrete element method (DEM) as an attempt for the potential design of soil-engaging tools to reduce soil resistance. The five-claw combination moved horizontally in the soil bin. Soil forces (draught and vertical forces) and soil failure (soil rupture distance ratio) were measured at different rake angles and speeds. Results showed that the draught and vertical forces varied nonlinearly as the rake angle increased from 10 to 90°, and both changed linearly with the speed increasing from 1 to 5 m/s. The curve of the soil rupture distance ratio with rake angles could be better described using a quadric function, but the speed had little effect on the soil rupture distance ratio. Notably, the soil rupture distance ratio of the five-claw combination in simulation was on average 19.6% lower than the predicted ratio of simple blades at different rake angles indicating that the five-claw combination could make less soil failure and thereby produce lower soil resistance. Given the draught and vertical forces, the performance of the five-claw combination was optimized at the rake angle of 30°.

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Ghasemzadeh, Mohammadamin, und Alidad Amirfazli. „Study of Insect Impact on an Aerodynamic Body Using a Rotary Wing Simulator“. Fluids 9, Nr. 1 (27.12.2023): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids9010008.

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Laminar flow aircraft may potentially save fuel and reduce the emission of pollutants and greenhouse gases. However, laminar flow aircraft face challenges caused by contaminations on the wings, such as insect impact residue. To study insect residue on an aircraft airfoil, a new setup was developed that used rotary wings and shot an insect toward the leading edge. This setup kept insects intact before impact while airflow was maintained throughout the experiment. Additionally, the setup enabled the long-term observation of the impact residue while the test speed was adjusted. Two experiments were carried out to investigate inconsistencies from past studies about insect rupture velocity and the effect of airflow on residue. Drosophila Hydei was the insect used, and aluminum was used as the baseline substrate, which was also coated with polyurethane, acrylic, and two superhydrophobic coatings. Instead of a threshold velocity for the minimum rupture velocity of the insect, a range from initial insect rupture to the velocity at which insects ruptured in all instances was determined (i.e., 17–30 m/s). Furthermore, the presence of a coating (polyurethane) on the airfoil did not affect the minimum rupture velocity. It was observed that airflow, which has been previously mentioned as a mitigation method, did not change the residue amount after coagulation for all coatings.

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Aagaard, Brad T., John F. Hall und Thomas H. Heaton. „Characterization of Near-Source Ground Motions with Earthquake Simulations“. Earthquake Spectra 17, Nr. 2 (Mai 2001): 177–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586171.

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We examine the characteristics of long-period near-source ground motions by conducting a sensitivity study with variations in six earthquake source parameters for both a strike-slip fault ( M 7.0-7.1) and a thrust fault ( M 6.6-7.0). The directivity of the ruptures creates large displacement and velocity pulses in the forward direction. The dynamic displacements close to the fault are comparable to the average slip. The ground motions exhibit the greatest sensitivity to the fault depth with moderate sensitivity to the rupture speed, peak slip rate, and average slip. For strike-slip faults and thrust faults with surface rupture, the maximum ground displacements and velocities occur in the region where the near-source factor from the 1997 Uniform Building Code is the largest. However, for a buried thrust fault the peak ground motions can occur up-dip from this region.

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Araujo Filho, Oscar O., João Franklin Liberati, Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro, Maurício David Martins das Neves, Luís Carlos Elias da Silva und Francisco Ambrozio Filho. „Transverse Rupture Strength of M3:2 High Speed Steel Produced through Conventional Casting and Powder Metallurgy Techniques“. Materials Science Forum 514-516 (Mai 2006): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.584.

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The main aim of this work is to study the influence of the heat treatment on the transverse rupture strength of three M3:2 high speed steel obtained by differents techniques. PM Sinter 23 obtained by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of gas atomized powders, a vacuum sintered high speed steel obtained by uniaxial cold compaction and liquid phase sintering of M3:2 water atomized powders and a conventional (cast to ingot and hot work) VWM3C were submitted to hardening in order to determine the influence of this treatment on the transverse rupture strength. The two PM high speed steels and the conventional one were submitted to heat treatment of hardening with austenitizing temperatures of 1140, 1160, 1180 and 1200 °C and tempering at 540 and 560 °C. The effectiveness of the heat treatment was determined by hardness tests (Rockwell C hardness). The microstructure was evaluated by scanning eletronic microscopy (SEM). At least five samples of these three high speed steels were manufactured, austenitized, quenched and tempered as described above and fractured in three point bending tests in order to evaluate the influence of this treatment on the transverse rupture strength (TRS).

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DAVIS, M. J., M. B. GRATTON und S. H. DAVIS. „Suppressing van der Waals driven rupture through shear“. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 661 (18.08.2010): 522–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211201000323x.

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An ultra-thin viscous film on a substrate is susceptible to rupture instabilities driven by van der Waals attractions. When a unidirectional ‘wind’ shear τ is applied to the free surface, the rupture instability in two dimensions is suppressed when τ exceeds a critical value τc and is replaced by a permanent finite-amplitude structure, an intermolecular-capillary wave, that travels at approximately the speed of the surface. For small amplitudes, the wave is governed by the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation. If three-dimensional disturbances are allowed, the shear is decoupled from disturbances perpendicular to the flow, and line rupture would occur. In this case, replacing the unidirectional shear with a shear whose direction rotates with angular speed, , suppresses the rupture if τ ≳ 2τc. For the most dangerous wavenumber, τc ≈ 10−2 dyn cm−2 at ≈ 1 rad s−1 for a film with physical properties similar to water at a thickness of 100 nm.

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de Bodas Terassi, Paulo Miguel, Washington Luiz Félix Correia Filho, Emerson Galvani, Antonio Carlos da Silva Oscar-Júnior, Bruno Serafini Sobral, Givanildo de Gois, Vitor Hugo Rosa Biffi und José Francisco de Oliveira Júnior. „Wind Characteristics and Temporal Trends in Eastern Paraná State, Brazil“. Climate 11, Nr. 3 (15.03.2023): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli11030069.

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The wind is one of the most important and studied variables globally, essential to several sectors, for example, energy. Therefore, this study assesses the wind regime and analysis trends in three locations within the Paraná state, Brazil. The historical series were recorded between 1976 and 2010 at conventional meteorological stations belonging to the Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. WRPLOT version 8.0.0 software was used for elaborating wind roses and histograms in the annual and seasonal scales. Detection of trends and temporal rupture points was performed using different statistical methods (Run, Mann–Kendall, Pettitt and Shapiro–Wilk tests) for all meteorological stations. All statistical tests were conducted using the R software version 3.3.2. On a seasonal scale, summer and spring present the highest wind speeds in the Curitiba and Paranaguá stations due to meteorological systems on different scales, such as the South Atlantic subtropical anticyclone and frontal systems. The Mann–Kendall test revealed that Castro presented statistical significance in reducing wind speed, with a decrease of 0.23 m/s per decade for the annual scale and 0.23 m/s per decade during the autumn season. These ruptures indicated a decrease in wind speed in Curitiba and Paranaguá for the spring season. The Pettitt test revealed a break point detection in the data series in Curitiba station, likely due to urban expansion that started in the 1980s, reducing wind speed, especially in winter and spring. These trends and ruptures revealed a significant reduction in wind speed, possibly due to the interaction between natural climate changes and the increase in surface roughness resulting from land use and urbanization changes.

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Ueda, Y., und M. Iguchi. „Rupture of Cavity Film Due to Water Entry of Horizontal Superhydrophobic Circular Cylinders“. High Temperature Materials and Processes 32, Nr. 1 (22.02.2013): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0060.

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AbstractIn materials refining processes such as steelmaking process, bath-entry of agents such as CaCO3 attracts career gas around their entire surface so that the dispersion in the bath can be inhibited. To shed light on the still vague instant phenomenon, this study employs a water model experiment and carries out the visualization. Therefore, this study visually demonstrates the growth and rupture of air cavity due to water entry of horizontal superhydrophobic circular cylinders with the aid of a high-speed camera. Here, we show that the water entry of the horizontal hydrophobic cylinder forms a film of cavity behind the cylinder whereas a hydrophilic cylinder forms a cavity from both ends of the cylinder. In a high Froude number entry, once the cavity film ruptured on both sides of it, the contact lines of the cavity film abruptly move along the surface of the cylinder. In a low Froude number entry, the influence of weak fluid inertia force makes several ruptures on the cavity film which grow individually and split off the cavity. Of a particular interest is the fact that the multi-rupture regime appeals for the spanwise three-dimensionality on the cavity film against the previous studies within two-dimensional treatment. Furthermore, this report finds the trend for some range of Fr that the nondimensionalized closure depth of the cavity film zc with diameter of the cylinder obeys zc/d ∼ Fr1/3 in the range 4.7 ≤ Fr ≤ 40 although it depends on Fr in the water-entry problem of a hydrophobic sphere.

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Yang, Ying, Li Xu und Wen Qing Liu. „Experimental Study on Cavitation Boundary of Journal Bearing“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 378 (August 2013): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.378.362.

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Under high and super-high speed conditions, oil film of the journal bearing is easy to crack and then becomes cavitation. The existence of cavitation has a great effect on the work characteristics of the bearing. Cavitation boundary of a three-groove journal beaing was investigated on the journal bearing experimental rig. The influences of rotating speed and supply pressure on cavitation boundary were studied. And experimental equations of reformation location and the percent of rupture area are established. The results show that rupture location of oil film is not related with rotating speed and supply pressure, otherwise reformation location of oil film is effected greatly by them. The experimental equations lay foundations for next research on cavitation theory model and stability.

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Causse, M., C. Cornou und J. Bécasse. „Rupture velocity inferred from near-field shear strain analysis“. Geophysical Journal International 199, Nr. 3 (17.10.2014): 1709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu353.

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Abstract We propose a new technique to determine the rupture velocity of large strike slip earthquakes. By means of simple numerical ground motion simulations, we show that when the rupture penetrates a shallow layer of sediment or fractured rock, shock waves propagate along the surface fault trace in the forward rupture direction. Such shock waves, which are insensitive to the complexity of slip over the fault plane, propagate at a phase velocity equal to the rupture speed. We show that those shock waves can be easily isolated in the frequency domain, and that phase velocity can then be simply obtained from shear strain.

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Andrews, D. J. „Dynamic growth of mixed-mode shear cracks“. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84, Nr. 4 (01.08.1994): 1184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0840041184.

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Abstract A pure mode II (in-plane) shear crack cannot propagate spontaneously at a speed between the Rayleigh and S-wave speeds, but a three-dimensional (3D) or two-dimensional (2D) mixed-mode shear crack can propagate in this range, being driven by the mode III (antiplane) component. Two different analytic solutions have been proposed for the mode II component in this case. The first is the solution valid for crack speed less than the Rayleigh speed. When applied above the Rayleigh speed, it predicts a negative stress intensity factor, which implies that energy is generated at the crack tip. Burridge proposed a second solution, which is continuous at the crack tip, but has a singularity in slip velocity at the Rayleigh wave. Spontaneous propagation of a mixed-mode rupture has been calculated with a slip-weakening friction law, in which the slip velocity vector is colinear with the total traction vector. Spontaneous trans-Rayleigh rupture speed has been found. The solution depends on the absolute stress level. The solution for the in-plane component appears to be a superposition of smeared-out versions of the two analytic solutions. The proportion of the first solution increases with increasing absolute stress. The amplitude of the negative in-plane traction pulse is less than the absolute final sliding traction, so that total in-plane traction does not reverse. The azimuth of the slip velocity vector varies rapidly between the onset of slip and the arrival of the Rayleigh wave. The variation is larger at smaller absolute stress.

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Hatakenaka, Kiyoshi, Masato Tanaka und Kenji Suzuki. „A Theoretical Analysis of Floating Bush Journal Bearing With Axial Oil Film Rupture Being Considered“. Journal of Tribology 124, Nr. 3 (31.05.2002): 494–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1454104.

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A new modified Reynolds equation is derived with centrifugal force acting on the hydrodynamic oil film being considered. This equation, together with a cavitation model, is used to obtain the steady-state equilibrium and calculate the rotordynamic coefficients of lightly loaded floating bush journal bearings operating at very high shaft speeds. The bush-to-shaft speed ratio and the linear cross-coupling spring coefficients of the inner oil film is found to decrease with the increase in shaft speed as the axial oil film rupture develops in the inner oil film. The present model can give reasonable explanation to the steady-state behavior and the stability behavior of the bearing observed in actual machines.

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Ambarsari, Riana, Madlazim . und Utama Alan Deta. „PENCITRAAN RUPTURE GEMPABUMI DI LOMBOK TIMUR MW 6,9 PADA 19 AGUSTUS 2018 DENGAN METODE BACK PROJECTION“. Inovasi Fisika Indonesia 10, Nr. 3 (10.12.2021): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/ifi.v10n3.p24-32.

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Abstrak Gempabumi yang terjadi di Lombok pada 19 Agustus 2018 berkekuatan Mw 6,9 merupakan gempa mainshock kedua sebagai akibat dari rangkaian gempabumi Lombok pada Juli – Agustus 2018. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti karakteristik rupture gempabumi di Lombok Timur Mw 6,9 yang terjadi pada tanggal 19 Agustus 2018 dari hasil pencitraan arah, kecepatan, durasi, dan panjang rupture gempabumi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan teknik pemrosesan array teleseismik menggunakan metode Multiple Signal Back-Projection (MUSICBP) dalam software MATLAB. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari data seismogram teleseismik dengan 54 stasiun-stasiun seismik array AU (Australia) berformat .SAC dari repositori IRIS Wilber 3. Data tersebut diolah dengan menggunakan program MUSICBP serta dilakukan filter bandpass dengan rentang frekuensi 0,05 – 0,25 Hz melalui proses cross correlation. Hasil keluaran yang diperoleh berupa plot durasi, arah, dan panjang rupture gempa dari MUSICBP serta nilai kemiringan grafik untuk menentukan kecepatan dari rupture gempa dari hasil regresi linear. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pencitraan rupture menggunakan metode MUSICBP adalah sesuai yang divalidasi dengan lokasi gempa susulan-gempa susulan (aftershock) yang terjadi di zona segmentasi rupture tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan, pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa karakteristik rupture yang terjadi pada gempabumi di Lombok Timur Mw 6,9 tanggal 19 Agustus 2018 adalah arah rupture merambat ke arah Timur secara unilateral sepanjang ~25 km berdurasi 25 s dengan kecepatan rupture 1,74 km/s yang termasuk dalam rentang kecepatan rendah. Hasil dari pencitraan rupture menunjukkan gempabumi yang terjadi di Lombok Timur pada 19 Agustus 2018 tersebut disebabkan oleh aktivitas Flores back arc thrust di wilayah Pulau Lombok bagian Utara dengan arah rupture merambat menuju ke arah Timur (eastward) dengan mekanisme tipe sesar naik (thrust fault). Kata Kunci: Rupture Gempa, Back Projection, Gempa Teleseismik, Sesar Flores Back-Arc. Abstract The earthquake that occurred in Lombok on August 19, 2018, with a magnitude of Mw 6.9 was the second mainshock earthquake as a result of the Lombok earthquake series in July – August 2018. This study aims to examine the characteristics of the earthquake rupture in East Lombok Mw 6.9 which occurred on 19 August 2018 from the results of imaging the direction, speed, duration, and length of earthquake rupture. The method used in this research is a teleseismic array processing technique using the Multiple Signal Back-Projection (MUSICBP) method in MATLAB software. The data used is secondary data from teleseismic seismogram data with 54 AU (Australia) seismic array stations in .SAC format from the IRIS Wilber 3 repository. The data was processed using the MUSICBP program and a bandpass filter was performed with a frequency range of 0.05 – 0.25 Hz through the cross-correlation process. The outputs obtained are plots of duration, direction, and length of earthquake rupture from MUSICBP and the slope value of the graph to determine the velocity of earthquake rupture from linear regression results. This study indicates that the rupture imaging using the MUSICBP method is appropriate which is validated by the location of the aftershocks that occur in the rupture segmentation zone. Based on the results and discussion, in this study, it can be concluded that the characteristics of the rupture that occurred in the earthquake in East Lombok Mw 6.9 on 19 August 2018 were the direction of the rupture spreading towards the East unilaterally along ~25 km with a duration of 25 s with a rupture speed of 1.74 km/s which is included in the low-speed range. The results of the rupture imaging show that the earthquake that occurred in East Lombok on August 19, 2018, was caused by the activity of Flores back arc thrust in the northern part of Lombok Island with the direction of the rupture spreading towards the East (eastward) with a thrust fault type mechanism. Keywords: Earthquake Rupture, Back Projection, Teleseismic Earthquake, Flores Back-Arc Thrust.

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Glotzer, O. S., A. Bhakta und T. Fabian. „Blunt Force Thoracic Trauma: A Case Study of Pericardial Rupture and Associated Cardiac Herniation“. Case Reports in Surgery 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/946061.

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Pericardial rupture, with associated cardiac herniation, is generally fatal. Diagnosis is difficult and frequently missed due to the subtlety of identifying characteristics. We report a case of a left sided pericardial rupture and cardiac herniation resulting from a high speed motorcycle collision. This report describes the course of treatment from the emergent admission to the diagnosis of the pericardial tear to retrospective CT analysis and rupture identification. In addition the difficulties of initial diagnosis, key symptoms, and identification of CT images are presented and discussed.

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Sharma, Janmejai, und Ankur Miglani. „Time-Varying Oscillatory Response of Burning Gel Fuel Droplets“. Gels 9, Nr. 4 (06.04.2023): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9040309.

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Gel fuel droplets exhibit disruptive burning due to the rupture of their gellant shell, which causes the release of unreacted fuel vapors from the droplet interior to the flame in the form of jets. In addition to pure vaporization, this jetting allows convective transport for fuel vapors, which accelerates gas-phase mixing and is known to improve droplet burn rates. Using high-magnification and high-speed imaging, this study found that the viscoelastic gellant shell at the droplet surface evolves during the droplet’s lifetime, which causes the droplet to burst at different frequencies, thereby triggering a time-varying oscillatory jetting. In particular, the continuous wavelet spectra of the droplet diameter fluctuations show that the droplet bursting exhibits a nonmonotonic (hump-shaped) trend, where the bursting frequency first increases and then decreases to a point where the droplet stops oscillating. The changes in the shell structure are captured by tracking the temporal variation of the area of rupture sites, spatial movement of their centroid, and the degree of overlap between the rupture areas of successive cycles. During the initial period (immediately following its formation) when the shell is newly formed, it is weak and flexible, which causes it to burst at increasingly high frequencies. This is because the area at and around the rupture site becomes progressively weaker with each rupture in an already weak shell. This is shown by a high degree of overlap between the areas of successive ruptures. On the other hand, the shell flexibility during the initial period is demonstrated by a reversal in the motion of rupture site centroids. However, at later stages when the droplet has undergone multiple ruptures, the depletion of the fuel vapor causes accumulation of gellant on the shell, thus causing the shell to become strong and rigid. This thick, strong, and rigid shell suppresses droplet oscillations. Overall, this study provides a mechanistic understanding of how the gellant shell evolves during the combustion of a gel fuel droplet and causes the droplet to burst at different frequencies. This understanding can be used to devise gel fuel compositions that result in gellant shells with tailored properties, and therefore, control the jetting frequencies to tune droplet burn rates.

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Bai, Ling, Simon L. Klemperer, James Mori, Marianne S. Karplus, Lin Ding, Hongbing Liu, Guohui Li, Bowen Song und Sanjev Dhakal. „Lateral variation of the Main Himalayan Thrust controls the rupture length of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal“. Science Advances 5, Nr. 6 (Juni 2019): eaav0723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav0723.

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The Himalaya orogenic belt produces frequent large earthquakes that affect population centers along a length of over 2500 km. The 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake (Mw 7.8) ruptured the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) and allows direct measurements of the behavior of the continental collision zone. We study the MHT using seismic waveforms recorded by local stations that completely cover the aftershock zone. The MHT exhibits clear lateral variation along geologic strike, with the Lesser Himalayan ramp having moderate dip on the MHT beneath the mainshock area and a flatter and deeper MHT beneath the eastern end of the aftershock zone. East of the aftershock zone, seismic wave speed increases at MHT depths, perhaps due to subduction of an Indian basement ridge. A similar magnitude wave speed change occurs at the western end of the aftershock zone. These gross morphological structures of the MHT controlled the rupture length of the Gorkha earthquake.

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Kochkin, Dmitry, Valentin Belosludtsev und Veronica Sulyaeva. „Thermocapillary rupture of a horizontal liquid layer on a silicon substrate“. EPJ Web of Conferences 196 (2019): 00041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201919600041.

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This paper is an experimental study of thermocapillary breakdown phenomenon in a horizontal film of liquid placed on a silicon nonisothermal substrate. With the help of a high-speed video camera the speed of the three-phase contact line was measured during the growth of a dry spot.

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Tandberg, Alexander Nagel, Hege Grindem, Christian Wiig und Wender Figved. „Knee sliced open by skate blade: complete patellar tendon rupture in an elite long track speed skater“. BMJ Case Reports 12, Nr. 4 (April 2019): e228611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-228611.

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A long track speed skater sustained a deep horizontal cut to the right knee just distally to the patella, after he got hit by the skate blade of the pair mate. The injury included a complete patellar tendon rupture from the apex of the patella, a 1 mm deep transverse cut in the femoral condyle and a partial rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. The tendon rupture was repaired with transosseous suture repair without augmentation. A knee brace was used for 8 weeks, with a gradual decrease in flexion restraints. A rehabilitation programme was overseen by a dedicated physiotherapist. At 6 months, he started a gradual return to skating sessions. After 1 year, he had symmetrical single-legged hop performance, but quadriceps weakness due to pain. The patient returned to competition speed skating at national levels after 11 months, and within the first postoperative year, he was breaking new personal records on the ice.

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KOIKE, Takuji, Hiroshi WADA, Fumiaki ITO, Kazuyoshi TAKAYAMA und Toshimitsu KOBAYASHI. „High-Speed Video Observation of Tympanic Membrane Rupture in Guinea Pigs“. JSME International Journal Series C 46, Nr. 4 (2003): 1434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmec.46.1434.

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Kuper, Spencer, Victoria Jauk, Sima Baalbaki, Alan Tita, Lorie Harper und Melissa Parrish. „Does Early Artificial Rupture of Membranes Speed Labor in Preterm Inductions?“ American Journal of Perinatology 35, Nr. 08 (14.12.2017): 716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1612631.

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Objective In full-term patients, early artificial rupture of membranes (AROMs) decreases time in labor. We assessed the impact of early AROM in preterm patients undergoing indicated induction of labor. Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients undergoing indicated preterm induction (23–34 weeks) at a single tertiary care center from 2011 to 2014. Early AROM was defined as <4 cm and late AROM was defined as ≥4 cm. The primary outcomes evaluated were cesarean delivery and time in labor. Secondary outcomes were chorioamnionitis and a composite of maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes. Results Of the 149 women included, 65 (43.6%) had early AROM. Early AROM was associated with an increased time from the start of induction to delivery (25.7 ± 13.0 vs. 19.0 ± 10.3 hours, p < 0.01) and with an increase in the risk of cesarean (53.4 vs. 22.6%, adjusted odds ratio: 3.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.60–7.74). Early AROM was not associated with an increased risk of chorioamnionitis or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Conclusion In this observational cohort, early AROM was associated with an increased risk of cesarean. A randomized controlled trial is necessary to determine the optimal timing of AROM in preterm patients requiring delivery.

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KIM, HEON YOUNG, JONG GIL CHOI, MIN GUN KIM, KANG WOOK LEE, DAE YUL HA und TAE JUNG YEO. „CUMULATIVE IMPACT DAMAGE EVALUATION OF AUTOMOTIVE ALUMINUM BUMPER BEAM“. International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, Nr. 09n11 (30.04.2008): 1584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208047110.

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We performed numerical analyses using an explicit code to evaluate the cumulative impact damage of an automotive aluminum front-end bumper back beam during low-speed crash events, as described by CMVSS215. we used a coupled numerical analysis scheme and considered the several fracture criterion such as EWK rupture model and plastic strain limit in the PAM-CRASH code to improve our damage and fracture estimates. Tensile test experiments for the notched and un-notched specimens were conducted to tune the performance of the EWK rupture model; The resulting material properties and fracture criterion were incorporated into the numerical analyses of the low-speed crash events. The simulation results were compared with the impact test.

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Bouchon, Michel, Hayrullah Karabulut, Mustafa Aktar, Serdar Özalaybey, Jean Schmittbuhl, Marie-Paule Bouin und David Marsan. „The nucleation of the Izmit and Düzce earthquakes: some mechanical logic on where and how ruptures began“. Geophysical Journal International 225, Nr. 3 (29.01.2021): 1510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab040.

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SUMMARY In spite of growing evidence that many earthquakes are preceded by increased seismic activity, the nature of this activity is still poorly understood. Is it the result of a mostly random process related to the natural tendency of seismic events to cluster in time and space, in which case there is little hope to ever predict earthquakes? Or is it the sign that a physical process that will lead to the impending rupture has begun, in which case we should attempt to identify this process. With this aim we take a further look at the nucleation of two of the best recorded and documented strike-slip earthquakes to date, the 1999 Izmit and Düzce earthquakes which ruptured the North Anatolian Fault over ∼200 km. We show the existence of a remarkable mechanical logic linking together nucleation characteristics, stress loading, fault geometry and rupture speed. In both earthquakes the observations point to slow aseismic slip occurring near the ductile-to-brittle transition zone as the motor of their nucleation.

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Gao, Yue-guang, Shun-shan Feng, Yun Chen, Xiang Xiao, Bo Zhang und Qi Huang. „Numerical study of fragments from cylindrical casing with one of end caps fully constrained“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1996, Nr. 1 (01.08.2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1996/1/012006.

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Abstract In order to study the process and characteristic of the fragments in the warhead with one end cap under full constraint condition, we established a cylindrical casing with two end caps which one of them was fully constrained using the simulation analysis. The result showed that the fragmentation of cylindrical casing with one end full constrained has its own characteristic. The Mach stem was generated when the detonation wave propagated to the fully constrained end cap under the condition of one end detonation, working on unreactive explosives and causing the nearby fragment subjected to nearly 2.5 times the normal pressure to obtain a higher speed. The cylindrical casing first ruptured at the contact surface with the fully constrained end, and then at the end cover of the initiating end, and then the rupture extends to the whole cylindrical casing. The detonation products started to leak out from the rupture. driving fragments to fly, and forming two dense flying areas. The analysis of this paper can provide a reference for the optimal design of this kind of warhead.

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Smith, Nicholas M., Hossein Ebrahimi, Ranajay Ghosh und Andrew K. Dickerson. „High-speed microjets issue from bursting oil gland reservoirs of citrus fruit“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, Nr. 26 (11.06.2018): E5887—E5895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720809115.

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The rupture of oil gland reservoirs housed near the outer surface of the citrus exocarp is a common experience to the discerning citrus consumer and bartenders the world over. These reservoirs often rupture outwardly in response to bending the peel, which compresses the soft material surrounding the reservoirs, the albedo, increasing fluid pressure in the reservoir. Ultimately, fluid pressure exceeds the failure strength of the outermost membrane, the flavedo. The ensuing high-velocity discharge of oil and exhaustive emptying of oil gland reservoirs creates a method for jetting small quantities of the aromatic oil. We compare this jetting behavior across five citrus hybrids through high-speed videography. The jetting oil undergoes an extreme acceleration to reach velocities in excess of 10 m/s. Through material characterization and finite element simulations, we rationalize the combination of tuned material properties and geometries enabling the internal reservoir pressures that produce explosive dispersal, finding the composite structure of the citrus peel is critical for microjet production.

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Ji, Chen, und Ralph J. Archuleta. „A Source Physics Interpretation of Nonself-Similar Double-Corner-Frequency Source Spectral Model JA19_2S“. Seismological Research Letters 93, Nr. 2A (12.01.2022): 777–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210098.

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Abstract We investigate the relation between the kinematic double-corner-frequency source spectral model JA19_2S (Ji and Archuleta, 2020) and static fault geometry scaling relations proposed by Leonard (2010). We find that the nonself-similar low-corner-frequency scaling relation of JA19_2S model can be explained using the fault length scaling relation of Leonard’s model combined with an average rupture velocity ∼70% of shear-wave speed for earthquakes 5.3 < M< 6.9. Earthquakes consistent with both models have magnitude-independent average static stress drop and average dynamic stress drop around 3 MPa. Their scaled energy e˜ is not a constant. The decrease of e˜ with magnitude can be fully explained by the magnitude dependence of the fault aspect ratio. The high-frequency source radiation is generally controlled by seismic moment, static stress drop, and dynamic stress drop but is further modulated by the fault aspect ratio and the relative location of the hypocenter. Based on these two models, the commonly quoted average rupture velocity of 70%–80% of shear-wave speed implies predominantly unilateral rupture.

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Svetlizky, Ilya, Daniel Pino Muñoz, Mathilde Radiguet, David S. Kammer, Jean-François Molinari und Jay Fineberg. „Properties of the shear stress peak radiated ahead of rapidly accelerating rupture fronts that mediate frictional slip“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 3 (04.01.2016): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517545113.

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We study rapidly accelerating rupture fronts at the onset of frictional motion by performing high-temporal-resolution measurements of both the real contact area and the strain fields surrounding the propagating rupture tip. We observe large-amplitude and localized shear stress peaks that precede rupture fronts and propagate at the shear-wave speed. These localized stress waves, which retain a well-defined form, are initiated during the rapid rupture acceleration phase. They transport considerable energy and are capable of nucleating a secondary supershear rupture. The amplitude of these localized waves roughly scales with the dynamic stress drop and does not decrease as long as the rupture front driving it continues to propagate. Only upon rupture arrest does decay initiate, although the stress wave both continues to propagate and retains its characteristic form. These experimental results are qualitatively described by a self-similar model: a simplified analytical solution of a suddenly expanding shear crack. Quantitative agreement with experiment is provided by realistic finite-element simulations that demonstrate that the radiated stress waves are strongly focused in the direction of the rupture front propagation and describe both their amplitude growth and spatial scaling. Our results demonstrate the extensive applicability of brittle fracture theory to fundamental understanding of friction. Implications for earthquake dynamics are discussed.

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Fan, Wenyuan, Ryo Okuwaki, Andrew J. Barbour, Yihe Huang, Guoqing Lin und Elizabeth S. Cochran. „Fast rupture of the 2009 Mw 6.9 Canal de Ballenas earthquake in the Gulf of California dynamically triggers seismicity in California“. Geophysical Journal International 230, Nr. 1 (09.02.2022): 528–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac059.

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SUMMARY In the Gulf of California, Mexico, the relative motion across the North America–Pacific boundary is accommodated by a series of marine transform faults and spreading centres. About 40 M> 6 earthquakes have occurred in the region since 1960. On 2009 August 3, an Mw 6.9 earthquake occurred near Canal de Ballenas in the region. The earthquake was a strike-slip event with a shallow hypocentre that is likely close to the seafloor. In contrast to an adjacent M7 earthquake, this earthquake triggered a ground-motion-based earthquake early warning algorithm being tested in southern California (∼600 km away). This observation suggests that the abnormally large ground motions and dynamic strains observed for this earthquake relate to its rupture properties. To investigate this possibility, we image the rupture process and resolve the slip distribution of the event using a P-wave backprojection approach and a teleseismic, finite-fault inversion method. Results from these two independent analyses indicate a relatively simple, unilateral rupture propagation directed along-strike in the northward direction. However, the average rupture speed is estimated around 4 km s−1, suggesting a possible supershear rupture. The supershear speed is also supported by a Rayleigh wave Mach cone analysis, although uncertainties in local velocity structure preclude a definitive conclusion. The Canal de Ballenas earthquake dynamically triggered seismicity at multiple sites in California, with triggering response characteristics varying from location-to-location. For instance, some of the triggered earthquakes in California occurred up to 24 hr later, suggesting that nonlinear triggering mechanisms likely have modulated their occurrence.

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Cui, Hongwei, Zisheng Lian, Long Li und Qiliang Wang. „Analysis of influencing factors on oil film shear torque of hydro-viscous drive“. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, Nr. 7 (10.09.2018): 1169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2017-0137.

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Purpose The hydro-viscous drive (HVD) has been widely used in fan transmission in vehicles, fans, and scraper conveyors for step-less speed regulating and soft starting. It is an efficient method to save energy and reduce consumption. This study aims to analyze the influencing factors of oil film shear torque accurately. Design/methodology/approach The shear torque calculation model of double arc oil groove friction pairs was established. The influence of groove structure parameters on shear torque was analyzed. The interaction between viscosity temperature and shear torque was considered. Meanwhile, the equivalent radius was calculated when the rupture of oil film appeared. Finally, the test rig of torque characteristics was set up. The variance of shear torque with the input rotation speed under different oil film thickness, different oil temperature, and different flow rate was seen. Findings The results show that the shear torque increases with the growth of rotation speed. However, the increase of torque is quite gradual because of the effect of the change of viscosity, which is caused by the rise of temperature. The shear torque increases with the decrease of thickness, the increase of inlet flow rate, and the decrease of inlet oil temperature. Meanwhile, when the feeding flow rate is less than the theoretical, the oil film gets ruptured and the shear torque decreases sharply. Originality/value The influence on shear torque during full film shear stage in HVD can be achieved much more accurately through both experimental research and theoretical modeling in which groove parameters, influence of temperature, and oil film rupture are considered. Therefore, the shear torque of HVD can be predicted by theoretical model and experimental research in full film shear stage.

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Robeson, D. E., R. T. Haftka und K. E. Sundkvist. „Potential of Optimal Ship Structure Redesign for Minor Collisions“. Journal of Ship Research 31, Nr. 01 (01.03.1987): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.1987.31.1.53.

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An optimization technique is used to investigate changes in structural design which will increase the energy-absorbing capabilities of a marine vessel during a low-speed collision. The idealized collision scenario is arigid, vertical bow striking a tanker at a right angle, midway between rigid bulkheads. Collision energy is most efficiently absorbed as membrane tension. A penalty function method is utilized to redesign a compartment of a large tanker for rupture resistance. Up to 130 percent increase of energy absorbed prior to rupture is obtained for optimal designs without increase in weight but with sacrifice of strength. Stronger, more conservative designs are investigated by restraining the parametric freedom. Trends for improving rupture resistance are presented.

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Royer, John R., Daniel J. Evans, Loreto Oyarte, Qiti Guo, Eliot Kapit, Matthias E. Möbius, Scott R. Waitukaitis und Heinrich M. Jaeger. „High-speed tracking of rupture and clustering in freely falling granular streams“. Nature 459, Nr. 7250 (Juni 2009): 1110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08115.

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Li, Kenneth K., Carl Groenewald und David Wong. „Management of traumatic posterior capsular rupture: Corneal approach with high speed vitrector“. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 31, Nr. 8 (August 2005): 1666–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2004.12.062.

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