Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Rouge au cuivre“

<p style="text-align: justify;">L'influence de plusieurs facteurs sur la consommation de l'oxygène et le potentiel d'oxydoréduction a été étudiée. Les facteurs choisis sont: les catalyseurs métalliques d'oxydation (fer et cuivre), les antioxydants (anhydride sulfureux et acide ascorbique), les principaux constituants du vin et les conditions de conservation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Le fer et le cuivre accélèrent les réactions d'oxydation dans les vins rouges. Le milieu devient rapidement réduit et le potentiel normal du vin (Eov) diminue. Dans les vins blancs, on observe une augmentation du Eov; le milieu devient alors plus oxydable.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">L'anhydride sulfureux (5°2) participe faiblement aux propriétés antioxydantes du vin rouge. En revanche, le vin blanc est correctement protégé des réactions d'oxydation par le S0₂.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ces différences de comportement entre les vins rouges et les vins blancs sont probablement dues aux composés phénoliques.</p>

Le matériau bois a depuis longtemps fait l'objet de traitements fongicides ou insecticides dont l'impact sur les sols après lessivage constitue un réel problème écologique. À ce jour, l'essentiel des études sur la dégradation de ces produits toxiques a été mené à partir des micro-organismes isolés en laboratoire. La présente étude a cherché à affiner les connaissances concernant ces microorganismes, en particulier les champignons lignivores dégradant les polluants in situ, pour lesquels peu de données sont en fait disponibles. En vue de dépolluer des bois traités, la capacité des micro-organismes lignivores issus de sols forestiers tropicaux de la Guyane et de la Réunion pour dégrader des biocides toxiques a été évaluée. Il s'agit du pentachlorophénol (PCP) et des composés à base de cuivre chrome arsenic (CCA). Le suivi de la dégradation d'éprouvettes de pin rouge, Pinus resinosa, montre que le sol de Guyane est plus performant que celui de la Réunion en termes d'activité microbienne vis-à-vis de ces deux biocides. Une différence significative de la perte de masse des éprouvettes de pin rouge traitées au CCA et au PCP peut aller du simple au double (respectivement 18 % et 30 %). Ces résultats confirment que le CCA est moins lessivable et moins dégradable par les microorganismes de ces sols que le PCP. D'après le barème des pertes de masse en essais de laboratoire, ces bois ainsi traités seraient classés peu durables après trois ans de mise en contact avec le sol, alors que le traitement est prévu comme très durable.

<p style="text-align: justify;">Lors d'une enquête lancée par la Direction Générale de la Concurrence, de la Consommation et de la Répression des Fraudes en 1991, pour une meilleure connaissance de la teneur en plomb des vins français, la section « éléments minéraux » du Laboratoire de Bordeaux a effectué, sur les soixante-dix échantillons reçus, la détermination de onze éléments minéraux : le fer, le cuivre, le manganèse, le zinc, le plomb, le cadmium, le mercure, le lithium, le rubidium, le fluor et l'arsenic. Ces vins provenaient des régions viticoles du SudOuest et du Val de Loire et comprenaient 38 vins blancs et 32 vins rouges et rosés; pour la grande majorité d'entre eux, il s'agissait de vins d'Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée.</p>

CuInSe 2 (CIS)-based powders were successfully prepared by a facile refluxing reaction route using metal halides and Se / S powder as raw starting materials. The phase and crystallographic structure, morphology, chemical composition of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). It is found that single phase CIS powders with chalcopyrite structure can be prepared in a relatively short time using triethylenetetramine as the solvent; the most suitable reaction temperature and time are 200°C, 1–2 h, respectively. CuIn ( S x Se 1-x)2 powders were also prepared by refluxing reaction route using the mixed solvent of triethylenetetramine–glycol (1:1, v/v). The characterizations showed that the CuIn ( S x Se 1-x)2 has single chalcopyrite phase, and the stoichiometric composition closely follows the primary mixed ratio. The morphology of CuIn ( S x Se 1-x)2 is close to spheres, and the particle sizes become distinctly smaller with the incorporation of S . A possible formation mechanism of CuInSe 2 was put forward and briefly discussed.

CuInSe2(CIS) is a promising material for thin film solar cell applications. In this work, CIS powders have been synthesized by solvothermal route at different reaction time. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra of the products reveal that the optimal reaction time is 36 h at 200 °C in order to obtain pure CIS phase. SEM images show an irregular morphology of synthesized CIS material. The formation pathway of CIS has also been studied. Cu-Se compounds are formed at the beginning of the reaction, which act as an important intermediate for the formation of CIS products. This result is not consistent with the reported mechanism.

Le succès exceptionnel de la sigillée, vaisselle de table en terre cuite de la période romaine, est en grande partie dû à la brillance et à la couleur rouge uniforme de sa couverte qui ont nécessité le développement de procédés techniques très performants. Dans cet article nous comparons les réalisations italiennes aux productions gauloises qui leur ont succédé, sous le regard de la science des matériaux. Nous montrons que l’étude des couvertes, en plus de permettre d’en comprendre la fabrication, a mis en évidence une évolution majeure de leurs propriétés physiques que l’on peut relier à une évolution de leur utilisation.

Chalcopyrite CuInSe 2 (CIS) and CuInGaSe 2</sub(CIGS) nanoparticles were directly synthesized by a solvothemal route in an autoclave with alkylamine as a solvent. The rod-like CIS nanoparticles with widths of 5-10 nm and lengths of 10-30 nm were obtained at 180°C for 36 hour whereas spherical nanoparticles with diameter in the range of 10-80 nm were observed at 200- 250 °C for 36 hour. A morphology change from spherical to rod-like CIS nanoparticles was observed at 190 °C as reaction time increased from 36 to 60 hour. The formation of the rod-like nanoparticles in diethylamine, without double N-chelation, was explained by the SLS (Solution- Liquid-Solid) mechanism. Spherical CIGS nanoparticles with diameter in the range of 30-80 nm were obtained in ethylenediamine at 280 °C for 14 hour. The products were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM).

An experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of replacing maize with two varieties of fifinger millet (FM) (Eleucine coracana) on carcass evaluation of broiler chickens. Total of six hundred (600), one day-old chicks of Arbor acre breed were used for this experiment and fed red and black FM. Birds were allotted into ten (10) treatments of threereplicates,20 birds per replicate. Treatments 1 and 6 had no FM. Treatments 2, 3, 4 and 5 had red FM while treatments 7, 8, 9 and 10 had black FM. Figures connote number oftreatment and replacement levels of FM which signifies 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% and 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% for red and black FM, respectively using 2x5 factorial arrangement in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Parameters evaluated included live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, prime cuts and organ weights. Significant (P<0.05) main effect was observed in dressing percentage, back, thigh, wings and lungs for replacement levels. However, there was significant (P<0.05) interaction in back and thigh while drumstick, breast and wings had none and all organ weights were not affected by FMvarieties across dietary treatments. Highest (2276g)weightwas in birds fed 75% redFM which was more than controls (2012g). Generally, birds fed FMperformedbetter compared to birds fed maize based diets. Chickens fed FM compared favourably with birds fed maize-based diets. Therefore, red and black finger millet can be recommended for farmers especially red FM to be incorporated into broiler chicken feeds. Une expérience a été menée pour évaluer les effets du remplacement du maïs avec deux variétés de mil du doigt (MD) (Eleucine Coracana) sur l'évaluation de la carcasse des poulets à griller. Total de six cents (600), une race de race d'arbre d'arbores d'une journée a été utilisée pour cette expérience et une MD rouge et noir. Les oiseaux ont été attribués dans dix (10) traitements de trois réplicats, 20 oiseaux par réplication. Les traitements 1 et 6 n'ont pas de traitements MD 2, 3, 4 et 5 avaient rouge MD alors que les traitements 7, 8, 9 et 10 avaient noir MD. Les figures connaissent le nombre de niveaux de traitement et de remplacement de MD qui signifie 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% et 0, 25, 50, 75 et 100% pour MD rouge et noir, respectivement à l'aide d'un arrangement factoriel 2x5 dans une conception complètement randomisée (CCR ). Paramètres évalués inclus du poids en direct, du poids de la carcasse, du pourcentage de dressing, des coupes de prix et des poids d'organes. Un effet principal significatif (p <0,05) a été observé dans le pourcentage de dressage, le dos, la cuisson, les ailes et les poumons pour des niveaux de remplacement. Cependant, il y avait une interaction significative (p <0,05) dans la cuisson et la cuisse tandis que le pilon, la poitrine et les ailes n'avaient aucun et tous les poids d'organes n'étaient pas affectés par des variétés de MD à travers des traitements diététiques. Le poids le plus élevé (2276g) était dans les oiseaux nourris à 75% de MD rouge, qui était plus que des contrôles (2012g). Généralement, les oiseaux nourris à MD ont fonctionné mieux comparés aux régimes alimentaires à base de maïs des oiseaux. Les poulets nourris à la MD comparé favorablement avec des régimes à base de maïs des oiseaux. Par conséquent, le millet de doigt rouge et noir peut être recommandé pour les agriculteurs, en particulier la MD rouge à incorporer dans des aliments de poulet à griller.

The experiment was conducted to assess the effects of different inclusion levels of cooked kidney bean meal as non - conventional feedstuff on the growth performance of broilers chicks. The test diets were formulated such that, diet T1 (control diet) contained no kidney bean meal, diet T2 contained 20% cooked kidney bean meal, diet T3 contained 40%cooked kidney bean meal and diet T4 contained 60%cooked kidney bean meal. The trial lasted for eight weeks and the following parameters were measured weekly during the course of the experiment. Feed intake, body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, nutrient digestibility, length of body parts and carcass proportion. The result showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the Final body weights and average mean body weights. The birds fed 20% cooked kidney bean meal diets had the highest mean body weight (1220g) while birds fed 60% cooked kidney bean meal had the lowest mean body weight (941.20g). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the feed intake of birds fed cooked kidney bean meal diets. There were no significant difference (p>0.05) in the length of body parts and carcass proportion except thigh and wing, crop of birds fed cooked kidney bean meal diets respectively. Significant difference (P>0.05) were not observed in the dry matter, ether extract, crude fibre and ash digestibility except in crude protein and NFE (Nitrogen Free Extract). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) among birds fed the four experimental diets in parameters considered in the carcass proportion except the wing and the crop. It was however concluded that the addition of cooked kidney bean meal had a positive effect on the performance as well as CPdigestibility of the birds when their inclusion in the diet is within the range of 20-40% replacement of conventional plant protein sources. L'expérience a été menée pour évaluer les effets de différents niveaux d'inclusion de tourteau de haricots rouges cuits comme aliment non conventionnel sur les performances de croissance des poussins de chair. Les régimes testés ont été formulés de telle sorte que le régime T1 (régime témoin) ne contenait pas de farine de haricots rouges, le régime T2 contenait 20 % de farine de haricots rouges cuits, le régime T3 contenait 40 % de farine de haricots rouges cuits et le régime T4 contenait 60 % de farine de haricots rouges cuits. L'essai a duré huit semaines et les paramètres suivants ont été mesurés chaque semaine au cours de l'expérience. Consommation alimentaire, poids corporel, gain de poids, taux de conversion alimentaire, digestibilité des nutriments, longueur des parties du corps et proportion de la carcasse. Le résultat a montré qu'il y avait des différences significatives (p<0,05) entre les poids corporels finaux et les poids corporels moyens moyens. Les oiseaux nourris avec 20 % de farine de haricots rouges cuits avaient le poids corporel moyen le plus élevé (1220 g), tandis que les oiseaux nourris avec 60 % de farine de haricots rouges cuits avaient le poids corporel moyen le plus bas (941,20 g). Il n'y avait pas de différence significative (p>0,05) dans la consommation alimentaire des oiseaux nourris avec des régimes à base de farine de haricots rouges cuits. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative (p>0,05) dans la longueur des parties du corps et la proportion de carcasses, à l'exception de la cuisse et de l'aile, culture d'oiseaux nourris respectivement avec des régimes à base de farine de haricots rouges cuits. Aucune différence significative (P>0,05) n'a été observée dans la matière sèche, l'extrait d'éther, la fibre brute et la digestibilité des cendres, sauf dans la protéine brute et le NFE (Nitrogen Free Extract). Il n'y avait pas de différences significatives (P>0,05) entre les oiseaux nourris avec les quatre régimes expérimentaux dans les paramètres pris en compte dans la proportion de carcasse, à l'exception de l'aile et du jabot. Il a cependant été conclu que l'ajout de farine de haricots rouges cuits avait un effet positif sur les performances ainsi que sur la digestibilité des CP des oiseaux lorsque leur inclusion dans l'alimentation se situe dans la fourchette de remplacement de 20 à 40 % des sources de protéines végétales conventionnelles.

The manners and sentiments of the easternnations will be perfectly known ; and the limitsof our knowledge no less extended than thebounds of our empire.Sir William Jones, A Grammar of the Persian LanguageYes, and thou must learn how to make picturesof roads and mountains and rivers — tocarry these pictures in thine eye till a suitabletime cornes to set them upon paper. Perhapssome day, when thou art a chain-man, I maysay to thee when we are working together ; Goacross those hills and see what lies beyond.But as it was occasionally inexpedient tocarry about measuring-chains a boy would dowell to know the precise length of his own footpace,so that when he was deprived of « adventitiousaids » he might still tread his distances.Rudyard Kipling, KimEn mai 1863, sur les hauteurs himalayennes qui surplombent Srinagar (la capitale du Cachemire), deux hommes, l'un autochtone, l'autre européen, parcourent interminablement les mêmes sentiers sinueux. Bâton de pèlerin en main, l'un marche, l'autre le suit en comptant meticuleusement les pas du premier : oui, ses deux mille pas font exactement un mile. Soudain, ils s'arrêtent, allument un petit réchaud à huile et posent dessus un petit récipient en cuivre — afin de faire du thé, penserait-on. Mais dès que l'eau se met à bouillir, l'autochtone sort des profondeurs de sa longue robe un petit thermomètre et le plonge dans la casserole. Il le regarde pendant un long moment et dit quelques mots à son compagnon. Celui-ci prend l'instrument, le regarde de près d'un air satisfait. Ils se remettent à marcher. Quelques instants plus tard, ils s'arrêtent de nouveau. Cette fois-ci, le premier pose son bâton et sort de ses habits un verre fumé et fait apparaître. tel un magicien, un tout petit sextant qu'il tient au-dessus du verre pour viser le soleil. Après un bref instant, il dit un chiffre à son camarade qui. malgré son air rébarbatif, laisse apparaître le soupçon d'un sourire derrière sa grande barbe. Puis, l'Indien consulte une boussole qui s'est matérialisée subitement dans ses mains. Ensuite, se mettant à l'abri du soleil et du vent, il sort un thermomètre qu'il expose quelques instants avant de le scruter et de marmonner encore quelque chose à son compagnon. Le soleil couché, ils rentrent tous deux au camp mais, dès la nuit tombée, ils ressortent de leur tente et recommencent à viser le ciel avec le sextant. Jour après jour, nuit après nuit, on les voit répéter les mêmes gestes. Le 12 juin, l'Européen repart pour Srinagar, tandis que son compagnon rejoint une troupe vêtue d'uniformes bleu marine qui fait route, avec des chevaux bien chargés, en direction de Leh.

Parmi les récits qui présentent la vie des missionnaires en milieu autochtone, le texte du frère récollet Gabriel Sagard, Le Grand voyage au pays des Hurons, suivi du Dictionnaire de la langue huronne (1632), est reconnu comme le premier qui soit aussi complet sur cette nation. Sagard y relate son séjour de 1623-1624 auprès de la communauté de Carahouga, groupe huron qui n’a encore été que peu exposé directement au contact avec les Blancs. C’est un aspect particulier de sa relation qui m’intéresse ici, soit sa capacité de reconnaître comme des oeuvres d’art les artefacts produits par les femmes autochtones même si ce concept n’existait pas pour les Amérindiens. « Elles font […] des paniers de jonc, & d’autres avec des escorces de Bouleaux […] elles font aussi comme une espece de gibesiere de cuir, ou sac à petun, sur lesquels elles font des ouvrages dignes d’admiration, avec du poil de porc espic, coloré de rouge, noir, blanc & bleu, qui sont les couleurs qu’elles font si vives, que les nostres ne semblent point en aprocher. […]. » Son regard émerveillé et curieux détaille ainsi les peintures corporelles, les wampums, les peaux peintes, les bijoux et l’ensemble de la production visuelle. Sagard reconnaît la richesse et la diversité de leur production et il accorde à ces oeuvres des propriétés décoratives et esthétiques, les objets servant également comme moyens de communication ou comme offrandes lors des cérémonies funéraires. Son système de valeur l’empêche cependant de reconnaître la portée symbolique et mythologique de ces objets. Le texte de Sagard rend visible un moment de la culture matérielle des Hurons à la période de contact, production disparue à laquelle un travail d’interprétation pluridisciplinaire pourra en partie redonner vie.

Résumé La ville de Lubumbashi en République Démocratique du Congo (R.D. Congo), comme la plupart des villes africaines est confrontée à une démographie galopante avec un accroissement d’activités anthropiques dont le trafic routier qui, à côté de l’industrie, est souvent pointé du doigt comme émetteur des polluants atmosphériques, notamment les matières particulaires (PM) (1–4). Plusieurs études ont prouvé que lors de leurs émissions dans l’atmosphère, les PM peuvent véhiculer des nombreuses substances toxiques comme les éléments traces métalliques (ETM)(5–7). Leur toxicité est également liée à leur taille qui favorise leur pénétration dans le système respiratoire. Une relation claire a également été observée entre l’exposition aux PM, la survenance des divers effets sanitaires(7) Afin de parvenir à mettre sur pied des politiques de surveillance, de prévention et de réduction de leurs émissions; l’étude de la concentration des PM dans l’atmosphère, des causes de leurs toxicités et de leurs impacts sanitaires s’avère indispensable. L’objectif de ce travail est donc d’étudier la variation, d’une part, de la concentration des matières particulaires PM2,5 et PM10 définies comme l’ensemble des particules dont la taille est inférieure à, respectivement 2,5 et 10 micromètres(4) dans l’atmosphère, et d’autre part, la variation de la concentration de certaines substances toxiques, notamment les ETM dans les dépôts atmosphériques solides, susceptibles d’accentuer leur toxicité(3,5). Les analyses chimiques effectuées par ICP sur les échantillons des dépôts atmosphériques solides (poussières), celles des échantillons des pneus et des plaquettes de freins; se sont concentrées sur le cuivre (Cu), le cadmium (Cd), le zinc (Zn), le Nickel (Ni).et le plomb (Pb)à l’exception du fer (Fe) qui n’a été analysé que dans les dépôts atmosphériques solides Notre étude a été réalisée le long de la route Kasapa, longue d’environ 5 km (Figure 1), elle est l’une des routes ayant un grand trafic automobile: Les résultats obtenus montrent une présence des PM10 et PM2,5 à des valeurs supérieure à la norme de l’OMS sur toutes les 5 stations. L’analyse des ETM dans les dépôts atmosphériques solides a révélé une présence remarquable du Cd, Ni, Cu, Fe, Zn et du Pb; quant à celle effectuée sur les pneus et les plaquettes des freins, nous avons trouvé des fortes concentrations en Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, et Pb. Ces résultats nous ont amené à conclure qu’il y a pollution particulaire le long de la route Kasapa, et le trafic routier en est l’une des causes majeure suite à la remise en suspension, l’abrasion des pneus et l’usure des plaquettes de freins dont la composition chimique en ETM accentue la toxicité de PM. ABSTRACT The city of Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R. Congo), like most African cities, is confronted with a galloping demography with an increase in anthropic activities including road traffic which, alongside industry, is often singled out as an emitter of atmospheric pollutants, particularly particulate matter (PM) (1-4). Several studies have shown that when emitted into the atmosphere, PM can carry numerous toxic substances such as trace metal elements (TMEs)(5-7). Their toxicity is also related to their size which favors their penetration into the respiratory system. A clear relationship has also been observed between PM exposure and the occurrence of various health effects(7) In order to set up policies for monitoring, prevention and reduction of their emissions, it is essential to study the concentration of PM in the atmosphere, the causes of their toxicity and their health impacts. The objective of this work is therefore to study the variation, on the one hand, of the concentration of particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 defined as all the particles whose size is respectively lower than 2.5 and 10 micrometers(4) in the atmosphere, and on the other hand, the variation of the concentration of certain toxic substances, in particular the ETM in the solid atmospheric deposits, likely to accentuate their toxicity(3, 5). The chemical analyses carried out by ICP on the samples of solid atmospheric deposits (dust), those of the samples of tires and brake pads; concentrated on copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) Our study was carried out along the Kasapa road, which is about 5 km long (Figure 1), and is one of the roads with a lot of traffic: The results obtained show the presence of PM10 and PM2.5 at values higher than the WHO standard at all 5 stations. The analysis of TMEs in solid atmospheric deposits revealed a remarkable presence of Cd, Ni, Cu, Fe, Zn and Pb; as for the one carried out on tires and brake pads, we found high concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Pb. These results led us to conclude that there is particulate pollution along the Kasapa road, and road traffic is one of the major causes following the resuspension, abrasion of tires and wear of brake pads whose chemical composition in TME accentuates the toxicity of PM.

Background: Nanotechnology offers an advantage as a green route for synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) with plant extracts as capping agent. Spondias mombin is a fruit-bearing tree and its leaf extracts have been reported to possess anxiolytic, hypoglycaemic, antiepileptic, antipsychotic, sedative, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. The objective of the study is to determine the antibacterial potential of a simple non-toxic product of green synthesis of metallic (Ag, Zn and Cu) nanoparticles using the leaf of Spondias mombin aqueous extracts (SMAE) as a reducing and capping agents of the metal ions.Methodology: Nanoparticles were characterized by UV visible spectrophotometeric analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectrophotometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Antimicrobial activities of synthesized NPs against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined by agar well diffusion technique.Results: The synthesized NPs varied in colour from dark brown to green and appears dominantly spherical, occasionally rod or triangular shaped with size ranging from 65-90 nm. UV spectroscopy absorption spectra of Ag, Zn and Cu NPs had absorbance peak at 267, 262 and 765 nm respectively. FT-IR spectrometry of Zn NP, Cu NP, and SMAE gave wave number ranging from 895.71-3320.67, 747.02-3225.45 and 658.25-3674.49 respectively. FT-IR analysis showed that SMAE acted as reducing and stabilizing agent while the NPs exhibited lower energy absorption band when compared to the plant extract. The NPs demonstrated higher antimicrobial activities against S. aureus than Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was higher with copper NP than Ag and Zn NPs, and also higher than SMAE.Conclusion: The result from this study presents an indication for an alternative means for development of novel antimicrobial agents for clinical and biotechnological applications.Keywords: synthesis, nanoparticles, FT-IR, UV-visible spectrophotometry, antibacterial activitiesFrench Title: Synthèse verte de nanoparticules d'Ag, de Zn et de Cu à partir d'extrait aqueux de feuilles de Spondias mombin et évaluation de leur activité antibactérienneContexte: La nanotechnologie offre un avantage en tant que voie verte pour la synthèse de nanoparticules métalliques (NP) avec des extraits de plantes comme agent de coiffage. Spondias mombin est un arbre fruitier et ses extraits de feuilles possèdent des propriétés anxiolytiques, hypoglycémiques, antiépileptiques, antipsychotiques, sédatives, antioxydantes et antimicrobiennes. L’objectif de l’étude est de déterminer le potentiel antibactérien d’un simple produit non toxique de synthèse verte de nanoparticules métalliques (Ag, Zn et Cu) à l’aide de la feuille d’extraits aqueux de Spondias mombin (SMAE) en tant qu’agent réducteur et coiffant de la ions métalliques.Méthodologie: Les nanoparticules ont été caractérisées par analyse spectrophotométrique UV visible, spectrophotomètre à transformée de Fourier infrarouge (FT-IR) et microscope électronique à balayage (MEB). Lesactivités antimicrobiennes de NP synthétisées contre Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus et Pseudomonas aeruginosa ont été déterminées par une technique de diffusion sur puits d’agar.Résultats: Les NP synthétisés ont une couleur allant du brun foncé au vert et apparaissent principalement sphériques, parfois en bâtonnets ou en triangles, avec des tailles allant de 65 à 90 nm. Les spectres d'absorption par spectroscopie UV des NP Ag, Zn et Cu présentaient des pics d'absorbance à 267, 262 et 765 nm respectivement. La spectrométrie FT-IR de Zn NP, Cu NP et SMAE a donné un nombre d'onde allant de 895,71 à 3320,67, 747,02 à 3225,45 et 658,25 à 3674,49 respectivement. L'analyse FT-IR a montré que le SMAE agissait en tant qu'agent réducteur et stabilisant, alors que les NP présentaient une bande d'absorption d'énergie inférieure à celle de l'extrait de plante. Les NP ont démontré des activités antimicrobiennes plus élevées contre S. aureus que Ps. aeruginosa et E. coli. L'activité antimicrobienne était plus élevée avec les NP en cuivre que dans les NP Ag et Zn, et également supérieure à celle du SMAE.Conclusion: le résultat de cette étude présente une indication d'un autre moyen de développement de nouveaux agents antimicrobiens pour des applications cliniques et biotechnologiques.Mots-clés: synthèse, nanoparticules, FT-IR, spectrophotométrie UV-visible, activités antibactériennes

Two studies were conducted to explore the utilization of rosolle seed meal (RSM) as a feedstuff in small ruminant feed. In study one, the effect of processing methods on the proximate compositions, mineral contents and anti-nutritional factors of roselle seed were evaluated. Four different processing methods were evaluated as treatments, T1 = was control (untreated roselle seed), T2 = fermented roselle seed, T3 = hot water treated roselle seed, and T4 = lye water treated roselle seed. The prepared samples were subjected to laboratory analysis. In the second study, feeding trial was conducted to assess the performance of grazing red Sokoto bucks supplemented with diets containing processed roselle seed meals. Four experimental diets were formulated using wheat offal, sorghum husk, rice husk, salt, bone meal and processed RSM (T1= Untreated RSM; T2 = Fermented RSM; T3 = Hot water treated RSM and T4 = Lye water treated RSM) as treatments. The bucks were supplemented the diets for 84 days, after six hours grazing in a 50 hectares' rangeland daily. Sixteen red sokoto bucks, four bucks per treatment with average weight of 11.69±0.32kg were used in a completely randomized design, water was provided ad libitum. Data were generated on feed intake, weekly weight changes and feed conversion ratio. Results obtained in study one indicated that processing methods had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the proximate compositions of resolle seed except on ether extract and dry matter contents. The mineral compositions of the roselle seed obtained showed that there were significant (P<0.05) differences in the values of Potassium (K), Sodium (Na) and Copper (Cu). Lye water treated roselle seed (T4) was statistically superior to others in terms of K and Na, while fermented roselle seed (T2) was statistically superior in Cu. The result obtained in the analysis of anti- nutritional factors revealed that all the parameters were significantly (p<0.05) different. The values of tannin, saponin, Pytate, cyanide and oxalate ranged from 0.38-0.87mg/g, 13.21- 22.57mg/g, 33.13-50.79mg/g, 6.51-10.34mg/g and 2.12-4.36mg/g respectively. Results from the second study showed that there was significant (P<0.05) difference in the mean values of total weight gain, average feed intake and total feed intake. In conclusion, processing methods substantially reduced the effect of anti-nutritional factors in roselle seed which can serve as a good source of feedstuff for small ruminant production. Also, supplementation of roselle seed meal can significantly improve the performance of goats without any detrimental effect. Deux études ont été menées pour explorer l'utilisation de la farine de graines de rosolle (le 'RSM') comme aliment dans l'alimentation des petits ruminants. Dans la première étude, l'effet des méthodes de traitement sur les compositions immédiates, les teneurs en minéraux et les facteurs anti-nutritionnels de la graine de roselle ont été évalués. Quatre méthodes de traitement différentes ont été évaluées comme traitements, T1 = était témoin (graine de roselle non traitée), T2 = graine de roselle fermentée, T3 = graine de roselle traitée à l'eau chaude et T4 = graine de roselle traitée à l'eau de lessive. Les échantillons préparés ont été soumis à une analyse en laboratoire. Dans la deuxième étude, un essai d'alimentation a été mené pour évaluer les performances des mâles Sokoto rouges au pâturage complétés par des régimes contenant des farines de graines de roselle transformées. Quatre régimes expérimentaux ont été formulés en utilisant des abats de blé, des balles de sorgho, des balles de riz, du sel, de la farine d'os et du 'RSM' transformé (T1 = le 'RSM' non traité ; T2 = le 'RSM' fermenté ; T3 = le 'RSM' traité à l'eau chaude et T4 = le 'RSM' traité à l'eau de lessive) comme traitements. Les mâles ont été nourris pendant 84 jours, après six heures de pâturage quotidien dans un pâturage de 50 hectares. Seize mâles sokoto rouges, quatre mâles par traitement avec un poids moyen de 11,69 ± 0,32 kg ont été utilisés dans une conception complètement aléatoire, de l'eau a été fournie ad libitum. Des données ont été générées sur la consommation alimentaire, les changements de poids hebdomadaires et le taux de conversion alimentaire. Les résultats obtenus dans la première étude ont indiqué que les méthodes de traitement n'avaient pas d'effet significatif (P> 0,05) sur les compositions proches de graines de résolle, sauf sur l'extrait d'éther et la teneur en matière sèche. Les compositions minérales de la graine de roselle obtenues ont montré qu'il y avait des différences significatives (P <0,05) dans les valeurs de Potassium (K), Sodium (Na) et Cuivre (Cu). La graine de roselle (T4) traitée à l'eau de lessive était statistiquement supérieure aux autres en termes de K et de Na, tandis que la graine de roselle fermentée (T2) était statistiquement supérieure en Cu. Le résultat obtenu dans l'analyse des facteurs anti- nutritionnels a révélé que tous les paramètres étaient significativement différents (p <0,05). Les valeurs de tanin, saponine, pytate, cyanure et oxalate variaient respectivement de 0,38 à 0,87 mg / g, 13,21 à 22,57 mg / g, 33,13 à 50,79 mg / g, 6,51 à 10,34 mg / g et 2,12 à 4,36 mg /g. Les résultats de la deuxième étude ont montré qu'il y avait une différence significative (P<0,05) dans les valeurs moyennes du gain de poids total, de la prise alimentaire moyenne et de la prise alimentaire totale. En conclusion, les méthodes de transformation ont considérablement réduit l'effet des facteurs anti-nutritionnels dans les graines de roselle qui peuvent servir de bonne source d'alimentation pour la production de petits ruminants. En outre, la supplémentation en farine de graines de roselle peut améliorer considérablement les performances des chèvres sans aucun effet néfaste.

A 42- day experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of grower rabbits fed cooked sunflower seed meal (SFSM) supplemented with enzyme on nutrient digestibility and blood parameters using 72 growing rabbits. Nine diets namely T1 to T9 were compounded to be isocaloric (2500 kcal/kg, ME) and isonitrogenous (15%) with treatments T1, T2 and T3 having 0% inclusion rate of SFS meal and 0PPM, 150PPM and 250PPM of the enzyme supplementation. Treatments T4 to T6 and T7 to T9 had 10 and 20% levels of SFS meal inclusion rate respectively but maintaining same levels of enzyme supplementation as in T1 to T3. This arrangement translated to T1, T4 and T7 serving as the control diets for T2 and T3, T5 and T6 and T8 to T9, respectively. The rabbits were allotted to the three levels of SFS meal (0,10 and 20%) and three levels of enzyme supplementation (0,150, and 250PPM) in a 3x3 factorial arrangement of a completely randomized design (CRD) to produce nine treatment diets. The treatments were replicated four times. Crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and cellulose were significantly (P<0.05) higher in rabbit fed 20% (84.58%, 72.24%, 67.16% and 64.27%) SFS diet than 0% (64.20%, 66.68%, 59.40% and 57.81%) and 10% (76.88%, 70.63%, 64.04% and 61.90%) respectively. Enzyme supplementation significantly (P<0.05) improved RBC, the values increased from 5.23 x1012/l for non-enzyme supplementation to 5.38 -5.73 x1012/l. Red blood cell and was significantly (P<0.05) lower in rabbits fed T4 diet than the other groups. Similarly, haemoglobin (11.42 vs. 11.37 and 12.01 g/dl), cholesterol (3.83 vs. 4.33 and 4.31mmol/l) and triglyceride (0.95 vs. 1.16 and 1.03mmol/l) were improved (P<0.05) as the level of enzyme supplementation increased in the diets. In view of the significant improvement in nutrient digestibility and some of the blood parameters recorded, rabbit farmers can use the 150 PPM of the enzyme in SFS meal based diets without affecting the nutrient digestibility and health of the rabbits. Une expérience de 42 jours a été menée pour évaluer la réponse de lapins en croissance nourris avec de la farine de graines de 'sunflower' cuite (le 'SFSM') supplémentée en enzyme sur la digestibilité des nutriments et les paramètres sanguins en utilisant 72 lapins en croissance. Neuf régimes à savoir T1 à T9 ont été composés pour être iso caloriques (2500 kcal / kg, ME) et iso nitrogènes (15%) avec les traitements T1, T2 et T3 ayant un taux d'inclusion de 0% de repas 'SFS' et '0PPM', 150PPM et 250PPM de la supplémentation enzymatique. Les traitements T4 à T6 et T7 à T9 avaient respectivement 10 et 20% de taux d'inclusion de repas SFS, mais conservaient les mêmes niveaux de supplémentation enzymatique que dans T1 à T3. Cet arrangement traduit en T1, T4 et T7 servant de régimes de contrôle pour T2 et T3, T5 et T6 et T8 à T9, respectivement. Les lapins ont été attribués aux trois niveaux de repas SFS (0,10 et 20%) et à trois niveaux de supplémentation enzymatique (0,150 et 250 PPM) dans un arrangement factoriel 3x3 d'une conception complètement randomisée (CRD) pour produire neuf régimes de traitement. Les traitements ont été répétés quatre fois : les fibres brutes, les fibres détergentes neutres, les fibres détergentes acides et la cellulose étaient significativement plus élevées (P <0,05) chez le lapin nourri à 20% (84,58%, 72,24%, 67,16% et 64,27%) régime 'SFS' que 0% (64,20%, 66,68%, 59,40% et 57,81%) et 10% (76,88%, 70,63%, 64,04% et 61,90%) respectivement. La supplémentation enzymatique a considérablement amélioré (P <0,05) les globules rouges, les valeurs ont augmenté de 5,23 x 1012 / l pour la supplémentation non enzymatique à 5,38 -5,73 x 1012 / l Les globules rouges étaient significativement (P <0,05) plus bas chez les lapins nourris au régime T4 que les autres groupes. De même, l'hémoglobine (11,42 vs 11,37 et 12,01 g / dl), le cholestérol (3,83 vs 4,33 et 4,31 mmol / l) et les triglycérides (0,95 vs 1,16 et 1,03 mmol / l) ont été améliorés (P <0,05) à mesure que le niveau de supplémentation enzymatique augmentait dans les régimes. A cause de l'amélioration significative de la digestibilité des nutriments et de certains des paramètres hématologiques enregistrés, les éleveurs de lapins peuvent utiliser les 150 PPM de l'enzyme dans les régimes à base de repas 'SFS' sans poser aucun problème à la digestibilité des nutriments et la santé des lapins.

Almost four decades after its discovery was initially announced, the Celtic necropolis in Karaburma, a suburb of Belgrade, is still one of the most important archaeological sites for the interpretation of the historical, economic, and cultural processes taking place in the central Balkans from the 4th to the end of the 1st centuries B.C. Most of all, it represents a wide-ranging source for explaining the chronology of the oldest Celtic presence in this area, also illustrating cultural exchanges in the network in which they were included. In this necropolis, belonging to the regional military elite, there are several graves in which, in addition to standard offerings relating to the regional material culture, items originating from a wider cultural area were found. Amongst these, grave number 22, the subject of our research, is especially important. In this grave were found objects mainly made of bronze and iron, with a smaller fragment of pottery. The iron items represent the attire of the deceased and his offensive weapons, while bronze items are characteristically imported vessels and a smaller bronze ring (figs. 1, 2). The imported vessels are represented by the well-known situla and cup. According to the basic typological scheme, we can classify the situla within the large group of ovoid situlae with the leaf-shaped or the so-called heart-shaped ornament under the attachment (figs. 1, 9; 2; 3, 7). According to the typological scheme here suggested, the situla found in Karaburma belongs to the first group, namely to its variant b (Ib), which is characterized by situlae with a leaf-shaped ornament on the attachment, separately cast and then pinned down or soldered to the body of the vessel (fig. 3, 7). Also belonging to this group are situlae from Skillountia, Goce Delcev (fig. 3, 8), V?rbica (fig. 3, 9) and from Chirnogi (fig. 3, 10). Situlae from Budva (fig. 3, 11) and Belgrade (fig. 3, 12) should also be included here, probably the one from Bitola as well. According to the analysis here presented, we have attributed the situla to the work of Macedonian workshops of the 4th century, to which other situlae, initially recorded in the contexts of Celtic provenance, have finally been included, and which ended up in the graves of Celtic dignitaries as exclusive imports of particular social conditions and ideological features. The other bronze vessel, considering its size, metric relations, technical and stylistic execution, we interpret as a cup, or at least as some kind of transitional form, since it is somewhat more shallow when compared to actual cups, and significantly taller compared to phiale (figs. 1, 10; 2). The context in which it was found indicates that it must have been used as a drinking cup in a set, together with the ovoid situla. Similar phiale were a very popular form in Thrace in the 4th century (fig. 7, 2-3), but the greatest resemblance can be seen in the phiale from Peretu, from the Thraco-Getian area to the north (fig. 7, 1). Characteristics of the form and style of the cup from Karaburma enabled its classification among the later variants or transitional forms of cups, seen in the context of the bronze production of Northern Greece, i.e. Macedonia. It is important for the period of the midto late 4th century, in other words, it completely matches with the chronological background and location of the ovoid situla with the leaf-shaped ornament under the attachment. In the analysis of weapons belonging to a Celtic warrior buried in grave 22, an iron sword with preserved fragments of a scabbard made of iron sheet (fig. 1, 1-2) stands out. Comparative analysis has characterized the sword as an exceptionally late form of the group Kosd D, attributed to the phase Lt B2. However, the slightly accentuated biconical shape of the scabbard?s end also points to certain elements of the group Kosd C. In the Carpathian basin the group Kosd C represents a rather rare form, which as a cultural innovation spread westwards, thus the Karaburma necropolis in Belgrade represents their southeastern, furthest point of expansion. To this same time frame also belongs the sword belt chain set (fig. 1, 5-6). Typological and spatial analysis has shown that chain belts with single figure-ofeight links, exactly the same as the ones found in grave 22, are relatively rare in that region. Asimilar sword belt set was found in the Benacci necropolis in Bologna, also containing a sword inside a scabbard decorated with a pair of dragons of the II type according to Jose-Maria De Navarro. Alongside it was also found a spear-butt with a spike which by its workmanship, closely resembles precisely the spear-butt with a long spike and the massive conical lower part from grave 22 (fig. 1, 4). Unlike the complete sword belt chain set and the sword, the spear-butt was isolated, but perhaps we can connect the bronze ring with it (fig. 1, 3). Given its size, it was probably the grip which was strengthening the spot at which the spear-butt was inserted into it. Aspecial feature of grave 22 are two highly fragmented remains of fibulae (fig. 1, 7-8). The spring of the larger fibula stands out, with two winders on each side, and with an external arch (fig. 1, 7), which dates from the late Lt B2 phase and the transitional horizon B2/C1. It has long been accepted as fact that the Celts inhabited the area between the rivers Sava and Danube from as early as the second half and towards the end of the 4th century, while the Scordisci, as such, formed only after the defeat at Delphi. However, the process of the Celtic expansion was already happening at the beginning of the 4th century, and it spread along the main communication routes, the rivers, with strategic points first to be settled. Only after several decades of consolidation, or only upon the return from the military expedition to the south of the Balkan peninsula, was the whole area inhabited by the Celts by the end of the 4th century. This historically suggested claim always necessarily led to the question of chronological positioning and the distance between phases Lt B2 and Lt C2. Most authors dealing with this matter have held that phase Lt B2 was supposed to have finished after the Celtic invasion of the southern Balkans, i.e. some time in the 3rd century. However, this assessment does not seem entirely correct, since most objects of La T?ne cultural provenance found in the Aegean region and Asia Minor stem from the initial Lt C horizon, which means that the expedition to Delphi cannot represent an absolute chronological border between the Lt B2 and C1. The absence of indicative elements of the material culture of the Lt B horizon in the Aegean area and Anatolia indicates that they already had to be completely out of fashion by the time of the expedition. In brief - after the dissolution of Lisimachus? kingdom and the murder of Seleucus I in 281 B.C., there was a military and political power vacuum in the region of Macedonia and Thrace. The opportunity was seized by Celts from the region of the lower Danube, who set out towards ?the South?. In 279 B.C. one of the three groups, led by Bolgios (i.e. Belgius), defeated the Macedonian royal army, and Ptolemy Ceraunus himself got killed. In the summer of the same year, Brennus reached central Greece, i.e. Delphi; having suffered a defeat, the larger portion of the army was stationed in the region of Thrace, after a logical retreat. There they received an offer from Nicomedus I of Bythinia who hired 20,000 of them as mercenaries, hence their penetration into Asia Minor in 278 and 277 B.C. On the other hand, the archaeological findings from the mentioned area, connected with these events, indicate that it can and must be classified within the Lt C1 phase. An additional argument in favour of an earlier dating is also offered by a pair of two-part anklets, with eight hollow semispherical bosses with no ornaments, found in the Spanos well in the vicinity of Poseidon?s sanctuary in Isthmia. Previously, Rupert Gebhard had held that these findings should be brought into connection with the incursion of 279 B.C., dating from his horizon 5, i.e. between c. 290 and 260 B.C. However, Isabelle Raubitschek demonstrated the opposite, pointing to several details: firstly, since the remnants of the Celtic army after their defeat withdrew through the Thermopylae, it is unlikely that on the way back anyone would pass through Isthmia; secondly, similar anklets were also found in the Heraion of Perachora, and finally and most importantly, that they were found in an enclosed context, together with the kylix-krater, meaning that they must date from the third quarter of the 4th century. To her conclusions we can now add two other possible perspectives: 1. - regarding the chronology, the most important fact is that the pair of two-part anklets is evidently much older than previously thought. From the historical perspective, the information on the enclosed context, i.e. that similar findings were also found in the complexes of Greek sanctuaries, is of great importance. 2. - dating clearly shows that these anklets cannot be connected with war or looting, i.e. cannot be seen as spoil from the expedition to Delphi to be sacrificed by the victors. In fact, that context points to a small, but recognizable segment from the range of diplomatic gifts which circulated between the Greek world and the Celtic aristocrats from the region of the middle course of Danube. On the other hand, among the graves of the La T?ne cultural provenance containing findings which originated from Greek, i.e. Macedonian workshops, and which predate the time of the military expedition to the south of the Balkan peninsula, apart from the finding of a bronze cup from the end of the 4th century found in Szabolc in Hungary, only Karaburma grave 22 stands out. Both findings were included by Miklos Szab? among those which preceded the expedition to Delphi, although it is possible that they reached the Celtic world after that event. He also mentioned that it was becoming increasingly evident that this was more than just a case of military spoil or loot, which he concluded on the basis of the presence of less valuable items. This claim led M. Szab? into a trap: if the items, mostly from the 4th century, presupposed contacts of the Celtic inhabitants with the Aegean world, it would be necessary to date their settlement, i.e. the phase Lt B2, in the 4th century, and thus in the period significantly earlier than the expedition to Delphi. Furthermore, a bronze lekythos was found in a slightly younger grave 18/64 on the Hurbanovo site, in the same cultural and historical context. This is a lekythos of the Talcot type, frequently found in Greece, Thrace and Macedonia, dating back to the end of the 4th and the first half of the 3rd century. On the mentioned site it was chronologically classified in the transitional horizon Lt B2/C1, which according to Jozef Bujna was the period after the military expedition to the Balkans. The same researcher held that the grave 22 from Karaburma should also be included in that time frame. However, what if J. Bujna was wrong on this matter, given that he opted for a conservative dating of the set of vessels? Based on the above, we might actually consider placing the absolute dating of the Lt C1 phase in the 4th century - the century during which the production of such lekythoi flourished, as did their laying in Macedonian graves. Implicitly, such dating is also confirmed by the items of the La T?ne provenance, found in the region of the southern Balkans, i.e. the Aegean area. They all exhibit formal characteristics typical of the Lt C. Consequently, it can be concluded that the beginning of the Lt C horizon must be sought in the period immediately preceding the expedition to ?the South?. In connection with that, it was precisely J. Bujna who demonstrated that certain graves in the necropolises of the Lt C were found on the periphery, which he interpreted as a possible clue for recognizing the newcomers, i.e. those who returned from the Balkan expedition. Aurel Rustoiu also came to a similar conclusion, having systematically analyzed the equipment of the warrior elites, the socalled mercenaries from the Aegean world. The declining number of male graves in the period between Lt B1 and Lt C1, among other things, also led Peter Ramsl to hypothesize that numerous warriors hired as mercenaries never returned to their homes. Related to this, significant data in the analysis of the share of warrior graves in the necropolises of the Carpathian basin was provided by A. Rustoiu. He showed that the share of warrior graves, i.e. graves with weapons in Lt B2 phase, is higher than of those in the Lt C1. However, the Karaburma necropolis is an exception also in this respect, since the share of the warrior graves is significantly higher than in the other necropolises belonging to both phases. Thus in the Lt C1 it is 48%, while in the Lt B2 it is as high as 70%. On the basis of the collected data, he hypothesized that there were two types of societies in the Carpathian basin: agricultural communities with reduced military elites, and military communities which represented social aristocracy and which formed the core for military and war expeditions, and also constituted the basis for the recruitment of mercenaries. The latter transcended ethnic bounds, given that they were selected on an individual basis, which is clearly reflected in the changeability and different origin of the equipment of warriors. Findings of bronze vessels tie in with this neatly, if we interpret them as a result of contacts and a substitute for the traditional late La T?ne pottery set, consisting of a ceramic bowl (phiale), and a vessel for liquids (situla-like pot or lenticular bottle). Both situla and phiale are standard items, frequent, widespread, and the most indicative parts of solemn ritual banquets and feasts, as shown by numerous and explicit findings from the rich graves of Thracia and Anatolia. However, they were still an essential part of the Greek culture, commonly used in religious, mystical ceremonies. Although we frequently encounter them in hoards and, of course, temples, with rare exceptions mostly due to insufficient knowledge on the item?s context of finding, those situlae and phiale were, almost as a rule, part of luxury sets, indicating rich graves of those belonging to the highest social and political strata of the society. This is the reason why they were often interpreted as burial insignia, used to sanctify the burial space and to encourage eternal deification, divine vitality and the rebirth of a deceased dignitary; in other words, it is thought that they exhibited power and authority in both Thracian and Getian graves. However, the Celts could also have used these vessels at funeral feasts and banquets, just as they were used in their country of origin, since we know that in the graves of the Celtic dignitaries everything was laid that they possessed in their lifetime, especially sets of dishes, for the purpose of ensuring an unbroken cycle of rebirth. It has been further suggested that the bronze vessels were used for the ceremonies of libation, but also for trade and exchange, while the silver drinking cups and luxury sets made of precious metals were used for burial feasts and diplomatic banquets during negotiations and/or when concluding agreements, simply as keimelia or as a ritual device for expressing deeply held and widely accepted eschatological practices and new trends. However, both could have been quite practically used for bribing - both people and gods! Finally, the imported vessels from Karaburma, classified as Macedonian products from the 4th century, should now be viewed as the northernmost findings of a complete symposiastic set, but also in the context of other vessels imported from Macedonia found in the graves with the features of the La T?ne culture. It is unlikely that they represent war spoils from Greece or other parts. The idea that the situla and phiale from the grave 22 of the Karaburma necropolis inaugurated direct contact between the Celts and Macedonians seems more likely. The items could have reached the 4th century Celtic dignitaries of the Danube region as keimelia - diplomatic gifts, or could have simply arrived by a trade route from the northern parts of Macedonia. In that sense, we should also remember those modest, but for this case invaluable records found in the historical sources connected with this period. It has been thought that the Celtic presence dates back to as early as the time of the defeat and expulsion of the Ardiaei in 359/358 B.C., as recorded by Theopompus. However, there are reliable records of their embassy to Alexander the Great while he was engaged with the Tribali in 335 B.C., as reported by Arrian. Precisely those could have been the points of direct contact between the highest ranking military and political dignitaries of the Celts and the aristocrats and diplomats of the Macedonian state. From all this it can be concluded that the Karaburma necropolis is truly an exception, representing the southernmost point of Celtic militarized expansion, where the military social aristocracy was stationed. The region where the Sava and Danube meet thus became an area where technological innovations concentrated and developed, and also the space where the political, military and economic contacts filtered. All this is vividly illustrated by grave 22 in the necropolis, chosen precisely because of those features. Weapons, i.e. the sword of the Celtic dignitary who was buried there, indicate the technological tradition of the early La T?ne. In the same tradition were fashioned the fibulae which, in an unchanged form, remain in the repertoire of accessories at the beginning of the middle La T?ne period, just as, on the other hand, the sword and the shape of its scabbard indicate the beginning of re-fashioning of that same conservative tradition. The sword belt chain set and the spear-butt with its spike indicate the innovations which were yet to become the characteristic features of the middle La T?ne soldiers? equipment. Furthermore, the intertwining of traditions and innovations is also evident from the symbolic and semantic processes which were connected with the ritual of this burial. At the time when the cremation became the predominant type of burial in the Celtic world, the ritual of laying gifts in graves also changed. Instead of the complete equipment which the deceased used during life, only select items are found to represent the totality, which in our example can be seen in the deposited spear-butt. Thus the suum cuique principle was replaced by the pars pro toto principle. Based on the above, the famous warrior from the Karaburma grave 22 both in an abstract and also direct sense, confirms the intertwining of traditions and the circulation of cultural elements, and thus shows that he himself was one of the carriers of the avant-garde of the time, the forerunner of a new period in political and economic relations in the central Balkans of the third quarter of the 4th century.