Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Rör installation“

Abstract The paper presents examples of installations for the mechanical and biological treatment of municipal waste in Poland. Each of the presented installations is defined as a regional municipal waste treatment installation (RIPOK). Their technological solutions and work efficiency have been compared in this study. In addition, the loss of waste mass as a result of processes occurring in the biological part of individual installations was calculated in the research. The paper refers to the National Waste Management Plan (KPGO 2022) regarding the circular economy. As intended by the circular economy, MBP installations will be transformed into installations that will treat selectively collected municipal waste and become Regional Recycling Centers (RCR).

The national statistics indicates that red light violations (RLV) have become a significant safety problem throughout the nation. As a result, the Malaysian government has initiated the installation of automated enforcement system (AES) to reduce RLV related crashes at identified critical locations particularly in Kuala Lumpur region. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of AES installation in reducing RLR at signalised intersections using a case study at Jalan Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur. Before and after AES installation data were collected and were analysed using a statistical tool. T-test results indicated that the installation of AES has significantly reduced RLV behaviours at the studied signalised intersection. The results of this study provide a useful insight on the benefits of AES in decreasing intersection related crashes by means of reducing RLV behaviours among the road users through AES installation.

The previously presented method for measuring and calculating the components of boresight angle errors (BAE) in the “antenna – radioparent radome (RPR)” system in the two-dimensional angular scanning area of the antenna with electronic beam control, which includes a phased-array antenna (PAA), was tested in relation to a system with a drop-shaped radome. Measurements were carried out using an antenna measuring collimator complex (“compact polygon”) with a complex drop-shaped RPR and PAA installed thereunder. To create a BAE matrix on the surface of the RPR, measurements and subsequent calculations were performed at different “roll” angles of the antenna-radome system and different deflection angles of the PAA beam in “oblique planes”. The BAE measurements carried out in several RPR surface sections by the proposed method, show a good reproducibility and correlate well with the results of BAE measurements carried out using the same sections by the conventional difference method, where the BAE component is calculated as the difference between the angular coordinates of the minima of the corresponding PAA tracking pattern (TP), before and after the RPR installation.

This study estimated crash modification factors (CMFs) for the SafetyEdge paving technique that is applied for the treatment of pavement edge drop-offs on two-lane rural highways. An empirical Bayes observational before-after evaluation based on installation data in Iowa, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Florida found that the SafetyEdge treatment was associated with statistically significant reductions in fatal and injury (FI), run-off-the-road (ROR), opposite-direction (head-on and sideswipe), and drop-off-related crashes. The ROR CMF was also statistically significant for both horizontal curved and tangent sections. A disaggregate analysis examined the variation of the CMF for ROR with factors such as the travel lane width, traffic volume, presence of a horizontal curve, posted speed limit, and the pre-treatment ROR crash frequency. The results of that analysis indicated, for example, that the SafetyEdge paving technique appears to have a greater ROR safety benefit on two-lane rural roadway segments with average annual daily traffic volumes greater than 3,000 vehicles per day, relative to roadway segments with lower traffic volumes. A crash modification function (CMFunction) was calibrated with expected pre-treatment ROR crashes as the independent variable to simultaneously capture the relationship of the CMF for ROR crashes to multiple factors. An economic analysis found that the treatment is highly cost-effective.

The aim of the study was to determine the regularities of the dynamics of living conditions in rural areas in the conteXt of Poland. The features concerning the eXisting dwelling stocks, buildings and dwellings completed as well as dwellings fitted with basic installation were analyzed in the study. The empirical part of the research was described using data from the study “Rural areas in Poland in 2014” by GUS. The study covered the period 2002-2014. All features included in the study showed a favorable trend, which proves that the living conditions of inhabitants of rural areas have been improving.

Microgrid is becoming an essential part of the power grid regarding reliability, economy, and environment. Renewable energies are main sources of energy in microgrids. Long-term solar generation forecasting is an important issue in microgrid planning and design from an engineering point of view. Solar generation forecasting mainly depends on solar radiation forecasting. Long-term solar radiation forecasting can also be used for estimating the degradation-rate-influenced energy potentials of photovoltaic (PV) panel. In this paper, a comparative study of different deep learning approaches is carried out for forecasting one year ahead hourly and daily solar radiation. In the proposed method, state of the art deep learning and machine learning architectures like gated recurrent units (GRUs), long short term memory (LSTM), recurrent neural network (RNN), feed forward neural network (FFNN), and support vector regression (SVR) models are compared. The proposed method uses historical solar radiation data and clear sky global horizontal irradiance (GHI). Even though all the models performed well, GRU performed relatively better compared to the other models. The proposed models are also compared with traditional state of the art methods for long-term solar radiation forecasting, i.e., random forest regression (RFR). The proposed models outperformed the traditional method, hence proving their efficiency.

SUMMARY Phase velocity and azimuthal anisotropy maps for fundamental mode Rayleigh waves are determined for a portion of the central United States including the seismically active Reelfoot Rift (RFR) and the enigmatic Illinois Basin. Dense seismic array installations of the Northern Embayment Lithosphere Experiment, the EarthScope transportable array and the Ozarks Illinois Indiana Kentucky array allow a detailed investigation of phase velocity and anisotropy in a broad period range (20–100s).We obtain more than 12 000 well-constrained, unique two-station paths from teleseismic events. The two-station method is used to determine dispersion curves and these are inverted for isotropic phase velocity maps and azimuthal anisotropy maps for each period. The presence of fast phase velocities at lower crustal and uppermost mantle depths is found below the RFR, and Ste. Genevieve and Wabash Valley fault zones. At periods of 30s and higher, the RFR is underlain by slow phase velocities and is flanked to the NW and SE by regions of fast velocity. Fast phase velocities are present below the centre of the Illinois Basin in the period range 75–100s. Anisotropy fast axis orientations display complex patterns for each period and do not trend parallel to the direction of absolute plate motion. Anisotropy fast directions are consistently parallel to the trend of the RFR from 50s to higher periods, suggesting the presence of either frozen-in anisotropic fabric or fabric related to material transport from a recently discovered, pronounced low velocity zone below the Mississippi Embayment.

ABSTRAKTerowongan eksplorasi uranium Eko Remaja, Kalan, Kalimantan Barat merupakan salah satu sarana penelitian cebakan uranium yang sangat penting. Terowongan ini dibangun tahun 1980 dengan panjang 618 meter dan menembus Bukit Eko di kedua sisinya. Batuan di terowongan ini relatif kompak, tetapi memiliki zona lemah di beberapa bagiannya. Penyanggaan merupakan metode yang digunakan untuk menanggulangi keruntuhan tanah dan batuan yang terjadi pada zona lemah di terowongan. Pemasangan penyangga yang selama ini dilakukan berdasarkan pola keruntuhan yang terjadi pada saat pembukaan terowongan tanpa melalui studi khusus menyangkut karakterisasi massa batuan dan kebutuhan sistem penyangga. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi tingkat keselamatan terowongan Eko-Remaja dan kesesuaian lokasi penyangga. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan membandingkan karakteristik massa batuan menggunakan metode Rock Mass Rating (RMR) antara lokasi penyangga batuan terpasang dan lokasi penyangga batuan tidak terpasang. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, nilai RMR pada lokasi terpasang penyangga diklasifikasikan ke dalam kelas IV atau batuan buruk. Sementara itu, di lokasi tidak terpasang penyangga batuan diklasifikasikan ke dalam kelas II atau batuan baik. Berdasarkan korelasi antara hasil perhitungan RMR dengan roof span terowongan Eko-Remaja disimpulkan bahwa posisi penyanggaan terowongan yang diwakili oleh lokasi pengamatan pada kedalaman 38 m, 73 m, dan 165 m sudah sesuai dengan sistem karakterisasi massa batuan menggunakan metode RMR. ABSTRACTEko-Remaja uranium exploration tunnel, Kalan, West Kalimantan is one of the important facilities for uranium deposit research. The tunnel was built in 1980 with a length of 618 meters penetrating Eko Hill on both sides. The rock inside the tunnel is relatively compact, but it has weak zones in some area. Ground supporting is a method used to overcome the soil and rock collapses which occurred in the tunnel weak zones. Installation of ground supporting system throughout the recent time based on the soil collapse pattern, which occurred when the tunnel opened without any specific study related to rock mass characterization and the requirement of ground support system. This research conducted to evaluate the safety level of Eko-Remaja tunnel and the suitability of ground support location. The evaluation performed by comparing the rock mass characteristics using Rock Mass Rating (RMR) method between the installed rock support and uninstalled rock support locations. Based on the analysis result, RMR value on the installed ground support is classified as class IV or poor rock. Meanwhile, on uninstalled location, the rock is classified as class II or fair rock. Based on the correlation between RMR calculation result and Eko-Remaja tunnel roof span, it is concluded that tunnel ground supports position which are represented by observation location on 38 m, 73 m, and 165 m depth are suitable with rock mass characterization system using RMR method.

Rönnskärsverken in Skelleftehamn is a smeltery owned by Boliden. Rönnskär receives raw materials from Boliden´s mines and electronic materials. The metals that are mined at Rönnskär are mainly copper, lead and zinc, as well the precious metals silver and gold, where copper is the largest volume of the metal production. Today Rönnskär meet the heat demand with waste heat from Rönnskär´s processes in its internal heating network and Skelleftehamn and Ursviken. During the colder days or accidents, Rönnskär´s energy central fires oil to maintain the steam demand for condensation of steam to the district heating network. Oil fired steam production is something that Rönnskärsverket wants to reduce.    This Report is a pre study that will present a future potential solution to utilize slutabs-heat for SO2 (l) production, thereby release intermediate circuit heat to the district heating network. In the pre study pipes, pumps, heat exchangers were dimensioned, and estimated installations cost was calculated. During the pre-study, drawings for installation of the pipelines was designed.    The pre study showed that is was possible to install pipelines and heat exchangers to make use of the slutabs-heat for SO2 (l) production, thereby release the intermediate circuit heat to the district heating network. The pre study also showed that the oil consumption in the oil-fired steam boilers would be reduced by 660 m3 during the estimate period and the payback time on the investment cost is 4 years.

Examensarbete utfördes hos konsultföretaget WSP Group- Stockholm med syftet att identifiera och hitta förläggningsmetoder som underlättar förläggning av kablar idag och i framtiden. Examensarbetet fokuserar bara på regionnät och lokalnät i storstäder men med inslag av stamnät. Detta examensarbete bygger på informationssamling från standarder EBR KJ41:15 kabelförläggning max 145 kV, SS-EN 424 14 37 och Stockholm stad tekniska handbok. Som komplettering till standarderna användes handböcker från olika företag samt gamla examensarbeten. Svar på frågeställningar är baserad på intervjuer med olika aktörer inom branschen så som nätägare, konsuler, och entreprenörer. Genom intervjuerna kom man fram till att rör används i första hand inte för att skydda kablar utan för att kunna passera genom en väg, rör leder till att värmeavledningsförmågan försämras vilket innebär att temperaturen på kabeln stiger och i värsta fall förkortar livslängden på kabeln. Att gå upp i ledararea för kablar är inte möjligt eftersom det är trångt i marken och det krävs mycket plats. Bentonitfyllning är ingen bra metod eftersom det inte finns data på vad som kan hända med bentoniten efter 5 år eller 20 år, och det är svårt att komma åt kablarna och reparera de eftersom bentoniten måste spolas ur. Om bentoniten stelnar kan det bli svårt att komma åt kabeln. Det visade sig att grävning är den enda metoden som används i storstäder eftersom andra metoder kan orsaka skador på befintliga ledningar som ligger i marken. De vanligaste kabelfelen är gräv skador på kablar, det är väldigt lätt att man kommer åt markkablarna vid schaktarbetet. För att kunna bygga ut nätet i framtiden kan man förlägga kablar med större ledningar för att täcka framtida behovet. I de områden där man vet att nätet inte behöver förstärkas kan man förlägga i rör för att underlätta underhållsarbetet i framtiden. Staden måste vara mer tydliga med sina planeringar och säga till att hålla sig till det. Staden måste också ansvara för sin mark och inte låta någon annan ta hand om nätet. Ledningsägarna måste bli bättre på att samförlägga och agera snabbt med att komma ut med detaljer på vart man vill samförlägga för att slippa schakta och störa markägaren flera gånger. Det kommer bli ännu trängre i marken i framtiden och det låter som att man kommer behöva bygga tunnlar. Tunnlar är en dyr infrastruktur och ifall flera aktörer väljer att samförlägga kan kostnaderna för tunnelbyggnation fördelas mellan olika aktörer. OPI kanalisation är också en annan typ av lösning och det är väldigt bra om flera aktörer också kan samförlägga. Idag är man ganska dålig på att samförlägga och det är något som man måste bli bättre på.
The thesis work was carried out at the consulting company WSP Group- Stockholm, with the purpose of identifying and finding installation methods that facilitate the placement of cables today and in the future. The thesis focuses only on regional and local grids but with elements of main grids in major cities. This degree project is based on information gathering from standards EBR KJ41: 15 cabling max 145 kV, SS-EN 424 14 37 and Stockholm City Technical Manual and the differences between them. As a supplement to the standards, different manuals were used by different companies and also past thesis work. Answers to main question and subquery are based on interviews with various actors in the industry such as grid owners, consultants, and entrepreneurs.  The interviews revealed that pipes are used primarily not to protect cables, but to pass through a road. Pipes Installation lead to deterioration of heat dissipation in cables, which means that the temperature of the cable rises and, in the worst case, shortens the life of cable. Walking up the cable wiring area is not possible because it is crowded in the ground and requires a lot of space. Bentonite filling is not a good method because there is no data on what can happen with the bentonite after 5 years or 20 years. It would be difficult to access the cables and repair them because the bentonite must be flushed out. If the bentonite is stiff, it can be difficult to access the cable. It turned out that excavation is the only method used in metropolitan areas because other methods can cause damage to existing wires lying in the ground. The most common cable damages are digging in cables, it is very easy to access the ground cables at the installation work. In order to expand the network in the future, cables with larger wires can be placed to cover future needs. In areas where you know that the network does not need to be strengthened, pipes can be placed to facilitate maintenance work in the future. The city needs to be clear about where the future constructions will be and develop a plan and stick to it. The city must also be responsible for its land and not let anyone else take care of the network. Management owners need to be better at co-ordinating and acting quickly to come up with details on where to co-ordinate to avoid bottleneck and disturbing landowners several times. It seems that tunnels will be a way to go in the future. Tunnels is an expensive infrastructure and if several actors choose to collaborate, the costs of tunnel construction can be divided between different actors. OPI channelization is also another type of solution and it is very good if several players can also collaborate

Godkänd

Contrairement à ses prédécesseurs (Phénix, Super-Phénix, EFR…), le réacteur à neutrons rapides refroidi au sodium (RNR-Na) de IVième génération doit justifier un niveau de sûreté élevé tout en étant à la fois viable économiquement et non-proliférant. Profitant d’un large retour d’expérience, les combustibles de type Oxyde (U,Pu)O2 représentent actuellement la solution de référence en France. Cependant, les combustibles de type carbure (U,Pu)C sont considérés comme une option innovante pour apporter à la conception d’un RNR-Na des degrés d’optimisation supplémentaires. L’objectif de cette thèse était donc de mettre en avant les potentialités du combustible carbure en concevant un cœur de RNR-Na à la fois attractif d’un point de vue économique et au comportement naturel en transitoire incidentel. Pour un parc de réacteurs français, on s’intéressera plus particulièrement à des cœurs iso-générateurs de forte puissance électrique (1500 MWe).Cet objectif a requis la mise en place d’une approche pluridisciplinaire prenant en compte les contraintes de thermomécanique combustible et de thermo-hydraulique en transitoire incidentel dès les premières étapes de la conception. Des modèles simplifiés basés sur les contre-réactions globales K, G et H ont été développés pour estimer le comportement d’un projet de cœur en transitoire de type insertion de réactivité, perte de débit primaire et/ou secondaire. L’avantage de cette nouvelle approche est surtout d’apporter au concepteur des outils complémentaires l’aidant à avoir une vision globale des problématiques de conception, mettant ainsi en avant les innovations ou les paramètres à optimiser pour améliorer les performances d’un cœur de RNR-Na.Cette approche a été appliquée à la conception de cœurs à combustibles carbure avec des performances très intéressantes. Un cœur de forte puissance électrique est proposé : il est isogénérateur de faible volume, avec un inventaire fissile initial réduit et un comportement naturel en transitoire incidentel très satisfaisant. Cependant, le taux de combustion d’une aiguille carbure dans un tel cœur semble limité à 100 MWj/kg à cause du gonflement important du carbure et de sa faible capacité à fluer, ce qui conduit rapidement à l’Interaction Mécanique Pastille-Gaine. Une aiguille fonctionnant à forte puissance linéique nécessite à la fois un jeu pastille-gaine épais et un joint sodium pour retarder l’IMPG, mais aussi un acier de gainage capable d’accommoder l’interaction par son fluage.Les performances en irradiation d’un combustible carbure pour un cœur industriel semblent donc très inférieures à celles obtenues expérimentalement dans le FBTR, où des aiguilles ont atteint un taux de combustion maximal de 155 MWj/kg. Cette différence a été étudiée et en partie expliquée, notamment par la fluence beaucoup plus faible obtenue dans un réacteur expérimental, retardant le critère de gonflement volumique. Deux voies d’exploration ont été mises en évidence pour augmenter les performances du carbure tel qu’utilisé dans un réacteur industriel. La première utilise un jeu pastille-gaine avec une technologie de type « buffer » pour retarder l’IMPG. La seconde est un cœur de faible fluence utilisant un enrichissement accru en plutonium. Les résultats préliminaires obtenus montrent que des taux de combustion supérieurs à 100 MWj/kg devraient être atteignables.Pour conclure, l’approche de conception pluridisciplinaire mise en place au cours de cette thèse s’est révélée efficace pour mettre en avant les avantages du combustible de type carbure. Celle-ci a permis de concevoir une image de cœur de RNR-Na attractive d’un point de vue économique, avec un comportement pardonnant en transitoire accidentel et capable d’atteindre un taux de combustion élevé
Compared with earlier plant designs (Phénix, Super-Phénix, EFR), GEN IV Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor requires improved economics while meeting safety and non-proliferation criteria. Mixed Oxide (U-Pu)O2 fuels are considered as the reference fuels due to their important and satisfactory feedback experience. However, innovative carbide (U-Pu)C fuels can be considered as serious competitors for a prospective SFR fleet since carbide-fueled SFRs can offer another type of optimization which might overtake on some aspects the oxide fuel technology. The goal of this thesis is to reveal the potentials of carbide by designing an optimum carbide-fueled SFR with competitive features and a naturally safe behavior during transients. For a French nuclear fleet, a 1500 MW(e) break-even core is considered.To do so, a multi-physic approach was developed taking into account neutronics, fuel thermo-mechanics and thermal-hydraulic at a pre-design stage. Simplified modeling with the calculation of global neutronic feedback coefficients and a quasi-static evaluation was developed to estimate the behavior of a core during overpower transients, loss of flow and/or loss of heat removal transients. The breakthrough of this approach is to provide the designer with an overall view of the iterative process, emphasizing the well-suited innovations and the most efficient directions that can improve the SFR design project.This methodology was used to design a core that benefits from the favorable features of carbide fuels. The core developed is a large carbide-fueled SFR with high power density, low fissile inventory, break-even capability and forgiving behaviors during the unscrammed transients studied that should prevent using expensive mitigate systems. However, the core-peak burnup is unlikely to significantly exceed 100 MWd/kg because of the large swelling of the carbide fuel leading to quick pellet-clad mechanical interaction and the low creep capacity of carbide. Moderate linear power fuel pins require both a large initial sodium-bonded gap, delaying the fuel clad mechanical interaction, and a clad able to accommodate it by its high irradiation creep capacity.Irradiated carbide fuel performances predicted for an industrial SFR design are lower than the one obtained in the FBTR reactor irradiations, where 155 MWd/kg was obtained. This difference was studied and partly explained by the lower flux of experimental reactor delaying the embrittlement criterion. Innovative designs are now being considered to enhance the carbide-fueled pins burnup performance of industrial cores. The first innovative design uses a buffer technology to induce a delay in getting to the fuel clad mechanical interaction. The second innovative design is a core using high plutonium content so as to optimize the fluence over burnup ratio. Preliminary results show that a burnup higher than 100 MWd/kg can be reached.As a conclusion, this global approach has proven to be efficient in revealing the benefits gained using carbide fuel in a SFR. An optimum SFR core was designed exhibiting economic competitiveness while having inherent behavior during transient and reaching high burnup performance

Abstract The umbilical-less tubing hanger running installation tool, ROCS ("Remote Operated Control System") was first introduced as an R&D project to the market in early 2020. By February 2021, it is in operation for Aker BP in the North Sea on Deepsea Nordkapp. ROCS is specifically designed to increase the robustness and efficiency of running the production tubing in the well. In a traditional operation, the Tubing Hanger Running Tool ("THRT") normally communicates topside through an umbilical. The ROCS eliminate the controls umbilical by having two methods of communication to the THRT, either acoustic or through wired pipe, preference is acoustic. This also eliminates the topside WorkOver Completion System ("WOCS"). The approximately 16meter long ROCS is also designed with a Ready To Run ("R2R") principle, where the ROCS, THRT and Tubing Hanger ("TH") is made ready on land for offshore operations, already connected and tested. The system is redundant and based on a closed loop hydraulics, powered by a subsea HPU, electrically supplied from subsea batteries. The SHPU is small in size and power consumption, capable of providing the required flow at 690bar. The control functions occur through electrically held DCV's ("Directional Control Valve") for controlling all of the required TH functions. The ROCS is capable of performing 3 operations of each TH function within the allocated deployed period. The energy required is provided between the hydraulic accumulators and batteries. Pressure balanced accumulators are included to optimize all deepwater operations. A properly sized clean reservoir is installed, interfacing the pre charged accumulators. ROCS is controlled through a modular and user-friendly topside HMI ("Human Interface Machine"), communicating acoustically or through wired pipe over any type communication protocol. The benefits include removing personnel from red zone, as well as eliminating time to clamp umbilical to the drillpipe. This significantly reduces mobilization of the system to a few hours, which also eliminates the topside deck space considerably. The running time is reduced and allows to increase speed of the drill pipe. This also reduces the risk of damaging production tubing or downhole equipment. There is no risk of downtime due to damaged conduit and the operating weather window is increased.

This contribution presents the experimental results of telemetric heat transfer measurements on the rotor side of an open rotor-stator system air gap with various rotational speeds and rotor-stator distances. For the heat transfer measurements, the local over-temperature method is used, which is based on the analysis of the non-stationary temperature rise of small heated structures at the rotor surface. Additionally, experiments on a second test rig, a flat plate connected with an axial fan, are conducted for the streamwise calibration of the sensors. The measurement program is composed of eight rotational speeds n between 76 and 8,558 rpm at five gap distances s in the range from 1.5 mm to 25 mm at eight radial sensor positions r between 46 and 188 mm. Overall the test rig installation is equivalent to a rotational Reynolds number range Rer from 1,085 to 2,040,000. An evaluation and interpretation of the results shows that the characteristic correlation between the Reynolds number and the Nusselt number is similar to that used for the turbulent flow at a free rotating disc. The variation of the gap distance leads to a constant offset in the heat transfer coefficient, which becomes significantly higher with small distances.

The proposed ultrasonic Reactor water Level Monitoring system is intended for monitoring water level in the hot leg of a nuclear reactor during Operation at Reduced Inventory (ORI) with the core in place as may be needed for certain maintenance activities. Since the existing fuel bundles continue the production of heat thorough the decay process, it is critical to maintain a certain water flow rate through the reactor. The Residual Heat Removal System (RHRS) handles this task during the reactor shutdown. The free water surface during ORI subjects the RHRS to the risk of air intake. Such an event would trigger a set of emergency procedures for priming the RHRS and bringing it back online. Some of the possible outcomes of such an event are: extension of outage, handling of the extra regulatory reporting tasks, potential requirements for extra testing after system recovery, possible damage to RHR pump, boiling of reactor water, generation of airborne contamination, and fuel damage. Another risk during ORI is reactor overflow. The major immediate concern is the safety of personnel in case of accidental overflow. This event could result in contamination and the related outage delays. The previously existing systems have always had problems with transducer reliability. This has lead to the need for removal and re-installation of their transducers from outage to outage. However, the proposed system uses a redundant design with permanently mounted transducers. The system uses advanced digital signal processing techniques to determine the water level.

Designing and constructing subsea flowlines to address the implications of aggressive hydrocarbon well fluids — and selecting suitably corrosion-resistant materials for such applications — typically proves challenging and often leads to the specification of clad, lined, or solid corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) linepipe materials. Design and construction guidance for such flowline systems is presently not comprehensive in offshore pipeline standards, even for cases where the thickness of the CRA layer is ignored in the structural design. Acergy are designing, procuring and installing a series of technically challenging infield flowlines within the Encana Deep Panuke gas prospect located off the coast of Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Presently being developed, first gas from the Deep Panuke field is scheduled for the third quarter of 2010 following the tie-in of the infield flowlines to their respective subsea production wellheads. These flowlines are to be installed using the Acergy Falcon, a vessel which has an installation system based on a variable angle J-lay principle and plastic deformation of the pipe. The four 8in production flowlines are clad linepipe comprising a 12.5 mm WT grade 415 (X60) carbon steel substrate with an internal 2.5mm Incoloy Alloy 825 clad layer that is metallurgically bonded to the mother pipe. The single 3in acid gas flowline is solid Inconel Alloy 625. The nominal level of installation plastic strain for the project ranges up to 1.675% in the case of the 8in line. Both lines will be welded by manual GTAW using Inconel 686 filler material. The pipelines are designed and fabricated in accordance with DNV OS-F101 supplemented by new guidance emerging from a DNV joint industry project on clad and lined materials. Metallurgically clad and mechanically bonded (lined) products present a mixture of common and unique challenges when designing and welding flowlines. The existing production limits for pipe dimensions in clad material have for some time now existed on the very cusp of design requirements, especially when using only the thickness of the steel substrate to resist the design loads. Indeed, recently the design demands of some projects have clashed with the available linepipe geometry and the mechanical properties of the clad layer material have of necessity been taken account of in the structural design. The dominant offshore design code, DNV OS-F101, is presently unable to offer specific guidance for including the clad layer and it is only in 2009 that joint industry research has established a viable design methodology for pressure containment wall thickness design which includes the strength effect of the clad layer. In addition to discussing the Deep Panuke design challenges and the welding philosophy for clad pipe, this paper also draws on approaches to welding and NDT successfully taken for the Statoil Tyrihans project in Norway, which used lined pipe material. The general welding philosophy adopted accommodates the continued inability of AUT systems to reliably inspect CRA weldments without false indications from normal metallurgical weld features. A proven approach is taken using intermediate inspection of the root and hot pass using real-time radiography (RTR); effecting any repairs needed; and then re-inspecting the weld upon fill and completion using RTR again. The importance of — and difficulty in — achieving adequate weld metal yield strength in CRA weldments is also discussed.

A draft of the fifth edition of the RCC-MR code, named RCC-MRx 2010, has been issued in French and English versions on December 2010 by AFCEN (Association Franc¸aise pour les re`gles de Conception et de Construction des Mate´riels des Chaudie`res Electro-nucle´aires). This RCC-MRx Code is the result of the merger of the RCC-MX 2008 developed in the context of the research reactor Jules Horowitz Reactor project, in the RCC-MR 2007 which set up rules applicable to the design of components operating at high temperature and to the Vacuum Vessel of ITER. This is a non-public document established in order to prepare the fifth edition which will be published in French and English by AFCEN and will be named RCC-MRx 2012. By this next edition, AFCEN try to bring together all the relevant stakeholders in a CEN-Workshop (CEN-WS-MRx) in order to develop, on the RCC-MRx basis, the European code for the design and fabrication of mechanical equipments for ESNII innovative nuclear installations. This CEN Workshop (whose duration is 18 months, from January 2011) will allow the Workshop members to consider the RCC-MRx 2010 and to propose modifications to be included in the RCC-MRx 2012 edition to meet the needs of MYRRHA and ASTRID projects and to prepare the design and construction of ALFRED and ALLEGRO. This paper presents the code evolutions from the 2007 edition of the RCC-MR and describes the organization of the Workshop.

In 2012, AFCEN (Association Française pour les règles de Conception et de Construction des Matériels des Chaudières Electro-nucléaires) will publish the fifth edition of the RCC-MR code, named RCC-MRx 2012. This RCC-MRx Code is the result of the merger of the RCC-MX 2008 developed in the context of the research reactor Jules Horowitz Reactor project, in the RCC-MR 2007 which set up rules applicable to the design of components operating at high temperature and to the Vacuum Vessel of ITER. RCC-MRx, developed especially for Sodium Fast Reactors (SFR), Research Reactors (RR) and Fusion Reactors (FR-ITER) can also be used for components of other types of nuclear facilities (except PWR). It has been consider for instance in the frame of the CEN-Workshop (CEN-WS-MRx) in order to develop, on its basis, the European code for the design and fabrication of mechanical equipments for ESNII innovative nuclear installations. The main objective of the RCC-MRx is to capitalize the technical feedback of projects such as SUPERPHENIX, JHR, but also to meet the needs of MYRRHA, PFBR and ASTRID projects and to prepare the design and construction of ALFRED and ALLEGRO. This paper presents the technical evolutions in the 2012 edition and the AFCEN organization dedicated to work in an international frame.