Zeitschriftenartikel: „Rodenticides – toxicité“

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Babii, V. F., und D. O. Hlavachek. „Rodenticides as the basis of deratisation: general characteristics, classification, mechanisms of action, features of application and prospects (review of literature data)“. Environment & Health, Nr. 4 (109) (Dezember 2023): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32402/dovkil2023.04.046.

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The aim of work is to analyze the current state of the use of rodenticides to control rodents in various areas of human activity, as well as prospects for improving rodenticides. Materials and methods of research: bibliosemantic, bibliographic and analytical methods of research. The research materials were foreign research articles. Research results and discussion. Various methods are used around the world to directly control rodent populations or reduce the damage caused by them. These methods include physical (traps, barriers), chemical (toxic baits, fumigants, repellents), biological/cultural (resistant plants, crop type, sanitation, habitat manipulation). The use of chemicals for rodent control has been practiced for almost a century and is common today. Most rodenticides used today are anticoagulants, which prevent blood clotting. The biological effectiveness of rodent control is determined not only by the toxicity of the rodenticide drug, but also by many other conditions that are closely related to the biological characteristics of the development of rodents. All rodenticides are enteric drugs. The mechanism of toxic effects of drugs in this group is different and is determined by the active substances on the basis of which they are made. The article presents various approaches to the classification of rodenticides and describes the ways of their impact on target and non-target animal species. The risk and toxicity of the most commonly used rodenticides, which have different chemical compositions and can have a wide range of clinical manifestations, are also assessed. The amount of bait that constitutes a lethal dose depends on the toxicity of the poison and the severity of the person. Conclusion: among the prospects for the further use of rodenticides, the leading place is occupied by the development of an “ideal rodenticide”, highly toxic to rodents in small quantities, non-toxic to non-target species and allows to avoid fear of the bait in rodents and, accordingly, rejection of it.

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Sakthivel, P., und P. Neelanarayanan. „Efficacy of Germinated Cereals as Bait Carrier for Zinc Phosphide and Bromadiolone against Field and Commensal Rodent Pests: A Laboratory Evaluation“. Advances in Zoology 2014 (07.08.2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/565306.

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Both sexes of rodent pests such as Bandicota bengalensis, Millardia meltada, Mus booduga, and Rattus rattus were subjected to toxicity tests (acute rodenticide: 1.5% and 2% zinc phosphide and chronic rodenticide: bromadiolone (0.005%), under no-choice and choice tests) by using their preferred germinated cereals, namely, paddy, pearl millet, and finger millet, as bait base, individually. The results indicated that the poison baits in the germinated cereals induced all the chosen four species of rodent pests to consume greater quantities of bait perhaps due to the bait carrier’s palatability and texture. Besides these, the chosen three germinated cereals proved themselves that they are also capable of acting as suitable bait base for both selected rodenticides in bringing maximum mortality among the tested rodent pests under both no-choice and choice tests. Therefore, these germinated cereals may be recommended as a bait carrier for both zinc phosphide (2%) and bromadiolone (0.005%) poisons for the control of all these four species of rodent pests under field conditions. However, this requires field based trials with rodenticides for making a final recommendation.

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Heggem-Perry, Brittany, Maureen McMichael, Mauria O'Brien und Clara Moran. „Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Therapy for Bromethalin Toxicity in a Dog“. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 52, Nr. 4 (01.07.2016): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6396.

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ABSTRACT Bromethalin is a central nervous system toxin currently incorporated into several different rodenticides. In 2008, the EPA requested that manufacturers phase out second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. In response, manufacturers began to increase production of bromethalin-based rodenticides. It is likely that pet exposure to bromethalin will increase in the future. Bromethalin has no known antidote and tends to deposit in fat. Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) are being used with increasing frequency in both human and veterinary medicine to treat numerous acute systemic toxicities. A 4 yr old spayed female Pit bull terrier was presented following witnessed ingestion of bromethalin rodenticide by the owners. Decontamination was unsuccessful and ILE was started. Serum was frozen at −80°C before and 1 hr after completion of ILE. In rats, the half-life of desmethylbromethalin, the toxic metabolite, has been reported at 5.6 days and 6 days, and it is likely to be similar in dogs. The only intervention between the pre-lipid serum sample and the post-lipid serum sample was the administration of ILE, and the serum desmethylbromethalin levels were reduced by 75% (from 4 ppb to 1 ppb) during this time. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing treatment of bromethalin ingestion with ILE.

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DuVall, Michael D., Michael J. Murphy, Allen C. Ray und John C. Reagor. „Case Studies on Second-Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicities in Nontarget Species“. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1, Nr. 1 (Januar 1989): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063878900100118.

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Specimens from 10 cases of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in dogs and cats were submitted to the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory during 1986 and 1987. The clinical signs most frequently observed were lethargy, dyspnea, and ventral hematomas; common necropsy findings included hemoperitoneum, hemothorax, and pulmonary hemorrhage. In the instances when histopathological examination of the tissue was done, it supported a diagnosis of coagulopathy. The presence of anticoagulants in serum or liver was confirmed by high pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, or a combination of the two. Five cases of brodifacoum poisoning, 2 of bromadiolone, and 3 of diphacinone toxicity were verified. Concentrations of these rodenticides ranged from approximately 0.001 to 12 ppm.

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Padgett, SL, JE Stokes, RL Tucker und LG Wheaton. „Hematometra secondary to anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity“. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 34, Nr. 5 (01.09.1998): 437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-34-5-437.

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An adult, intact female Australian shepherd presented for frank vaginal bleeding of unknown duration. The only coagulation profile abnormality upon presentation was mild prolongation of the partial thromboplastin time (PTT). The uterus was removed at surgery and contained a large amount of coagulated blood. Clotting profiles were markedly abnormal 48 hours postoperatively. Serum analysis was positive for brodifacoum, an anticoagulant rodenticide. Preoperative coagulation was most likely normalized by vitamin K1 therapy administered prior to presentation. The only manifestation of anticoagulant rodenticide was hematometra. Rodenticide intoxication should be considered in the differential diagnosis list of hematometra or metrorrhagia.

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Abder-Rahman, H. A., A. H. Battah, Y. M. Ibraheem, M. S. Shomaf und N. Ei-Batainch. „Aluminum Phosphide Fatalities, New Local Experience“. Medicine, Science and the Law 40, Nr. 2 (April 2000): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580240004000214.

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Aluminum phosphide (AlP) pesticide is a highly toxic, low cost, and easily accessible rodenticidal agent. Its toxicity results from the liberation of phosphine gas upon exposure to moisture, which leads to multisystem involvement, resulting in serious consequences. The highly toxic parathion insecticide was a common cause of mortality in pesticide fatalities, prior to its banning. Its toxicity was familiar to the public as well as to physicians. Recently, ten fatalities due to AlP were encountered within a three-month period during spring, when it was used as a rodenticide in the vicinity of grain stores. The victims' ages ranged from 1–34 years. The circumstances of death were accidental in six cases, suicidal in two and possibly homicidal in two cases. Retrospectively, the clinical manifestations, scene investigation, autopsy, histological and toxicological findings supported the diagnosis of AlP intoxication. Immediate recognition was difficult due to unfamiliarity of the agent to the physicians. The occurrence of these fatalities might suggest changes of pattern in pesticide poisoning. This should raise the attention of the physician to the problem of AlP poisoning and also necessitates the awareness of the public to the hazards of this poison. Education, proper handling, strict observation and abiding by the regulations controlling this material are good protective measures against AlP poisoning.

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Sheafor, SE, und CG Couto. „Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity in 21 dogs“. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 35, Nr. 1 (01.01.1999): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-35-1-38.

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Twenty-three episodes of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity were found in 21 dogs during a retrospective study conducted at The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Dyspnea (57%), lethargy (48%), coughing/hemoptysis (30%), and pallor (26%) were the most common presenting complaints. Prolonged activated clotting time (ACT), prolonged one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT), and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were present in all dogs that had not received any prior therapy. Anemia (83%), thrombocytopenia (61%), hypoproteinemia (57%), positive fibrin degradation products (FDPs) (55%, six of 11 tested), and hyperfibrinogenemia (43%, six of 14 tested) were common hematological findings. Treatment included therapy with vitamin K1, blood products, and supportive care. The survival rate was 83%.

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Wang, Binjie, Junhao Zhu, Anli Wang, Jiye Wang, Yuanzhao Wu und Weixuan Yao. „Early detection of cyanide, organophosphate and rodenticide pollution based on locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae“. PeerJ 9 (22.12.2021): e12703. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12703.

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Cyanide, organophosphate and rodenticides are highly toxic substances widely used in agriculture and industry. These toxicants are neuro- and organotoxic to mammals at low concentrations, thus early detection of these chemicals in the aqueous environment is of utmost importance. Here, we employed the behavioral toxicity test with wildtype zebrafish larvae to determine sublethal concentrations of the above mentioned common environmental pollutants. After optimizing the test with cyanide, nine rodenticides and an organophosphate were successfully tested. The compounds dose-dependently initially (0–60-min exposure) stimulated locomotor activity of larvae but induced toxicity and reduced swimming during 60–120-min exposure. IC50 values calculated based on swimming distance after 2-h exposure, were between 0.1 and 10 mg/L for both first-generation and second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. Three behavioral characteristics, including total distance travelled, sinuosity and burst count, were quantitatively analyzed and compared by hierarchical clustering of the effects measured by each three parameters. The toxicity results for all three behavioral endpoints were consistent, suggesting that the directly measured parameter of cumulative swimming distance could be used as a promising biomarker for the aquatic contamination. The optimized method herein showed the potential for utilization as part of a monitoring system and an ideal tool for the risk assessment of drinking water in the military and public safety.

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THOMAS, JB, JC HOOD und F. GASCHK. „Cholecalciferol rodenticide toxicity in a domestic cat“. Australian Veterinary Journal 67, Nr. 7 (Juli 1990): 274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07792.x.

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Lewis, DC, DS Bruyette, DL Kellerman und SA Smith. „Thrombocytopenia in dogs with anticoagulant rodenticide-induced hemorrhage: eight cases (1990-1995)“. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 33, Nr. 5 (01.09.1997): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-33-5-417.

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Thrombocytopenia was documented in eight of 11 dogs with anticoagulant rodenticide-induced hemorrhage. Thrombocytopenia was transient and generally mild-to-moderate, but it became marked (i.e., less than 30,000 platelets/microl) in two cases. Petechial hemorrhages were not noted in any case. There was no relationship between hematocrit and platelet count. Platelet count changes in response to treatment with fresh-frozen plasma and isotonic electrolyte solutions were variable. Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity should be included as a differential diagnosis for dogs with hemorrhage accompanied by mild-to-moderate thrombocytopenia.

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Gray, Alan, Charles V. Eadsforth, Alan J. Dutton und John A. Vaughan. „The toxicity of three second-generation rodenticides to Barn Owls“. Pesticide Science 42, Nr. 3 (November 1994): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780420307.

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Lee, Kuan-I., Jing-Hua Lin, Yen-Jung Chu, Jou-Fang Deng, Wei-Lan Chu und Dong-Zong Hung. „Rat Bait, Not Healthy Rice!“ Toxics 11, Nr. 1 (08.01.2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010060.

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Bromadiolone, a potent, long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide is frequently tinted to a red or pink color and mixed with cereals as rat bait. Six peoples working in a small factory suffered from a severe bleeding tendency several weeks after consuming a rice meal that was tainted with bromadiolone mistaken to be healthy food. High serum levels of bromadiolone and excessive bleeding were found in these individuals, and they needed vitamin K1 therapy for weeks. These cases indicated that long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide might induce cumulative toxicity in repeated, low-dose exposure, and the blood levels of bromadiolone might be an indicator for antidote therapy if available.

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Griggs, Angela N., Rachel A. Allbaugh, Kyle L. Tofflemire, Gil Ben-Shlomo, David Whitley und Michael E. Paulsen. „Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity in six dogs presenting for ocular disease“. Veterinary Ophthalmology 19, Nr. 1 (19.03.2015): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vop.12267.

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Berry, Clifford R., Anna Gallaway, Donald E. Thrall und Carolyn Carlisle. „THORACIC RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDE TOXICITY IN FOURTEEN DOGS“. Veterinary Radiology Ultrasound 34, Nr. 6 (November 1993): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1993.tb02026.x.

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Subota, Vesna, Ivana Mirkov, Jelena Demenesku, Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov, Marina Ninkov, Dina Mileusnic, Dragan Kataranovski und Milena Kataranovski. „Transdermal toxicity of topically applied anticoagulant rodenticide warfarin in rats“. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 41 (Januar 2016): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2015.12.006.

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Patocka, Jiří, Tanos Franca, Qinghua Wu und Kamil Kuca. „Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine: A Health Risk Compound and a Potential Chemical Warfare Agent“. Toxics 6, Nr. 3 (22.08.2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics6030051.

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Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS, tetramine) is a toxic organic compound that is used as an effective rodenticide. However, this neurotoxin is not only toxic to rodents, it also causes poisoning in humans. Due to its high level of toxicity for humans, the use of TETS as a rodenticide has been banned and its production has been discontinued. Despite this, human poisoning by this substance is unfortunately still very common. The largest number of poisonings are reported in China, but in the United States, dozens of poisonings still happen annually. TETS is one of the most hazardous pesticides and also a possible chemical warfare agent with no known antidote. In this article, we aim to summarize the biochemical and toxicological data of TETS and hope to cast some light on the toxicological risk to human health.

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Fayinminnu, Olajumoke O., Funmilayo G. Adebiyi, Ebunoluwa I. Fashola, Temitayo A. Gbemibade und Olugbenga A. Ogunwole. „Assessment of Thevetia neriifolia Juss. Toxicity as a Rodenticide in Wistar Rats“. Journal of Agricultural Studies 10, Nr. 3 (26.05.2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v10i3.19900.

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Problems of rodents cannot be over underlined as a household and agricultural pest, damaging the crops on the field and stored produce thereby reducing qualities of produce. Controlling rodents using physical, biological and chemical methods have resulted in a slow rate success, several dangers on humans, animals and environment, hence they are discouraged. Thevetia neriifolia has been found to be a rich source of pesticide substance that could be used in crop protection; thus, its powdered form could be used as a baseline for potential natural rodenticide bait. The rodenticide capability of Thevetia neriifolia was evaluated using 50 female Wistar rats weighing 80±10 g which were acclimatized for seven days. The rats were allotted to ten treatments, each replicated five times. There was a Standard Reference Feed (diet) (SRF). The test samples were milled (with 2 mm sieve) sun-dried seed (SS), sun-dried leaf (SL) and sun-dried stem bark (SB). Each sample was incorporated at 15%, 30% and 45% into the reference diets. The allotments were in a completely randomized design. Experimental rats were fed with separate diets and supplied water ad-libitum for seven days. Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in all the parameters. Rats on SS and SB at 45% inclusion levels had the lowest body weight reduction. Also, the lowest feed intake was observed in rats fed 45% SS, while those on 15% SL and SRF had the highest feed intake. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin were the only hematological parameters that differed significantly (p<0.05) at 15% and 45% SL inclusion levels. The serum biochemical parameters were not affected by the treatments (p>0.05). Organ sections (livers, hearts and kidneys) showed moderate congestion of sinusoids, multiple foci of mononuclear cells and congestion of renal blood vessels of rats on 45% SS inclusion level. No mortality or abnormal behavioural changes were observed among animals on SRF. Varying dietary inclusion levels of test samples resulted in rat mortalities which was attributed to cardiac glycosides. Rats on 45% SS died faster within 96 hours than those on corresponding inclusion levels of SB and SL which died after 216 hours. Therefore, Thevetia neriifolia has rodenticide capability and could be used as baits for rats.

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S., Rajashekar, und Prakash G. M. „A retrospective study of clinical profile and outcome of patients with rodenticide poisoning in tertiary care teaching hospital, Mandya Karnataka, India“. International Journal of Advances in Medicine 7, Nr. 3 (24.02.2020): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20200508.

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Background: Poisoning is the major health problem in developing countries like India. Rodenticides are one of the commonest substances used for poisoning in India. Rodenticides are the substances used to kill rats. They differs from chemical composition and toxicity profile. Prognosis mainly depends on chemical content of poison.Methods: This retrospective record-based study was conducted between October 2018 to September 2019 at MIMS tertiary care teaching hospital, Mandya, Karnataka, India. Data regarding age, sex, marital status, occupation, socioeconomic status, type of poison, route of exposure, clinical presentation, complications and outcome of poisoning and associated comorbid conditions were collected from the hospital records and documented in the pre-structured proforma. Descriptive analysis was carried out by the mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables, frequency and proportion for categorical variables.Results: Out of 126 study subjects, 77 (61.11%) were female, 49 (38.89%) were male. Most common age group was 21 to 30 years (45.23%), followed by 31 to 40 years (26.19%) group. Most common poison was zinc phosphide (52.39%), followed by yellow phosphorous (30.16%). Mode of poisoning was suicidal (94.4%) followed by accidental (5.6%).Most common symptom at presentation was nausea, vomiting (62.6%) followed by pain abdomen (52.4%).Most common complication was hepatitis 34 (26.98%) patients, followed by hepatic encephalopathy in 6 (4.76%) and cardiogenic shock in 6 (4.76%) patients. Total mortality was 8 (6.3%).Conclusions: Among rodenticides zinc phosphide was most common consumed poison in present study. Yellow phosphorous was most toxic poison and Aluminium phosphide was most lethal poison. Even though there is no specific antidote, early symptomatic treatment is the key in reducing the mortality.

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Pramestuti, Nova, Corry Laura Junita Sianturi, Eva Lestari und Siwi Pratama Mars Wijayanti. „EFEK RODENTISIDA NABATI PAPAIN PEPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA L.) TERHADAP PERUBAHAN HISTOPATOLOGI ORGAN MENCIT ALBINO“. Kesmas Indonesia 11, Nr. 2 (30.07.2019): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ki.2019.11.2.1636.

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Reports on the rodenticide effect of papain papaya to control rats and mice is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine pathological changes in albino mice internal organs (gaster, kidney, liver and intestine) associated with toxicity effect of papain papaya (Carica papaya L.). Seventy-eight adult BALB/c mice of both sexes were divided into 5 groups: 1 control group and 4 treatment groups that were given papain feeding block. Feed intake and mortalities have been monitored in previous study. At the end of the experimental period, tissues of mice were harvested for necropsy and histopathological examination. The abnormality of post mortem examination were hepatomegaly, gastro-intestinal bleeding. Dark discoloration was founded in liver and gaster. Histopathological changes founded in all treatment albino mice were necrosis in gaster, kidney, liver and intestine. Cloudy swelling occurred in liver and dilatation in kidney. Fatty degeneration occured in gaster, liver and intestine. In addition, the kidney and liver were congested. Feed intake of 16 to 32% papain natural rodenticide gave effect to the organs of studied mice, i.e gaster, kidney, liver and intestine.Reports on the rodenticide effect of papain papaya to control rats and mice is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine pathological changes in albino mice internal organs (gaster, kidney, liver and intestine) associated with toxicity effect of papain papaya (Carica papaya L.). Seventy-eight adult BALB/c mice of both sexes were divided into 5 groups: 1 control group and 4 treatment groups that were given papain feeding block. Feed intake and mortalities have been monitored in previous study. At the end of the experimental period, tissues of mice were harvested for necropsy and histopathological examination. The abnormality of post mortem examination were hepatomegaly, gastro-intestinal bleeding. Dark discoloration was founded in liver and gaster. Histopathological changes founded in all treatment albino mice were necrosis in gaster, kidney, liver and intestine. Cloudy swelling occurred in liver and dilatation in kidney. Fatty degeneration occured in gaster, liver and intestine. In addition, the kidney and liver were congested. Feed intake of 16 to 32% papain natural rodenticide gave effect to the organs of studied mice, i.e gaster, kidney, liver and intestine.

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Lovejoy, T., A. Jacobson und S. Jacob. „Clinical challenges of management of a coumarin rodenticide (brodifacoum) toxicity vs. warfarin toxicity: case report“. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 25, Nr. 1 (07.11.2007): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11239-007-0121-x.

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Verma, Priyanka, Abhishek Verma, Ankur Verma und Surbhi. „Thallium in rodenticide- banned or not..!!!- Two case reports“. Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine 9, Nr. 4 (15.01.2023): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfcm.2022.037.

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Thallium poisoning is considered rare among all heavy metals. They are banned in view of their criminal use as an homicidal agent and a potential threat to environment. Their illegal use are still under practice and reported from time to time. We report two cases presented with similar manifestations i.e., gastrointestinal symptoms, peripheral neuropathy and alopecia which are characteristic of thallium toxicity which was later confirmed biochemically in blood and urine specimen. They were both treated successfully with activated charcoal, potassium chloride and hemodialysis.

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Waly, Hanan Salah Ahmed, Mohamed Bassam Al-Salahy, Wafaa Mohammed Hassan Al-Arably, Magdy Wilson und Khaled Mohamed Ahmed Hassanein. „Hepato- and nephro-toxicity of coumatetralyl rodenticide in some wild rat species“. Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences 2, Nr. 2 (05.11.2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33888//jms.2020.226.

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Waly, Hanan Salah Ahmed, Mohamed Bassam Al-Salahy, Wafaa Mohammed Hassan El-Arably, Magdy Wilson und Khaled Mohamed Ahmed Hassanein. „Hepato- and nephro-toxicity of coumatetralyl rodenticide in some wild rat species“. Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences 2, Nr. 2 (05.11.2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33888/jms.2020.226.

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Coumatetralyl (COM) is an anticoagulant rodenticide absorbed quickly after oral dosing. It causes rodent’s death due to internal or external bleeding after complete depletion of plasma vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. The present study aimed was to shed light on metabolic alterations as the potential hepato- and nephrotoxicity caused by ¼ LD50 COM in Rattus rattus, Arvicanthis niloticus, and Geribellus geribellus wild rat species. Elevation in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, total free amino acids, and erythrocyte lysate glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels were observed in COM fed rats. Furthermore, plasma creatinine and urea and free hemoglobin levels increased following COM exposure in the challenged rats compared with that in the control ones. It was concluded that ¼ LD50 COM induced hepato- and nephron-toxicity in the fighting rodents.

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Moran, Shmuel. „Toxicity of the anticoagulant rodenticide difethialone to Microtus guentheri and Meriones tristrami“. Crop Protection 12, Nr. 7 (November 1993): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(93)90090-6.

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Chandra, Abhinav B., Nanda K. Methuku und Yiwu Huang. „Prolonged Coagulopathy Secondary to Superwarfarin Brodifacoum Rodenticide Ingestion“. Blood 116, Nr. 21 (19.11.2010): 4425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4425.4425.

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Abstract Abstract 4425 Case description– A 47 year old man presented to emergency room due to back pain, hematuria and persistent gum bleed for more than one week after dental procedure. He had also noted easy bruisability for the last two months. He was found to have elevated PT and PTT. On admission, his PT was >120 sec with INR > 9.9 and his PTT > 100 sec. The abnormal PT and PTT were completed corrected by the addition of normal plasma on mixing study. Factor assay showed factor II level 19%, factor VII 1.5%, factor IX 7.4%, factor × 15%, factor V 87%, factor VIII 140%, factor XI 96%, and factor XII 49%. Since he had no other medical conditions and no history of hepatic dysfunction that would cause his coagulopathy, superwarfarin toxicity was suspected. Blood toxicology screen was positive for superwarfarin compound brodifacoum. He received few units of FFP and was given a loading dose of 50 mg phytonadione (vitamin K) followed by 20 mg three times daily. His PT and INR normalized and gum bleeding and hematuria resolved. The patient was discharged from hospital. Patient denied any intentional ingestion of rat poison, any suicidal ideation or any conflicts within family. He was exposed to rodenticide at his workplace. During outpatient follow up, patient was again found to have elevated PT/INR and on questioning informed that he was taking Chinese herbal medications provided by his friends to facilitate excretion of the rat poison. Patient was advised to stop taking any alternative therapies. His phytonadione was increased to 240 mg/day for more than two months which have normalized his coagulopathy. Discussion– Human toxicity from ingestion of older rodenticides that contain warfarin is uncommon because these products contain less warfarin and the drug is rapidly metabolized. Newer derivates of warfarin (superwarfarins) brodifacoum, difethialone and difenicoum have been developed to overcome warfarin resistance. These compounds are more toxic to humans than warfarin because of their more avid binding to hepatic microsomes and longer duration of action. Brodifacoum and difenicoum are far more potent and have a much longer half-life than warfarin. The half-life of brodifacoum has been described as long as 30 days. Superwarfarins produce their anticoagulation effect by inhibiting the conversion of vitamin K1 2,3 epoxide to vitamin K1. This reaction is coupled to the carboxylation reaction required to produce the active form of prothrombin and the other vitamin K dependent clotting factors. There is increase in the vitamin K epoxide to vitamin K ratio and severely decreased activity of vitamin K dependent clotting factors. The duration of coagulation disturbance can be from few weeks to as long as few months. As illustrated by our patient, the treatment of superwarfarin posioning requires large doses of phytonadione, ranging from 50 – 800 mg/day administered for several months. Our patient has required daily 240 mg of phytonadione over two months to normalize his coagulopathy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Juárez-Martínez, Anabell, Jesús del Carmen Madrigal-Anaya, Yessika Paola Rodríguez-Torres, Ramsés Dorado-García, Daphne Marisol Montes-Ventura und Ahgiel Jiménez-Ruiz. „Zinc Phosphide Poisoning: From A to Z“. Toxics 11, Nr. 7 (25.06.2023): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11070555.

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Zinc phosphide is a rodenticide that is used in agricultural, urban and industrial environments in México. After ingestion, it reacts with hydrochloric acid, hydrolyzing into phosphine. It causes cellular hypoxia via mitochondrial toxicity, resulting in multiple organ dysfunction and death. There is no antidote or specific treatment for zinc phosphide toxicity. We present the case of a 45-year-old female who ingested zinc phosphide with suicidal intent. On arrival at the emergency department, she had multisystemic disorders. Supportive care, decontamination and antidotal therapy were initiated. Subsequently, she evolved to clinical improvement with a resolution of the biochemical abnormalities of tissue hypoperfusion. She was discharged on day 7 without complications. In this review, we provide updated therapeutic options and discuss their specific pathophysiological basis.

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VANLIER, R. „The toxicity and mechanism of action of bromethalin: A new single-feeding rodenticide“. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 11, Nr. 4 (November 1988): 664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-0590(88)90129-7.

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Weir, Scott, Shuangying Yu, Ami Knox, Larry Talent, Joanne Monks und Christopher Salice. „Acute toxicity and risk to lizards of rodenticides and herbicides commonly used in New Zealand“. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 40, Nr. 3 (2016): 342–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.40.43.

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Natawigena, Wahyu Daradjat, Danar Dono und Ivan Febriana. „Toksisitas ekstrak biji Barringtonia asiatica (Lecythidaceae) terhadap mencit putih (Mus musculus Strain DDY)“. Jurnal Agro 5, Nr. 2 (31.12.2018): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/3589.

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Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai pestisida nabati adalah Bitung (Baringtonia asiatica) yang teruji mengandung terpenoid dan saponin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui toksisitas ekstrak kasar (B. asiatica) terhadap mencit putih (Mus musculus) dan potensinya sebagai rodentisida nabati. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan rancangan percobaan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Pengujian toksisitas B. asiatica terhadap mencit dilakukan secara oral dengan menghitung LD50 menggunakan metode analisis probit. Pengamatan perilaku mencit yang keracunan ekstrak B.asiatica dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Wagner & Wolff. Pengamatan perubahan fisiologis mencit yang teracuni ekstrak metanol biji B. asiatica dilakukan dengan menggunakan kandang metabolisme (Nalgane Metabolic Cages). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak biji B. asiatica bersifat toksik terhadap mencit putih (M. musculus) dengan nilai LD50 = 2022 ppm atau 0,2022% dan digolongkan ke dalam skala toksistas 3 yaitu senyawa dengan toksisitas sedang. Ekstrak B. asiatica mempengaruhi sistem syaraf pusat dan dapat mengakibatkan perubahan pada organ detoksifikasi. Ekstrak biji B. asiatica dapat meningkatkan produksi urin, menurunkan laju konsumsi dan produksi feses, dan menurunkan pertumbuhan bobot mencit. Dengan demikian ekstrak biji B. asiatica berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai bahan aktif rodentisida. One of the plants that potentially as botanical pesticides is the Bitung (Baringtonia asiatica) which is tested contained of terpenoid and saponin. This research aimed was to determine the toxicity of crude extracts (B. asiatica) to white mice (Mus musculus) and their potential as botanical rodenticides. The research used an experimental method with complete randomized design. B. asiatica toxicity testing in mice was carried out orally by calculating LD50 using the probit analysis method. Observation of the behavior of B.asiatica extract poisoning mice was carried out using the Wagner & Wolff method. The physiological experience of mice which were poisoned by the methanol extract of B. asiatica seeds was carried out using a cage (Nalgane Metabolic Cages). The results showed that B. asiatica seed extract was toxic to white mice (M. musculus) with LD50 = 2022 ppm or 0.2022% and classified into toxicity scale 3, namely compounds with moderate toxicity. B. asiatica extract affects the central nervous system and in turn detoxifying organs. B. asiatica seed extract can increase urin production, reduce the rate of consumption and facial production, and reduce the weight level of mice. Therefore that B. asiatica seed extract potentially to be developed as an active ingredients of rodenticides.

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LEŚNIAK, PAULINA, JOSE LUIS VALVERDE PIEDRA, MARLENA KSIĘŻARCZYK, AGNIESZKA CHAŁABIS-MAZUREK und KLAUDIUSZ SZCZEPANIAK. „Causes of poisoning in companion animals in Europe“. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 77, Nr. 03 (2021): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6507.

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Domestic dogs live in the same environment as their owners and are exposed to the same environmental risk factors. For this reason, these animals can serve as indicators of diseases affecting humans. According to epidemiological studies performed by the National Center for Poison Control (NAPCC) in the United States, dogs are a kind of indicator of human exposure to environmental toxins, such as insecticides and herbicides, because they respond to most poisonings analogously to humans. Pesticides, such as rodenticides, insecticides, molluscicides and herbicides, are the most common cause of poisoning in companion animals in Europe. In most species, pesticides are one of the main causes of poisoning. The incidence of pesticide poisoning is significantly dependent on the toxicity of commercial preparations. A ban on the use of

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Newton, Ian, Ian Wyllie, Alan Gray und Charles V. Eadsforth. „The toxicity of the rodenticide flocoumafen to barn owls and its elimination via pellets“. Pesticide Science 41, Nr. 3 (Juli 1994): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780410304.

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Kochetov, A. N., L. A. Nosikova, Z. A. Kudryashova, V. V. Chernyshev, V. A. Tafeenko und A. Yu Tsivadze. „Physicochemical and Toxicological Studies of the Polymorphic Modifications of the Rodenticidal Substance “Chlorophacinone”“. Журнал физической химии 97, Nr. 6 (01.06.2023): 904–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044453723060109.

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The results of studies of the polymorphism of the rodenticidal substance 2-[(4-chlorophenyl)phenylacetyl]-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione “chlorophacinone”, which has an anticoagulant mechanism of action, are presented. Methods for the synthesis of two new polymorphic forms (III and IV) have been established, for which data from physicochemical studies (IR, XRD) and information on the biological activity (toxicity) of polymorphs are given. Both forms crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system with space group P21/с and the following unit cell parameters: a = 16.698(1) Å, b = 5.632(1) Å, c = 20.253(2) Å, β = 109.65(1)° for III; and a = 9.853(1) Å, b = 9.041(1) Å, c = 20.474(1) Å, β = 97.322(3)° for IV. Polymorphic form IV with a toxicity parameter DL50 (gray rats) of 0.47 mg/kg has the highest biological activity versus 2.74 mg/kg for the less active form III. A method of identification of the most active form (IV) by IR spectroscopy was proposed.

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Munday, J. S., und L. J. Thompson. „Brodifacoum Toxicosis in Two Neonatal Puppies“. Veterinary Pathology 40, Nr. 2 (März 2003): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.40-2-216.

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Eight out of a litter of 13 puppies were either born dead or died within 48 hours of birth. Three puppies that died shortly after birth were necropsied. Two puppies had hemorrhage in the thoracic and peritoneal cavities, intestinal serosa, and meninges. The third puppy was smaller than the other two puppies but did not have detectable hemorrhage. Brodifacoum, a second-generation coumarin anticoagulant, was detected in livers from the two puppies with hemorrhage. The dam did not have clinical signs of coagulopathy before or subsequent to whelping. The owners were confident that the dog had not been exposed to rodenticide for at least 4 weeks before whelping. A presumptive diagnosis of in utero brodifacoum toxicity was made. To the authors' knowledge this is the first time a second-generation coumarin anticoagulant has been detected in the liver of a newborn animal. This case is also unique because the dam was unaffected, suggesting that fetuses are more susceptible to brodifacoum toxicity than adult animals.

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Vyas, Nimish B., und Barnett A. Rattner. „Critique on the Use of the Standardized Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test for First Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides“. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 18, Nr. 5 (September 2012): 1069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2012.707934.

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Mercer, Melissa A., Jennifer L. Davis, Jim E. Riviere, Ronald E. Baynes, Lisa A. Tell, Majid Jaberi-Douraki, Fiona P. Maunsell und Zhoumeng Lin. „Mechanisms of toxicity and residue considerations of rodenticide exposure in food Animals—a FARAD perspective“. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 260, Nr. 5 (01.03.2022): 514–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.21.08.0364.

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Rattner, Barnett A., Katherine E. Horak, Rebecca S. Lazarus, Sandra L. Schultz, Susan Knowles, Benjamin G. Abbo und Steven F. Volker. „Toxicity reference values for chlorophacinone and their application for assessing anticoagulant rodenticide risk to raptors“. Ecotoxicology 24, Nr. 4 (20.01.2015): 720–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-015-1418-8.

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Jolly, SE, RJ Henderson, C. Frampton und CT Eason. „Cholecalciferol Toxicity and Its Enhancement by Calcium Carbonate in the Common Brushtail Possum.“ Wildlife Research 22, Nr. 5 (1995): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950579.

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The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), an introduced pest in New Zealand, is susceptible to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), which is marketed as a rodenticide in many countries. To evaluate cholecalciferol for possum control we offered 242 caged adult possums cereal pellets containing cholecalciferol on its own or with calcium carbonate. Mortality was recorded for two weeks after presentation. For cholecalciferol on its own the LD50 was 16.8 mg kg-1 (95% confidence interval 11.6-21.9 mg kg-1), but the addition of calcium carbonate reduced this to 9.8 mg kg-1 (95% confidence interval 7.0-12.7 mg kg-1). When the sexes were analysed separately, the reduction of the LDS0 by the addition of calcium carbonate was significant only in females. The addition of calcium carbonate appeared to result in a more predictable outcome as shown by the reduced confidence intervals. For possum control, adding calcium carbonate to cholecalciferol bait would improve the bait's efficacy, decrease the amount of toxic material needed, and reduce the cost of bait production.

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Gill, J. E. „Laboratory evaluation of the toxicity of flocoumafen as a single-feed rodenticide to seven rodent species“. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 30, Nr. 1 (Januar 1992): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-8305(92)90025-j.

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Rattner, Barnett A., Katherine E. Horak, Sarah E. Warner, Daniel D. Day, Carol U. Meteyer, Steven F. Volker, John D. Eisemann und John J. Johnston. „Acute toxicity, histopathology, and coagulopathy in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following administration of the rodenticide diphacinone“. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30, Nr. 5 (11.03.2011): 1213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.490.

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Çakın, Özlem, Gokhan Tazegul, Ayça Gümüş, Melike Cengiz und Atilla Ramazanoğlu. „Incidental Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning: Case Report and Current Management“. Folia Medica 60, Nr. 3 (01.09.2018): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/folmed-2018-0001.

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Abstract Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is a commonly used cheap rodenticide, insecticide, and fumigant. Most intoxications in the literature are suicidal ingestions, however, AlP may cause incidental inhalational toxicities as well. After ingestion or inhalation, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea and abdominal pain develops within minutes. Hallmark of toxicity is refractory hypotension, cardiac failure and severe metabolic acidosis developing within a matter of hours are the major cause of mortality. In Turkey, AlP tablets are widely accessible and are sold without any restrictions. However, there are few local case reports in the literature. Additionally, incidental AlP intoxications are rarely reported. Herein, we present a 25-year-old male patient incidentally poisoned with AlP. He was found unconscious in a grain storage unit protected by aluminum phosphide tablets. He had hypotension and tachycardia. Arterial blood gas analysis did not reveal metabolic acidosis. He was quickly intubated and admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Supportive care crystalloid solution, n-acetyl cysteine and norepinephrine infusion was administered. After 36 hours, he was extubated and discharged without any complications. There is no specific antidote or treatment for AlP toxicity. Literature is controversial regarding treatment approach. Inhalational toxicity may occur under extreme conditions, as presented in this case report. Preventive strategies should be considered to reduce incidents. Clinicians should also be aware that AlP is a widely available and highly toxic compound that has no specific antidote and toxicity needs to be urgently treated with best supportive care.

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Hafiane, Fatima Zahra, Hind El Bouzaidi, Nordine Nouayti, Latifa Tahri, Mohamed El Jarmouni, Salahdine Didi und Mohammed Fekhaoui. „Inventory: The pesticides application and its risk assessment in the irrigated perimeter of Tadla-Morocco“. Limnological Review 21, Nr. 1 (01.03.2021): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2021-0002.

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Abstract The industrialization of the agricultural sector increases the use of pesticides, which are composed of chemical substances, such as herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, nematicides, and rodenticides, that are adapted to the control of undesirable plants and animals. All these phytosanitary products have varying degrees of toxicity, which risks human life. This study aimed to make an inventory of the pesticides used in the irrigated perimeter of Beni Moussa and Beni Aamir in the Beni Mellal-Khenifra region. The data collection through questionnaires took place between January and February 2016 and covered all the study areas. The questionnaires are focused on the mode of packaging management, sale and purchase of pesticides. The results demonstrated the existence of different pesticides and active substances used for crop protection in the region. Among 63 molecules, 14 active substances were detected, where the active substances are not approved by the world health organization, which considers it as carcinogenic substances. During phytosanitary treatments by farmers, these active substances come into direct contact with the soil, presenting a permanent risk to the environmental compartments, including groundwaters.

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Ariffin, Fazillah, und Sukirah Abdul Rahman. „Biodegradation of Carbofuran; A Review“. Journal of Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology 8, Nr. 1 (31.07.2020): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jemat.v8i1.523.

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Pesticides are substances used for the destruction or control of pest. They include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides rats and mice, molluscides and others. Carbofuran is an insecticide that is very toxic pesticide often used to control pests in agricultural areas. Its usage is still being reported despite worldwide efforts to ban the pesticides. Reported deaths and illness due to indiscriminate and excessive use of carbofuran is still being reported in developing and third world countries prompting the call of more research on isolating microorganisms that are able to completely mineralize this toxic pesticide. The presence of toxic carbofuran in various soil types that can persist for many months can be remediated via the use of carbofuran-degrading microorganisms which is a more feasible and economical methods of remediation compared to various physicochemical methods. The aim of this review is to highlight the toxicity of carbofuran, especially in the Malaysian perspective and the current body of knowledge on carbofuran-degrading microorganisms that are able to remediate this toxic threat.

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Rial-Berriel, Cristian, Álvaro Ramos-Luzardo, Andrea Acosta-Dacal, Ana Macías-Montes, Pilar Fernández-Valerón, Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández, Manuel Zumbado, Luis D. Boada und Octavio P. Luzardo. „Validation of a Method Scope Extension for Simple Biomonitoring of 353 Pollutants in Serum Samples“. Toxics 11, Nr. 6 (31.05.2023): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11060498.

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Animals and humans are exposed to various residues that can have a detrimental impact on health, including carcinogenic potential, endocrine disruption, or fatal toxicity. The toxic burden can be evaluated in several biological samples, with serum being one of the preferred and most convenient options. In this study, we have applied and validated a method for detecting several hundred toxins in serum samples. This technique involved a single-step QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction followed by analysis using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. With this methodology, we could detect and quantify up to 353 compounds, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and rodenticides, using just 250 µL of serum. Among them, 92% could be measured at concentrations below 1.25 ng/mL, making it ideal for biomonitoring. We applied this method to samples collected from camels (n = 40) and humans (n = 25). We detected naproxen, ketoprofen, paracetamol, levamisole, and some POPs in these samples. This study validated the ability to simultaneously detect a broad range of compounds in small volumes of serum.

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Rattner, Barnett A., Katherine E. Horak, Rebecca S. Lazarus, Karen M. Eisenreich, Carol U. Meteyer, Steven F. Volker, Christopher M. Campton, John D. Eisemann und John J. Johnston. „Assessment of toxicity and potential risk of the anticoagulant rodenticide diphacinone using Eastern screech-owls (Megascops asio)“. Ecotoxicology 21, Nr. 3 (08.01.2012): 832–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-011-0844-5.

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Rattner, Barnett A., Steven F. Volker, Julia S. Lankton, Thomas G. Bean, Rebecca S. Lazarus und Katherine E. Horak. „Brodifacoum Toxicity in American Kestrels ( Falco sparverius ) with Evidence of Increased Hazard on Subsequent Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure“. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 39, Nr. 2 (24.01.2020): 468–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.4629.

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Nash, Katherine J., Amanda Yeo und Katherine Munce. „Successful autologous transfusion from the subcutaneous space in a domestic shorthair cat with suspected anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity“. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports 9, Nr. 1 (Januar 2023): 205511692311724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20551169231172439.

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Case summary A 6-month-old female entire domestic shorthair cat was presented with a 4-day history of progressive swelling over the dorsal cranium. Subsequent diagnostics revealed a large haematoma, a secondary haemostatic defect and a moderate anaemia. The owner disclosed access to multiple brodifacoum bait stations. The anaemia and haematoma progressed despite treatment with fresh frozen plasma and phytonadione and the cat developed signs of haemorrhagic shock. Allogenic transfusion was declined due to cost and 18 ml of blood was aspirated from the haematoma and transfused. The cat stabilised quickly and was discharged the next day with oral phytonadione. Relevance and novel information Autologous transfusion from the subcutaneous space has not been previously reported. It was well tolerated and life-saving in this case.

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Smolinske, Susan C., Deborah L. Scherger, Pamela S. Kearns, Kathleen M. Wruk, Kenneth W. Kulig und Barry H. Rumack. „Superwarfarin Poisoning in Children: A Prospective Study“. Pediatrics 84, Nr. 3 (01.09.1989): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.3.490.

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This prospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence, severity, time of onset, and duration of coagulopathy in children following accidental ingestion of long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides, often called "superwarfarins." Of 110 children, who ingested superwarfarins and in whom one or more prothrombin time values were obtained, 8 had a prothrombin time ratio (patient to control) of ≥1.2, indicative of anticoagulation. Prothrombin time values obtained 48 hours after ingestion were more likely to be prolonged (6/34, 17.6%) than values obtained 24 hours after ingestion (2/104, 1.9%) (P < .005). The occurrence of an abnormal prothrombin time could not be predicted based on the history of amount ingested or on the presence of the characteristic green-blue product dye in or around the child's mouth. Acute toxicity was evidenced by transient abdominal pain, vomiting, and heme positive stools in 2 patients. The duration of prothrombin time prolongation could not be determined because of the few values obtained after 48 hours. To detect all possible abnormal prothrombin time values, 24-and 48-hour determinations are recommended after a child has ingested a superwarfarin.

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Liu, L., F. Li, Z. Dong, G. Dong, J. Xu, W. Liu, X. Wang, X. Hai und K. Yu. „Plasma fluoroacetic acid concentrations: Symptoms, hematological, and biochemical characteristics in patients with fluoroacetic acid poisoning in the emergency department“. Human & Experimental Toxicology 39, Nr. 5 (20.01.2020): 634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327119897743.

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Fluoroacetic acid (FAcOH) was once a highly toxic rodenticide widely used in the world. In the past, studies on the toxicity of FAcOH have focused on animal experiments. The toxicity of FAcOH to humans and the changes of FAcOH in plasma have not been studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe the changes of plasma FAcOH concentrations, hematological, and biochemical characteristics in patients with FAcOH intoxication. According to clinical symptoms, 68 patients from the emergency department were divided into different groups: convulsion group, unconsciousness group, death group, and control groups. Plasma FAcOH concentrations, hematological, and biochemical parameters were investigated. Results demonstrated that patients in the convulsion group and the unconsciousness group had a significant increase ( p < 0.01) in the level of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), creatine kinase MB (CKMB), glucose (GLU), and white blood cell count (WBC) and a significant decrease ( p < 0.01) in serum potassium compared with the control group, respectively. Moreover, patients in the death group had a significant increase ( p < 0.01) in the level of NSE, CKMB, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, GLU, and WBC and a significant decrease ( p < 0.01) in serum potassium and total calcium compared with the survival group. The concentrations of FAcOH in plasma in the convulsion group, the unconsciousness group, and the death group were 72.31 ± 42.29, 118.33 ± 55.41, and 163.78 ± 43.32 μg/mL, respectively. These changes and the plasma FAcOH concentrations may increase our understanding of the toxicity of FAcOH to humans and may help doctors to judge the clinical prognosis of patients with FAcOH intoxication.

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Leirs, H., K. S. Larsen und J. Lodal. „Palatability and toxicity of fipronil as a systemic insecticide in a bromadiolone rodenticide bait for rat and flea control“. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 15, Nr. 3 (September 2001): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0269-283x.2001.00302.x.

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Acharya, Shirish, Shubha Kalyan Shrestha, Rishav Sharma, Bhanu Shrestha, Parshu Ram Ghimire, Sameer Shrestha, Samikshya Tamang und Sabin Shrestha. „Case Report of Suicide Attempt Using Zinc Phosphide in Nepal“. Baneshwor Campus Journal of Academia 2, Nr. 1 (13.06.2023): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bcja.v2i1.55762.

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Zinc phosphide is an easily available rodenticide and a common mode of poisoning in the Indian subcontinent. It is highly toxic with a mortality rate ranging from 37-100 percent. The proposed mechanism of toxicity is due to the release of phosphine gas after contact with gastric acid. The gas thus liberated, inhibits cytochrome C oxidase and oxidative respiration. The affected systems are cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and hematologic systems and cause electrolyte imbalance. Additionally, metabolic acidosis and an increase in lactate levels can be correlated with the degree of toxicity. The onset of effects can be as early as 4 hours and the risk gradually decrease after 72 hours. There is no antidote to the poison. Aggressive intensive care monitoring and supportive management are the only methods. Early gastric lavage with activated charcoal to induce vomiting is advised. Attempts to clear the zinc phosphide early from the lumen with evidence in the X-ray abdomen using Castor oil have been tried, showing a beneficial effect. Along with this, antioxidants such as alpha-lipoic acid and injectable magnesium sulfate can prevent oxidative injury. Early use of Vitamin K and use of N-acetyl-cysteine have been used to prevent and treat liver injury. However, these methods have not been incorporated in the standard treatment regimen but have shown positive results in preventing mortality. Further extensive studies and standardized treatment is needed for Zinc phosphide poisoning.

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